Error Messages and Debugging in C++




 
  

!
 "$#&%'"()
*'"*!
+ ,"-
*
.,
 

/ '&102!"3
4
 ,5768 ,9
2!0:,;!
 <'" &4+ / '"
(4&==0>+
?
&@&:'&
A -!#"%'"*B C.DFEG G4HJI G9KL


7M"0"!N
,O<
P '&
70 ""Q
A'"*M
,?

RS

4
 
R '&@7'& "0&A0,!"0Q'"S(4 / 'S'&T
,U#

Types of Error Messages

%'&
T
V / 
W'&
T(!X&


W-, !,5+0+"0")'" / (!Q"PY

ZT[!\^]_`a b_[4c3dL[!eWfg!cba h ikj e.e.[!e.f ?'&, 
>0
@& '"8
 &, @KL@ &N&
+,W &0
"0 l'" X)m nn:, &Wo& /
P^

($pq,(!"  (r5@o@-,"!5"
<*
'" /
"3
0>+
#:%'"S@
- @(9
2!0s-X"
 "57,'t u'&;"
"6
/ '&
 '& 




+0>5v*'"+@u(4uM"0Q'"A


#+w,>,2!



>
< @+0
/ 
P&"!8?'"(Q0)"-'"*
O
x
,,&)'"*
!
 56,y!(
'"("0 z-V-
P!&
6{'& &,'&0:"46T4&
0O#
| h j }~b_[!cj e.e.[!e.f ?W'",


V
/ '"^'"

PV:+€;KL

‚'&-
,M0ƒ6(4NW)
!
P „'" W'& O0

+@( # %'&(
s ,0=6(! $
 ?
"TKL,'s 
(4& 02!0><6( 
N5+ "0S
<
80†M4 
P y0 / u'" u@?
RO  @:


U#"%'"*" &6
/ '&
*'&*


7

0‡@<ˆQ‰%^@-05Š,)'"o
!
P ?

*,O@ ;'"Œ‹-@+Us
2!0016(='&S
4
 Ž6
S@ ,0t€+@&Œ
0
" '&< ,< "0; @)!'&<


#+%q+'""!X &0;
4
 " 0 / Š6
2!
0;@ +
WQ'"T ,O'"+@;
 yu0 / ),')


U#
 [!‘!_}Oj e.e.[!e.f ?%>'&*
!
 x@  "0‡€+ / '"
6@+,R'" / 2!
’5'"*
4
 
0z&u'&l

 " / +
P #V“”Œ'&@o ,5'"u
<0o&0>+W &(

6  &0'"

o0A"&
0o &()


,, !oKL'"+
o &)


X 8
7 
'" 
Oz&
"0NR4'"6
0z 0Œ"
(;'"
!
 
;0>+
?
" / '"  /
"$#o%'"u6, /  (ƒ'& "0)4


*  2!01'"+•@Œ'"lM
,
 lKL -@+
W, 0'& S0&!– NP#
—  "8 u


>
8'"A,Š:KL '"!'
P& ( "'" '&
0,*,2!!– N5
-&&'"T"
 S6+@ /  @+O'"7(!<"


#

Anatomy of an Error Message

ER
‰ƒ˜8™š›V5 '&œqq<
X
0>+@ S


W-, !X'" &yu,
>Y

žŠŸ4vžŸ¢¡¡8£¤¥ƒ¦r§©¨Uª§k¤ž4«U¬§•­-«F§ž¯®k°Š«v§„±r²>³Š¥
žŠŸ4vžŸ¢¡¡8£¤¥,´vµO¥¶­ ·O³ªq§!¸qŸ!¤U¹q°U¡ŠŸ¸º±P¨4«+¡"vž»ªŸ¼ž¢½k«q¾¨Uª§k¤ž4«U¬§²
%'&l,, !"0 dL¿ i '"uM5 &09'"u& / @'&Œ'" M5 / '&
u'&u


/  *0?
+05 dLÀ i '&@&^"6
/ '"
'"+
P

/  l0+0>5 dLÁ i '":


€ & @&5O“”Â'"
 62!€¢ 5Š 


7

0 / '" @";'" &@ ®k°«F§ '& M@ žŠŸ4vžŸ¢¡¡8£¤ 5¢@
/  A00Q ""uÃ-Ä 5U "0 /  7 ,+0:6 ,T'&V2!
 6 · O&0>+@
0O#
‰'&
,(!, &0)@
$
0O-, ! / ',
$"
 "5v '"!''"A
P 
&'"T


