Environment The Science behind the

Stories 5th Edition Withgott Test Bank

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/environment-the-science-behind-the-stories-5th-edition-withgott-test-bank/
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Use the accompanying figure to answer the following questions.

1) According to the figure, the basis for government policy regarding environmental issues ________. 1)
A) is primarily driven by lobbying
B) comes primarily from the private sector
C) comes from the sciences, with input from the public and private sectors
D) comes only from the natural and social sciences and is acted upon without bias
E) comes from both the public and the private sectors

2) According to the figure, science's input into solutions for environmental problems ________. 2)
A) is modified by consumer incentives, such as rebates and tax breaks
B) is the product of both consumer advocacy and industrial goals
C) bypasses the public sector in determining consumer choices and lifestyles
D) bypasses the private sector in making improvements to technology
E) is independent of any other influences in its effect on forming government policy

1
 3) Regarding the issue of global warming, until the hurricane season of 2005, the federal 3)
government's official stance was that the information available from the scientific community was
neither conclusive nor persuasive. This governmental position was probably due to ________.
A) the lack of good, measurable data from the scientific community
B) lobbying efforts on the part of environmental organizations
C) laws passed by voters
D) the consumer opinion polls
E) the private sector's resistance to changing its practices and strategies

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

Match the following.

A) environmental clause
B) treaties
C) National Environmental Policy Act
D) policies
E) western merit laws
F) land use laws
G) tort law
H) executive orders
I) general land ordinances
J) statutory laws
K) congressional acts

4) Rules or guidelines intended to address a problem or guide decision making 4)

5) Agreements with foreign countries 5)

6) Specific legal instructions, drafted by the president, for use by government agencies 6)

7) Early environmental laws that gave the federal government the right to manage western 7)
lands

8) Law addressing harm to another person 8)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

9) Environmental policy aims to ________. 9)

A) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
B) preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition
C) use natural resources for economically important industrial products
D) protect the values of the landowner
E) promote economic growth

2
10) The role of the United Nations is to ________. 10)
A) make international laws regarding commerce and the environment
B) regulate international travel, emigration, and immigration among member states
C) develop international business cooperatives
D) maintain international environmental education standards
E) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems

11) Decisions rendered by the courts make up a body of law known as ________. 11)
A) utilitarian law
B) environmental law
C) mandatory law
D) statutory law
E) case law

12) Enforcement and elaboration of statutory law is given to ________. 12)

A) watchdog groups
B) administrative agencies
C) oversight committees and private citizens
D) the judicial branch
E) the legislative branch

13) Statutory laws are passed by ________. 13)

A) CEOs
B) the legislative branch
C) voters
D) the president of the United States
E) federal preemption

14) The Supreme Court and lower courts are important for environmental policy because ________. 14)
A) the courts mandate that environmental law preempt all other federal laws
B) they regulate administrative agencies at various levels of government
C) they preside over lawsuits filed by grassroots and other nongovernmental organizations to
correct environmental damage
D) their purpose is to assist corporations to negotiate with the legislative branch
E) they allow corporations in the United States to disregard the environmental laws of other
countries

15) The takings clause of the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that ________. 15)
A) private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation
B) the government can cause environmental damage without compensation
C) state entities can take private property for less than market value
D) private citizens can take value from public land by mining, timbering, or similar activities
E) natural resources cannot be taken without payment

16) A regulatory taking involves the government ________. 16)

A) taking resources from private property while allowing the property owner to retain rights to
the land
B) depriving the owner of some or all of the economic use of his or her property
C) taking private property without allowing for compensation for natural resources
D) removing environmental regulations from the lands of individual property owners
E) causing environmental damage without being subject to regulations

3
17) The first laws in U.S. environmental policy ________. 17)
A) were to preserve endangered species
B) dealt primarily with management of private land
C) were intended to promote settlement of the West
D) were to reduce pollution caused by early industrial efforts
E) were passed as early as 1980

18) The General Mining Act of 1872 ________. 18)

