Apuntes de Ingles

(Grammar)

Nerea Cañadas
ACTION AND NON ACTION VERBS
ACTION VERBS
Se utilizan tanto en el Present Simple como en el Present Continuos.

* Ejemplos: read, write, cook, drive, make, do, create, listen, watch…

NON-ACTION VERBS
Se utilizan para describir estados (states), sentidos (senses), deseos (desires), posesión (posesión),
emociones (emotions) y opiniones (opinions).

Generalmente no se utilizan en el Present Continuos.

* Ejemplos: agree, be believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer,
realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose, want… / look, smell, taste and sound (senses)

* HAVE: Action (Present Simple) / Possession (Present Simple)

* THINK: Action (Present Simple) / Opinion (Present Simple)

USED TO AND WOULD VERBS (=)

USED TO
Indica algo que ocurría en el pasado de manera habitual. “Estados” (Solía comprar)
(PAST HABITS AND STATES)

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + used to + verbo inf  I used to work.

(-) Suj. + didn´t use to + verbo inf.  I didn´t use to work.

(?) Did + suj. + use to + verbo inf.?  Did you use to work?

*Past Simple + always, usually, often…:
Se utiliza en Past Habits.
*Past simple (NOT USED TO): Acciones que
sucedieron una vez o se menciona cuando
sucedieron.
*Usually: Se utiliza en Present Habits.
(PRESENT SIMPLE) (Suelo comprar) 
We don’t usually play on Sunday.
*USED TO: used to + infinitive (PASADO)
 I used to run 2km. (solia) (PAST)
 I usually run 2km. (normalmente) (PRESENT)
*BE + USED TO: be + used to + ing (PRESENTE)
 I am used to running 5km. (estoy acostumbrado) (habito
que ya existe)
 I was used to running 5km. (estube acostumbrado)
*GET + USED TO get + used to + ing. (FUTURO)
 I am getting used to run 10 km. (me estoy acostumbrando))
 I get used to run 10km. (tuve que acostumbrarme)
WOULD
Indica acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado de forma repetitiva. “Acciones o Verbos de movimiento”

* Palabras clave  play, sing, go, work…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + would + verbo inf.  I would like play tennis.

(-) Suj. + wouldn´t + verbo inf.  I wouldn´t like play tennis.

(?) Would + suj. + verbo inf.?  Would you like play tennis?

PRESENT TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones que suceden habitualmente y que generalmente son ciertas. (Compro)

* Palabras clave  always, sometimes, usually, often, every, never, rarely…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + verbo inf.  I talk. - He/ She/ It + verbo inf (S / ES)  She likes.

(-) Suj. + don´t / doesn´t + verbo inf.  I don´t talk.

(?) Do/ Does + suj. + verbo inf.?  Do you talk?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones que están sucediendo en este momento o cosas puntuales. (Estoy comprando)

* Palabras clave  now, today, at the moment, currently…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + verbo ing  I am talking.

(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + verbo ing  I am not talking.

(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + verbo ing?  Are you talking?

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Acciones o situaciones que han pasado en el pasado o hace poco tiempo, que han tenido lugar una o varias
veces y que son temporales. Además, se aporta nueva información. Es decir, cuantas veces se ha hecho algo
o durante cuánto tiempo. (He comprado)
* Palabras clave  for, since, just, yet, already, so far this year…
*Non-action verbs: agree, be, believe… AUXILIARY VERBS
-Do/Does/Did
-Have/Has/Had
- Be (am, is,are, was, were)
* Estructura

(+) Suj. + have/ has + verbo (ED / 3ºC)  I have talked to Peter.

(-) Suj. + haven´t/ hasn´t + verbo (ED / 3ºC)  I haven´t talked to Peter.

(?) Have/ Has + suj. + verbo (ED / 3ºC)?  Have you talked to Peter?

*HOW LONG + PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: Se utiliza para hablar de un periodo de tiempo que no ha
finalizado.
Respuesta: For / Since

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Acciones o situaciones que suceden en un periodo de tiempo inespecífico entre el pasado y el presente, son
repetitivas y permanentes. (He estado comprando)

Pasado  Hecho finalizado. / Presente  Hecho sin terminar.

*Palabras clave: recently, lately, for, since, all day, all morning, all week…

* All  No usar for en las oraciones con all.  I’ve been here all day / for all day.

*No se utiliza este tiempo verbal con always, already y yet.

*Action verbs: learn, work, go…
* Estructura

(+) Suj. + have / has + been + verbo ing  She has been living.

