Eng Maths 12-Lecture 1

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
FOURAH BAY COLLEGE-UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1-FENG-110F
LECTURE 5
LIMITS, CONTINUITY, AND INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

THE ONLY CONSTANT

IN LIFE IS CHANGE
Heraclitus

 The invention of the concept of limits has had a revolutionary effect on man’s
description of nature and the changes it undergoes.
 A limit in mathematics can be defined as the value that a function approaches as

the output for any given input.
 Limits are important in calculus and mathematical analysis. They are used to define
continuity, differential and integral calculus.
 The use of limits in the determination of tangents to curves and areas of plane shapes
in geometry were the stimulants to the development of differential and integral
calculus.

Limit notation and description
Suppose that 𝒇 is a function defined on some open interval containing the number 𝒂.
The function may or may not be defined at 𝒂. The limit notation is defined as;
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂
It reads as “the limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 tends to/approaches 𝒂 equals the number 𝑳.” This
means that as 𝒙 gets closer to 𝒂, but remains unequal to 𝒂, the corresponding values of
𝒇(𝒙) get closer to 𝑳.
Let us consider a practical approach to the concept of limits in the example problems
below.
Example 1.
Find the limiting value of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 tends to the value 2.
𝑥2 − 4
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2
Using the tabular approach;
𝒙 approaches 2 from the left. 𝒙 approaches 2 from the right.
𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1 3

𝑥2 − 4 0 1 2 3 3.99 3.999 3.9999 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 4.0001 4.001 4.01 4.1 5
𝑓 𝑥 = (∞)
𝑥−2
𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 4. 𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 4.
From the table above, we observe that as 𝒙 gets closer to 𝟐, the values of the function
𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 𝟒. We can now say that
LIMITS, CONTINUITY AND INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
𝑥2 − 4
lim =4
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2
Figure 1.0
Example 2.
Find the limiting value of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 tends to the value 0.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
Using the tabular approach again, we have;
𝒙 approaches 0 from the left. 𝒙 approaches 0 from the right.
𝑥 −0.03 −0.02 −0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 0.99985 0.99993 0.99998 1 0.99998 0.99993 0.99985
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥
𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 1. 𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 1.

From the table above, we observe that as 𝒙 gets closer to 𝟎, the values of the function
𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 𝟏. We can now say that.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
lim =1
𝑥→0 𝑥
 The limiting values of functions can also be found from their graphs by reading the
value of the function of 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)- axis as the 𝒙 value approaches the given value . It
must be noted however that such limiting values will depend on the nature of the
function.

Properties/ rules of limits
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄 = 𝒄
𝒙→𝒂
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒙
𝒙→𝒂
3. If 𝑓(𝑥) is a polynomial (linear, quadratic cubic, etc.) function, then, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒙→𝒂
If lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀, then
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
4.𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 + 𝑴

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
5. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝑳 − 𝑴

6. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 . 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) . 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳𝑴

𝒏
7. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒏= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳𝒏 , where 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 is an integer.
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
𝒏
𝒏 = 𝒏 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, where 𝒏 ≥ 𝟐 is an integer and all roots represent
8. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒙→𝒂
𝒙→𝒂
real numbers.
𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳

9. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒂
= ,𝑴 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒂 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒂
𝑴

Limits of trigonometric functions.
 In order to determine the limiting values of trigonometric functions as they tend to
zero, let us consider the following;
𝒙
(1)𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎 (6) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙→𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝟏
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
(2) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏 (7) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙 𝒙→𝟎
𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
(3) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏 (8) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟏

𝒙→𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙−𝟏
(5) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟎
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙

Example 1.
Determine the limiting values of the functions as the variable approaches the values
indicated.
2𝑥−2 2𝑥 3 −3𝑥+4𝑥
(a) lim (𝑥 + 4) (b) lim (4𝑥 − 12𝑥 + 4) (c)
2
lim (d) lim
𝑥→3 𝑥→4 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 5𝑥 2 +2𝑥−3𝑥
Example 2.
indicated.
𝑥 2 +4−2 16−𝑥
(a) lim (b) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→16 4− 𝑥
Example 3.
indicated.
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥 4𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 𝑥 3 −1
(a) lim 2 (b) lim (c) lim (d) lim (𝑥 2 +𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 −2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞

