Ve remove the sunport iat © aud introduce tn its place © wi deflections of al: computed as in Tab]; load acting upward unit lead acting upward Construct the in shown in Fig. 8.112). Ss ee i. “fare Ez ) 1 9/16 5B 427/18 1-9/6 2 427/123 1 3/16 H378 39/128 1 3/16 -2/8 49/128 a 3/8 23/4 6/128 1 3/8 af 4+36/128 - 15 fe of 4 ot ° ° a +5/16 25/128 1 ° oe 4 5/16 we > 1 ° ° fluence line fer the reaction at sup? Joint b, and wis the bar at jeint c. the results wy wt ¢ of the truss it force. The vertical yer the lower-chord panel points of the distorted truss ¢ 8.11 in vnich u,is the vor force in any meaber due ts feree in the sane member due to a are shewn in Fig. 8.11(c)«-B- | Note that in this perticular case §4. = Sg, 2 Syteh iat See *S - = igh Bee = . ‘The ordinates of the deflection curve in Fig. 8.11(c) devided by the value of will give the influence line ordinates fer the reaction at support ¢, as shown if Fig. 8.11(4). Examghe Find the influence line for the ber force in member 50 of the trues in Fig, 8.12(a). We can accomplish this easily if we uso the results of the preceding ex: 4g 2 unit load is placed st panel point b(sce Fig. 8.12(a), we have 0.587 (up) = 0,044 (down) Fron = | By taking the section and lying, = 0, we cbtain tho bar force in EC as (0,044) (48) _ ‘ asst gg? 066 (tension) Because of symmetry, = + 0,066 when the unit load is placed at panel point 4, Note also that 5, igo = O when the unit Lo: cemplete the influence line for is at poi 2 6, and e, We thus gg! a6 shown in Pig. 8.12(bae3 Solving influence ordinates for statically indoterminate structures by consistent deformations For the four-span continuous beam shown Fig. 8.13(a). find the influence line for the reaction R,,ears We start by removing the cupport b and applying to it a force X, along the Line of reaction co as to produce a unit displacement at b. Then by Huller-Breslau Principle the elastic line of the distorted beam shown by the dotted line in Fig. 8.12(b) will be the influence line for R,, X, Xy are respectively the induced reaction at supports c and a. To obtain the value of A,, ordinate of influence line st any pt i, by the method of consistent deformations, we regard the indeterminate beam as 2 simple beam subjected to ferces 4, X, and X, foe Ok mdi, obs + Bia x, in which unknowns %,, X, and X, can be solved by three compatibility equations, namely - dv" Pasty Pre Xo * Drala = 7 2.° Beale *Beck * Deska * ° 4.= Party *Backe * Baska > © In a similar fashion, wo can find influence line for the reaction st each of the other supports. This done, the influence lines for the moment and shear various points can be deduced from then. B.B: A mich faster wey by hand calculation is the moment distribution procedurs,~ Procedure for Cbtaining influence Lax 1) The structure “is released by removal of the restraint corresponding to the action considered. The degree of indeterminacy of the released structure compared to the original structure is reduced by one. [t follows that, if the original structure is statically determinate, the released structure is a mechanism. 2) Introduce a unit displaceuent in the released structure in a direction opposite to the positive direction of the action. This ic achieved by applying a force (or a pair of equa and opposite forces) corresponding to the action. 