(-) Suj. + haven´t / hasn´t + been + verbo ing  We haven´t been living.

(?) Have/ Has + suj. + been + verbo ing?  Have we been living?

PAST TENSES

PAST SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones concretas que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado y se repiten habitualmente.
Además, se especifica cuando ocurrieron. (Compré)

* Palabras clave  last week, yesterday, last night, ago… (when)

* Estructura *work / stay  worked / stayed

(+) Suj. + verbo (ED/ 2ºC)  He really liked it. (Se añade -ED al final del verbo)
*like  liked
(-) Suj. + didn´t + verbo inf.  I didn´t enjoy the film.
REGULAR VERBS

(Cuando el verbo acaba en la vocal “e” se añade

(?) Did + suj. + verbo inf.?  Did he go to university? -D al final del verbo)
*study  studied
*stop  stopped
(Cuando el verbo acaba en consonante-vocal-
consonante, se duplica la última consonante)
PAST CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones concretas que comenzaron en el pasado pero que todavía no han concluido. Además,
son interrumpidas por otra acción o situación. (Estaba comprando)

* Palabras clave  before, afternoon, at the time… (while)

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + was/ were + verbo ing  A woman was watching her son.

(-) Suj. + wasn´t/ weren´t + verbo ing  I wasn´t cooking at the people.

(?) Was/ Were + suj. + verbo ing?  Was she helping you?

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Acciones o situaciones que han sucedido antes que otras en el pasado. No se especifica cuando ocurrieron y
también se utiliza para dar noticias que han ocurrido en el pasado. (Había comprado)

* Palabras clave  for, since, just, yet, already…

*Non-action verbs: agree, be, believe…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + had + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)  I had finished.

(-) Suj. + hadn´t + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)  I hadn´t forgotten.

(?) Had + suj. + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)?  Had they left?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Acciones o situaciones en proceso de realización en el pasado antes que otra acción o suceso. (Había estado
comprando)

*Action verbs: learn, work, go…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + had been + verbo ing  Ana had been working in the restaurant.

(-) Suj. + hadn´t been + verbo ing  I hadn´t been studying Spanish.

(?) Had + suj. + been + verbo ing?  Had they been traveling for the USA?

*PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS OR PAST SIMPLE

- Present Perfect Continuous: Se utiliza para hablar de experiencias sobre nuestra vida, pero no decimos
exactamente cuando pasaron. Es decir, es una acción que comenzó en el pasado y continúa en el presente.
En las frases afirmativas se puede utilizar la expresión de tiempo never (nunca) y en las frases afirmativas
ever (alguna vez).
- Past Simple: Se utiliza para expresar una acción que ocurrió en un periodo de tiempo o momento concreto
en el pasado y que ha finalizado. Además, se aportan más detalles (when, what, where, who, why…)
FUTURE TENSES

WILL
o Hechos que no se pueden cambiar. o Predicciones de futuro basadas en
o Decisiones espontaneas tomadas en el momento experiencias u opiniones.
en el que se habla. o Promesas.

* Palabras clave  I think, I hope, I believe…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + will + verbo inf.  They will eat.

(-) Suj. + won´t + verbo inf.  They won´t eat. SHALL: Ofrecimientos y sugerencias. (I /We) 
Shall I start piano lessons?
(?) Will + suj. + verbo inf.?  Will they eat?

BE GOING TO
o Decisiones planeadas, intenciones y planes personales.
o Futuro con evidencia presente.  The sky is cloudy, it is going to rain.
o Algo que está por ocurrir.

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + going to + verbo inf.  They are going to eat.

(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + going to + verbo inf.  They aren’t going to eat.

(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + going to + verbo inf.?  Are they going to eat?

*Future in the past (was/ were going to): Se utiliza para describir planes fallidos.

PRESENT SIMPLE
o Citas personales con horas, fechas… concretas. o Algo ya fijado, no es solo una intención.
(Horarios)
* Estructura

(+) Suj. + verbo inf.  The plane leaves in ten minutes.

(-) Suj. + don´t/ doesn´t + verbo inf.  The plane doesn´t leaves in ten minutes.

(?) Do/ Does + suj. + verbo inf.?  Does the plane leaves in ten minutes?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Planes que se han realizado en un momento o lugar fijos en el futuro o se trata de un evento puntual. Es
decir, preparativos en el futuro con horas, fechas, días… concretos.

* Palabras clave  tonight, tomorrow, this weekend…

* Verbos clave  go, come, arrive, leave… (Verbos relacionados con los preparativos para viajar.)