Example 4.
indicated.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡)
(a) lim𝜋 (b) lim (c) lim
𝑥→ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑡→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡)

Example 1.
indicated.
2𝑥−2 2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +4𝑥
(a) lim (𝑥 + 4) (b) lim (4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4) (c) lim (d) lim
𝑥→3 𝑥→4 𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 5𝑥 2 +2𝑥
Solutions (d) lim

2𝑥 3 −3𝑥 2 +4𝑥
= lim
𝑥(2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4)
(a) lim (𝑥 + 4)=lim 𝑥 + lim 4 𝑥→1 5𝑥 2 +2𝑥 𝑥→1 𝑥(5𝑥+2)
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3
=3+4=7 (2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 4)
= lim
𝑥→1 (5𝑥 + 2)
(b) lim 4𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 = {4 4 2
− 12(4) + 4}
𝑥→4
= 64 − 48 + 4 = 20 (2 1 2 − 3(1) + 4)
=
2𝑥−2 2(𝑥−1) (5(1) + 2)
(c) lim = lim = lim 2 = 2 3
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1 (𝑥−1) 𝑥→1
=
7
Example 2.
indicated.
𝑥 2 +4−2 16−𝑥
(a) lim (b) lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→16 4− 𝑥
Solutions
𝑥 2 +4−2 𝑥 2 +4−2 .( 𝑥 2 +4+2)
(a) lim = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥2 𝑥→0 𝑥 2 .( 𝑥 2 +4+2)
𝑥2 + 4 − 4
= lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 . ( 𝑥 2 + 4 + 2)
𝑥2 1 1 1
= lim = lim = =
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 . ( 𝑥 2 + 4 + 2) 𝑥→0 ( 𝑥 2 + 4 + 2) ( 02 + 4 + 2) 4

16−𝑥 16−𝑥 .(4+ 𝑥) 16−𝑥 .(4+ 𝑥)
(b) lim = lim = lim
𝑥→16 4− 𝑥 𝑥→16 4− 𝑥 .(4+ 𝑥) 𝑥→16 16−𝑥
= lim (4 + 𝑥) = 4 + 16 = 8
𝑥→16
Example 3.
indicated.
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥 4𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 𝑥 3 −1
(a) lim 2 (b) lim (c) lim (d) lim (𝑥 2 +𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 −2 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞

Solutions
2𝑥2 3𝑥 3 3
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥 − 2− 2−∞ 2−0 2
𝑥2 𝑥2
(a) lim 2 = lim 3𝑥2 2
= lim 𝑥
2 = 2 = =
𝑥→∞ 3𝑥 −2 𝑥→∞ − 𝑥→∞ 3− 2 3− 2 3−0 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥 ∞
4𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 𝑥(4𝑥 2 −5𝑥) 4𝑥 2 −5𝑥

(b) lim = lim = lim
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 3 +𝑥 𝑥→∞ 𝑥(2𝑥 2 +1) 𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 +1
4𝑥 2 5𝑥 5 5
2 − 2 4−𝑥 4− 4−0
= lim 𝑥 𝑥 = lim = ∞ = =2
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 2 1 𝑥→∞ 1 1 2−0
+ 2 2 + 2 +
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥2 ∞2
𝑥 3 −1
(c) lim ,
𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1
Consider the division below;
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝑥 − 1 𝑥3 + 0 𝑥2 + 0 𝑥 − 1
𝑥3 − 𝑥2
𝑥 2 + (0)𝑥 − 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥
𝑥−1
𝑥−1
Hence;
𝑥3 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 )
lim = lim = lim (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 )
𝑥→∞ 𝑥 − 1 𝑥→∞ 𝑥−1 𝑥→∞
= lim 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 = ∞2 + ∞ + 1 = ∞
𝑥→∞
Example 4.
indicated.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡)
(a) lim𝜋 (b) lim (c) lim
𝑥→ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑡→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡)
Solutions
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥.𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
(a) lim𝜋 = lim𝜋 + = lim𝜋 +
𝑥→ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥→ 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑥→ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜋 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝜋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
= lim𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 2 𝜋
𝑥→
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
𝜋 2
𝜋 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ) (0)2
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝜋 =0+ =0
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 Recall;

