FACULTY OF PLANTATION AND AGROTECHNOLOGY

AT110 G3

AGR231 SOIL SCIENCE

SOIL SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION

GROUP NAME: DANDELIES

NAME STUDENT ID
AG FARHAN AZRAAI BIN AG HUSIN 2021833704
MUHAMMAD RASYDAN BIN CIDING 2021208074
MOHD. DANISH AKHTAR BIN MAISARA 2021205898
NURUL ASIMA BINTI MUHAMMA 2021872504
DEEAAN RONIL 2021616376

LECTURER: MISS GRACE FLAVYELIZ SINONG

DATE: 8 DECEMBER 2022

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION 3
2.0 OBJECTIVE 4
3.0 MATERIALS 4
4.0 METHODOLOGY 5
5.0 RESULTS 6
6.0 DISCUSSION 9
7.0 CONCLUSION 10
8.0 REFERENCE 10
 LABORATORY 3: ROCKS CHARACTERIZATION

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A rock is a combination of different mineral or a solid collection of geological
components. Rocks may consists of a Individual mineral crystals, inorganic non-mineral solids
like glass, fragments of other rocks that have cracked, and even fossils are examples of
geological materials. Even though the geological components of rocks can be inorganic, they
can also contain organic components, such as coal's stored plant matter that has partially
decomposed. Despite the fact that a rock might include more than one sort of geological
component or mineral, many do.

Based on how they originate, rocks are divided into three major groups. First is
Igneous Rock which is originate as magma ( volcanic eruption) which is molten mixtures of
minerals, Minerals formed and fused together after being melted, cools and hardens which is
the process of Ekstrusive and Intrusive rocks . Second is Sedimentary Rocks are resulted from
the deposition and cementation of weathered product from other rocks. This process can also
form when minerals precipitate from solution either directly or with the aid of an organism.
Sedimentary rocks form when fragments of other rocks are buried, crushed, and cemented
together. Heat and pressure cause an existing rock to change into a metamorphic rock.
Although temperatures can be quite high, rock does not dissolve during metamorphism. This
Sedimentary Rocks form from the process which is sedimentation process when the land
eroded end up at the water floor, compaction with time the land eroded, more layers and
presses down the lower layer, strata formation when the layer and further compaction forces
out water of the layer and last process is cementation when the layer were glue together with
salt crystals together and the rocks mass formed is sedimentary. The last group is
Metamorphic Rocks which is formed at varying depth within the earth crust when the pre-
existing of high temperature, high pressure or both. The changes of rocks resulted from heat,
pressure or permeation by other substances. Formation of metamorphic rocks occur through
the process of three process which is Regional, Contact and Fault Zones.

In this experiment we used to identify the rocks base the types, colour and
characteristic by the three of types of rocks which is Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary and
Metamorphic Rocks. The equipment for doing this experiment are collection of three of type
rocks, find information from the guide paper about different types of rocks and using internet
to get some information of rocks were choose.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
1. To gain more knowledge about the earlier days of rocks.

2. To learn more about the formation of various types of rocks.

3. To list the various types of rocks and provide examples of each.

4. To learn more about the properties of various rock types

3.0 MATERIALS
1. Classroom collection of Igneous rocks.
2. Classroom collection of Sedimentary rocks.
3. Classroom collection of Metamorphic rocks.
4. Magnifying glass.
5. Rock classification chart

Figure 1 Igneous Rocks

 Figure 2 Sedimentary Rocks

Figure 3 Metamorphic Rocks

4.0 METHODOLOGY
1. Took the rock collections and examine the collection.
2. Divide the collection into three categories.
3. Took the rock collections and examine the collection.
4. Divide the collection into three categories.
5. read the book about the stones that have been divided to identify
 5.0 RESULTS
Table 1 : Result of characteristics of rocks

bil Grains
Name of Rock Type / Size shape Color Notes
Texture (mm)
Igneous
1. Obsidian Glossy 80 Spherical Black Extrusive
2. Rhyolite Fine- 5 Spherical Grey Combined
grained
3. Granite Granular 1/16 Spherical Pink Intrusive
4. Syenite Granular 4-7 Quartz Grey Intrusive
5. Basalt Aphanitic 1 Quartz Silver Extrusive
6. Gabrro Phaneritic 1 Crystal Dark grey Intrusive
Sedimentary
1. Chert Extremely 2 Irregular Milky Chemical
fine modules white
2. Breccia Coarse 2 Rounded Grey Clastic
grained
3. Conglomerate Coarse 2 Angular Orange Clastic rock
grained
4. Red sandstone Clastic 20 – 40 Square teracota Clastic rock
pattern
5. Gypsum Non clastic 6.5 – 12 Square Smoke Clastic
pattern grey
6. Travertine Terrestrial 5 – 20 Irregular Milky Clastic
nodules white
7. Limestone Porous 0.001 Granular Grey Clastic
8. Coquina Clastic 10 – 25 Granular Tan Organic
9. Shale Fine >0.004 Granular Greenish Clastic
grey
Metamorphic
1. Gamet mica Foliated 0.05 - Quartz Pale green
schist 0.1
2. Mica-schist Coarse 0.25 – 2 Quartz Silver to
grained grey
3. Quartzite Grany 50.8 Quartz White to
grey
4. Slate Compact 50.8 Basalts Bluish to
grey
5. Marble Fine 50.8 Small Pink
grained spherical

Table 2 : Sedimentary rock classification chart activity

SEDIMENTARY ROCK CLASSIFICATION CHART

ORIGIN FEATURES NAME

Clastic Very fine-grained, soft, thinly layered rock. Shale

Splits easily into thin slabs. Clay minerals
predominate.
Often laminated.

