INTRODUCTION

A novel coronavirus (CoV) named ‘2019-

nCoV’ or ‘2019 novel coronavirus’ or ‘COVID-
19’ by the World Health Organization (WHO)
oversees the current outbreak of pneumonia
that began at the beginning of December 2019
near in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.

The world health organization defines the

Corona virus disease (covid-19) is an
infectious disease which is caused by a newly
discovered corona virus. It was formerly
known as severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The
world health organization named the disease
COVID-19. Covid-19 is an acronym of CO
mean corona, VI means virus, D means
disease and 19 mean 2019.
 ABOUT DISEASE

Coronavirus is a family of viruses that can

cause illnesses such as the common cold,
severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
and Middle East respiratory syndrome
(MERS).
COVID-19 is a pathogenic virus. From the
phylogenetic analysis carried out with
obtainable full genome sequences, bats occur
to be the COVID-19 virus reservoir, but the
intermediate host(s) has not been detected till
now.
It is a zoonotic disease which means that it was
first transmitted from animal to human.
 Signs and Symptoms

Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019

(COVID-19) may appear 2 to 14 days (about 2
weeks) after exposure. This time after
exposure and before having symptoms is
called the incubation period. You can still
spread COVID-19 before you have
symptoms. This is called presymptomatic
transmission. Common symptoms can
include:
• Fever.
• Cough.
 • Tiredness.
Early symptoms of COVID-19 may include a
loss of taste or smell. Other symptoms may
include:
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
• Muscle aches.
• Chills.
• Sore throat.
• Runny nose.
• Headache.

•
• Chest pain.
• Pink eye (conjunctivitis).
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Diarrhea.
• Rash.

The severity of COVID-19 symptoms can range

from very mild to severe. Some people may
have only a few symptoms. Some people may
have no symptoms at all but can still spread
it. This is called asymptomatic transmission.

CAUSES

Infection with severe acute respiratory

syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-
CoV-2, causes coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19).
The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads easily
among people. Study has shown that the
COVID-19 virus spreads mainly from person to
person among those in close contact. The
virus spreads by respiratory droplets released
when someone with the virus coughs,
sneezes, breathes, sings or talks. These
droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth,
nose or eyes of a person nearby.
Sometimes the COVID-19 virus can spread
when a person is exposed to very small
droplets or aerosols that stay in the air for
several minutes or hours — called airborne
transmission.
The virus also can spread if you touch a surface
with the virus on it and then touch your mouth,
nose or eyes. But the risk is low.
The COVID-19 virus can spread from someone
who is infected but has no symptoms. This is
called asymptomatic transmission. The
COVID-19 virus also can spread from someone
who is infected but hasn't developed
symptoms yet. This is called
presymptomatic transmission.
It's possible to get COVID-19 more than once.
A study shows that this disease has an impact
on the mental, physical and social well-
being of health care professionals.
Previous studies on covid-19 also show that
three groups of people are prone to the
complication of covid-19. Those group
include young children, people aged 65
years or older and women who are
pregnant.
Symptoms may appear 2 to 14 days (about 2
weeks) after exposure to the virus. Children
have similar, but usually milder, symptoms
than adults. Older adults and people who
have severe underlying medical conditions
are at higher risk of more serious
complication from COVID-19.
 Risk Factors

Risk factors for COVID-19 appear to

include:

• Close contact with someone who has

COVID-19, especially someone with
symptoms.
 • Being coughed or sneezed on by an
infected person.
• Being near an infected person when in an
indoor space with poor airflow.

Risk factors for serious COVID-19 illness:-

Some people are at a higher risk of serious

COVID-19 illness than others. This includes
people who are older, and the risk increases
with age.
People with existing medical conditions also
may have a higher risk of serious illness.
This includes people who have:

• Sickle cell disease or thalassemia.

• Serious heart diseases, such as heart
failure, coronary artery disease or
cardiomyopathy, and possibly high blood
pressure.
• Chronic kidney, liver or lung diseases.
People with dementia or Alzheimer's are also
at higher risk, as are people with brain and
nervous system conditions such as stroke.
Smoking increases the risk of serious COVID-
19 illness. And people with body mass index
in the overweight category or obese category
may have an increased risk as well.
Other medical conditions that may increase
the risk of serious illness from COVID-19
include:

• Cancer.
• Type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
• Weakened immune system from solid
organ transplants or bone marrow
transplants, some medicines, or HIV.
• Pregnancy.
• Down syndrome.
• Substance use disorders.

Other medical conditions may increase

your risk of serious illness from COVID-19.
 Pathophysiology

Although much has been discovered

regarding the transmission and presentation,
less is known about the pathophysiology of
COVID-19.
An overview of the disease pathophysiology
has been shown in given figure below:
Pathophysiology of
COVID-19. CXCL-10, C-X-
C motif chemokine ligand
10; IFN, interferon; IL,
interleukin; MCP-1,
monocyte chemoattractant
protein-1; MIP-1α,
macrophage inflammatory
protein-1α; SARS-CoV-2,
severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus-2;
TNF-α, tumour necrosis
factor-α; G-CSF,
granulocyte colony-
stimulating factor; GM-CSF,
granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor.