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + verbo ing.  He is working next week.

(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + verbo ing.  He isn´t working next week.

(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + verbo ing.?  Is he working next week?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (ACTIONS IN PROGRES IN THE FUTURE)

Contar lo que estás haciendo en un momento concreto en el futuro.

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + will be + verbo ing.  I will be staying.

(-) Suj. + won´t be + verbo ing.  We won´t be sleeping.

(?) Will + suj. + be + verbo ing.?  Will they be sleeping?

FUTURE PERFECT (ANCTIONS FINISHED IN THE FUTURE)

Contar lo que harás en el futuro después de terminar una acción.

* Palabras clave  By the time, By the end of the year…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + will have + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)  I will have arrived.

(-) Suj. + won´t have + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)  He won´t have arrived.

(?) Will + suj. + have + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)?  Will they have arrived?

Example: Tuesday – 15:00h / 20:30h

- Don’t phone me at 18:00h because I will be working. (FUTURE CONTINUOUS)

- You can phone me at 21:00h because I will have finished work by them. (FUTURE PERFECT)
 *Present: am/is/are able to *Future: will be able to
*Past: was/were able to = managed to (me las arregle/ ingenie) *Infinitive: like being able to
*Present Perfect: have/has been able to *Gerund: ask to be able to

MODAL VERBS (SIEMPRE EN INFINITIVO (1ªC))

Ser capaz

Ser
permitido
Poder

Ser capaz

Ser
Poder permitido

(Obligación Tener que

personal)
(Obligación
externa)

No tener
Deber que

Poder

Poder

Ser
Podría permitido

No tener
Need to (es necesario) que
No es necesario

*MODALS OF DEDUCTION
-Must: Cuando estás seguro de que algo es cierto (POSSIBLE) -May / Might / Could: Cuando piensas que algo puede
ser cierto. (NOT SURE)
-Can’t: Cuando estás seguro de que algo es imposible o no
es cierto (NOT POSSIBLE)
*As soon as: Tan pronto como *Before: Antes
*When: Cuando *After: Después
*Until: Hasta que
*Before: Antes / *After: Después
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

ZERO CONDITIONAL
Verdades universales y experimentos científicos.

* Estructura  If + Present Simple (Do/ Does + verbo inf.) // Present simple

CONDITION RESULT

* Ejemplos  If you heat ice, it melts. / If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
(as soon as, when, until, before, after + Present Simple) (NO CONDITIONAL)

FIRST CONDITIONAL
Condiciones en el futuro que probablemente pasarán. (Likely)

* Estructura  If + Present Simple (Do/ Does + verbo inf.) // will/ won´t + verbo inf.

CONDITION RESULT

* Modales que se pueden sustituir por will  Can/ Should/ May/ Might
* Ejemplos  If it rains, you will take an umbrella. / If Bill studies, he will pass the exam.

SECOND CONDITIONAL
Posibilidad irreal en el presente como un sueño o un deseo. (Unlikely)

* Estructura  If + Past Simple (Did + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)) // would/ wouldn´t + verbo inf.

CONDITION RESULT

* Modales que se pueden sustituir por would  Could/ Might

* Give advice If she/he/it/I + were
* Ejemplos  If I won the lottery, I would buy a Ferrari. / If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.

THIRD CONDITIONAL
Condiciones en el pasado que no han sucedido y que son imposibles que sucedan. (Impossible)

* Estructura  If + Past Perfect (Had + verbo (ED/ 2ºC)) // would + have + verbo past participle (ED/ 3ºC)

CONDITION RESULT

* Modales que se pueden sustituir por would have Could have/ Might have
* Ejemplos  If I had studied more, I would have passed my exam. / If I had known then what I know
now, I would have done things differently.

*UNLESS: Significa lo mismo que If + not (A no ser que…). Al igual que If va seguido de un verbo en presente,
pasado o pasado perfecto.

Unless he gives my keys, I won´t open the door. / I go out tonight_ unless it rains. (,)
 CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)
Se utiliza para indicar que alguien está haciendo una acción (EJECUTOR) y otro la recibe (BENEFICIARIO).

*Estructura: get/have (mismo significado) + object + past participle (VERB ED/3ºC)

CONJUGATED VERB
*Ejemplos:
o The optician checked my sight last month.  I had/got my sight cheeked last month.

