MECH539

Input Data
Description Symbol Value

Foil Chord Lc 2
Foil Span (2D) S 0.030
Air density ρ 1.185
Air dynamic viscosity μ 1.83E-05
Reynolds Number Re 3.00E+06
Angle of Attack AOA 5
Required Inlet velocity V 23.17721518987
planform Area A 6.00E-02
NACA Coefficients @ 5o AOA
Lift Coefficient 0.5
Drag Coefficient 0.0075

Domain Dimensions

Domain Size (see image)

Upstream domain length

Downstream domain length

Upper and lower domain height

Body of Influence dimensions (See image)

Upper / lower and upstream BOI length

Downstream BOI length

Mesh Definition

Mesh Definition (Assuming swept mesh, all tri

elements). Settings left at default unless specified
below.

Number of mesh elements

Element Size

Max Size
 Growth rate

Capture Curvature
Curvature Normal Angle

Foil edge sizing

Trailing edge sizing

Body of Influence Used?

Body of influence sizing

Inflation Type

Growth Rate

Number of Layers

Turbulence Modelling and Convergence Control

Turbulence model

Curvature correction model

Transitional turbulence model

Convergence criteria

Timescale Control

Length Scale Option

Length Scale

Max. Number of Iterations

Setup & Boundary Conditions

Reynolds Number

Fluid

Upper & lower boundary condition type

Solver Manager Controls

Parallel Processing

No of Partitions

Double Precision

Simulated Results

Viscous force x
Viscous force y

Pressure force x
Pressure force y

Lift
Drag

Cl
Cd

%error to NACA Cl
% errorto NACA Cd
Note: when calculating percentage errors, assume
the NACA value to be the correct value and
maintain the signs (so a positive %error means
CFD is over-predicting and a negative %error
means CFD is under-predicting.
 MECH539 2D NACA 0012 Simulation Results

Units Formulae

m n/a
m n/a
kg/m^3 n/a
Pa.s n/a
n/a n/a
degrees n/a
m/s

Run 1 Run 2

10Lc 10Lc

20Lc 20Lc

10Lc 10Lc

n/a 1Lc

n/a 5Lc

Approx 3500 129670

Default 0.5m

Default 0.5m
Default 1.1

Yes Yes
Default 5 degrees

250 divisions (bias factor 15)

None Behaviour: Soft

8 divisions
None Behaviour: Hard

No Yes

N/A 0.055m

None Smooth Transition

N/A 1.1

N/A 76

k-epsilon k-epsilon

- -

- -

1.00E-07 1.00E-07

Auto Timescale Auto Timescale

Specified Length Scale Specified Length Scale

1m 1m

500 500

3.00E+06 3.00E+06

Air Air

Free Slip Wall Free Slip Wall

 Yes Yes

4 4

Yes Yes

0.0986
-0.0051

0.4633
76.0000

9.886 10.211
0.564 0.210

5.18E-01 5.35E-01
2.95E-02 1.10E-02

4% 7%
294% 47%

Lift/(0.5*airdensity*inletvelocity^2*planformarea)
 Domain Dimens
Run 3 Run 4

10Lc 10Lc

20Lc 20Lc

10Lc 10Lc

1Lc 1Lc

5Lc 5Lc

129670 129670

0.5m 0.5m
Mesh Images
0.5m 0.5m
Top Set: Mesh g
Bottom Set: Me
 Mesh Images

1.1 1.1
Top Set: Mesh g
Bottom Set: Me
Yes Yes
5 degrees 5 degrees

250 divisions (bias factor 15) 250 divisions (bias factor 15)
Behaviour: Soft Behaviour: Soft

8 divisions 8 divisions
Behaviour: Hard Behaviour: Hard

Yes Yes

0.055m 0.055m

Smooth Transition Smooth Transition

1.1 1.1

76 76

Shear Stress Transport Shear Stress Transport

- -

Intermittency Only model -

1.00E-07 1.00E-07

Auto Timescale Auto Timescale

Specified Length Scale Specified Length Scale

1m 1m

500 500

3.00E+06 3.00E+06

Air Air

Free Slip Wall Free Slip Wall

 Yes Yes

4 4

Yes Yes

10.271 10.366
0.144 0.207

5.38E-01 5.43E-01
7.55E-03 1.08E-02

8% 9%
1% 44%
Domain Dimensions

Mesh Images

Top Set: Mesh generated for use with Run 1.

Bottom Set: Mesh generated for use with runs 2, 3 and 4.
Mesh Images

Top Set: Mesh generated for use with Run 1.

