Shear Transfer

Mechanism

Shyh-Jiann Hwang
NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY
 Outline
◼ Shear Transfer without Stirrup

◼ Shear Transfer with Stirrup

Shear Transfer
without Stirrup
Shear Transfer in Beam without Stirrup
CL
w

I II III
wL wL
2 2
L
Shear Transfer in Uncracked Section
C. L.

VQ
v=
I
Ib

b
M + dM M
vertical
disa
he

Horizontal
jangan
Section Transformed Horizontal shear induced by
Section unbalanced normal stresses
Shear Transfer in Cracked Section (1/2)
C. L.

II ari
sugada
-

↳9
Karendcrach

↑
b M + dM M dia

Stresses in v1
v1 v2
compression d
zone:
v2 Vertical
Section Horizontal Shear Shear
Shear Transfer in Cracked Section (2/2)
daerahtar
↳
C. L.
b v4
D
T + dT T
↓
II d verbedaanselich-sebelah
kanand v4
v3 hiri

T + dT T v3
Notes for
Vertical
tension zone: Section Horizontal Shear Shear
1. Constant shear
2. Cracked concrete → no variation of normal stresses
→ no shear stress variation in concrete
3. Vertical shear can be transferred by aggregate
interlocking
Shear Transfer Through Shear Cracking Zone
serision
zone

C. L.
vc
Mat
va
-
agregat
inter
III

T + dT T

vd
vc = Shear resistance from concrete in compression
va = Shear resistance from aggregate interlocking

vd = Shear resistance from dowel action

Shear Transfer Mechanism in RC Beam

dM dM d (Ts jd )
V= V= = action

dx dx dx i Auch Gewarct
↑Konsta
d d
( ) ( )
↑

M = Ts jd C
=
↓
jd
dxIt
Ts +·Ts
dx
jd
servarasi
Beam
accio Konstan variab separang
gaya
,
arch
dentang

Beam Action: Arch Action:

d d
V = jd (Ts ) V = Ts ( jd )
dx dx
 Beam Action Arch Action
V
Lond Baloh hantilever

yang pansang ·ongrad

e
V V
T
jd Ts
jd Cc
↳ C
M jadi pada
M
nauciere e balon
di
pada erdagat
Ts
namun
Perl e taul a naya Ts narena
Pererakan
,

penden
-> ,

* endapatmana Momen
pada
tegangan
momen n
constanti
jd sehingga
, -

jd pada
case
49
momen arias
farunya
aamu
ricebaruan
deru
c an***""ig
jd = constant Ts = constant idevariat

d d
V = jd (Ts ) V = Ts ( jd )
dx dx
 Beam Action
M + dM
dM M
V=
dx V V + dV
- Horizontal shear stress vh induced by the unbalanced
normal stresses   + d

vh
- Vertical shear stress vv accompanied accordingly:

vv
vh
 Beam Action in RC Beam
Flexural
N. A. cracking zone
V
T + dT T v=
bd

Shear cracking zone T + dT T

Arch Action

V V
Cc
T
V
Beam Action versus Arch Action
d ( jd )
-harena
-nare an
dTs ↑
Fidau
constan

=0 0
dx dx
Beam ◼Fixed neutral axis ◼Bond is still effective
Action ◼Elastic flexural behavior ◼Less slip
◼Less cracks

d ( jd ) dTs
0 =0
dx dx
Arch ◼Shifting neutral axis ◼Bond is destroyed
Action ◼Plastic flexural behavior ◼Large slip
tersadisti .

◼Abundant cracks ↳ Banga

Shear Transfer
with Stirrup
 Shear Transfer with Stirrups

Vs
Nodal Equilibrium:
Cd
Cd Vs

T
T
Function of Shear Reinforcement
Ts
9
s angan
menahan
-u - -
ou and
7

d -act
.