Diagnosis

Viral Tests: -
Viral tests look for a current COVID-19
infection. They use respiratory samples, such
as a swab from inside our nose or saliva from
our mouth, to determine if we are currently
infected with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that
causes COVID-19. Depending on the testing
site, results may be available within a few
minutes, a few hours or may take several days
if the sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis.
• NAATs, such as PCR tests are most often
performed in a laboratory. These tests
should not be used if we have tested
positive in the last 90 days (about 3
months).
• Antigen tests or at-home tests are rapid
tests and produce results quickly.
Sometimes these tests need to be repeated
if they show a negative result to best
detect infection.
Antibody Tests to Detect Past
Infection: -
Antibody tests are performed by drawing blood
and conducting a laboratory test to check for
antibodies that would only be present if we had a
past infection of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes
COVID-19. An antibody test should not be used to
determine current infection as it can take our body
one to three weeks after infection to make
antibodies. If we think we were previously infected
with COVID-19, we should speak with our doctor
about our symptoms or exposure to infected
individuals.
Antibody testing is not recommended to
determine immunity or whether we need to get
vaccinated.

Imaging
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused
by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been
reported as a global emergency. As
respiratory dysfunction is a major clinical
presentation of COVID-19, chest computed
tomography (CT) plays a central role in the
diagnosis and management of patients with
COVID-19. Recent advances in imaging
approaches using artificial intelligence have
been essential as a quantification and
diagnostic tool to differentiate COVID-19
from other respiratory infectious diseases.
Furthermore, cardiovascular involvement in
patients with COVID-19 is not negligible and
may result in rapid worsening of the disease
and sudden death. Cardiac magnetic
resonance imaging can accurately depict
myocardial involvement in SARS-CoV-2
infection.
Automated segmentation of lung disease by
COVID-19 using artificial intelligence.
Computer-based segmentation enables
objective classification of lung lesions into four
parts in a 76-year-old man with coronavirus
disease 2019 pneumonia. (A)-(C): Two-
dimensional CT segmentation images, (D):
Three-dimensional CT segmentation image.
Violet indicates normal lung parenchyma;
green indicates ground glass opacity; blue
indicates reticulation; orange indicates
consolidation.
 Lab Finding

The main routine tests requested for COVID-19

patients include complete blood count (CBC),
assays investigating coagulation and
fibrinolysis cascades (PT, aPTT, and D-
dimers), and inflammation-related parameters
(ESR, CRP, ferritin, and procalcitonin). Due to
the potential ability of the virus to severely
impair several vital organs such as the heart,
liver, and kidneys, analyzing the biochemical
factors is an appropriate way for clinicians to
evaluate the functional activities of these
organs.
 Grading

Patients with COVID-19 are considered to have

severe illness if they have SpO2 <94% on room
air at sea level, PaO2/FiO2 <300 mm Hg, a
respiratory rate >30 breaths/min, or lung
infiltrates >50%.
 Prevention

Do’s: -
• To maintain personal hygiene and
physical distancing.
• To practice frequent hand washing. Wash
hands with soap and water or use alcohol-
based hand rub. Wash hands even if they
are visibly clean.
• To cover your nose and mouth with
handkerchief/tissue while sneezing and
coughing.
• To throw used tissues into closed bins
immediately after use.
• To maintain a safe distance from persons
during interaction, especially with those
having flu-like symptoms.
• To sneeze in the inner side of your elbow
and not to cough into the palms of your
hands.
 • To take their temperature regularly and
check for respiratory symptoms.
• To see a doctor if you feel unwell (fever,
difficulty in breathing and coughing).
While visiting doctor, wear a mask/cloth
to cover your mouth and nose.
Don'ts: -
• Shake hands.
• Have close contact with anyone, if you're
experiencing cough and fever.
• Touch your eyes, nose and mouth.
• Sneeze or cough into the palms of your
hands.
• Spit in Public.
• Travel unnecessarily, particularly to any
affected region.
• Participate in large gatherings, including
sitting in groups at canteens.
• Visit gyms, clubs and crowded places etc.
• Spread rumours or panic.
 Treatments

FDA has authorized or approved several antiviral

medications used to treat mild to moderate COVID-
19 in people who are more likely to get very sick.
• Antiviral treatments target specific parts of
the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body,
helping to prevent severe illness and death.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) provides
COVID-19 Treatment Guidlines for healthcare
providers to help them work with their patients
and determine the best treatment options for
them. Several options are available for treating
COVID-19. They include:
 Complication

Although most people with COVID-19 have

mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can
cause severe medical complications and lead
to death in some people.
Older adults or people with existing medical
conditions are at greater risk of becoming
seriously ill with COVID-19.
Complications can include:

• Pneumonia and trouble breathing.

• Organ failure in several organs.
• Heart problems.
• A severe lung condition that causes a low
amount of oxygen to go through your
bloodstream to your organs, called acute
respiratory distress syndrome.
• Blood clots.
• Acute kidney injury.
 • Additional viral and bacterial infections.

Epidemiology

Epidemiological triad helps us understand the

spread of diseases through 3 components:
agent, environment, and host. In the context of
COVID-19, the agent is the severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2), including the pathogenicity and
virulence of various strains. The environment
refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent
and opportunities for exposure like
respiratory droplets and contaminated
surfaces. The host is any uninfected person
and their individual susceptibility
characteristics (eg, age, sex, and
comorbidities). Minimizing the interactions
between these components would reduce the
spread of COVID-19.
 Conclusion

In this project, I have explained about the

topic’(COVID-19(Coronavirus)), by providing
full details on it.

This project also emphasizes main ideas

related to the topic.

I took the ideas and researched about this

topic from the websites and some books
which are mentioned in the bibliography. I
hope this project will be useful and
knowledgeable one.

A very Special thanks to my teacher for

setting such targets for us. I enjoyed every bit
work I had put into this project.

Bibliography

▪ Wikipedia
▪ YouTube
▪ National Institutes of health
▪ World Health Organization (WHO)
▪ www.mdpi.com
▪ www.mayoclinic.org
▪ www.webmd.com
▪ www.sciencedirect.com
▪ www.merriam-webster.com
▪ Oxford Academic
▪ Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.