$,, !< (l6T0†
+"P#

Ã
Some Guidelines For Dealing with Errors

Å9Æ Ç7Ç7È.Ç7ÉÊ | _f*j Ë!j e.g!bÌ>_c‘$Í %'"
P
W 0@ Y>Î"ƒÏ¾“Ðwwƒ y4


,54,:0XÑ W6
,

@-09
o
.,
 0 / '"3O'" &U–lÒ 6!4&ƒ<ӆ-O
AO'&)
!
P &

,-5, "'&T'" "!!–

RS
Å9Ê [4cÔÕbŠÖj<a `a e.\‡j ×Sa bbÌj<c~>\^Öj ek[!Øj e.e.[!e.f7g4[!~)‘!j bqÙ , ( '" X&'"" *0 / ''"
! @(;W(!
O
4
 Ú
(!
 6( Vu
!
 
KL '&4'$ (:'" 2!,?
'""oo0 / 's(!
k(!"z 
P ($– NP# — -5F<-@&!@A


 0A '"A6!@&""
k(!
X
!
  / @4
0V,2!
 
o+
P

PA
'"
0 / Q:(!
X
!
 t#Û ba e.b
Ög*be.g!_c>‘ob[ j `_\‡_ca bjTbÌj8Üe.fbØ.j ÝÞj e.e.[!e.fAa c×)bÌj8[!ÖË!_[4~f>[!c>j fßvbÌj c)e.j }[4\^]_`j Ù  &(
&'&T,6,!&


 / 0@- 
W ,>–

Å ‰: ;


7'" 8àáB CO;"*"*
!
  / @4"6*B CFâLC.ã+âLC.Bu&4 
.#&%'"

bÌjz`_cj*c~\^Ö>j e>bÌa b"_fO`_fbj ×_c:bÌjoj e.e.[!eX\^j ffa ‘!j*_f äQå Ç a `ÝQa g!f bÌjz]>`a }joÝSÌj e.jzbÌ>j
j e.e.[!eXa }b~a ``g)ÝSa f \‡a ×j #Uæ,yl "'&z"+O0 (l 62!o'&V+
P

X@&5U "0 
RO @&7"2!24&)'"T2!
P 6O,0S@Q'&V+
P

W"!#

Å Û 4[ \^j b_\^j fAbÌ>jV}[!\^]>_`j e>ÝQ_``"be.gb[u_cbj e.]e.j b"a c;[4ØçØ.j c×>_c‘`_cjo_cSaz×_Ø Ø.j e.j cbkÝQa gbÌa c
g![4~=_cbj c×j × 5k "0t'"z'"l


<+,, !u y!*&,&,u(!A#z%'&@o, (‡?

 / '"‡(!3 0"(^,uèC.é êTëì.B íuKL@y!:î ¬!«¸ 
«F§ž NW
V2!
 6S& ,5k
/ '&

&'",+O &0‡6
 y!KÐïP5WðPN
 , 0‡
7" '&0O#"“Ð(!0Ñ ""0
, "0
,, !5!y
<'&,'""!U#oKLæñ@,WXy!( / 
0><z@&0>+0=@‡æ"0€lò=$(4

6y$# N

Å9Ê [4cÔÕbŠe.j }[!\‡]_`j<ÝQ_bÌ[!~>bq}Ì>a c‘!_c‘*a cg!bÌ>_c‘ 5r ,," '& Š'"o‹-
 0 <,?
 y!!#L8%'",(*0"¢'" X– %'&
7$80M&A
 , / '"(z'"A@
"0>+0
 Q


W?&@4O(!
$'" "!VsM&0: / '&(#

Å —  
P(r5 _ØVg![!~t‘!j b7a c1j e.e.[!eVbÌa bOg![!~9}a c>ÔÕb ~c×j e.fba c>×ta c×Â}a cÔÕbOÜh ß>×>[!cÔLb7ó~fbAfba e.b
ô-õö$÷ øù4úøùƒû¢ü†ýÿþ þ
Ù '& '"&@!), (‡0>+,Ñ '&5 /  ,+*(!
z5> "0t, (
 0<(4^
'"+
O
 '" 

 & / 
'& u
,(!,+ @T 
 'X#$“”$(!^!
ER
,yuS S


’5¢ ,yl,&sKL@&,
.
’5¢,&<,z;'"V@ 65
X  / ,0"NP#
— -5ÿÓ ,& &'"
‹-,4"+(4+UX ;6T2!
(u'&ŠSM&0@&u