Fine-grained, layered rocks. Silt particles usually Siltstone

composed of quartz.

Sand-sized grains cemented together, generally Sandstone

layered.
Quartz grains common, but feldspars, other
minerals, and rock fragments are common.

Gravel- to pebble-sized grains rounded and/or Conglomerate

smooth, usually poorly cemented. Sand-sized
grains are common minor con-stituents. Quartz
and rock grains common.

Sand- to pebble-sized grains, angular, non- Breccia

rounded, and usually cemented in a fine-grained
matrix.
Quartz and rock fragments common.

Extremely fine-grained, smooth, hard rock with Chert

conchoidal ( shell-like) fracture. Composed of
silica.
Chemical Usually not layered.
 Fine-grained rock which may contain fossils. Limestone
Effervesces in acid. Composed of calcite, with
some quantity of clay or silt. Commonly layered.

Fine-grained rock which may contain fossils, Dolomite

poorly preserved. Effervesces in acid only when
powdered. Composed mostly of dolomite, usually
with some calcite and silt. Commonly layered.

Fine-grained rock, sometimes with irregular Travertine

cavities. Effervesces freely in acid. Composed of
calcite. Characteristically laminated

Dense, very fine-grained, soft rock, usually light Rock Gypsum

colored. Composed of gypsum.

Coarse textured, shell fragments the dominating Coquina

constituents, typically poorly cemented.
Composed usually of calcite.

Fine-grained, soft, brittle, of light weight. Dull Bituminous

gray to shiny black color. Combustible.
Composed of carbon and some quantity of plant
Organic oils.
Table 3 : Metamorphic rock classification vhart activity

METAMORPHIC ROCK CLASSIFICATION CHART

TEXTURE DESCRIPTION NAME

Compact, fine-grained. Breaks in smooth Slate

plates ( slaty rock cleavage).

Coarse to medium-grained. Parallel orientation of Mica Schist

platy minerals such as biotite and muscovite.

The Coarse to fine-grained. Minerals in bands, layers Ausen Gneiss

Folieted or streaks. Composed of the feldspars, quartz, Biotite Gneiss
Rocks hornblende, and biotite. Granite Gneiss
 Coarse to medium-grained. Dark color. Amphibilite
Composed chiefly of hornblende.

Coarse to fine-grained. Composed of calcite or Marble

dolomite. White or variable pale colors.

Coarse to fine-grained, but texture often Quartzite

obscure. Composed predominately of quartz.

The Non Compact, fine-grained. Composed largely of talc. Soapstone

Folieted Pale green to dark gray color.
Rocks

Fine-grained or fibrous. Composed mostly of Serpentinite

serpentine. Dark green or mottled green-black
color.

Fine-grained, homogeneous texture. Lustrous Athracite

black appearance, semi-conchoidal fracture.

6.0 DISCUSSION
In this lab session, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are characterized
differently by examining their grain type, size, shape, and color, and they may exhibit different
properties even when the rocks are of the same type. For example, both chert and
conglomerate are sedimentary rocks, chert is fine grained, 2 mm in size, has irregular modules
and is milky white in color, while conglomerate is coarse grained, 2 mm in size, angular and
orange. The factors that make up their properties are the minerals they contain, how they
form, and the processes that take place in them. Igneous rocks form by the solidification of
magma or lava in two ways eruptions, which occur on the surface, and intrusions, which occur
deep within the earth's crust. Sedimentary rocks are formed by processes such as erosion,
weathering, dissolution, deposition and lithification of sedimentary materials and mineral or
organic materials. Sedimentary rock formation occurs at or near the earth's surface.
Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous, sedimentary, or preexisting metamorphic rocks
that have experienced heat changes, pressure changes, mineral-rich thermal fluids, or a
combination of these factors. Metamorphic rocks are found in the central and lower part of
the earth's crust.The example of methamorphic is Mica-schist, the texture coarse grained,
0.25-2 mm,quartz and has colour silver to gray Also, the type of stone can be determined by
looking at the appearance of the stone. For example, quartzite and slate are a metamorphic
rock because they come from granite, an igneous rock usually composed primarily of the
minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica.Granite turns into gneiss when exposed to high heat and
pressure.

7.0 CONCLUSION
Conclusion, each stone has its own unique characteristics. each stone also has its own
way of manufacturing. we also get new knowledge about the types of stones that are newly
known.

8.0 REFERENCE
1. What is rock, https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/6-1-what-is-a-
rock/