 Specimen A- Honey Bee

 Specimen B- Honey
 Specimen C- Cockroach
 Specimen D- Millipede
 Specimen E- Dry leaf litter
 Specimen F-plastic bottle
 Specimen G-Empty can/tin
 Specimen H-Dry wood /Plank
 Specimen J-Old rubber Tyre
 Specimen K-Waste paper
 Specimen L-Broken glass
 Specimen M-Cow dung
 Specimen N-Plain Card board paper
 Specimen P-Longitudinal Section of ripe Pawpaw Fruit
 Specimen Q-Maize grain
 Specimen R-live Grain Weevil
 Specimen S-Transverse Section of Citrus Fruit

 Specimen A- Honey Bee

Drawing of the Dorsal View Of a honey Bee

Habitat: Bee Hive

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Reasons/ characteristics/ Features

Presence of exoskeleton made of chitin

Presence of jointed appendages

Triploblastic Coelomate

Presence of bilaterally symmetrical body

Class: Insecta

Characteristics/ Reasons

Presence of a pair of compound Presence of three body divisions (head, thorax,

and abdomen)

Presence of three pairs of thoracic walking legs. Presence of a pair of antennae

Order: Hymenoptera

Reasons/ Characteristics

I. Presence of membranous wings with larger forewings

II. Presence of wings which are joined by a row of hooks
III. Presence of narrow waist between thorax and abdomen

Mode of Nutrition: Holozoic/ Heterotrophic

Mode of feeding: Fluid feeding on nectar and pollen

Diet: Nectar and pollen

Description of mode of feeding of Honey Bee

1) Fluid feeding on pollen and nectar

2) Pierce and suck nectar of flower with proboscis
3) Legs carry pollen from flowers
4) Pollen and nectar are processed into honey and bread
Life cycle: Complete metamorphosis

Behavioural adaptation exhibited by Honey Bee

Reasons

Social insects

Reason: Because bees live in beehive together in organized communities where division of labour is
exhibited.

Examples of Animals similar in behaviour to honey bees: Wasps, ants, termites

Plants pollinated by the Honey Bees

Delonix regia (Flamboyant)

Clotalaria retusa (Rattle box)

Description of process of pollination by Honey Bee

 When a honey bee lands on one of the petals, it inserts its long tongue into the tube to collect
nectar. Body of insect becomes dusted with pollen grains; from the previously visited flower;
leading to pollination.

Features of adaptation for pollination

 Compound eyes detect colour of flower

 A pair of antennae detect the scent of flower
 Wings for flying from one flower to another
 Hairs collect pollen and transfer to stigma

Useful Economic importance of honey bees

 Pollination of flowers
 Production of honey for food, medicinal purposes
 Bee wax is used in making candles, floor waxes and polishes
 Bees are agents of pollination
 Bee keeping provides employment
Harmful economic importance /effects of bees

 Sting causes pain or death

 Bees cause nuisance in communities
 Characteristics of social insects

Live together in colonies Have several types of castes

There is division of labour Communicate with one another

They are numerous

Specimen B (Honey)

Relationship between Specimen A and Specimen B. Worker of Specimen A is the producer of Specimen
B

Main Nutrients present in Honey: Fructose

Type of Nutrient in Honey: Reducing sugar (Monosaccharide)

Other Nutrients in Honey: Vitamin B6, Riboflavin, Calcium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Phosphorus,
Potassium, Sodium, Zinc

Properties of Monosaccharide

 Soluble in water
 Small molecules
 Can diffuse quickly
 All are reducing sugars

Test for reducing sugar

Add 2cm3 of Benedict’s solution or Fehling’s solution A and B to 1cm3 of food solution in a test
tube in water bath for 5minutes

Observation: Brick red precipitate forms

Reagents used for testing nutrient in Honey: Benedict’s solution or Fehling’s solution A and B

Importance of Honey

It serves as source of food

It is used in sweetening Syrup

Medicinal benefits of Honey

It is used in treating health problems such as Insomnia, indigestion, coughs, colds, headaches, Fatigue,
Anaemia, acne, Ringworm, Eczema
 Specimen C- Cockroach

Drawing of the dorsal view of an adult Cockroach

Habitat: Dark Cupboard/ Toilet/ Stores/ Kitchen/ wall cracks/ Crevices

Biological Classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Characteristics or reasons

 Eukaryotic
 Multicellular
 Nervous system for co-ordination
 They lack chlorophyll

Phylum: Arthropoda

Characteristics or reasons

I. Presence of exoskeleton made of chitin

II. Presence of metamerically segmented body
III. Presence of jointed appendages
 IV. Triploblastic coelomate
V. Presence of bilaterally symmetrical body

Class: Insecta

Characteristics/ Reasons

 Presence of a pair of compound eyes

 Presence of three body divisions (Head, Thorax and abdomen)
 Presence of a pair of antennae
 Presence of three pairs of thoracic walking legs

Order: Dictyoptera Presence of leathery forewings

Presence of almost equally developed legs, Presence of biting mouth pars.

