wd¾Ól úoHdj

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

12 fY%aKsh
^2017 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&'

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj

web : www.nie.lk
Email : info@ nie.lk
wd¾Ól úoHdj
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh

12 fY%aKsh

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
Y%S ,xldj

web : www.nie.lk
wd¾Ól úoHdj

12 fY%aKsh - .=reud¾f.damfoaYh

 cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh - 2017

ISBN :

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
úµd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uqøKh (

i
 mgqk

msgqj
wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh iii

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,af.a mKsjqvh iv

úIhud,d lñgqj v-vii

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia viii

bf.kqï m, yd wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï 01- 273

uQ,dY% .%ka: 274

ii
 wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsúvh

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr
.ekSu iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h
mokï jQ úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj
ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr" j¾I 2007 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska
Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,os'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yjhka bosrsm;a l<
fhdackd o mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shl
m%;sM,hla f,i úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015
jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡

fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha oS ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia
uÜgu olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh
Ndú; lr we;s w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;a ùu
yels;dla wju lsrSu" úIh wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re
úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡

.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsrSu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu"
mka;s ldur ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mrsos fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY
,nd oSfï wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd oS we;¡ mka;s ldurh ;=< oS jvd;a
M,odhS .=rejrfhl= f,i lghq;= lsrSug fuu ud¾f.damfoaY WmldrS jkq we;¡ isiqkaf.a
ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag
wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh
lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid
fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j
úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú; lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡

;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl

wruqKq jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd
jvd;a l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH
jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh
lsrSuhs¡

kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

Ydia;%Sh lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha oS odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u
iïm;aodhlhska yd fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla
lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iii
 ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsúvh

w;S;fha isg u wOHdmkh ksrka;rfhka fjkia ùïj,g Ndckh fjñka bÈßhg .uka
lrñka ;snqKs' uE; hq.fha fuu fjkia ùu ±ä f,i YS>% ù we;' bf.kqï l%ufõoj,
fuka u ;dlaIKsl fuj,ï Ndú;h w;ska yd ±kqu W;amdokh iïnkaOfhka o .; jq
oYl fol ;=< úYd, msì§ula olakg ,enqKs' fï wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh o 2015
g wod< wOHdmk m%;sixialrK i|yd wm%udo j iqÿiq mshjr .ksñka isà' f.da,Sh j isÿ
jk fjkialï .ek fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr foaYSh wjYH;d wkqj wkqj¾;khg ,la lr
YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï m%fõYh mdol lr .ksñka kj úIhud,dj ie,iqï lr
mdi,a moaO;sfha kshuqjka f,i fiajh lrk .=re Nj;=ka jk Tn fj; fuu .=re
ud¾f.damfoaYh mqo lrkafka b;d i;=áks'

fujeks kj u. fmkaùfï WmfoaYk ix.%yhla Tn fj; ,nd fokafka ta u.ska Tng jvd
fyd| odhl;ajhla ,nd Èh yelsfõh hk úYajdih ksid h'

fuu WmfoaYk ix.%yh mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § Tng uy`.= w;aje,la
jkjdg lsisu ielhla ke;' tfia u fuh o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ld,Sk iïm;a øjH
Ndú;fhka jvd;a ixj¾Okd;aul m%fõYhla Tiafia mka;s ldurh yiqrejd .ekSug Tng
ksoyi we;'

Tn fj; ,nd fok fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh uekúka wOHhkh lr jvd ks¾udKYS,s ore
mrmqrla ìys lr YS% ,xldj wd¾Ól yd iudÔh w;ska bÈßhg f.k hdug lemùfuka hq;=j
lghq;= lrkq we;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ'

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ks¾udKh jqfha fuu úIh flaIa;%hg wod< .=re Nj;=ka yd
iïm;a mqoa.,hska /ilf.a fkdmiqng W;aidyh yd lemùu ksid h'

wOHdmk moaO;sfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid ksu jq fuu ld¾hh ud b;du;a Wiia f,i w.h
lrk w;r fï i|yd lemù ls%hd l< Tn ieug uf.a f.!rjdkaú; ia;=;sh msßkuñ'

tï't*a'tia'mS' chj¾Ok
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
^úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv
WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkqu;sh - Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úIh iïnkaëlrKh ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd"

lÓldpd¾h"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
úIhud,d WmfoaYl lñgqj
fla' wd¾' moauissß uhd wOHlaI" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h m%ikak fmf¾rd uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h'

wdpd¾h tï' .fKaYuQ¾;s uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h'

tï' luks fmf¾rd ñh wOHdmk wOHlaI" jdKsc YdLdj"