3) The ordinates of the influcnée line ere positive if they are in the same direction as the external applicd load. Influence Lines for a Boam with Fixed Satis Use Muller-Breslau's principle to find influence lines for tne end moment of a beam vith fixed ends, From hese by equations cf statics; “11, for reacticn, shear, and bending monenté at any section can be determined. To find I.L, for ¥pp, ve introduce a hinge at & and apply there clockwiss moment to produce a unit angular rotation of the end A. This moxent must, be equal in magnitude to the ondrotational stiffness X,,. The corresponding end senont Chge Kap Where Cap is the carryover factor. The deflection Line ing to the bending moment diagram in Fig. (c) is the required influence Zet/L Hb x.(4-%) (£-x)_ ULx)* T Jet L Gs) TeBathie the bean in symmetrical, the Tete ordénasee of can be obtained from be symetrical, the Til. onainat £ My, can be obt by reversing the sign and ta are plotted in (a) those for "yy order. 2 tye ondemor The IL, for he reaction higg t Mea Ra S aI Ry = Ray ee ae : i tao statically determinate reaction of the Des? AB if simply supported. ion of a unit wnere Rye 18 soving 106d.’ ¥e can there?are mag ‘The equation is valid for any = L c ie eet (Une t Umea ) uence ordinate of mast Wms) L Nm Las + (ee ) nas Le) Nitgn-/8- SNELUENCE LINES FOR PLANE FRAMES _ BELGE LINES FOR PLACE FRE We have seen that influence lines for the ené-monents are of fundamental ' dmportance, Let us assune that we vant to find the influence Line for the end~ [meets gy te fre A B c Oo A Ce = D SS 7 > 7 : wT a ar ew EB (b) lacenents zero at the a Ascune unit engular rotation et end Bo with other ah and = sehste, the nd-apcanto correnponding to thie costigration are Fay 1s) Now allow Joint rotations (and jeint translations, if any) to take place and coment distribution ‘tind the corresponding wonents at the ends of the wanders PY Gn the usual vay. The correaponding bonding moment diagram wii be 2 atre: Line for each gener. 7. @) (©) Yonent diagram on tension side 4 ve M clockwise - ve Mantis ¢) The deflections; which are the influence Tine cndinaiees) © © caleulated by superposition of the deflections due to enc-nonarts af the previous examples Examplet Gptain the influence Line for the end-moment Na, ip the bridge frame. Yee this influence line to find the influence line ordinate of the bending sonent Mz ot the centre of AB and of the shear Vp at a point n just to the of B, The relative values of I are shown in Figs32.5 i : A E 4.32! e wa to ah a GO ri pe Ore pe AO A B < j ae 1 aD F : (a) B= = 2G» - SEE. _ EE LBA 65 ed ian ne x oB oe a eegpa | et 50 39 oe Favs | -15 | 0 g 2 : : 3) |e ee oe e185 oe aa Maltip= lee lier eat a8 "s EL coo" =o |+s1 | + 89 oat eae ful~| auerto’ end } Ghe deflections of nenbers calculated in Table 1. at =20- 1, 30, and OD due to the final end-sonents ere 0.3L, 0.5L and 0-7h of each span. Table - 1: Crdinates of influence fine for end-moment My, Deflection j|__Menber CD ‘The ordinates of the influence lines Zor il, and ¥, ~Bable 2 : Gréinates of Influence efficient Infiuente lordinate ovrt|| 0.30 | ose [ore 043 |-0.45 | 0.33 1.38 [28 |-0445 | ~0433 a clockwise end-noment. Fiuence line for Bending Moment Hg 1 |_vembbe cn are determined by superpositions wrt || 30 [5 | -7t +269 || +222 |0.23 [0-17 7669 |] .22 | -25 | 77—2I- able 3: Ordinates of Influence line for shear V, areas Weuber AB 7 fener TeaICD lcoetficient - : aalrea r ra eee ec iecenlers otacze luce 1 ree | Port ned Pore ea es em Pee eo lee Les (PL vaar|}-.10 foots | -13) 0 Yoh Jn sor | .005 S| SS) Red ca cal talGtica |G OSA ce | ordinate | : H tlInfluence Lines for statically indeterminate structures 8.1 Maxwell's Law of heciprocal Deflections: ates that A, wnere Miz“ the deflection at point 1, due to the load Fat point 2. Line of acticn of F An = the deflection at point 2 along the orig due to the ed at point 1 along the origins) To