Features of interest

 A pair of antennae
 Leathery forewings
 Legs almost equally developed
 Chewing/ Biting mouth parts

Adaptative features of cockroach

 Wings for flying

 Dark brown colour to blend with dark cupboard
 Dorso- ventrally flattened body for easy movement in small or narrow places
 Biting and chewing mouth parts for feeding
 Antennae for sensitivity to detect food, vibration and touch
 Clawed legs with sticky arolium for climbing
 chitinous exoskeleton for protection against mechanical injury/damage and desiccation.
 Long sensitive antennae for detection of food sources, air movement and danger.

Observable features used for feeding in adult cockroach

Mandible, maxillae, labium, labrum.

Features of adaptation for feeding

1) Maxillary and labial palps to choose suitable food.

 2) Maxillae procures or pick/direct food to mandibles.
3) Mandibles cut food into pieces.
4) Labium holds food.
5) Labium prevents food from leaving the mandibles when being chewed.

Organism that feed on cockroach in food chain

a. Reptiles (Lizards)
b. Birds(fowl)

Mode of reproduction: Sexual, internal fertilization with oviparity

Description of wings of cockroach

Forewing

 Brown and leathering

 Longer than hind wings
 stiff
 Narrow
 Cover the hind wings
 Attached to the prothorax

Hind wings

 Shorter than the forewing

 Attached to the mesothorax.
 Are broad
 Covered by the forewings which protect them
 Are transparent and membranous
 Functions of wings

i. Forewings for protection of hindwings

ii. Hindwings for flight

Differences between fore and hindwing of cockroach

Forewing Hindwing
Leathery/stiff Membranous
Narrow Broad

Sex of cockroach

Male: Presence of a pair of anal styles

Female: Presence of the opening of oothecal chamber & Absence of a pair of anal style.

Trophic level of cockroach

Third trophic level/ secondary consumer

Respiratory structure in cockroach

Spiracles / Trachea

Excretion in cockroach

Excretory products are carbon dioxide and nitrogenous product (uric acid)

Carbon dioxide diffuses through the 1. Body 2. Tracheal system

Excretory structures in cockroach

i. Trachea
ii. Malpighian tubule

Sense organs in cockroach

 Compound eye consists of small eyes

 Antennae: touch, smell and vibration
 Cerci For vibration

Feeding habitat: Biting and chewing

Diseases spread by cockroach

  Cholera
 Typhoid
 Tuberculosis
 Dysentery

Type of skeletons in cockroach.

Exoskeleton: Skeletal material that constitutes exoskeleton: chitin

Disadvantages of exoskeleton in cockroach

 Organism can grow only by moulting

Or Ecdysis thereby resisting its growth.

Economic importance of cockroach

 Destruction of clothes, paper or valuable materials.
 Transmission of diseases eg. Leprosy, Dysentery
 Emits offensive odour
 Stains clothes and paper
 Source of income
 Household pest
 Contamination of food

Differences between specimen A and C

SPECIMEN A (HONEY BEE) SPECIMEN C (COCKROACH)

POLLEN BASKET ON HIND LEGS ABSENCE OF POLLEN BASKET ON THE LEGS
PRESENCE OF STING ABSENCE OF STING
PRESENCE OF OVIPOSITER ABSENCE OF OVIPOSITOR
SMALLER IN SIZE LARGER IN SIZE
ALL WINGS ARE MEMBRANOUS LEATHERY FOREWINGS
BODY COVERED WITH HAIRS BODY COVERED WITH PLATES
WAIST PRESENT WAIST ABSENT
RETATIVELY SMALL PROTHORAX LARGE PROTHORAX

SIMILARITIES BETWEEN COCKROACH AND HONEY BEE

 Jointed appendages
 Metameric segmentation
 Exoskeleton made up chitin
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Specimen D – Millipede