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

whs'mS'tia' moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"

Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h" lE.,a,'

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"

úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;nq;af;a.u'

î'tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'
v
úIhud,d lñgqj

fla' wd¾' moauissß uhd wOHlaI" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

mS' tÉ' l=iqudj;S ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fla' m%Ndyrka uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uydpd¾h fla' hQ' t' f;kakfldka ñh wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,h'

wdpd¾h î' tï' iqukr;ak uhd wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Ok ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'

tï't*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
.d,a,
fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"
f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"

fmdf,af.dv uyd úoHd,h fydrK'

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

mS' t,a'ta' kkaofiak uhd .=re fiajh 1

ijq;a,kaâ nd,sld úoHd,h" .d,a,

vi
ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh

t,a' wcka;d ú;drK ñh úY%dñl ksfhdacH úÿy,am;s"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

B' tï'tï' fla talkdhl uhd ixLHd f,aLk{"

ckf,aLk yd ixLhd f,aLk
fomd¾;fïka;=j'
t' ùr;=x. uhd ixLHd f,aLk{"
ckf,aLk yd ixLhd f,aLk
fomd¾;fïka;=j'

ví' ,hk,a uhd .=re fiajh I"

úYdLd nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

whs' mS' tia' moañKs ñh .=re fiajh I"

Ydka; fcdaima nd,sld úoHd,h"
lE.,a,'

t' tÉ' cS' t' úfÊj¾Okk ñh .=re fiajh I"

.=re uOHia:dkh" ;Uq;af;a.u'

î' tia' ;s,lr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

iaj¾Kud,S nd,sld úoHd,h" uykqjr'

fla' mS' lreKdr;ak uhd .=re fiajh I"

f:armq;a; cd;sl mdi," wïn,kaf;dg'

tï' t*A' uokshd ñh ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaI"

ol=Kq m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
.d,a,'

yISkd uqidosla ñh .=re fiajh I"

Y=oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh" nïn,mssáh'

t,a' ã' à' ksIdkS ñh .=re fiajh I"

f.da;ó nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

mS' wd¾' tia' rdcisxy ñh ksfhdacH úoqy,am;s"

fmd,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'

mS' t,a'ta' kkaofiak uhd .=re fiajh I"

ijq;a,kaâ nd,sld úoHd,h" .d,a,'
vii
mS' ã' Oïñld ñh .=re fiajh II"
fmdf,af.dv uy úoHd,h" fydrK'
tï' cS' fþ' mú;%dkS .=re fiajh II"
isrsudfjda nd,sld úoHd,h" fld<U'

tï' tï' ta' w,Sï uhd .=re fiajh II"

rKìu cd;sl mdi,"
fmardfoKsh'

ixialdrl uKav,h

iïudks; uydpd¾h ã' w;m;a;= uy;d wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

reyqK úYaj úoHd,h'

uydpd¾h B' ohdr;ak uhd jdKsc úoHd wOHhk wxYh"

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h'

ã' t,a' iS' wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tï' ta' whs' mS' fmf¾rd ñh fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia' wd¾' r;akcSj uhd iyldr lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

mß.Kl joka ieliq u

1' mS' hQ' ã' tia' lreKdr;ak ñh" iaj¾Kud,S uyd úoHd,h" uykqjr'
2' tA' à' tia' .uf.a ñh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
3' î' tA' tia' fl!I,Hd fukúh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úúO iyh