Cd Cd Ts
senge
addre T 
T 
• The concrete cantilevers, which are the principal
elements of the beam mechanism, will act as tied
cantilevers
• Another bond force, T can be sustained by what
is traditionally termed as “truss action”
◼ Roleof the web reinforcement to
contribute the shear strength dimanc
↳can
ins

·
ge Funge
transfer
1. transfer shear directly-> men ada
umum
sengbang

inn
2. limiting width of diagonal crack, thus
preserving shear resistance from
aggregate interlocking
3. holding stirrup, thus enhancing
contribution of dowel action
Ts

Cd

T 
Truss Analogy
V

C
T ↓engkang
T
T
C T
T
C
V

- pevietaban
C

bedan
C
transferhe W
Abawah
dan compression
ralimandgn tauk
 Truss Analogy

Shyh-Jiann Hwang
NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY
 Outline
◼ Truss Model for Shear

◼ Classical Truss Analogy

Truss Model for
Shear
 f s Ab
Truss Model
V

Av f s
Note: Cd
•Shift in steel tension
V
•Shear is a mechanism, in which:
1. concrete carries all shear
2. steel carries all shear
Truss Model
Ts 3. bond carries all shear
Flexure
Cc Model •Failure of either one is failure of
the entire mechanism
 Concrete Carries All Shear
A V

A
a
compres
A V

E
Compression:
All shear carried by
fc concrete
A
 Steel Carries All Shear
B V

B
B V
Vs Tension:
All shear
carried by steel
B
 Bond Carries All Shear
V
D D

D D Joint:
T + T T
All shear carried by
Vs bond and anchorage
Diagonal
mechanism
strut force
 Shear Mechanism
A B V
D D Compression: all shear
carried by concrete
A V

A B
ear beton?
,
enguangni
and gt
bondan
an
dan argam fc
I

&
Joint: all shear carried by bond A
and anchorage mechanism
D D mentator
·engtang

V s
B V

T + T T
Tension: all shear
Diagonal Vs carried by steel
strut force B
Classical Truss
Analogy
 Classical Truss Analogy

A B A B
MA MB
A B V 450 d-d’
V

s s B
A

Assume 450 crack

Struts parallel to cracks
Internal Equilibrium in Section A-A
A B
FUA
MB
D V
z=d-d’
fd 450
N V
FLA
A B
FUA and FLA are positive when tensioned

fd : compressive stress in diagonals

bw : web width
 A B
FUA
Forces in D V
MB

z=d-d’
Concrete N
fD 45 0

V
FLA
A B
 F (→ + ) = 0 Combine (2) and (3):
D cos 45 − FUA − FLA = 0 ..( 1 )
-

proyectizerhadap horizontal V
 D= = f d bw z cos 45
E Akallha
D = f d bw z cos 45 ..( 2 )
sin 45
 F ( + ) = 0 arpage Las ->

komponen
48° at
da
norizontally
fd =
V
.. ( 4 )

D sin 45 − V = 0 .. ( 3 ) bw z cos 45 sin 45  
 Forces in Stirrups (1/2)
A B
MA Fv = force per stirrup
H FUB
Fv n = no. of stirrups
Fv z
Fv s = stirrup spacing
V G
FLA  z  cot 45 
M A + FUB z + Fv n  = 0
 F ( + ) = 0
 2 
M A Fv  n  cot 45
z cot 45 FUB = − −
V − nFv = 0, but n = z 2
s
Fv  z  cot 45 but V = n  Fv
V= .. ( 5 )
s
M A V  cot 45
 M G (c.w. + ) = 0 FUB =−
z
−
2
..( 6 )
 Forces in Stirrups (2/2)
 M H (c.w. + ) = 0
A B
MA H F UB
Fv
Fv  n  z  cot 45
Fv z M A − F LA z+ =0
V G Fv 2
FLA
M A V cot 45
FLA = + ..( 7 )
From Eq. (1): z 2