prove this statement, both deflections are evaluated by the method of vir work, Thus fron Fig. 12) we have | - ye | (a) (ib) where 1m, fon due to @ unit loa: at the sane section 1 ve obtain tht‘Therefore Praises feoyn Saa= a Sree ce Bon = afloeneé tne for ence Ine fi wt at 4 gue to unit But, by reciprocal tneoran: : rotaticr at hinge + due to unit load at B = deflection et 3 due to unit couples at A,y, = Seflection at B due to unit couples A | “a =Horation af K die to unit couples at A j 2 = deflection at B due to such couples at hinge A, in the hinged structure as would produce unit rotation at &. : a Coupativitity: Hy B., -B,, = 0 te Oise Reciprocity 8. = 5 om a Sketching influence Lines Tafluence Line then, ere deflected structures due to unit deformation in the structure corresponding to the stress function for which the influence line is to be drawn, Thus in the simplest case, the influence line for a reaction can be drawn by raising the reaction peint by one unit. Example 8.1 influence lines for .. A B Reaction at A = Shear ate moment at EB 1) poment at O Moment ate | a tee Moment at A4 ‘i poses Example 8.2 I.L, for : cere ip a | fos Ea|ES Moment at A Moment at C Moment at D Reaction at 4 Shear at D Reaction at 8 fayixomple 8.5 fnfluence lines for Me << A ae fee eS i | etc —— pS a Ae ee j =a)* Sketch the influence line for the shear and moment in the mid Example 8.6 Influence lines for fr: a aan, Influence Line for horizontal reaction aa. i pees ana A83 | ‘ ES? i | emece Teese fabs pa bi es A L°—-= . : 1 q a oes he oe 1° si Pe ee | ' | ° ee ee - 4 é € A - a Uni tore Loscing pattern for the \dspan section “of merber ab of the rigid frame, the influence line for moment gat end b of member ab. | | |Steamer mane Ones, sg ET She 8.3 NOERICAL seaweuns ‘Example 8.7 Construct ty Miller feslau principle the influence line for 4 support bs b he reaction at . Be . & We begin ~oving the support b and placing a unit lead aleng the line of reaction. Sho Seer (Bee ree sorta ee ae 6) Vongugate bean Loacea by ee $y disgran The influence line fer any point 4 (OLXL4) is governed bythe egtation:Example Find the influence lines fur tho woment at b, called H,, for the beam, Gbserve that the influence line for Hi, which is eymmetrical about the middle support, may be obtained by sclving the reaction at a %; ft . (b) defie>ion due to unit couple CEs 5 we ce igate beam loaded 6EL ¢ Ce aad Aare {oZ x44) = Uy XTX = GaBy te 8 Compute the ordinates at 2 ft intervals of the influence line for the monent at the mid span section d of ab for the beam shown in (a) sft (e) - 8 Insert it t a Oe + Brera rn min Apply unit couples on each Kt HE sito of the pin. @ eu i ae SB ere a hee ) Agoure ete1f tig fess (c) Tee 3g) ea He Lela pete eec. © Oe Nomont Ors correspond t of the distorted bo: nd right. sides at scetion-M- ‘Example 8.10 Compute the influence line ordinates at 2 ft intervals for the shear at the mid-span section d of ab for the beam shown in (a). sft oF : @ seg es ToS RE BE = constant Za oy - (a) Be Next apply a pair of equal and restive vertical cieplaceseat s Fre Setween tho two cut ends without causing Pelative rotation. |e (b) Conjugate beam and ol Axtentionrshould be elastic load Ma, Solve Ra, 8, and hd by the equilibrium equations and the condition equation I, = 0. © Solving: R,-83. d-666.67 Vonent of conjugate beam correspnds, to the deflection of the distorted beam (b) 96 Values of (d) are divided by 2-896, gy Myr 666.67 (so a8 to make Se1) will give the ordinate of the influence line for shoar at sect-on cy Figs 8.10 between the left sides at section i re atalicd eke