Drawing of the lateral View of a millipede

Habitat: Leaf litter/ farm / garden / forest /soil

Group name: soil faunal / invertebrate

Nutrition: holozoic / heterotrophic

Feeding: detritivorous

Biological classification

Phylum: Arthropoda

Reasons

a. Presence of chitinous exoskeleton

b. Metameric segmentation
c. Presence of jointed appendages
d. Bilaterally symmetrical
e. Triploblastic coelomate

Class: Diplopoda

Reasons

 Head is clearly defined

 Two pairs of leg per segment
 A pair of antennae
 Observable features / traits

a. Distinct head with a pair of mouth parts and antennae

b. Two pairs of legs per segment
c. A pair of antennae
d. Small numerous body segments

Adaptive features of millipede

 Sting glands for defense

 Antennae for sensitivity
 Mouth parts for feeding
 Numerous legs for fast movement

Mode of nutrition: Heterotrophic

Feeding habit: herbivorous

Respiratory structure: trachea

Type of skeleton

Exoskeleton

Structure in exoskeleton: chitin

Economic Importance of millipede

 Pest of crops and seedling
 Improves soil fertility by burrowing / aeration of soil
 Breaks up litter into small pieces that promotes enzymes in fungi and bacteria to act to form
humus

Similarities between honey bee and millipede

Jointed appendages

Metameric segmentation

Bilaterally symmetrical

Exoskeleton made of chitin

Differences between honey bee and millipede (specimen D)

Honey Bee ( Specimen A) Millipede ( Specimen D)

Absence of poisonous claws Poisonous claws Present
Small body size Large body size
Presence of Sting Absence of sting
 Presence of waist Absence of waist
Presence of ovipositor Absence of ovipositor
Hairy Body Body not hairy

Specimen E- Dry leaf litter

Source: leaves of plant

Type of pollutant air and soil

Type of waste: agricultural waste (Putrecible)

Benefits of Leaf Litter

 Serves as habitat for some macro-organisms such as millipede

 It can be used in biogas production
 It adds more humus to the soil
 It promotes the activities of microorganisms in the soil
 It improves soil structure
 It conserves soil water

Effect on the environment

Emission of hazardous gases such as ammonia and carbon dioxide which pollute the air in the
environment

Bad smell caused by uncontrolled rotting of the organic matter causes respiratory problems.

Prevention of harmful effect of specimen E on the environment / application

1. By composting
2. Landfill
3. Incineration
Application of specimen E
Industry : Production of biogas
Agriculture
Applied as fertilizer (inorganic) for crop production


Characteristics of specimen F

 Non-biodegradable
 It is non-renewable
 It is land and water pollutant
 It is an industrial and domestic waste
 Specimen F-Plastic Bottle

Type of solid waste: Industrial (commercial, institutional)

Type of pollutant: soil

Harmful effect of empty plastic bottles on the environment

 Indiscriminate dumping of plastic bottles could be carried by run off into drains thereby
polluting water bodies and killing aquatic organism.
 It may also serve as breeding ground for mosquitoes which would further lead to increased in
malaria attack
 Large volume of accumulated empty plastic bottle would lead to creation of habitats for pests,
vermin and venomous reptiles in the various communities.
 It may serve as culture medium for pathogens germs.

Prevention / control of effect caused by plastic bottles

 Waste should be managed in a land fill site

 Incineration
 Recycling
 Reuse waste for other purpose
 Reduce generation waste Differences between E and F

Specimen E-Dry leaf Litter Plastic Bottle

Agricultural waste Industrial Waste
Biodegradable Non-Biodegradable
Renewable Natural Resource Non-RenewableResource
Natural Artificial
Soil and air pollutant Soil pollutant

Specimen G Empty can/ Tin

Type of waste: industrial

Type of pollutant: soil pollutant

Type of resource: non-renewable resource

Effect on the environment

Collect water when left in the open environment and serves as breeding ground for mosquitoes

Reduces fertility in the soil

Empty cans / tin made of aluminum reacts with oxygen to form aluminium oxide kills soil
microorganisms consequently reducing the fertility of the soil

Indiscriminate dumping of empty cans could be carried by run-offs into drains thereby polluting water
bodies and killing aquatic organisms

Large volume of accumulated empty cans would lead to creation of habitats for pest, vermin and
venomous reptiles in the various communities