U#

Å 6
7'"  ×j Ö ~>‘!‘!_c‘)f_``foa e.ju×j Ë!j `[!]j ׃ÝQ_b̌]e.a }b_}jsÙ Î7‰©Ï¾“”ww *%‡ò>%!?
%  –J– *0:y!5U " 0; 240!"
.,
 0O#
Common Error Messages that Occur in Beginning Programs
!#"$%'&)(+*,-/.10)(#.+.2
354+687:9<;=;?>)@BA<A<@DCFEHG@JILKM7:@J4MNOEHG@QPLAR@JS/4+6UTK+I/E=@DCVEH4WB4+7:>9<AR@/X 4+YZA<@[N\E]4+^_EHG@  @B`EH@BIL;?9<4+IUTZG@BI8S/4+6FEaS,>)@DC
EHG@bPA<@:9RIdc:efG@:IK+7b@b4MNS+4/6YgPAR@:7h6;aEJi)@:4MN5E=G@:Nj4+Y=7lk5mRnBo)pMq:n  KMICrEHG@:WB4+7:>9<AR@sWB4+7:7sKMICr7t6;?EJiL@
 k5mRnBo)pMq:n Fu TZ9REHGvWBK+>9RE=KMAw;ZKMILCF;H7sKMA<AdAR@BE?E=@BY;f@[`K+W[EHA<SVK+;Z;HG4TZIdxzy

RS
{| .)+-/.. /.},& +.l~+
efG9<;€9w;ZEHG@t+@DI@BYKMA‚@BY=YH4/Yƒ7:@D;=;HK++@J6;H@DCvTZG@BI8EHG@hW[4/7:>9RA<@BY]PIC;g;H4+7:@t;HS,I,EK+W„E=9<W >YH4/iA<@B7†TZ9‡E=G_S+4/6Yƒ>Y=4Mˆ
+YKM78ceS>9<WDKMAdWDKM6;H@D;ƒK+YH@Q7:9w;H;H9RIs4+Yƒ7:9w;?>AwK+WB@DCU>6ILW„EH6LKEH9<4+I u W[4/7b7sK/;BX>LKMY=@BI;DXiYK+W‰/@[E=;DX @[EWMczy„XL9R7:>Y=4+>)@BY
6;?@s4+NZ4+>)@BYKEH4/Y=; u AR9<‰+@  XŠX‹ X‚ŒŒ$X‚@[EWMczy„XNj4+Y=+@BE?EH9<I8E=4v@BICEHG@A<K/;aEt;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,E TZ9‡E=GŽK1[XOKMIC7:9w;H;H>L@DARA<@DC
‰+@BST4+YC;4+YZ‘KMY=9wKMiA<@€ILKM7:@D;Dc5efG@J@BY=Y=4+YfTK/;fC @[E=@DW„E=@DC8i)@[Nj4/YH@gEHG@ WGKMYK+W[EH@BYZ;HG4TZIdX;H4:AR44+‰V9RIUNjY=4+I,EZ4MNOEHG@
WGKMYK+W[EH@BY#c‚’b“:”–•d—‚efG@ K/W„E=6KMA˜@DYHY=4+Y7sKSVK+W[EH6K+ARA<Si)@J4+I8K:>YH@D‘9R4/6;AR9<I@+x<x<x

[™ pš a"›0 /* | ./0

e G@h‘K+YH9wKMiA<@tILKM7:@hA<9w;aE=@DC_TfK+;]I4MEœ+nBmRpš=n=œ u TZ9‡E=GK+I (#› 4/Y &*, |  ;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,E„y„X˜4+YgTfK+;ƒ7:9w;H;H>)@BA<AR@#Cr@D9‡E=G@BY
f
G@BY=@Q4+YZ9<IFE=G@ C @#W[AwKMYKEH9<4+I‚c

. , 0 /* | . | $(+›-,&žB(D› Ÿ™ pš 

efG@V‘KMY=9wKMiA<@ ™ pšJGK/; i)@B@BI œ+n[m<pšHnœV7b4/YH@EHGK+IŽ4+IWB@ u 9<I¡K+I D( ›  4+Y & *, |  ;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,E„y„c¢4/7:@[EH9<7:@D;tEHG9w;
GKM>>)@BIL;Z9‡NS+4/6VE=YHSEH4s6;H@gEHG@ ;=KM7:@Q‘KMY=9<K+iAR@QIK+7:@€Nj4/YfEaT4sC 9R^$B@ Y=@BI,Eƒ>6Y=>L4,;?@#;Bc
RO
£  #( › £ "›0/* | . ,0
£ ++"  £ ",›0 /* | .,0
efG@D;H@5@BY=Y=4+Y;L4 WDW[6YTZG@BIJS/4+6gNj4+Y=+@BE u 4+Y‚7b9w;=;?>)@BA<Awy$EHG@¤ (#›$/*M" 0 ¦
 ¥(M. |#§ ¨%L© ;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,EKE˜E=G@5i)@B+9<II9<I
4MNS+4+6Y>YH4/+YKM78cOª]4ME=@QEHGKMEZEHG@DYH@Q9w;’b“«;?>LK+W[@Qi)@[EaT@B@DIFE=G@  ¤ K+IC (D›$/*M"0 x