A) provides free equipment to promote mining in the West
B) ensures that mining operations would repair and restore an area when they were done
C) provides no governmental oversight to mining in the United States
D) has been subjected to major overhauls in the last century
E) allows mining companies to mine land held by private citizens without compensating them

19) The first national park in the world was ________. 19)
A) Death Valley
B) Grand Canyon
C) Glacier
D) Yellowstone
E) Yosemite

20) Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________. 20)
A) was concerned with birth defects in humans
B) focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals
C) awakened the American public to negative effects of artificial hormones
D) was the beginning of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy
E) warned of insect pollinator losses through pesticide use

21) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. 21)

A) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection
B) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution
C) was signed into law by Bill Clinton
D) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
E) requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any
business or corporate entity

22) To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these 22)
limits are violated. This approach is called ________.
A) command-and-control
B) limit and manage
C) last chance
D) carrot and stick
E) end of the alley

23) Which part of the government is responsible for passing public policy laws? 23)
A) EPA
B) United Nations
C) judicial branch
D) executive branch
E) legislative branch

4
24) The revolving door ________. 24)
A) allows lobbyists to work for many political entities at the same time
B) is the movement of powerful officials between the private sector and government agencies
C) allows corporate heads to work together on political legislation
D) is illegal in most states
E) pairs environmental causes with lobbyists already working on other causes

25) Conventional law arises from ________. 25)

A) democratic voting procedures
B) the distribution and use of pollution permits
C) treaties between nations
D) informal agreements reached by multinational corporations
E) bidding on subsidies

26) The Cuyahoga River in Ohio had been so polluted that it caught fire repeatedly from 1868-1969, 26)
including a 1952 fire that resulted in nearly $1.5 million in damages. Amazingly, other rivers in the
United States also caught fire during this period. Why didn't federal laws limiting pollution of
rivers and streams prevent this pollution and these fires?
A) There were no federal regulations of water pollution at that time.
B) The federal laws preventing water pollution did not apply to Ohio, where this occurred.
C) This pollution went undetected by agents overwhelmed by the amount of work.
D) The industries that polluted the water had been repeatedly fined for polluting and simply
continued to ignore the laws.

27) How does the EPA affect environmental policy? 27)

A) The EPA determines which laws passed by the judicial branch apply to environmental
policy.
B) The EPA develops rules and regulations based on laws passed by Congress.
C) The EPA passes laws that control environmental regulations.
D) The EPA funds ecological studies that inform the executive branch about what
environmental laws are needed.

28) Fires on the Cuyahoga River raised concerns that contributed to ________. 28)
A) the passage of the Clean Water Act of 1972
B) the formation of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
C) laws requiring the separation of sewage and storm water in cities
D) a regulatory taking of many of the industries along the river and its tributaries
E) the passage of the federal Water Pollution Control Act

29) The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________. 29)

A) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure
B) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations
C) fund economic development such as dams and irrigation projects in the poorest countries
D) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers,
multinational irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides
E) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming

5
30) Critics of the World Trade Organization ________. 30)
A) complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems
B) say that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries
C) charge that it gives too much money to environmental causes
D) charge that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people
E) discriminates against developing nations

31) Lobbying is one strategy employed by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies. 31)
A) the U.S. president and members of the Cabinet
B) environmental advocacy groups and the American Petroleum Institute
C) the legislative branch
D) the judicial branch of government
E) the scientific community

32) Environmental public policy is intended to ________. 32)

A) maximize economic profit while minimizing public discontent
B) promote the harvesting of natural resources
C) improve human welfare and protect the natural world
D) ensure access to natural resources for industry
E) measure the impact of industrial wastes on the environment

33) Cap-and-trade is a system that ________. 33)

A) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations
B) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue
C) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries
D) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution
E) permits industries that pollute at levels below the federal cap to sell credits to industries that
pollute at levels above the cap

34) In 2009, the G-20 nations agreed to ________. 34)

A) set a goal to produce 60% of their energy from clean, renewable sources by 2030
B) gradually phase out their fossil fuel subsidies
C) postpone developing renewable energy resources until 2050
D) increase subsidies to fossil fuel industries by 10-12%
E) double the subsidies to fossil fuel companies

