MICROPARA LAB: MICROBIOLOGY MOD SEM

AND PARASITOLOGY 1 1
MODULE 1: PROPER CARE AND USE OF THE MICROSCOPE

MICROSCOPE a. Fluorescence Microscope

• are apparatuses intended to see things that are b. Confocal Microscope
otherwise too minute for our naked eye to view c. Digital Microscope
• an optical instrument that magnifies the image of d. Acoustic Microscope
organisms that enables us to see their e. X-ray Microscope
morphological characteristics f. Infrared Microscope
• derive from the greek words micro = small, and g. Polarizing Microscope
skopein = to look/examine h. Ultraviolet Microscope
i. Raman Microscope
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK
OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
• father of microscopy because he succeeded in the
most important discoveries in the history of •
uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify
biology specimens
→ maximum resolution - 200mm
• used handcrafted microscope
→ effective magnification - x1400
• 1st person who observed single celled organism
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
referred to as animalcules
Leeuwenhoek Simple
• low cost & widely • limited resolution
available (2000x)
Microscope
• simple to use & • limited depth of
suitable for field
Jansen’s Compound educational • cannot visualize
purposes structures smaller
Microscope
• observe live and than the wavelength
colored specimens of light
Hooke’s Microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• uses a beam of electrons instead of light to
achieve high resolution imaging
Powell & Lealand No. 1 → maximum resolution - 0.1nm
→ effective magnification - x500000
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• extremely high • expensive and hard
resolution (0.1nm) to maintain
Zeiss Laboratory • visualize internal • requires high
Microscope structures and vacuum
subcellular environment; limits
components the type of
• suitable for studying specimen that can
nanoscale mats and be examined
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES biological specimens • complex sample
preparation,
OPTICAL MICROSCOPE (Light Microscope)
including fixation
a. Simple Optical Microscope
and heavy metal
b. Compound Optical Microscope
c. Stereo Microscope (Dissecting Microscope)
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPE
d. Phase-Contrast Microscope
e. Differential Interface Microscope • uses a sharp probe that scans the surface of a
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE specimen, measuring forces or interactions
a. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) → maximum resolution - 20nm
b. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) → effective magnification - x250000
SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPE ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
a. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) • atomic-scale resolution • slow scanning speed
b. Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM)
• can measure surface compared to optical and

GIANNA ALEXIS LINGAD 1

 properties like
roughness, friction, and
electrical conductivity
• operates under various
environmental
conditions, including
liquids at room
temperature
electron microscopes Oil Immersion Objective (OIO)
• limited to imaging • highest magnification (97x or 100x)
conductive or ILLUMINATING • provision of light to illuminate the
semiconductive PARTS specimen
materials l. Light Source • located in the base or below the stage
• delicate probes may (Illuminator)
wear down or become
• is a built-in electric light source, but in
some older models, it maybe a mirror
contaminated
that reflects external light

PARTS OF THE MICROSCOPE

m. Condenser • optical component located beneath
the stage
MECHANICAL • physical structure and components of
• focuses and concentrates the light
PARTS the microscope
onto the specimen, enhancing
a. Base • the sturdy bottom part of the contrast and brightness
microscope that provides stability and n. Aperture • adjustable circular opening in the
support Diaphragm condenser
b. Arm • connects the base to the head of the
• controls the amount of light that
microscope
reaches the specimen
• serve as a handle for carrying the o. Illumination • controls for adjusting the intensity of
microscope Controls the light, which can be important for
c. Stage • platform located below the objective optimizing the image quality
lenses
• holds the specimen slide in place for TOTAL MAGNIFICATION
observation • Magnification of Ocular Lens (10) × Magnification of
d. Stage Clips • hold the specimen slide securely in Objective Lens (40) = Total Magnification (400)
position
e. Course Focus • large knob located on either side of CARING FOR THE MICROSCOPE
Knob the microscope 1. carry it from the base and support arm, if picked up by
stage or eyepiece holder it can become misaligned
• for rough focusing, moving the state
2. every time you use or clean the microscope be sure to
up or down to bring the specimen
cover the kit the prevent dust and other contaminants
into view
from reaching the apparatus
f. Fine Focus • smaller knob located near the coarse 3. keep the microscope in a draft-free, dry place, where it
Knob focus knob won’t get bumped, pushed, wet and where things will
• used for precise focusing to achieve a not fall on it, make sure the microscope is level to the
sharp image tablet/bench
g. Revolving • rotating mechanism that holds 4. keep the area clean, organized and ready to use for the
Nosepiece multiple objective lenses next person
5. keep the stage clean with lens paper to remove dust
• allows you to easily switch between
and particles, you can use a little alcohol to remove oil
different objective lenses
and other dirt if needed
h. Eyepiece • the lens the viewer look through 6. a small soft brush or canned air can be used to dust off
i. Diopter • to change focus on one eyepiece the microscope - use carefully
Adjustment
• provides a magnification of 10xn and 7. do not prepare or stain samples next to the microscope
is where you observe the specimen 8. clean off the oil immersion lenses with lens paper after
each use, this should be done routinely after every use
MAGNIFYING • enlarging objects for better
with no exception because oil gets sticky and attracts
PARTS visualization
dust and dirt, only use lens wipes/lens paper, do not
j. Objective • primary magnifying lenses of the use a tissue, paper towel or any other types of wipes-
Lenses microscope they will scratch the lens, don’t forget to clean the
• 4x, 10x, 40x, and100x ocular lens in the eyepiece, it can become dirty from
k. Ocular Lenses • typical have a magnification power of eyelashes, makeup and fingers
(Eyepieces) 10x 9. turn the microscope off after use, do not keep the light
Scanning Power Objective on all day as this will shorten bulb life
10. if new to the lab read through the manual at least once
• shortest objective; scan a whole slide (4x)
Low Power Objective (LPO)
PRECAUTION WHILE HANDLING MICROSCOPE
•
lowest magnification (10x) 1. while using binocular microscopes, eyepiece should be
High Power Objective (HPO) adjusted according to individual requirement and
• higher magnification (40x or 43x) specimen should be viewed with both eyes open
2. light focusing should be appropriate

GIANNA ALEXIS LINGAD 2

 3. only fine focusing knob should be adjusted with
precaution while viewing the specimen at high
magnification with oil immersion to prevent breakage
of cover slip and crushing of specimen
4. do not let any liquid come in contact with the
microscope
5. always store the microscope properly after use
6. return the objective lens on to low power after use

IMPORTANCE OF MICROSCOPE
1. Advancing Scientific Knowledge
→ allows scientist to explore the intricate details of
the microscopic world, revealing structures,
organisms, and processes that are not visible to
the naked eye
2. Medical And Healthcare Applications
→ plays a crucial role in medicine and healthcare.
they are used in clinical laboratories to examine
blood cell microorganisms, and tissue samples for
diagnosing diseases and monitoring treatment
effectiveness
3. Ecosystem
→ aid in the study of environmental samples,
including soil, water, and air. they help scientists
identify and analyze microorganisms, algae, and
pollutants
4. Forensic Investigation
→ used in forensic science. they are used to
examine trace evidence, such as fibers, hair, and
finger prints, which can provide crucial
information in criminal investigations
5. Education And Research
→ they are fundamental instruments in education,
enabling students to observe and understand the
microscopic world first hand

“The study of microbiology unveils an unseen world of tiny

wonders, where bacteria, viruses, and fungi hold the keys to
understanding life’s complexity. Embrace the microscope, for in
this realm lies the hidden beauty and profound mysteries of the
microbial universe. "

GIANNA ALEXIS LINGAD 3