BENEFICIARIO OBJETO VERB ED/3ºC

o Someone should shorten your dress for the wedding.  You should get/have your dress shortened for
the wedding.
o The builders can’t build my house until next year.  I can’t get/have my house built until next year.
o Painters painted my granny's fence last week  My granny had/got her fence painted last week.
o The hairdresser didn't cut my hair during lockdown.  I didn’t have/get my hair cut during lockdown.
o A producer was recording her new album yesterday. She was having/ getting her new album recorded
yesterday.
o I have repaired the roof. (get)  I have got the roof repaired.

*By: Para indicar quien ha hecho el trabajo.

o Doctors have tested my blood this afternoon.  I have had/got my blood tested this afternoon by
doctors.

PASSIVE VOICE

USOS

o No se conoce la persona que ha realizado la acción.

o Dar mayor importancia a lo que pasó (suceso) que a quién realizo la acción.
o El sujeto recibe la acción, no la realiza. PASIVA
o El sujeto realiza la acción. ACTIVA

TRANSFORMACIÓN DE UNA ORACIÓN ACTIVA A PASIVA

o El objeto de la oración activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.

o El sujeto de la oración principal pasa a ser el complemento agente de la pasiva.
o Cuando se quiere mencionar quien ha realizado la acción se utiliza by y se coloca la final de la frase.

ACTIVE: PASSIVE:
* Estructura  Suj + verbo + Objeto directo (cosa) * Estructura  Objeto directo (cosa) + To be (am, is,
are) + verbo (ED/ 3C)
 Infinitive To take To be taken
Gerund Taking Being taken

Examples:

- Shakespeare wrote “Romeo and Juliet”.  Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.

- Peter will give me a present.  A present will be given to me (by Peter).

 I will be given a present (by Peter).

REPORTED SPEECH (INDIRECT STYLE)

1) STATEMENTS
OTHER CHANGES

Directed Reported

Here There
This That (S)/ Those (P)
Now Then / At that moment
Next week The next week/ The following week
Last week The previous week/ The week before
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day / The following day
Yesterday The previous day / The day before
Ago Before

2) REQUEST AND COMMANDS – TELL / ASK

ORDERS: TO/NOT TO

Directed Reported

“Open your book!” The teacher told us to open our books.

“Don’t waste your money there!” My mum told me not to waste my money there.
“Can you spell your name, please?” He told/ asked me to spell my name.
“Can I watch cartoons?” She asked me if she could watch cartoons.
(If= answer yes or no)

3) REPORTED QUESTIONS

1. Wh-questions  “Where do you work?” – Peter asked me where I worked.

2. Yes/No answer questions “Do you play golf? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.” – Peter asked me if/whether I played golf.

*Could you tell me… - “Where is the train station?”  Could you tell me where the train station is?
*Would you mind telling me… - “How old are you?”  Could you tell me how old you are?
*I’d like to know… - “What time is it?”  Could you tell me what time it is?
*I wonder if you could tell me…
PRONOUNS

DIRECT/ INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS

* Direct object: Receives the action of the verb and answer the question WHAT or WHO.

* Indirect object: Gets or receives the direct object and is usually preceded the prepositions TO or FOR.

-TO WHOM?  a quién -Grandma baked me a chocolate cake. Direct object

-FOR WHOM?  para quién
-FOR WHAT?  para qué
Verb In.ob. Direct object is a pronoun
IT / THEM
-Grandma baked a chocolate cake for me.
Verb Direct object In.ob.

-TO: give to, lend to, offer to, read to, sell to, show to, take to, write to.

-FOR: bring for/to, buy for, cook for, find for, get for, make for.

DEMOSTRATIVE PRONOUNS RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS

-THIS  este, esta, esto -EACH OTHER se, uno al otro, mutuamente

-THAT  aquel, aquello/a, eso/a -ONE ANOTHER unos a otros

-THEESE  estos/as

-THOSE  aquellos/as
POSSESSIVE NOUNS

POSSESSIVE’S (NOMBRES)

o Singular: Si el nombre termina en –s, el posesivo se forma con ‘ o ‘s.  Chris’ advice. / Chris’s advice.)
o Regulares plurales: Si termina en –s, el posesivo se forma con ‘.  Parents’ house. / Brothers’ house.)
o Irregulares plurales: Si no termina en –s, el posesivo se forma con ‘s.  Children’s bedroom /
Men’s trousers./ Women’s clothes.
o Para referirse a lugares, casas, apartamentos, tiendas o negocios: NOMBRE/PERSONA + ‘S 
My friend’s car/house/flat/shop. - Chermist’s /Hairdreser’s
o Cuando nos referimos a dos personas o dos cosas, solo se pone una ‘s después del segundo nombre. 
Tom and Mary’s parents / Kate and David’s house

POSSESIVE OF (COSAS U OBJETOS)

o A/AN/THIS/THAT +NAME/ NOUN + OF + POSSESSIVE  A friend of mine.
o A/AN/THIS/THAT + NAME/NOUN + ‘S  An interesting book of Sarah’s.