It may serve as culture medium for pathogenic germs

Prevention / control of empty cans on the effect of Environment

Recycling

Reuse

Reduce generation of waste

Incineration

Proper segregation of waste into various components

Effective waste collection such as usage of dust bins

Specimen H – dry wood/ plank

Type of waste – Agricultural/ Domestic waste

Type of pollutant – air and soil

Type of resource – renewable natural resource

Effect on the environment

Emission of hazardous gases such as ammonia, carbon dioxide which pollute the environment

Bad smell caused by uncontrolled rotting of the wood can lead to respiratory effects

Prevention / control of harmful effect of specimen H

Composting

Land fill
Incineration

Benefits same as specimen E

Similarities between specimen E and G

Renewable natural resouces

Biodegradable

Agriculture waste and Can be used in biogas production

Specimen J old rubber tyre

Type of waste – industrial

Type of pollutant -soil pollutant

Type of resource – non-renewable natural resource

Effect on the environment

1. Same as plastic bottles

Differences between old rubber tyre and dry leaf litter / waste paper/dry wood

Specimen J/F SpecimenE/H/K

Non-Renewable Renewable
Non-Biodegrable Biodegradable
Soil pollutant Water pollutant
Industrial waste Agricultural waste

Specimen K – waste paper

Type of waste – commercial/industrial

Type of pollutant – soil and air

Type of resource – renewable

Characteristics of specimen k
  Industrial waste
 Biodegradable
 Non-renewable
 Soil pollutant

Effect same as specimen E

Prevention/control of harmful effect of specimen H

 Composting
 Land fill
 Incineration
 Reduction of waste generation

Similarities between E and K

 Renewable natural resource

 Agriculture waste
 Biodegradable waste
 Can be used in biogas production

Specimen L- Broken glass

Type of waste- industrial waste

Type of pollutant – soil

Type of resource – non-renewable natural resource

Effect of broken glass on the environment is the same as Empty Bottle/ Can

Specimen M- Cow dung

Type of Resource: Renewable natural resource

Type of pollutant: Air, soil and water

Type of waste : Agricultural Waste

Type of resource : Renewable natural resource

Benefits of cow dung in agricultural production

 It promotes the activities of living creature or microorganisms in the soil

 It adds more humus to the soil
 It controls soil temperature
  It promotes the activities of living creature in the soil
 It improves soil structure by binding loose particles together
 It balances the acid or base condition in the soil
 It prevents erosion by improving the structure of soil and reducing run-off

Specimen N – plain card board paper

same as waste paper

Summary of Specimen E, F,G,H,J,K,L,M, and N

Type of waste Pollutant Effect on life or Control

Environment
Domestic/Discarded Waste paper, empty Metallic objects slowly Recycling and reuse of
objects can, broken glass, cow rust, occupying of emty cans, bottles
dung, plastic bottles valuable land Use of biodegradable
Slow decay affects materials
plant and animal life
Plastic and glass do not
decompose
Industrial Broken glass,old rubber Kills plant and animals Controlled discharge of
tyre,Plastic Bottle, May contaminate waste materials
Empty Can,Plain streams and rivers and Possible
cardboard paper enter the food chain resuse/recycling
Agricultural Leaf Litter, Dry Decomposition attracts Burning of rubbish in
wood,Cow dung flies and hence controlled incinerators
diseases Land filling and
composting

EFFECT OF BURNING OF Leaf litter/Dry wood/waste paper/Carboard Paper or any of the waste

Smoke is released which contains pollutants such as soot, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

Effects of Soot: Soot contains carbon particles which settle on vegetation reducing light received for
photosynthesis and may kill the plant; reduces crop yield and irritates respiratory passage

Prevention/ control : Use appliances and machinery which ensure complete combustion

Carbon monoxide: Poisonous to man and animals as it combines with the haemoglobin in blood and
prevents oxygen from combining. Causes dizziness, tiredness, headache, nausea, brain damage and
death

Control: Emission controls and proper combustion

Carbon Dioxide: High concentrations cause atmospheric temperature rise creating greenhouse effect

Control: Planting trees to sequester the carbon emissions into the atmosphere.
International co-operation is needed for the control of this global problem.

List of Biodegradable and Non-Biodegradable waste

Biodegrable: Dry Leaf Litter, Dry wood / Plank, waste paper, Cow dung, Plain cardboard paper

Reason: They can be subjected to decay or be broken down by micro-organisms.

Examples of organisms that decompose the waste: Fungi and Bacteria

Roles of Fungi or bacteria :

 Removes waste, decay of organic matter,

 forms humus
 Releases nutrients into the soil.