FUA = D cos 45 − FLA ; but D = V / sin 45

V MA V
 
FUA = 
cos 45 −  + cot 45 
sin 45  z 2 
 MA V 
FUA =  − + cot 45 ..( 8 )
 z 2 
 Brief Summary
A B V
fd = ..( 4 )
bw z sin 45 cos 45
FUA
MB
D V
z
N fD 45 0

 MA V 
V
FLA
FUA =  − + cot 45 ..( 8 )
A B
 z 2 

A B M A V cot 45
MA H FUB
FLA = + ..( 7 )
Fv
z 2
Fv z

V G
Fv Fv  z  cot 45
FLA V= ..( 5 )
s
The Use of Complete Truss Mechanism
◼ The use of complete truss mechanism :
Advantage : (1) simple and rational.
(2) takes most failure
mechanisms into account.
Disadvantage : (1) conservative. It assumes
that the complete truss mechanism has
formed. Until that happens, some
resistance can come from the concrete
itself.
Truss Analogy versus ACI 318 Code
analoge
meng ado o ↳any a

Classical Truss Analogy ACI Approach seawate

↓
-
Fidah

Fv  z  cot 450
V=
s
Vn = Vc + Vs
z d
assume Fv = Av fy V = Av f y Vs = Av f y
s s
 MA V  MA
FUA =  − + cot 450 
 z 2 
FUA  −
z MA
M A V cot 45 0 FLA 
FLA =
z
+
2
z
V
fd = 0 0 Vs  0.67 f c bw d
bw z sin 45 cos 45
 Comments

=X
◼ ACI → Vn = Vc + Vs
◼ ACI modified truss analogy is an incomplete truss
mechanism. ACI believes some resistance can come
from the concrete itself
◼ ACI Chapter 21 → Vc = 0 if Ve  1 Vu , and
- 2
↓
hareno gemp Ag f c
gay"jesar Pu 
20
◼ Design yield strength of shear reinforcement shall not
exceed 400 MPa to : (a) control diagonal crack width, (b)

C
an

to ensure existence of incomplete truss mechanism kaven mask a

me
Jess adaneu
naws
◼ Lack on information on compatibility both
ve

& lapanganesh
dani 400 Mpa tapi diperhitungan tidal
Both pasang 400 MPG
,

lesin dai -
◼ ACI practice neglects the effect of shear on
moment. Instead, a “shift” in the moment
diagram due to shear is implicitly considered in
ACI cut-off provisions.
Actual Moment Diagram
including the effect of
inclined cracks (ACI
12.10.3)
Theoritical Moment
Diagram

◼ To prevent the crushing of concrete diagonals

is considered indirectly in the ACI code
agareidal
Vs  0.67 f c' bw d ->
crushing

4 . VC .
Effect of Shear on Flexural Behavior
V V

x2
M2
M1 x1
o
C
jd
T1
V
Effect of Shear on Flexural Behavior
x2
x1 Take moment about “o”:
o
C T1 jd = Vx2 = M 2
jd
hatsig
I M2 varenc
-

T1 Nis

V
T1@ x = due crach
shear
1
jd as N8 ·

Due to shear crack, tension force T1 at x1

M1 M2
increases from to
jd jd
 Strength Design for Flexure
Mu
◼ ACI strength design requires M n 
f
P

d
Mn diagram Theoritical
cut-off point
Mu/f diagram
ACI 318 Code - Development of
flexural reinforcement

12.10.3 - Reinforcement shall extend

beyond the point at which it is no
longer required to resist flexure for a
distance equal to d or 12db,
whichever is greater.
 Theoretical Cut-off Point (ACI 12.10.3)
◼ ACI extends the cut-off point → shifting the
actual moment diagram horizontally to include
the effect of inclined cracks
P

Mu
Mn  d
f Theoritical
 (d ,12d b ) cut-off point
Desain Geser
 Konsep Kuat Geser
fVn  Vu
Vn = Vc + Vs
Vn adalah kuat geser (shear strength)
Vu adalah gaya geser ultimit
Vc adalah kuat geser yang disumbang oleh beton
Vs adalah kuat geser yang disumbang oleh tulangan
sengkang (stirrups)
f adalah faktor reduksi untuk geser = 0.75
 Kuat Geser Kontribusi Beton, Vc