OWN (PARA DAR MAYOR FUERZA O ÉNFASIS)

o Para dar mayor fuerza o énfasis se utiliza own después del possessive.  My own, Your own, Its own….
o OF MY OWN structure  A business of my own./A car of their own.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

o Se utiliza para rellenar huecos.  (I live in the house.) (Have two rooms.)
o Se puede omitir el pronombre relativo cuando no es el sujeto de la oración, e un objeto.

DEFINING

Necesitamos conocer toda la información para entender la frase e identificar a que cosa o persona nos
referimos. (Who/ Which = That)  I have a friend that live in Manchester.

(That/ Who/ Which)  En Defining el pronombre se pone en paréntesis.

NON DEFINING

Lo que se menciona es único o ya conocido y lo que va entre comas puede desaparecer.

(Who/ Which ≠ That)  My friend Tom, who lives in Manchester, is really tall.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
WH QUESTIONS

TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1) Wh – questions: WH + A + S + …  Where do you live?

2) Yes/ No answer questions: A + S + …  Have you ever been in Italy? Yes/ No
3) Prepositions at the end: WH + A + S + … + PREPOSTITION  Who do you work with?
4) Answer is the subject: Who wrote Romeo and Juliete? / Who speaks German? (No se sabe la persona)

Uncontable noun singular

PREPOSITIONS

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACES / OF MOVEMENT

* Places  in (en/dentro de), on (sobre/encima de), at (junto a / al lado de), inside (en el interior), outside
(en el exterior)

* Movement  over (sobre), across (a través de), through (mediante), along (a lo largo de), past (pasando),
up/down (arriva/abajo), into (dentro), onto (sobre), between (entre), behind (atrás), opposite to (opuesto a)

PREPOSITIONS TO DESCRIBE A PHOTO

In the foreground
(En primer plano)

At the botton
(A los pies de)

OTHER PREPOSITIONS
QUANTIFIERS AND PLURAL NOUNS

QUANTIFIERS

LA FORMA PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES

Foot Feet Pie/ Pies

Tooth Teeth Diente/ Dientes
Goose Geese Ganso/ Gansos
Mouse Mice Ratón/ Ratones
SOME, ANY AND NO COMPOUNDS

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES

Regular comparative adverbs

Adverbios con una o dos silabas.

Adverbios más de dos silabas.

*Adverbios: Comparar dos acciones.

- ADJECTIVES + ONES/ONES: Se utiliza cuando se repite el adjetivo contable en singular o plural y no con
adjetivos incontables.

- A BIT AND MUCH + COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES:

o a bit + comparative adjective (Diferencia pequeña)
o much + comparative adjective (Diferencia grande)

- Adjetivos con más de dos sílabas en las que se pone ER (COMPARATIVES) / EST (SUPERLATIVES): clever,
narrow, polite, quiet, simple and stupid.

- THE MORE…, THE MORE: cuánto mas…, mas  The more I read, the more I know. / The taller you are, the
better you play.
- THE LESS…, THE LESS: cuánto memos…, menos  The older I’m / I get, the less I pay attention to people.

(NOT) AS…AS, TOO.., (NOT) ENOUGH, LESS…THAN AND THE LEAST…

INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS

-(MISMO SIGNIFICADO) Verbos que se pueden utilizar tanto en gerundio como en infinitivo: start, begin,
continue…

-(DISTINTO SIGNIFICADO) Verbos que se pueden utilizar tanto en gerundio como en infinitivo: be, remenber
forget, try, stop, need…

To be: Hacer un esfuerzo para hacer algo.
Doing: Hacer algo para ver si te gusta.
Forget to do sth: Hablar de cosas que se te han
son olvidado hacer.
Try to do sth: Intentar hacer algo que requiere
un esfuerzo físico.
Need to do sth: Necesidad de hacer algo.
Remenber to: Recordar algo y hacerlo después.
Remenber + ing: Recordar algo que has hecho antes.
Forget doing sth: Hablar de vivencias pasadas que
muy difíciles de olvidar.
Try doing sth: Intentar hacer algo para resolver un
problema.
Sth needs doing: Se utiliza en las pasivas.
-Make (obligación de/forzar a hacer algo)  make + sb + infinitive Mum makes me clean my room.