35) Sustainable economic and environmental policies will shift the focus from ________. 35)
A) productivity to economic growth
B) sustainability to productivity
C) national economic growth to global economic growth
D) productivity to profits
E) economic growth to the well-being of humans

36) Regarding environmental laws and the U.S. Constitution, ________. 36)
A) fundamental environmental policy is already set forth in the Constitution
B) by paying a waiver fee, federal laws can override the Constitution
C) in a case of conflict, state laws always take precedence over federal laws and the Constitution
D) the Constitution can be set aside for state environmental laws
E) state laws cannot violate the Constitution

6
 37) Green taxes ________. 37)
A) may affect consumers if the companies paying the taxes raise the price of their product
B) have been rejected by the European Union as being too costly to enforce
C) are taxes instituted on landscaping plants and trees to raise funds for projects promoting
sustainable development
D) are widely supported and instituted in the United States
E) are paid by golfers in areas where sensitive habitat has been converted to golf courses

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.

38) What is the main goal of environmental policy? Describe the tragedy of the commons, and explain why
environmental policy would focus on avoiding the tragedy of the commons.

39) What is the significance of the National Environmental Policy Act?

40) Discuss the three major eras of environmental law in the United States. What key events sparked each era,
and/or resulted from each one?

41) List the economics-based approaches to environmental policy. How are these superior to the use of tort law for
controlling pollution?

42) National boundaries do not always match environmental boundaries. What does this mean for environmental
protection in each country?

43) What is an environmental impact statement (EIS)? What is the purpose of an environmental impact statement,
and who is required to prepare it?

44) Differentiate between a green tax and marketable emission permits. Which is superior for U.S. markets?

45) What is a subsidy? Describe the role of subsidies in present-day natural resource management.

46) Identify NAFTA, and briefly discuss its purpose and consequences.

7
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Read the following scenario and answer the questions below.

Wetlands provide a multitude of ecological, economic, and social benefits. They provide habitat for many organisms and are
nurseries for many saltwater and freshwater fishes and shellfish. Wetlands also hold and slowly release floodwater and
snow melt, recharge groundwater, act as cleansing filters, recycle nutrients, and provide recreation. As of 2000, the
contiguous United States was estimated to have about 105 million acres of wetlands remaining. Over the past 60 years, it has
lost over 16 million acres of wetlands, and the loss continues at about 58,000 acres annually. Nearly one-third of the loss is
due to urban development, with the rest being nearly equally divided between rural development, agriculture, and
silviculture (predominantly logging). The southeastern United States is experiencing the greatest losses. The Emergency
Wetlands Resources Act (EWRA) of 1986 requires the Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct status and trend studies of the
nation's wetlands and to report the results to Congress each decade, with the overall goal being no more net loss of wetlands.
EWRA also established Bayou Sauvage National Wildlife Refuge along Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans, Louisiana.

47) In the United States, wetlands are primarily considered to be ________. 47)
A) useful for fisheries
B) useful for growing crops if they are drained
C) important only for recreational purposes
D) belonging to the owner of the private property, to be developed or not by the owner
E) important because they provide many valuable ecosystem services

48) Wetlands in the United States ________. 48)

A) have stayed about the same over the past 40 years
B) have decreased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes
C) have decreased due to human development
D) have increased due to human development
E) have increased due to natural causes, such as floods and hurricanes

49) The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is an administrative agency in the Department of ________. 49)
A) Health and Human Services
B) Agriculture
C) the Interior
D) the Environment
E) State

50) The creation of our National Wildlife Refuge system has been credited to what U.S. president? 50)
A) Richard Nixon
B) Dwight Eisenhower
C) Theodore Roosevelt
D) Barack Obama
E) Rutherford B. Hayes

51) According to the scenario, if the United States continues to lose wetlands at an indefinite rate, in 51)
approximately what year would the country run out of wetlands?
A) 2100 B) 4522 C) 2180 D) 3800 E) 2800

