Algebra_Chapter 02_System of linear equations_Summary

Vocabulary:
1. Inconsistent: không tương thích (no solution).
2. consistent: tương thích (Unique solution or Infinitely many solutions).
3. trivial solution: nghiệm tầm thường.
4. nontrivial solution: nghiệm không tầm thường.
2.1. The rank of a matrix
Theorem: Let Amn then rank  A   min m, n .

2.2. Solutions and Elementary Operations

Kronecker–Capelli theorem: States that for the non-homogeneous system Ax  B
a/ inconsistent if and only if rank  A   rank  A | B 

b/ unique solution if and only if rank  A   rank  A | B   n  is the number of variables of the system of equations.

c/ infinitely many solutions if and only if rank  A   rank  A | B   n  is the number of variables of the system of equations.

2.3. Gaussian Elimination

Gaussian Algorithm
Step 1: Write the augment matrix.
Step 2: Use the elementary row operations, find row-echelon.
Step 3: Use Kronecker–Capelli theorem

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  if no solution  stop
 if unique solution  solve it.
 if infinite solutions: Find nonleading variables ( parameters ) and solve the system equations.
Note: n  r : the number of nonleading variables.
Where:
 rank  A   r .

 n  is the number of variables of the system of equations.

2.4. Homogeneous Equations
States that for the homogeneous system Ax  0
a/ unique solution if and only if rank  A  n  is the number of variables of the system of equations .

b/ infinitely many solutions if and only if rank  A  n  is the number of variables of the system of equations.

Summary
1/ System AX  B :
 Inconsistent = no solution.
 Consistent ( unique solution or infinite solutions ).
2/ Homogeneous AX  0 :
 trivial = unique solution (0,0,…,0) (nghiệm tầm thường).
 nontrivial = infinite solutions.

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