› §$| )%'& /.†~B(,. |§ Œ ¥¥¬(#›  Œ 

› §$| )%'& /.†~B(,. |§ Œ ©©-,. |§ Œ5­?Œ$®¯­ .  |§ Œ$® 
› §$| )%'& /.†~ °+± . |#§ ² (/% |  (#,› Œ ©© (#›  Œ 
efG@D;H@hK+YH@bW[Y=S,>EH9wW 4+I@D;Dx€efG@#;?@h@BY=YH4/Y=;Z4 WDW[6YgTZG@BI_EHG@bTZYH4/I9<I>6 [E ³4/6 EH>6Eg4/>L@DY=KMEH4+Y]9<;€6;H@DC_9<IrK (#› 4+Y
M+"  ;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,E uµ´ @B7:@B7hiL@DYD¶–6L;?@:·J·-Nj4/YZ9RI>6 E ua(#›˜¸ ;=y[X˜¹J¹¦Nj4+YZ4/6 HE >6E uº++" )¸ ;y?y„c
§ ,(  (#›¦/. § (D› | $(#› £ % | . | /.
efG9<;ƒ@BY=YH4/Y4 WDW[6Y;TZG@BIUEHG@ W[A<4/;H9RIs»,64+EH@D;f4/IUK:;?EHY=9RI:K+YH@QA<@[N\Eƒ4+^OXK/;f9RI‚¶
M+"  ¥¥ £D¼ %˜(,-,.$(#› !(,Ž›+½/*/+,01¥¥-+›0 * 
›+› Š *+¾ | *M"'(D› | , (,› § +› 
efG@FA<@[N\E:GK+IC¡;H9<C@ u WDKMA<AR@#C¿E=G@sÀ<Á+ÂDÀRÃÄ:9<I W[4/7:>9RA<@BYbA<9RI/4,y 4MN€K+I¡K+;=;?9<+I7b@DI,Eb;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,Eb7t6;?Ebi)@8Kr;H9RI/AR@
‘K+YH9wKMiAR@ u K+;ƒ9<I |-Å } 1Æ y„XI4ME€KWB4+I;?E=K+I,E u K+;]9RIrÇ Å'| yf4/Y€KMI8@B`>YH@#;H;H9R4/I u K+;ƒ9RI | 'È Å } y„cZɦG9<A<@ 9RI
ER
KMA<+@BiY=K EHG@Q@D»,6K+A<;f;H9R/IV7:@DK+I;ÊµËwÌ nÍ[ÎpMm˜Ï¨ÐÑ=Ò9RIvÓZÔJÔ 9REf7:@#KMI;ÊÕËwÌgšHnºÖ)m<p+nœV×BØÑ=ÒfKMICEHG@Q4/Y=C @DYWDKMII4MEfiL@
9RI,EH@DY=WGLKMI/@DC˜c

{| .)+-/.. /. |  +›01,&Ÿ(#› { " 