Non-Biodegradable Waste: Plastic Bottle, Empty can or tin,, old rubber tyre,,Broken glass

Reason: Cannot be decomposed by micro-organisms.

List of waste that can be used in biogas Production: Dry leaf Litter, Dry wood or plank, Cow dung

Specimen P – Longitudinal Section of ripe pawpaw fruit

Drawing of the Longitudinal Section of Pawpaw Fruit

 Observable features

 Yellow epicarp
 Fleshy mesocarp
 Fleshy endocarp
 Juicy aril around the seed
 Hard testa of seed
 Placentation – parietal

Symmetry – radial

Classes of fruit – berry

Agents of dispersal – humus, monkeys, birds

Features of biological interest

Brightly coloured epicarp attract animals

Fleshy mesocarp is edible to animals which disperse the seed

Hard testa of seed protect seeds during dispersal and germination

Dispersal of pawpaw

Dispersal by animals

Dispersal of Pawpaw by animals

Fleshy mesocarp and sweet scent attract animals

Animals feed on fruit

Humans carry the fruit away from parent plant

Seeds split out from the mouth when eating the fruit

Class of fruit in pawpaw

Carbohydrates (sugars)

Fibre

Vitamins

Water

Iodine test on pawpaw fruit

A drop of iodine solution on a cut surface or slice of both unripe and ripe pawpaw does not turn blue-
black this indicate starch is absent in pawpaw fruit.

Economic important of pawpaw

 Source of food
 Source of income
 Source of employment
 Nutritional important of pawpaw
 Source of vitamin
 Source of water
 Source of sugar
 Source of fibre
 Reduces constipation

Differences between citrus fruit (specimen s) and pawpaw (specimen P)

PAWPAW FRUIT (SPECIMEN P) ORANGE FRUIT (CITRUS FRUIT)

OVULES ARE ARRANGED ALONG SEVERAL EDGES OVULES ARE ARRANGED AT THE CENTER
SEPARATE FUSED CHAMBERS SEPARATE CHAMBERS
SEVERAL SEEDS FEW SEEDS
SMALL SEEDS LARGE SEEDS
DARK COLOURED SEEDS LIGHT COLOURED SEEDS
HOLLOW NOT HOLLOW
ENLONGATED SPHERICAL
 SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PAWPAW FRUIT AND ORANGE FRUIT

I. Juicy/ fleshy mesocarp

II. Brightly coloured epicarp
III. Sweet scented
SPECIMEN Q (MAIZE GRAIN

Drawing of the External structure of a maize grain

 The maize grain is not a seed but rather a fruit

 It is a fruit because it outer wall is formed from fusion of the testa and fruit wall (pericarp)

Observable features of the maize grain and their biological significant

 Presence of remains of stalk at the narrow end which marks it attachment to the cob
 Presence of the remnant of the style at the broad end
 A ridge in the center making the position of the plumule and the radicle.

Description of the external view (structure of the maize grain)

There are two scars since it is a fruit. At the narrow end is the remains of the stalk which makes it
attachment to the cob. At the broad end is the remnant of the style. It is flat with a whitish patch on one
of the flat size. A ridge in the center of the white marks the position of the plumule and the radicle.

Level of organization of the maize grain: organ

FULL CLASSIFICATION OF FRUIT TYPE IN MAIZE

Drawing of the longitudinal Section of a maize grain

 1) True fruit – developed from the fertilized ovary only
2) Simple fruit – this is formed from a single flower
3) Dry fruit – is not fleshy at maturity
4) Indehiscent fruit- the fruit pericarp does not split open.
5) Caryopsis – A one seeded fruit in which a pericarp is dried and fuses with the seed coat.

Types / class of fruit

Caryopsis

Type of seed

Monocotyledonous endospermous seed

Specimen R (Live grain weevil)

Drawing of the dorsal View of a grain Weevil

Detail in drawing: Rostrum is about one quarter of the body Bent antennae.
Phylum: Arthropoda
Reasons/ Characteristics:
Presence of chitinous exoskeleton
Metameric segmentation
Presence of jointed appendages attached to each segment.
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic coelomate

Class Insecta
Reasons:
1. Presence of three body divisions
2. Presence of a pair of antennae
3. Presence of three pairs of thoracic walking legs
4. Presence of a pair of compound eyes
5. Presence of spiracles for breathing

Order : Coleoptera
1. Horny fore wings called elytra. Are
modified hind wing cases which protect the hind wings.
2. They have protruding biting/chewing mouthparts/ rostrum
Group name
Beetle

