BIOLOGY

Cell structure
 CONTENTS

1.
Cell biology
2.
Microscope
01.
Cell biology
 Cell Membrane
• All cells have cell membrane
• Inside cell membrane is cytoplasm
• Small structure called organelles
• Nucleus
• Cell membrane is Partially permeable
 Cell wall

• Plant cell wall:

• Cellulose – form fibre, protect and support the cell

• Large space between fibres – Fully permeable

 Cytoplasm

• A clear jelly
• Almost all water (70%)
• Contain substance dissolved in e.g. Proteins
• Metabolic reaction take place in cytoplasm
 Nucleus

• Store genetic information

• Code for the right protein
• The information is kept on Chromosomes, which
are inherited from parents
• Chromosomes are made of DNA
 Endoplasmic reticulum

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

1. Rough ER - Covered with Ribosome
2. Smooth ER
 Ribosome

• Only seen by electron microscope

• Made of RNA and protein

• Found in all type of cells

• Place for protein synthesis

 Golgi apparatus
• Golgi apparatus
• Small sacs break off from ER form Golgi body
• Process protein from ER + Transport inside or outside the cell
 Lysosome

• Lysosome
• 0.1 ~ 0.5um
• Contain digestive enzyme (hydrolytic)
• Break down unwanted structure
 Mitochondria

• Can be seen by electron microscope (electronmicrograph)

• Mitochondrion / Mitochondria

• All cells except prokaryotes

• Aerobic respiration

• Muscle cells contain lots of mitochondria

 Chloroplasts

• Only in plant cells

• Contain a green colouring pigment called Chlorophyll,
which absorb the energy from sunlight;
• The energy is then used by Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis produce starch (plant only)
• Animal cells have similar substance called Glycogen
 Vacuoles

• Plant cells have very large vacuoles, contain

sugar and other substance, called Cell sap
• Animal cell have much smaller membrane
bound space, called vesicles, contain food or
water
 Microtubule

• Microtubules
• 25nm
• Made by tubulin
• Involved in
• Intracellular transport system
• Cell division – Spindle
 Centriole and centrosome

• Centriole and centrosome

• Only in animal cells
• Involved in
• Cell division
• Movement
Animal VS Plant
Animal cell Plant cell
No cell wall Cell wall

Cell membrane Cell membrane

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

Nucleus Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) + Ribosome Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) + Ribosome

Golgi apparatus Golgi apparatus

Lysosome Lysosome

Mitochondria Mitochondria

No chloroplast Have chloroplast contain chlorophyll

Small vesicles Large vacuole

Centriole + Centrosome Most plant no

Irregular Regular shape

02.
Microscope
 Microscope

Light microscope: X 1500

Electron microscope: X 500,000

Magnification = Observed image / Actual size

 Microscope

• Magnification VS Resolution

• Resolution

• Electron microscope has higher resolution

• Resolution - Ability to distinguish between two separate points (greater resolution, greater details)
 Microscope

• Electromagnetic spectrum (whole range of different wavelengths)

• Different wavelength of light
• e.g. Red light (700nm)  Violet light (400nm)
 Microscope

• Electromagnetic spectrum

• General rule: Limit of resolution = Half wavelength of radiation

• Shortest wavelength of visible light = 400nm (violet light)

 Microscope

• Electron microscope

• Free electron

• Extremely short wavelength

• Negative charged - easy to be focused

• Resolution  0.5nm (400 times than light microscope)

 Microscope

• Electron microscope:

• Impossible to see electron beam  Project onto fluorescent screen – Hit - Bright  Black and white picture

• Specimen must be dehydrated – Died

 Observing cells

• Type of electron microscope

1. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)
 Observing cells

• Type of electron microscope

2. Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)
 Quiz

1. Explain magnification and resolution

2. What are the differences between light microscope and electron microscope?

3. What is the best solution of light microscope?

4. What are the 2 types of electron microscope? Differences?

Unit
 Quiz

The length of a specimen in a photograph is 45 mm. Its actual length is 25 mm. What is
the magnification of the photograph?
A ×0.6 B ×1.6
C ×1.8 D ×1125

Answer for last question: C

 Quiz

If a blue whale is 30 meters long, the picture shows a blue whale is only 3 centimeters,
what is the magnification?
A ×100 B ×1000
C ×0.01 D ×0.001

Answer for last question: C

 QUIZ

1. What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

2. What is the difference between animal and plant cells?

3. Draw an animal cell and name the organelles in it

4. Draw a plant cell and name the organelles in it