8
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED11

1) C
2) E
3) E
4) D
5) B
6) H
7) F
8) G
9) A
10) E
11) E
12) B
13) B
14) C
15) A
16) B
17) C
18) C
19) D
20) B
21) D
22) A
23) E
24) B
25) C
26) A
27) B
28) A
29) C
30) A
31) B
32) C
33) E
34) B
35) E
36) E
37) A
38) The goal of environmental policy is to protect the natural resources that people use while considering the values that
people place on resources, and to promote equity in the use of resources. The tragedy of the commons is the idea that
unless the land held in common is regulated, there will be overuse and degradation to the detriment of individuals
and of society. Environmental policy is designed to limit degradation and overuse of all lands. Externalities are
impacts caused by market transactions that are borne by people not involved in the transaction. These impacts can be
negative or positive. One role of environmental policy is to consider and deal with negative externalities in a fair
manner.
39) NEPA created an agency called the Council on Environmental Quality and required that an environmental impact
statement (EIS) be prepared for any major federal action. The EIS process forces government agencies, and any
businesses that contract with them, to slow down and evaluate impacts on the environment before proceeding with a
new dam, highway, or building project. It serves as a powerful disincentive for environmentally damaging work.

9
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED11

40) The first major era addressed public land management, whereby western expansion was encouraged. It promoted
settlement of the West and utilization of its resources. The end of this era saw the development of the national park
system, aimed at preserving pieces of land for public use. The second major era sought to address the impacts of the
first major era of environmental law and lasted through the beginning of the 20th century. Laws included declaring
some areas off limits to logging and hunting, creating wildlife refuges, and protecting forests. The third era was in
response to the increasing effects of environmental pollution. Pollution policy was driven by new evidence, such as
Carson's Silent Spring and the burning of the Cuyahoga River, which focused attention on the nearly nonexistent
environmental standards in this country. Laws were passed regulating air and water quality and the types of
pesticides that could be used.
41) Economics-based approaches include green taxes, subsidies and tax breaks to promote environmentally sustainable
activities, and pollution emission permits that can be bought, sold, or traded. The most effective approaches offer
financial incentives for "good" behavior rather than punishment for bad behavior. These are superior to the use of tort
law because tort law sets the legal precedent that if the pollution control is more expensive than the damage that the
pollution causes, the pollution will be allowed to continue. These economic incentives therefore have a better chance of
reducing pollution than does tort law.
42) Countries are often dependent upon each other to solve environmental problems because the pollution that is of
concern may originate in another country. In such cases, international cooperation is required to correct the problem.
However, international law is weaker in its authority than national law, and so long as the nations participating in the
agreement view themselves as sovereign, such international policies tend to lack real teeth.
43) An environmental impact statement is required for any major federal action that might significantly affect
environmental quality. It is a report from detailed studies that assess the potential environmental impacts resulting
from a road, dam, or building project undertaken or funded by the government. The EIS process forces government
agencies and any businesses that contract with them to evaluate impacts on the environment before proceeding with a
project. This generally does not halt such projects, but it can serve as an incentive to lessen the environmental damage.
44) A green tax is a tax on activities and products that cause undesirable environmental effects. These costs are usually
passed on to the consumer, and do not have the desired effect on the targeted industry. Marketable emission permits
are issued to polluters, allowing holders to emit a fraction of the industry‑set limit. If the holder releases less pollution
than its permit total, then it can sell its remaining units to other polluters. The emission permits are a more effective
way of controlling pollution because they give industries a direct financial incentive to reduce pollution per unit of a
product made or item sold.
45) A subsidy is a government giveaway of money or resources, including tax breaks. It is intended to encourage certain
desired activities while discouraging others. Subsidies can be used to promote sustainable activities, although more
often they have been directed toward industries involved in unsustainable natural resource management. Subsidies
for mining and coal industries, and the money spent to build roads so that logging companies can harvest timber in
our national forests, are some examples.
46) NAFTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement, established to promote free trade among the United States,
Canada, and Mexico by eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs on imports and exports. NAFTA undermines
protection for workers and the environment, and has resulted in some U.S. manufacturing jobs being moved to
Mexico, where wages are lower and health and environmental regulations are more lax.
47) E
48) C
49) C
50) C
51) D

10