-Let = are allowed to (permiso para hacer algo)  let + sb + infinitive  Dad lets me use his computer.

-Not allow to (no tener permiso para hacer algo)  not allow + sb + to + infinitive  I’m not allowed to play
with Dad’s train set.

SO DO I/ NEITHER DO I

WRITING LINKERS

IN SPITE OF AND DESPITE (A PESAR DE)

THE FACT THAT: We went out in spite of / despite the fact that it was raining.

ALTHOUGH AND EVEN THOUGHT (AUNQUE)

BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF

WHILE / DURING
HOWEVER (SIN EMBARGO)

OTHER GRAMMAR
*To say something: after said, don’t use a person or an object pronoun. (I said hello)

*To tell somebody something: after told, you must use a person or object. (I told him hello.)

* To be (Am/ Is/ Are)  Ser

* To have got/ has got  Tener

* There is/ There are  Haber

*Wish (ojala) + Past Simple: PRESENT (I wish I had more money.) / (I want to be rich)

*Wish (ojala) + Past Perfect Simple: PAST (I wish I had won the lottery.) / (I wanted to win the lottery.)
*Would rather live = Would prefer to live  Preferiria vivir
PHRASAL VERBS

EXPLANATION

1) Type 1: Phrasal verbs with no object (INTRANSITIVES)

(La acción no recae en un complemento directo porque solamente afecta al sujeto de la oración)
- My smartphone broke down this week.
-They set of early in the morning.
-I’m going to be away for three days next week.
-I get up at 6.00. (I get at 6.00 up.)

2) Type 2: Phrasal verbs with an object-separable (TRANSITIVES SEPARABLE)

(La acción recae sobre el objeto directo)
(VERBO + (OBJETO DIRECTO) ADJETIVO/ADVERBIO/PREPOSICIÓN)
1. Phrasal verbs have an object and can be separated – we can put the object before or after the particle.
-Can you fill this bank form in? / Can you fill in this bank form?
-Please put your clothes away. / Please put away your clothes.
-Did you switch the computer off? / Did you switch off the computer?

2. Object is a pronoun (it, them…), goes between the verb and the particle.
-Can you fill it in?
-Please put them away.
-Did you switch it off?
-I switched it off. (I switched off it.)

3) Type 3: Phrasal verbs with an object – inseparable (TRANSITIVE INSEPARABLE)

(La acción recae sobre el objeto directo)
(VERBO + ADJETIVO/ADVERBIO/PEPOSICIÓN)

1. If the object is a pronoun, phrasal verbs can’t be separated (the verbs and the particle must stay
together).
-I’m looking for it.
- My sister and both take after our father.
-We’re living on my wife’s salary.
-We take after him. (We take him after.)

2. Phrasal verbs with two particles, they area never separated.

-My boyfriend doesn’t get on with his parents.
-Jane’s looking forward to her holidays.
EXAMPLES

OTHER PHRASAL VERBS

ask for preguntar por make for hacer

back up respaldar move back retrodecer
be on estar en plan on planear
be out of salir de put in meter en
be over estar acabado put together juntar
break down / break off romper put up colocar
break in interrumpir / entrar ilegal sell out / of vender fuera de
break up romper una relación send back enviar de vuelta
bring up criar settle down establecerse
call for venir a recoger seut up / of configurar
carrry on continuar start up poner en marcha
carry out llevar a caabo switch off / turn off apagar
check out verificar / pagar la cuenta switch on / turn on encender
close down cerrar tell off regañar
come off desprenderse throw away tirar
come on vamos try on probar / intentar
cross out tachar turn down bajar
cut up cortar turn into convertir
deal with tratar con turn out vaciar / producir
depend on depender de turn over mover
end up terminar turn up subir
fill in rellenar zoom in on hacer zoom
fill up llenar
find out descubrir
fit in encanjar
get along / get on with llevarse bien
get back volver
get in entrar
get off bajarse de un tren, coche…
get on progesar
get rid ofgive back deshacerse de
get down bajar de peso / anotar
give away donar
give back devolver
give in abandonar
give out repartir
give up darse por vencido
go out salir de
go with escoger
grow up crecer
keep arround mantener cerca
keep away mantenerse alejado
let down dejar abajo
look after cuidar de
look for buscar
look forward to alegrarse por
look in cerrar
look like parecerse (físico)
look round mirar alrrededor
look up mirar / admirar