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12 Math Definitions by Youth Academy
12 Math Definitions by Youth Academy
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12TH MATH
FULL BOOK DEFINES
YOUTH PAID SERVICE
FOR ALL PUNJAB BOARDS
BY USAMA KHALID KAMBOH
CEO YOUTH ACADEMY
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YOUTH ACADEMY WhatsApp 0342-1016201 , 0347-2782177
Pakistan's Largest Academy By Usama Khalid Kamboh GUESS PAPERS,NOTES,TEST SERIES
Chapter 2 DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiation: The process of finding derivatives is called differentiation
Derivative: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function, then its derivative is denoted by 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and defined as
𝑓(𝑥+𝛿𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim𝛿𝑥→𝑎
𝛿𝑥
The chain rule: If 𝑦 = (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) let 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥) then 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑢) Now we find
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
and 𝑑𝑥 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 . 𝑑𝑥 is called Chain rule.
𝑑𝑢
Successive or higher derivatives: Let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) be a function then its successive or
higher derivatives are given as: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥), 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥), 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥), … … , 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥)
Increasing function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be increasing function in an open interval
(𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ) when 𝑥1 < 𝑥2
OR A function 𝑓 is said to be increasing function if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
Decreasing function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be decreasing function in an open interval
(𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 ) when 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 OR A
function 𝑓 is said to be decreasing function if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
Constant function: A function 𝑓(𝑥)is said to be constant function in an open interval
(𝑎, 𝑏) if for every 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ) where 𝑥1 < 𝑥2
OR A function 𝑓 is said to be constant function if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
Relative maxima: A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative maxima 𝑓(𝑐) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) if
(i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 − 𝜖) > 0 (ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (iii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝜖) < 0
Relative minima: A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative maxima 𝑓(𝑐) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) if
(i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 − 𝜖) < 0 (ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (iii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝜖) > 0
Relative extrema: Both relative maxima and relative minima are called relative extrema or
relative extreme values
Point of inflexion: A point at which the function has neither or maximum nor minimum
value is called the point of inflexion.
1st derivative test: (a) A function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative maxima 𝑓(𝑐) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) if
(i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 − 𝜖) > 0 (ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (iii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝜖) < 0 (b) A
function 𝑓(𝑥) has relative maxima 𝑓(𝑐) at 𝑥 = 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) if (i) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 − 𝜖) < 0
(ii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 (iii) 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 + 𝜖) > 0
2nd derivative test: Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) be a function 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) exist at each 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
also 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 for any 𝑐 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏) then (a) 𝑓(𝑥) has maxima 𝑓(𝑐) if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) < 0 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) has
minima 𝑓(𝑐) if 𝑓 ′′ (𝑐) > 0
CHAPTER 3 INTEGRATION
Integration: The reverse process of differentiation is called integration or anti-derivative.
* The symbol ∫ is called integral or sign of integration * The function which is
to be integrated is called integrand of the integral. * The anti-derivatives of a function is also
called indefinite integral.
𝑏
Definite integral: The symbol ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is read as the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑎 is
lower limit and 𝑏 is called upper limit.
Fundamental law of integral calculus: If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] and
𝑏
𝜑′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) then ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜑(𝑏) − 𝜑(𝑎) is called fundamental law of integral calculus.
Area under the curve: (a) If 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 then curve lies above 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 so
𝑏
𝐴 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑏 (b) If 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 then curve lies below 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝑏
so 𝐴= − ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑏
Differential equation: An equation which contains derivatives or differentials is called
differential equation.
Order of differential equation: In a differential equation the highest derivative is called
its order.
Degree of differential equation: The highest power of highest ordered derivative is
called degree of differential equation.
Separable equation: A differential equation which is solved by separating variables is
called separable equation
Right circular cone:- A cone having its axis perpendicular circular base(having circular as
its base) is called right circular cone.
circle.The fixed point is called centre and fixed distance is called radius of the circle
Point circle:- A circle having radius zero is called point circle.The equation of point circle is
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 0
Ellipse:- A set of all points in a plane such that disctance of each point from a fixed point
bears a constant ratio (less than 1) to a distance from a fixed line. Fixed point is called
focus.Fixed line is called directrix. Contant ratio is called eccentricity , denoted by 𝑒 , In ellips
𝑒 < 1.
Parabola:- Set of all points in a plane which are equidistant from a fixed point and a fixed
line. In Parabola , 𝑒 = 1
Hyperbola:- A set of all points in a plane such that distance of each point from a fixed point
bears a constant ratio (greater than 1) to a distance from a fixed line. In hyperbola , 𝑒 > 1
Tangent line:- A line which touches the circle without cutting it , is called tangent line.
Normal line:- A line perpendicular to the tangent line at point of tangency , is called normal
line.
CHAPTER 7 VECTORS
Scalar:- A quantity which has magnitude only is called scalar. E.g., Time and length , area ,
volume , temperature etc.
Vector:- A quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called vector. E.g., velocity ,
displacement , acceleration etc. A vector (say 𝑣) is denoted by 𝑣⃑.
Magnitude of a vector:- The magnitude of a vector is a non-negative number. It is also
⃑⃑⃑⃑
called norm or length of vector. Let 𝑣 be a vector , then its magnitude is denoted by |𝑣|
Unit vector:- A vector having magnitude 1 is called unit vector. If 𝑣⃑ is vector then its unit
⃑⃑
𝑣
vector is denoted by 𝑣̂ and is defined as 𝑣̂ = ⃑⃑ |
|𝑣
Null vector:- A vector having magnitude zero but no specific direction is called null or zero
vector. It is denoted by 𝑜⃑
Equal vectors:- Two vectors 𝑎⃑ and 𝑏⃑⃑ are said to be equal if both have same magnitude and
both have same direction.
Parallel vectors:- Two vectors 𝑎⃑ and 𝑏⃑⃑ are said to be parallel if 𝑎⃑ = 𝑘𝑏⃑⃑ or 𝑏⃑⃑ = 𝑘𝑎⃑
Position vector:- The vector whose initial point is at origin O and terminal point is at point
P is called position vector.
Direction angles and direction cosines of a vector:- Let 𝑢 ⃑⃑ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] be a
vector such that it makes angles 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 along the coordinate axis then 𝛼 , 𝛽 , 𝛾 are called
direction angles of vector 𝑢 ⃑⃑, While 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 , 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 are called direction cosine of 𝑢 ⃑⃑
Scalar product/ Dot product:- When product of two vectors 𝑢 ⃑⃑ and 𝑣⃑ results a scalar
quantity , this is called scalar product. The scalar product of two vectors 𝑢 ⃑⃑ and 𝑣⃑ is denoted by
⃑⃑. 𝑣⃑
𝑢
Perpendicular (Orthogonal vectors):- For two non-zero vectors 𝑢 ⃑⃑ and 𝑣⃑ , 𝑢⃑⃑. 𝑣⃑ =
0 𝑖𝑓𝑓 𝑢⃑⃑ ⊥ 𝑣⃑
Vector product/ Cross product:- The vector product of two vectors 𝑢 ⃑⃑ and 𝑣⃑ is
denoted by 𝑢 ⃑⃑ × 𝑣⃑ and defined as 𝑢
⃑⃑ × 𝑣⃑ = 𝑢𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂ where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑢 ⃑⃑ and 𝑣⃑ and 𝑛̂
is unit vector.
Scalar triple product:- The product 𝑢̂. (𝑣⃑ × 𝑤 ⃑⃑⃑ ) is called scalar triple product.
Vector triple product:- The product 𝑢̂ × (𝑣⃑ × 𝑤 ⃑⃑⃑ ) is called scalar triple product.
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