{ | .)+-/.. /.},& +.l~[٘
efG@D;H@J@BY=YH4/Y=;6;H6K+ARA<SV4 WBWB6YZi)@DWBK+6;H@JiY=K/W[@#;ZKMY=@gI4MEƒ7sKEWG@DCU6>v;H4+7:@BTZG@DYH@/c–ɦG9<AR@JE=G@J@BY=Y=4+YZTZ9<ARAd6L;?6K+ARA<S
;?>)@DWB9‡NjSrEHG@:AwK+;?EQA<9<I@:4MNÚE=G@:PA<@+X˜E=G@K+W[EH6K+A4+7:9‡EHEH@#CiY=K/W[@b9<;Q>Y=4+iLKMiA<S_;?4/7:@BTZG@DYH@h@BAw;?@:9<IS/4+6Yg>Y=4+/Y=K+7Uc
efG@D;H@ KMY=@€4+N\EH@DI8C9‡ÛW[6A‡Eƒ@DYHY=4+Y;EH4bPIC˜x
ªgÜgeZ݃¶ ¾$( WBKMIFG@BA<>VS/4+6A<4 WBKMEH@]TZGLKEf9‡EEHG9<I‰ ;9<;ÚEHG@€7sKEWG9<It>K+YH@DI)³iY=K/W‰+@[E[³iYK+WB@+¶˜ÞºIUW[4+7:7sKMILCs7:4C@+X
>6 EgEHG@bW[6Y;?4/Y]4/Iv4+I@hiY=K/W[@tK+IC8EaS>)@:ßVc€efG@bW[6Y;H4+Y]TZ9<A<A‚E=G@BI_7:4‘/@JEH4FTZGKEg9‡E€EHG9<I‰ ;g9<;]EHG@h7sKE=WG9RI
iY=K/W[@/c1Þ¨NQEHG@r9RIC9<WDKEH@#CiYK+W[@89w;I4+EV;?6>>L4,;?@#CàEH4¿i)@vEHG@_7sKE=WG9RI¿4/I@+Xf4/YsEHG@W[6Y;?4/YC 4@D;HI ¸ E7b4‘/@+X
9RIC9<WDKEH9<IsI4:7sKEWG9<I:iY=K/W[@/XEHG@DI8;H4+7:@BEHG9<I:9<;ƒTZYH4/Ix

á
Common Error Messages with Branching/Looping Statements and Program Blocks
{| .)+-/.. /.},& +.l~= *M–
efG9<;f9w;EHG@Q7:@D;=;=KM+@€S+4/6V+@BETZG@BIFEHG@  *M WBA<K+6;?@g4MNOKMI (& ;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,E9w;7b9w;H>A<K/W[@#C˜c5efG9w;7sKSsi)@JWBKM6L;?@#C
i,S:@D9‡E=G@BYfI4+E@BILW[A<4/;H9RIt7t6AREH9<>A<@g;?E=KMEH@B7:@DI/E;EH4ti)@QW[4+I,E=YH4/ARA<@DC:iSbEHG@ (& ;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,E9<IiYK+WB@D;DX/4/YÚiS:GK‘9RI
@[`EHYKMI@D4+6;f;?E=KMEH@B7:@DI/E;Zi)@[EaT@B@BIFEHG@ (& KMIC  *M WBA<K+6;H@D;Dc

RS
 | +1* | }*â~aãÚF›/ ² (,%$(#› |  ² ()%! |  § M› 
0,& | "L*M'* | } * ›+ ² (,%˜(#› |  ² (#)%! |  § +›
efG@D;H@€7:@#;H;=KM/@D;–4 WBWB6Y9‡N‚S/4+6sNj4/YH/@[EEH4t>A<K/W[@]iY=K/W[@D;KMY=4+6ILCKMA<AE=G@  | + ;–9<IFK  ² ()#% Š  | M ;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,EDX4+Y
EHG@JiYK+WB@D;ZK+YH@g7:9<;H7sKE=WG@DCU9RIv;H4+7:@QTKS/c

 ² ()%1ä+" | › $(#2›/ | ›¯(#› +/.

ÞºIrK  ² (L%! | + ;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,E#XE=G9<;€@BY=Y=4+Yƒ4 WBWB6Y;ƒTZG@DI8EHG@:;?TZ9RE=WGv‘K+AR6@ u 9<I_>K+YH@DI/E=G@D;H@D;]KN\EH@DY]E=G@  ² ()#%
‰+@BST4+YCy9<;]Kbå4/KMEDcæ  ² ()% Š  | + ;?E=KMEH@B7:@DI/E]WDKMI84+IARSFiL@ 6L;?@#CFTZ9REHG¿Ë\oLϨn¨ç+šHpm,EaS>)@D; u 9µc @+c<X (#› $¸ ;DX % | .$¸ ;BX
KMIC +›" § EaS>)@D;y„c