(b) lim = lim .3 = lim .3 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝑥→0 3𝑥 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏
𝒙→𝟎 𝒙
= 1 . 3 =3
𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 2𝑡 5𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 2𝑡 5𝑡

(c)lim = lim = lim . . = lim . .
𝑡→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) 𝑡→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) 𝑡→0 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) 5𝑡 2𝑡 𝑡→0 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝑡) 2𝑡
5 5
= 1 . 1 . =
2 2

One sided limits.
 This is a method that can be used to check for the existence of the limit of a function.
We have already had some experience in handling such approach to determining the
limits functions from the tabular approach that we started with.
 Now we can establish the following notation for the use of one sided limits
• When we approach the limit of a function 𝒇 from the left-hand side as 𝒙 tends to 𝑎,
we write;
𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂
This is read as “ the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎 from the left (−)is equals 𝑳”, and
is called the left-hand limit.
• When we approach the limit of a function 𝒇 from the right-hand side as 𝒙 tends to
𝑎, we write;
𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒂
This is read as “ the limit of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 approaches 𝒂 from the right (+) is equals 𝑳”,
and is called the right-hand limit.
 This approach is very much useful in determining the limiting values of piecewise
functions.
 Piecewise functions are functions are defined by a number of sub-functions that

exist over a certain intervals of the domain. The absolute value is the most
common piecewise function.
 Let us consider a piecewise function defined as follows;
𝑥2 + 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 1
𝑓 𝑥 =ቊ
𝑥+3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 1
A graph of the piecewise function is shown below. It can help to determine the one-
side limit of the function
Figure 2.0
 We notice from the graph that for the red portion of the graph (parabola), as 𝒙 tends
to 1 from the left 𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 𝟐. So we can write using the one-sided
notation;
𝑙𝑖𝑚− 𝑓(𝑥) = 2
𝑥→1
This can be found by evaluating the limit;

𝑙𝑖𝑚− (𝑥 2 + 1) = 12 + 1 = 2
𝑥→1
Similarly;
 We notice from the graph that for the blue portion of the graph (linear), as 𝒙 tends to
1 from the right 𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 𝟒. So we can write using the one-sided notation;
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥) = 4
𝑥→1+
This can also be found by evaluating the limit;

𝑙𝑖𝑚+ (𝑥 + 3) = 1 + 3 = 4
𝑥→1
 We observe for this function that there is no single value that the function 𝒇(𝒙) tends to
as 𝒙 approaches 1 from both the left and the right-hand sides. In this case we say 𝒇(𝒙)
has no limit as 𝒙 approaches 1 or that 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇(𝒙) does not exist.
𝒙→𝟏
 So we can state generally that;
A function 𝒇(𝒙) has a limit as 𝒙 approaches 𝒂 if and only if the left- hand limit equals the
right-hand limit. That is;
𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝑳 𝒊𝒇 and only if
𝒙→𝒂
𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳

𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂

Continuous and discontinuous functions
 Literally a continuous process could be described as one that proceeds without any
interruption or any abrupt changes.
 Mathematically a continuous function has much the same meaning as a continuous

process.
 A continuous function is one with a graph which is such that it does not have
interrupting breaks, such as holes, gaps or jumps. Thus, a graph of a continuous
function can be drawn without lifting a pencil off the paper.
 A discontinuous function will be one with holes, breaks or jumps. Thus they
cannot be drawn without lifting the pencil from the paper.

 Let us consider the graphs of the following discontinuous functions in Figure 3.0.
Figure 3.0
Figure 1.0
 In Figure 3.0 (a) the interruption occurs because of the open dot at 𝒙 = 𝒂. This shows
that 𝒇(𝒂) is not defined.
 In Figure 3.0 (b) the blue dot at 𝒙 = 𝒂 indicates that the function 𝒇(𝒙) is defined at
that point and given by the value of the y-coordinate. However, there is a jump at 𝑥 = 𝑎.
The left-hand side limit indicated by the open dot shows that the function 𝒇(𝒙) as
shown by the y-coordinate value is not the same as that on the right-hand side limit.
Hence this function has a jump.
 In Figure 3.0(c) the graph shows a hole in the function at 𝒙 = 𝒂 and a value of the
function 𝒇(𝒙) at 𝒙 = 𝒂 is different from that of the graph. This is indicative of a jump in
the function.
 We can now state a clear definition of a function as being continuous at a number 𝒂 as

follows.