Vc = Vcz + Vi + Vd

Vcz adalah kontribusi dari compression zone

Vi adalah kontribusi dari aggregate interlock
Vd adalah kontribusi dari dowel action
 Kuat Geser Kontribusi Beton, Vc
(Rumus Sederhana)
• Untuk komponen struktur yang dikenai geser dan lentur
saja:
1
Vc = f cbw d
6
• Untuk komponen struktur yang dikenai beban aksial tekan:
1 Nu 
Vc = 1 +  f cbw d
6  14 Ag 

• Untuk komponen struktur yang dikenai beban aksial tarik:

Vc = 0
Kuat Geser Kontribusi Beton, Vc

1
Vc = f cbw d
6

(Rasio tulangan longitudinal)

Kuat Geser Kontribusi Sengkang, Vs
d
Vs = Av f y
s
Av adalah luas tulangan geser
fy adalah kuat leleh tulangan geser
d adalah tinggi efektif balok
s adalah spasi sengkang
Kuat Geser Kontribusi Sengkang, Vs
Kuat Geser Kontribusi Sengkang, Vs
Persyaratan detailing tulangan
sengkang
Persentase kontribusi kuat geser
Batasan spasi maksimum

s  600mm
d
s
2

(Minimal ada satu stirrups

yang dilewati oleh crack)
Tulangan Geser Minimum

1 bw s bw s
Av ,min = f c 
16 f yt 3 f yt
 Tulangan Geser Maksimum

Vs ,max  0.66 f cbw d = 4  Vc

 Kuat Geser Maksimum

Vn,maks = Vc + Vs  5Vc = 0.83 f cbw d

Vs ,max  0.66 f cbw d = 4  Vc

Vc = 0.17 f cbw d
Lokasi Penentuan Gaya Geser
Maksimum
Lokasi Penentuan Gaya Geser
Maksimum
Lokasi Penentuan Gaya Geser
Maksimum
Lokasi Penentuan Gaya Geser
Maksimum
SI 5114 – PERILAKU STRUKTUR BETON

Introduction to Strut-and-Tie Model

Instruktur: Erwin Lim

1
Pre Test
 Pmax Material Properties
f c = 20,21MPa
- f y ( D13) = 412MPa
f y ( D16) = 370,81MPa
> a

f yt ( D10) = 564,15MPa

Geometry:
b  h = 250mm  420mm
d = 336mm
s = 175mm (stirrup spacing)

Question:
Can you guess what the
maximum capacity (Pmax)
of the beam is?
 HINTS – sectional analysis approach
1. Calculate flexural strength, Mn = .......... kN Methars another
2. Shear corresponding to Mn, Vmn = ........ kN
- -
3. Pmax,1 corresponding to flexural strength = ...... kN
entry
,
Pmax

Vmn = Mn/525 mm
-

Pmax,1 = 2 x Vmn

525 mm 525 mm

4. Concrete shear contribution, Vc = ......... kN

5. Stirrups shear contribution, Vs = ........ kN
6. Shear strength, Vn = Vc+Vs = .................. kN
7. Pmax,2 correspinding to shear strength = 2x Vn = .......kN
Pmax = min { Pmax,1; Pmax,2} =........ kN (failure mode)
 HINTS – sectional analysis approach
1. Calculate flexural strength, Mn = 164.75 kN-m
2. Shear corresponding to Mn, Vmn = 313.80 kN
3. Pmax,1 corresponding to --
flexural strength = 627.60 kN
Pmax center =
fan
berdeen
Vmn = Mn/ (525 mm)
Pmax,1 = 2 x Vmn