Common Error Messages when Using Functions

H£ è Î o$ £ "› 0 /* | .,0
efG9<;ƒ@BY=YH4/Y4 WDW[6Y;9‡NI4s>Y=4ME=4MEaS>L@g9w;ƒC @[PLI@DCFNj4+YfE=G@QNj6IW[EH9<4+I è Î o)ZiL@BNj4+Y=@g9REƒ9w;f6;?@#C˜c
RO
",›0 ,&)(D›,0à./& /.+›)+ ž è Î o) 
efG9<;€@BY=Y=4+YZ4 WBWB6Y=;ƒ9‡NÚK:Nj6IW„E=9R4/IvEHGKME]9w;€WDKMA<AR@#CUNjYH4/7†K:>Y=4+/Y=K+7â9w;ƒI4+E€C @BPI@DCrKMISTZG@BY=@+X9Õc @+c<XE=G@hWB4C@JNj4+Y
EHG@JNj6IW„E=9R4/IrC 4@D;ZI4ME]@B`9w;?EDcÞ¨E€7sKSFK+A<;H4:4WDW[6Y]TZG@BI8E=G@ Nj6ILW„EH9<4+Iv>YH4+EH4MEaS>)@ KMICFE=G@ Nj6ILW„EH9<4+I_C@[PI9REH9<4+I
C 4+I ¸ Eƒ7sKEWGdc

²| .,›˜(#››¦.//" .,›! |  § +›¬(#› &/"›$)(M+›¦.+," .,›˜(D› à›+› Š ¾L(0

æéNj6IW„E=9R4/ITfK+;QC @#W[AwKMY=@DCrEH48Y=@[EH6YHI;?4/7b@bEaS>)@ u iL@#;?9wC @#; ¾ L(0 y„X˜i6E I4 . /," .,› ;?E=KMEH@B7:@DI/EJE=4FY=@[E=6Y=IrE=GKE
EaS,>)@:TK/;ƒNj4/6IC˜cbªƒ4+EH@hEHGKMEgE=G9w;€9w;QKVTfKMY=I9<IX$TZG9wWG7b@#KMI;]EHGLKEQEHG@sWB4+7:>9<AR@DY€TZ9<ARA5WB4+I,EH9<I6@b>YH4 WB@D;=;?9<Iê
G4T@D‘+@DYDX,EHG@J7b@#;H;=KM/@gK+A<;H4:9RILC 9<WDKE=@D;ZKbAR9<‰+@DARSV>YH4/iA<@B78c

 1& ² | .," § +› )¿ 1&/",›$$(MM›ž~ è Î o)+ë<ì 

  §)| › 2 | .," § +› )-&/"›$)(M+›ž~ è Î o)+ëRì 
efG@BY=@Q9<;ƒKb7:9w;?7sKEWGFi)@[EaT@B@DIVE=G@JI67ti)@BYZ4+NK+YH/67:@BI,E=;9<IVE=G@QNj6IW[EH9<4+I8>Y=4ME=4MEaS>L@/XNj6IW[EH9<4+IvWBK+ARAÕXKMIC)³4+Y
Nj6IW„E=9R4/IC @BPI9REH9<4+Idc€efG@BY=@ 7t6L;aEgiL@bK4+I@[ˆÕEH4Mˆ¨4+I@ W[4+Y=Y=@D;H>L4/IC @BILW[@Ji)@[EaT@B@BI_K+YH/67:@BI,E=;DX9<I_I67hiL@DYgK+IC89RI
EaS,>)@+X9RIvKMA<A$EHGYH@D@J>A<K/W[@#;Bc

²| .,›˜(#›í.+," .,›-ž~B(#›Ú8&,. § ~H& *, | Ú

ER
² | .,›˜(#› | .,," § +›ž~B(#› Ú8&,. § ~H&*, | Ú
efG@fNj6IW[EH9<4+IsTfK+;–C @#W[AwKMY=@DCtEH4JY=@[EH6YHI:4+I@EaS>)@+X,i6 E–E=G@ƒ‘KMA<6@Z9<IhE=G@ZY=@[EH6YHIs;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,EÚK/W„EH6LKMA<ARS 9w;–Y=@[E=6YHI9RI
KMI4+EHG@DYfEaS,>)@+c–ɦG9RA<@QEHG@#;?@ K+YH@îa6;?E]TfKMY=I9RI/;DX/E=G@BSV>YH4/iKMiARS9<IC 9wWBKMEH@ Kb>Y=4+iA<@B78c

ï
Common Error Messages when Using Arrays
¾ | .$( | }*, Š  (ð ¡2 { 0 /* | .,0-+") (0 à,& | › 2 &+"›$$(+›
efG@ ;?<9 ñB@Q4+NK+IUK+YHYKS:7t6;?EƒiL@J@D9‡E=G@BY€KhI67hiL@DYZ4+YƒKb‘KMA<6@J;?>)@DWB9‡PL@DCU9RIvK ++›) ;?E=KMEH@B7:@DI/E#c