Bottom Set: Mesh generated for use with runs 2, 3 and 4.
Name P69 - (B2_P1) NegAoA (degree) P77 - (B11_P1) Foil_Height (m)
1 -5.8 0.8
2 -5.8 1.6
3 -5.8 2.4
4 -5 0.8
5 -5 1.6
6 -5 2.4
7 -4.2 0.8
8 -4.2 1.6
9 -4.2 2.4

NACA DATA smooth foil

AoA Drag Coefficient height
4.2 0.0075 0
4.2 0.0075 2.5

NACA DATA Standard foil

AoA Drag Coefficient height
4.2 0.0125 0
4.2 0.0125 2.5

4.2Deg AoA DC vs Foil Height off Free

0.013

0.012

0.011
g Coefficient

0.01
 0.011

Drag Coefficient
0.01

0.009

0.008

0.007
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Height off Free Surface

 P78 - lift (N) P79 - drag (N) P80 - CD (N) P81 - CL (N) P82 - LiftDragRatio
14.0009 2.10E-01 0.0109986 0.733164 66.6596
12.5703 2.03E-01 0.0106074 0.658249 62.0554
12.2629 0.204661 0.0107172 0.642154 59.918 70
12.0283 1.98E-01 0.010385 0.629868 60.6518
10.9507 1.96E-01 0.0102408 0.57344 55.9955 60

10.6763 1.97E-01 0.0103272 0.559069 54.1354

50
9.98187 1.92E-01 0.0100433 0.522707 52.0451

Lift/Drag Ratio
9.28512 1.89E-01 0.00992284 0.486221 49.0001 40
9.04306 0.190728 0.00998756 0.473545 47.4135
30

20
NACA DATA smooth foil
AoA Drag Coefficient height 10
5 0.0078 0
0
5 0.0078 2.5 0.6 0.8 1

NACA DATA Standard foil

AoA Drag Coefficient height
5 0.013 0
5 0.013 2.5

NACA DATA smooth foil

0.8
AoA Drag Coefficient height
5.8 0.008 0 0.7
5.8 0.008 2.5 0.6

NACA DATA Standard foil 0.5

Lift Coefficient
AoA Drag Coefficient height 0.4
5.8 0.0133 0
0.3
5.8 0.0133 2.5
0.2

0.1

C vs Foil Height off Free Surface 0

0.6 0.8 1

5De
Simulation Results 0.014
NACA Data Smooth Foil
NACA DATA Standard Foil
0.013
 5De
Simulation Results 0.014
NACA Data Smooth Foil
NACA DATA Standard Foil
0.013

0.012

Drag Coefficient
0.011

0.01

1.5 2 2.5 3
0.009

ff Free Surface
0.008

0.007

0.006
0 0.5
 Foil Height Vs Lift Drag Ratio
70
5Deg AoA DC
0.014
60

50 0.013
Lift/Drag Ratio

40 5.8 Degree AoA

0.012
5 Degree AoA

Drag Coefficient
30 4.2 Degree AoA
0.011
20

10
0.01

0 0.009
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Foil Height(m)
0.008

0.007

Foil Height Vs Lift Coefficient 0.006

0 0.5 1
0.8

0.7
Height
0.6

0.5
Lift Coefficient

5.8 Degree AoA

0.4 5 Degree AoA
4.2 Degree AoA
0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
Foil Height (m)

5Deg AoA DC vs Foil Height off Free Surface

4

3
 5Deg AoA DC vs Foil Height off Free Surface
4

NACA DATA smooth foil

1 NACA DATA standard foil
Simulation Results
9

6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Height off Free Surface

 5Deg AoA DC vs Foil Height off Free Surface
014

013

012

011

Simulation Results
0.01 NACA Smooth Foil
NACA Standard Foil
009

008

007

006
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Height off Free Surface

TA smooth foil
TA standard foil
n Results
AoA RoughnessLC DC
5 Standard 0.55 0.013
5 Smooth 0.55 0.0078
AoA Roughness LC DC
5.8 Standard 0.58 0.0133
5.8 Smooth 0.58 0.008
AoA RoughnessLC DC
4.2 Standard 0.49 0.0125
4.2 Smooth 0.49 0.0075
 Original simulation Fine Coarse Large Domain Small Domain
Lift(N) 10.2712 10.2609 10.2654 10.28 10.2715
Drag(N) 0.144154 0.144743 0.14486 0.142635 0.149706
Lift coefficient 0.5378 0.5373 0.5375 0.5383 0.5379
Drag coefficient 0.0075 0.0076 0.0076 0.0075 0.0078
%error to NACA Cl 7.57% 7.46% 7.51% 7.66% 7.57%
% error to NACA Cd 0.65% 1.06% 1.14% -0.41% 4.52%