525 mm 525 mm

4. Concrete shear contribution, Vc = 62.94 kN

5. Stirrups shear contribution, Vs = 170.06 kN
6. Shear strength, Vn = Vc+Vs = 232.91 kN
berdas
watch
gese
vie
many
e

-
7. Pmax,2 correspinding to shear strength = 2x Vn = 465.92 kN
Pmax = min { Pmax,1; Pmax,2 } = 465,92 kN (failed in shear) nari re
 TEST RESULTS in ITB
CH13 CH14 CH15 CH16
CH17 Load Deflection Curve (B-1,5-2-0) CH18

800
700
600
Load (kN)

500
400
CH10 CH12 CH11
300 CH5 (Tulangan
CH2 (Tulangan
200 Geser 1 Leleh), Lentur 2 Leleh),
P=510.24 kN P=619.13 kN
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Deflection (mm)

CH2 CH3

CH6

CH4 CH5

las
pada haal besar
namon ·
ebin

Pmax = 687,86 kN (test) vs 465.92 kN (estimation)

Comment: under-prediction
 Effect of a/d ratio
a

1
-

- for small a/d

e
member, sectional
analysis (Vc + Vs)
doesn’t work

- So, we need strut

and tie
controls
-

are t
on

D-region B-region
controls controls
 Introduction to
Strut-and-Tie Model (STM)

Erwin Lim / Shyh-Jiann Hwang

 Outline
• “D” and “B” Region
• Strut-and-Tie Model (ACI 318-11)
• Strut-and-Tie Model for Deep Beam
 Classification of
D-region and B-region
in a Structures
 D- and B-regions

D Region
B Region warus menggunau
strut
A T

units
are
ri
e

Ida

D：Discontinuity, Disturbed
B：Beam, Bernoulli
 Truss
Analogy
 Slender Beam
• a/jd > 2.0：D and B regions

a
L
C
B Region

jd

h h
D Region D Region
 D B Region in ACI
• D Region and B Region In Beam Elements

h D B D
h

ACI: the dimension of D is the member depth, h

St. Venant’s Principle
 Cracks Fan Out
P

D B D
We can identify:
D region (Disturbed): Load carried by arch action
B region (Beam): Load carried by truss action
 Discontinuity
Geometry Disc. Force Disc.
St. Venant’s Principle

can

DH Sanders (2007)
 D-Regions
D : Discontinuity, Disturbed
• An abrupt change in
geometry or loading
• Stress Disturbed
 B-Regions

B : Beam, Bernoulli
• Stress Uniformly Distributed
• Plane sections assumption of
flexural theory can be applied
• Plane sections remain plane is
valid
Stress Trajectories
Review on Stress Trajectories
Stress Trajectories
Non-linear Strain Distribution
 Effect of a/d ratio
1. Shear (a/d = 1.14)
2. Shear (a/d= 4.81)
Effect of a/d ratio
 Effect of a/d ratio

D-region controls B-region controls

Strut-and-Tie Model
(ACI 318-11)
 Strut-and-Tie Model
• A truss model made up of struts and ties
connected at nodes
• Strut: Compression Member
(concrete is strong in compression)
• Tie: Tension Member
(steel is strong in tension)
Strut-and-Tie Model
Strut-and-Tie Model
Strut-and-Tie Model
 Illustration Video
1. Reinforced concrete beam test
2. Two span deep RC beam test
Nodal Zone
 Types of Nodes
Model Physical Model Physical

C-C-C  n = 1 .0 C-C-T  n = 0 .8
Model Physical Model Physical

C-T-T  n = 0 .6 T-T-T  n = 0 .6
Struts
 Three Types of Struts

 s = 1 .0

 s = 0 .75 or 0 .60

 s = 0 .75 or 0 .60
 Value of s
s Requirement
1.0 Uniform cross section
Asi
0.75 Satisfy:  sin  i  0.003 and f c  6000 psi
bs si
Asi
0.60l Not satisfy:  sin  i  0.003and f c  6000 psi
bs si
0.40 in tension member
Strut Boundary
Axis of Strut

γ1 As1
s2
γ2

As2

s1
Role of horizontal (web) reinf.
and vertical (stirrups) reinf.