(D› ¾ | *(02 { ò~B(D› fó(#› ô5V&/. | .. | 2!",}$.$( { 

RS
efG9<;ZWBYHS> E=9<W€7:@D;=;HK++@€6;?6LKMA<ARSs9w;ZWBK+6;?@#CTZG@DIE=YHS9<ItE=4:6;?@QKh‘K+YH9wKMiAR@QK+;KMI8KMY=Y=KSbTZ9REHG4/6 EƒC @DWBA<K+YH9<It9REƒK+;
KMIvKMY=Y=KSbPY;?EDX9Õc @/cRX | ó Ç ô Å õ TZG@DYH@ | GK/;ZI4+EƒiL@D@BIvC @DWBA<K+YH@#CFK/;ZKMI8KMY=Y=KS/cÞ¨E]KMAw;?4:4 WBWB6Y=;9RN5KhI4+I ˆ¨9RI,E=@B+YKMA
‘K+AR6@QNj4+YƒK:;?6i;HWBYH9<> EZ4MN–KMI8KMY=YKSb9w;Z6;H@DCdc
ö / § +› | $(MM›¾$(M* | $(MM› Š M/.¦0/" §{ ,0
÷  § /.2-& | "L*+ Š +/.¦0/" §{ ,0
efG@D;H@s7:@D;=;HK++@D;JK+AR7:4,;aE KMA<TfKS;g7:@DK+IEHGKMEtKMI¿KMY=Y=KS_;H6i;=W[Y=9<> E 9<; 4+6 E 4+Ni)4+6ILC; u Nj4/Y @[`K+7b>AR@/XK+WDW[@#;H;H9RI
| ó[øø#ô 4MN€K+I KMY=YKSùC@DW[AwKMY=@DC¡K+; (#› | ó[øú,ô y„cŽæƒAw;H4Y=@B7:@B7hiL@DYDX5EHG@8AwKMY=+@D;?Eb;H6i;=W[Y=9<> Es4MN€K+I KMY=YKS9w;:4+I@
AR@#;H;E=GKMIFEHG@QI67hiL@DYZ4MN@DAR@D7:@BI,E=;ZC @#W[AwKMY=@DCV9RIUEHG@QK+YHYKS+X,9Õc @/cRXE=G@ ;aEKE=@B7:@BI,E (#› | ó[øú,ô ;?>)@DWB9‡P@#;ZKMI8KMY=Y=KS
TZ9‡E=G1@BA<@B7:@DI/E; u | óºú,ô5û | ó[øDô5û'/û | óaü/ô y[cŸefG@D;H@r@DYHY=4+Y;KMY=@rC 9RÛW[6AREVE=4ŽPILC˜X]i)@DWDKM6;H@vEHG@;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,E
EHGKMEJWDKM6;H@DCvEHG@b@BY=YH4/Y]9w;?I ¸ EJ9wC @BI,EH9RP@#C˜c æƒI9RA<A<@B/K+A>)4+9<I,EH@DY€Y=@[Nj@DYH@DIW[@ u 9Õc @/cRX‚KV>L4/9RI,E=@BYgEHGKMEQC4,@#;?I ¸ EQ>L4/9RI,EQEH4
KMIS,EHG9<I,yfWDKMI8KMAw;?4:WBK+6;H@€E=G9w;Z>Y=4+iA<@B78c

Some “Non-Error” Errors - Also called “C-Gotchas”

æýW[4/6>A<@v4MN8þ?@BY=Y=4+Y;BX ÿEHGKMEFC 4¿I4+EV;?G4Tž6>¦K/;s@BY=YH4/Y=;DXWDKMI¦WBK+6;H@8;H@BY=9<4+6;:>Y=4+iAR@D7:; u A<4++9wW8@BY=Y=4+Y;=yt9RI-K
>YH4/+YKM78¶
RO (& ­ | ¥ Å }
®
² %˜(+*, ­ | ¥} ®d
&/. ­ ( Å ú  (¥à›  ( ®‚
ªƒ4ME=@QEHG@Vn/ϵš=pQ;?@D7b9wW[4/AR4/IFKMEZEHG@J@DICU4MNOEHG@#;?@ ;?E=KMEH@B7:@DI/E;Bx<x5efG9w;Z;?@D7:9<WB4+A<4+I8WBKM6L;?@#;f@DK+WGU4MNOEHG@ ;aEKEH@D7:@BI,E=;
EH4UiL@bEH@DYH7:9<IKE=@DC˜Xd;H4FEHG@s;H6i;H@D»,6@BI,EJ;aEKE=@B7:@BI,E u ;=y€KMY=@hªQÜgeŸi)@B9<I8W[4+I,E=YH4/ARA<@DC_K/;QC @D;H9RY=@DCdcJÞºI_EHG@:WDK+;H@t4+N
EHG@ (& K+IC & /. X+E=G@g;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,EC 4@D;I4+EHG9<Iê,Nj4/YÚE=G@ ² %˜(+*, X,KMI9<I PI9‡E=@gA<44+>7sKSbYH@#;?6A‡E#x@QWBK+YH@BNj6A)ªQÜge
EH4:EaS>L@QE=G@J@[`E=Y=Kb;?@D7:9<WB4+A<4+Idx