Reasons:
1. Presence of horny fore wings called elytra.
2. They have protruding biting/chewing
mouthparts called rostrum
Habitat: grains
Name plants that it can affect
Grain: maize, sorghum, rice,
groundnut, cowpea, cassava flour, oat,
wheat
Adaptive features of weevil
1. Wings for flying
2. Rostrum for boring into grains
3.Chitinous exoskeleton for protection against mechanical injury and prevention of excessive
evaporation of water.
4. Antennae for sensitivity
5. Can feign death when disturbed.
6. Small size enables them to hide among
grains to be transported

Economic importance of weevils

1.It destroys grains/causes post-harvest loss
2. It reduces the economic value of grains
3.It contaminates stored grain
4.It reduces the food value of grains
5.It is expensive to control weevils

Control of weevils
1. Treat stored grain with insecticides
2. Irradiation of stored grains
3. Use resistant varieties of crops
4. Cultural practices such as crop rotation
5. isolate infected grains
Disadvantages of control methods
1.Use of insecticides can cause air pollution
2.Can reduce food value

3. Can cause food poisoning

Mouth parts
Weevil has short but pointed and strong mouthparts (rostrum) for boring hole into grain. Has
chewing mouth parts.
Features for feeding
1.Rostrum for boring hole into grains
2.Chewing mouth parts for chewing food
Adaptations to escape danger
 1.Feigning dead (behavioural adaptation)
2.Chitinuous exoskeleton (morphological adaptation)
3.Elytra to protect the hind wings (morphological adaptation)
4.Hind membranous wings for flying (morphological adaptation)
Life cycle: complete metamorphosis
Larva is called grub.

Managing weevils

i. Aeration of stored grain circulates air thereby reducing temperature which is not conducive for
breeding.
ii. Dry grains because high moisture is good for insect growth
iii. Proper sanitation such as sanitizing bags of old seed to prevent eggs or larvae
iv. Regular monitoring of stored grains

Similarities between grain weevils and cockroach

 both have three body division into head, thorax and abdomen
 both have three pairs of legs
 have jointed appendages
 Metamerically segmented body

Specimen S – transverse section of citrus fruit

 Drawing of the transverse section citrus fruit ( orange Fruit )

Type of fruit

Berry

Reasons

 has a thin outer epicarp

 fleshy mesocarp
 fleshy inner endocarp
 observable features
 bright colour of epicarp
 succulent mesocarp
 fleshy endocarp
 seeds
 placenta
 multilocular (several chambers/partitions)
remains of style and point of attachment
this depends on the section cut observe. If it then only one scar. If whole fruit, then two scars.
Based on the observable features, suggest the description of the flower that forms the fruit.
Syncarpous flower with superior ovary

Food nutrient in orange

Vitamin C, glucose, water, mineral source, dietary fibre.

Classes of food in orange fruit

 Vitamins

 Carbohydrates (glucose)
 Mineral salt
 Water
 Dietary fibre

Economic importance of orange fruit

 Source of fruit / vitamin c

 Source of employment
 Source of raw material for industry
 Source of income

Reagent use to test for presence of vitamin C is DC pip

The fruit juice changes the colour of the Dc pip to colour-less or colour of the fruit juice

Iodine test on orange fruit. A drop of iodine solution on the cut surface of orange fruit/ orange fruit juice
does not change into blue-black colour indicating starch is absent in the fruit.

Functions of vitamin C

i. Formation of the connective tissue

ii. It helps to heal wounds
iii. Production of strong skin
iv. Collagen fibre synthesis
v. Prevents infection

Deficiency of vitamin C

This leads to a deficiency disease called scurvy with the following symptoms.

 Anaemia

 Reduce resistance to infection

 Loosening of the teeth
 Swelling of joint or gums
Other source of vitamin c

 Raw leafy vegetables

 Green vegetables
 Potatoes
 Tomatoes

Functions or importance of glucose

Source of energy

Function of water to animals

 Promotes digestion of food

 Transport of excretory product for elimination
 As a universal solvent and is a medium in which chemical reactions occur
 Transports nutrient in the body
 Temperature regulation by sweating
 Osomoregulation / osmotic balance
 Hydrostatic skeleton eg. Earthworm

General function of minerals

 Metabolic activities
 Structure of tissue
 Function of dietary fibre in humans
 Source of vitamin K
 Promotes digestion