A function 𝒇(𝒙) is continuous at 𝒂 when the following conditions are satisfied.
 𝒇(𝒙) is defined at 𝒂; that is, 𝒂 is in the domain of 𝒇(𝒙), so that 𝒇(𝒂) is a real number.
 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 exists
𝒙→𝒂
 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒂 .
𝒙→𝒂

Example 5.
Determine whether the function is continuous at (a) 2 (b)1
2𝑥 + 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1
Solution
Using the three conditions to assess the continuity of the function at the stated points we
have;
(a) At 𝑥 = 𝑎 = 2, we have,
2(2) + 1 4+1 5
𝑓 2 = 2
= = =1
2(2) −(2) − 1 8 − 2 − 1 5
(1)Because 𝑓 2 = 1 is real number then 𝑓 2 is defined.
2𝑥 + 1
𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 1
2(2) + 1 4+1 5
= 2
= = =1
2(2) −(2) − 1 8 − 2 − 1 5
CONTINUITY, LIMITS AND INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
(2) The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2 is a real number so 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 exists.
𝑥→2
(3) Since 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(2)=1

𝑥→2
Since the three conditions are satisfied, this implies that 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
(b) At 𝑥 = 𝑎 = 1, we have,
2(1) + 1 2+1 3
𝑓 1 = 2
= = = 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
2(1) −(1) − 1 2 − 1 − 1 0
(1)Because 𝑓 1 = is not a real number then 𝑓 1 is not defined.
OR
2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 + 1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 =
2𝑥 − 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)
Since division by zero results in an indeterminate function, the domain of f(x) is
1
𝑥 𝑥 ≠ 1, 𝑥 ≠ − . Thus 𝑓(𝑥) is not defined at 𝑥 = 1
2
CONTINUITY, LIMITS AND INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Since one of the three conditions for continuity has been violated, it implies that 𝑓(𝑥)
is not continuous at 𝑥 = 1
Exercise.
Sketch the function 𝑓 𝑥 .Determine for what number 𝑥, if any the following function
𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous.
𝑥 + 2 𝑖𝑓𝑥 ≤ 0
𝑓 𝑥 =൞ 2 𝑖𝑓0 < 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥 2 + 2 𝑖𝑓𝑥 > 1

Eng Maths 12-Lecture 1

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Eng Maths 12-Lecture 1

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FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

FOURAH BAY COLLEGE-UNIVERSITY OF SIERRA LEONE

LIMITS, CONTINUITY, AND INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

THE ONLY CONSTANT

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

 A limit in mathematics can be defined as the value that a function approaches as

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Limit notation and description

𝒙 approaches 2 from the left. 𝒙 approaches 2 from the right.

𝑥 −2 −1 0 1 1.99 1.999 1.9999 2 2.0001 2.001 2.01 2.1 3

𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 4. 𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 4.

𝒙 approaches 0 from the left. 𝒙 approaches 0 from the right.

𝑥 −0.03 −0.02 −0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03

𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 1. 𝒇(𝒙) gets closer to 1.

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

4.𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 + 𝑴

5. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝑳 − 𝑴

6. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇 𝒙 . 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) . 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳𝑴

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

(4) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 = 𝟏

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Solutions (d) lim

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

4𝑥 3 −5𝑥 2 𝑥(4𝑥 2 −5𝑥) 4𝑥 2 −5𝑥

𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 Recall;

𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 2𝑡 5𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛(5𝑡) 2𝑡 5𝑡

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

 Piecewise functions are functions are defined by a number of sub-functions that

This can be found by evaluating the limit;

This can also be found by evaluating the limit;

 So we can state generally that;

𝒍𝒊𝒎− 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳 and 𝒍𝒊𝒎+ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

 Mathematically a continuous function has much the same meaning as a continuous

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

 We can now state a clear definition of a function as being continuous at a number 𝒂 as

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

(3) Since 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(2)=1

Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. FBC/USL/ENG. MATHS-FENG-110F

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