(& ­ |  © Æ ®
. Å Æ'1} 
 Å |  ǖ
 Å }  | 
²¬Å éøú 
efG@V9<IC @DI/EKE=9R4/I¡;?6++@#;aE;JE=GKEhEHG9w;hWB4 C @VTZ9<ARAfC @BPI@E=G@U‘K+AR6@D; . X  X–KMIC  4/I¿EHG@FW[4/IC 9REH9<4+I¿E=GKE | 9<;
+Y=@DKE=@BYZE=GKM I Lc ƒ4T@B‘+@DYDX I4MEH9wW[@ EHGKMEƒEHG@DYH@hKMY=@JI4iYK+WB@D;ƒK+YH4/6ICFEHG@#;?@h;aEKEH@D7:@BI,E=;DcZefG@BY=@[Nj4/YH@/X EHG@h4+IA<S
;aEKEH@D7:@BI,EFW[4/I,EHY=4+A<AR@#C¡iSŽE=G@ (& ;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,E9<;:E=G@vPY;?E4+I@/ê  K+IC  TZ9<ARA€+@BEVC @[PI@DC6IWB4+IC9‡E=9R4/IKMA<ARS$x
´ @B7:@B7hiL@DYZEHGLKEZEHG@ W[4+7:>9<A<@BYZ9<+I4/YH@#;9<IC @DI,E=KE=9R4/Idê;?E=KE=@B7:@BI,E;ƒKMY=@€/YH4/6>)@DCFTZ9‡E=GUiY=K/W[@D;Dc
ER

( & ­ |¦Å Æ ® ,

ɦG9RA<@9REhKM>>L@#KMY;QEHGKMEJEHG9w;t;?E=KMEH@D7b@DI,EhC @[E=@BY=7:9RI@#;J9RN | @D»,6K+A<; LX9<IN K+W[E EHG@F;?9<I+A<@s@D»,6K+A<;t;?9<+Iù9<IC 9wWBKE=@D;
怢¢Þ Qª_ÝÚª€eQXLªQÜge1 Ý € æ ‚Þae3hxefG@Q>Y=4+>)@BYZTfKS:EH4WG@DW‰9RN | @D»,6KMAw;:9<;D¶ (& ­ |¦ÅÅ Æ ® 

(& ­ ú1¥ | ¥½ø#ú ®  !°/ | }/ ² +›'ú | ›0½øú

( & ­ |¦ÅÅ Æ õ ®  !°& | ,ä/" | * L(,%/.¦Æ¬+. õ 
 4+EHGù4MNfE=G@D;H@;aEKE=@B7:@BI,E=;tW[4+I,EKM9<I7sKMARNj4+Y=7:@DCA<4++9wWBK+A–@[` >Y=@D;=;?9<4+IL;BXdTZG9<WGdXTZG9<AR@i)@B9<IvA<@B,KMAÚ;HSI/EK` u 9µc @+c<X

I4:@BY=YH4/YÚ7:@D;=;HK++@#;=yÚKMY=@€I4+EZ+4+9<ItEH4:C 4:TZGKEf9<;f@B` >L@#W„EH@#C˜c5æƒA<A$EHG@gA<4+/9<WDKMA)4+>)@BYKE=4+Y; u @B`W[@B>EQx u ªgÜgeƒyHyK+YH@
×[Ë\o$pš„Øb4+>)@BYKEH4/Y=;DX)9µc @+c<X$EHG@DSvYH@#»,69RY=@hK+Ir4/>L@DY=K+ICv4+I@DK/WGr;?9wC @/c efG,6L;BX$E=G@:>YH4/>L@DY€TfKSFEH4UTZYH9REH@hEHG@sK+iL4‘/@
;aEKEH@D7:@BI,E=;Z9w;D¶
(& ­ | ©1ú ŒŒ | ¥Ÿøú ® 
(& ­ |¦ÅÅ  Æ  |-ÅÅ õ ® ,