Asi
 sin  i
bs si
Tie
 Types of Ties
Tension ties can come from:
1. Reinforcing Steel
2. Prestressed tendons
 Strut-and-Tie Model
for Deep Beam Strength
Prediction
 Modeling of Deep Beam

Transfer
Beam
 Test of Deep Beam in Lab
• Foster and Gilbert (1998) – NZS

• Hsieh (2002) – NTUST, Taiwan

 Test of Deep Beam in Lab
• Foster and Gilbert (1998) – NZS

• Hsieh (2002) – NTUST, Taiwan

 Strut-and-Tie Model (STM)
/
,
ap A
awah IC
↳
1
III

b
B Fu,BC C
,AB F
d F u ↳ Strut u,
CD
 Fu,AD 
A Ts D
b ↓ Yes
n b
roculture
Peter
:
Art
geseinge Iwas
10 , ↓ anting
pastas konfigurat
=
erg
stressf -

va allowable coeft
~ strut :

Als toP 8
(top)
-
an
↳ Ustrut atas Acs
bot top ,
bawan (b0t)-
Acn ,

fi'l Br
↳ vstrut 10 ,05
.

at as
.
=

↳ Wood ,
 Strut-and-Tie Model (STM)

ap ap
b
ws

d
 jd   h − ws 2 − wt 2 
 = tan −1   = tan −1  
a
  
 b 2 + a  + a p 2 
wt

b a

(a) Macro model for Strut-and-tie (ACI 318-11)

 Depth of compression zone

L
C
Solve for wt ap
fcu = 0.85 s fc
(wt = 2(h-d)) a p sin 
ws C
ws cos
jd
Solve for ws wt cos Bottle-shaped
(T = C) wt  b sin  strut
T = As f y

b
jd = h-0.5ws-0.5wt
(b) Illustration on Acs,top (ACI 318-11)
Failure Mode 1 and 2: Crushing of Diagonal Strut

b
Vns Vns
B C
d

A  D

Vns Vns

Vns = ( f ce  Acs) sin 

 Area of Diagonal Strut - Top
Vns ,top= ( f ce  Acs ,top ) sin 
ap L
C
fcu = 0.85 s fc

a p sin 
ws C Acs ,top = a s ,top  b
ws cos
jd
wt cos Bottle-shaped
 b sin  strut
wt T

b

(b) Illustration on Acs,top (ACI 318-11)

a s ,top = w s cos  + a p sin 

 Area of Diagonal Strut - Bottom
Vns ,bot= ( f ce  Acs ,bot ) sin 
ap L
C
fcu = 0.85 s fc

a p sin 
ws C Acs ,bot = a s ,bot  b
ws cos
jd
wt cos Bottle-shaped
 b sin  strut
wt T

b

(b) Illustration on Acs,top (ACI 318-11)

a s ,bot = w t cos  +  b sin 

Effective Concrete Strength

V ns = ( f ce  Acs ) sin 
f ce = 0 .85  s f c
Asi

bs si
sin  i  0.003  s = 0 .75


Asi
bs s i
sin  i  0.003  s = 0 .60
 Failure Mode 3 : Yielding of Tie

b
B C
d

A  D

As

V nt = ( As f y ) tan 
Failure Mode 4 and 5: Crushing of Node

b
Vnn Vnn
B C
d

A  D

Vnn Vnn

Vnn = ( f ce  Acs ) sin 

f ce = 0 .85  n f c
Failure Mode 4 and 5: Crushing of Node

f ce = 0 .85  n f c
 n = 1 .0
C-C-C Node
b
B C
d

A  D

C-C-T Node
 n = 0 .8
Controlling Shear Strength (Strut-and-Tie)

V n _ STM = min V ns ; V nt ; V nn 
bottom
top bottom top
Flowchart
Experimental Verification - ACI

Lim and Hwang (2016)

Thanks
Stress Trajectories
Review on Stress Trajectories