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EARTH SCIENCES

RESEARCH JOURNAL

Earth Sci. Res. J. Vol. 19, No. 1 (June, 2015): 15 - 30

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ABSTRACT
Key Words: Ti-clinohumite; marbles; Ciénaga
skarn; mineralogy; Sierra Nevada de Santa
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RESUMEN

Palabras clave: Ti-clinohumita; mármoles;


skarn de Ciénaga; mineralogía; Macizo
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Record

Manuscript received: 11/07/2013


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INTRODUCTION Geological setting

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