1' à' tia' ueKsfla ñh" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

2 ví' t' t' úl%udrÉÑ uhd" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh" jir wglg jrla
l%shd;au; jkakd jQ úIhud,d kùlrK m%;sm;a;shg wkqj kùlrKh lr 2017 j¾Ifha
isg l%shd;aul fõ' m<uqjrg 2009 j¾Ifha § ksmqK;d mdol j y÷kajd fok ,o wd¾Ól
úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYh hdj;ald,Sk lr 12 yd 13 fY%aKs i|yd ksmqK;d 12la hgf;a fm<
.iajd we;' 12 fY%aKsh i|yd wod< jk úIh ks¾foaYfha m<uq jk ksmqK;dfõ isg yh
jk ksmqK;dj olajd jk ksmqK;d uÜgï 42 i|yd mka;s ldurh ;=< l%shd;aul l<
yels m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla fuys fhdckd flf¾'

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& wd¾Ól úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha 12 fY%aKsh i|yd
jk ish¨ u ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ilia lr we;'
fuys § wod< ksmqK;dj" ksmqK;d uÜgu" tu ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd fjka lr we;s
ld,Éfþo .Kk yd ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § <`.d lr .; hq;= bf.kqï M, m<uqj
±lafjk w;r" wk;=e j mdvï ie,iï lsÍu i|yd fhdackd flfrk Wmfoia yd úIh
lreKq o meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la o bÈßm;a lr we;'

fuys fhdð;" mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd jk Wmfoia wkqj" wd¾Ól úoHdj úIhhg wod<
úIh lreKq ms<sn| ±kqu muKla fkdj ta ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wdl,am" l=i,;d yd mqreÿ
ixj¾Okh flfrk mßÈ mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ie,iqï lr .kq
we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd wjYH u`. fmkaùu fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhka ,efí
hehs wfmalaId flf¾'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia yd úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la ys
i|yka lrekq mßYS,kfhka mka;s ldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd wjYH mdvï
ie,iqï ilia lr m%dfhda.sl bf.kqug isiqka fhduq lsÍu iEu .=reNjf;l= úiska l<
hq;= fõ'

wd¾Ól úoHdj m%dfhda.sl úIhhla jk neúka tÈfkod wd¾Ólfha fjkia ùï ms<sn|

wOHkfha isg úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< úIh lreKqj, we;sjk fjkia ùï ms<sn| j
ie,ls,su;a ù .=reNj;=ka úiska mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr .kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

jHdmD;s kdhl'

viii
 bf.kqï m, yd
wdo¾Y l%shdldrlï
`

ksmqK;dj 1 (- wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,l

s wd¾Ól m%Yak yd tajd úi|d .kakd úl,am

l%u ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 (- wd¾Ól úoHd úIh fCIa;%h mÍlaId lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 ñksiqka f.a wd¾Ól yeisÍu úia;r lrhs'

 wd¾Ól úoHdj iudcSh úoHdjla nj ;yjqre lrhs'
 wd¾Ól úoHdj bf.kSfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iQCIau yd id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd úIh fCIa;% w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ h:dkqrEms iy wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY w;r fjki ksoiqka u.ska
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (-

 idudkH fm< úIh Odrdjg yeoErE úIhhka ms<sn| j yd tu úIhhka w;rska

úoHdj úIhh iy mqrjeis wOHhkh hk úIhhka foflys fjkialï ms<sn| j
YsIHhkaf.aa woyia úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 úoHdj úIhfhka wOHhkhg ,la lf<a iajdNdúl mrsirfha ixisoaê ms<n
s | j
jk w;r" tAjd m¾fhaIKd.drj, isÿ lrk m¾fhaIKj,ska ,nd.kakd ks.uk
Tiafia wOHhkh flrsKs'
 mqrjeis wOHhkh iudchl hym;a mqrjeishl= f,i cSj;a ùug wjYH oE
ms<sn| j wOHhkhg ,la flfrk w;r" iudcfha ñksiqka yeisfrk wdldrh
úúO o!IaáfldaKj,ska wOHhkh lr ,nd.;a ks.uk Tiafia wOHhkh
flrsKs'
 fï wdldrhg iudcfha ñksiqka yeisfrk wdldrh úúO oDIaáfldaKj,ska
wOHhkh lSrSu iudcSh úoHdj,ska isÿ flf¾'
 iudcSh úoHdjka u.ska úúOdldr jQ udkj yeisÍï fyj;a ñksia iudcfha úúO
me;slv wOHhkh flf¾'
1
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 ñksia yeisÍïj, wd¾Ól me;slv wd¾Ól úoHd úIhfha§ wOHhkhg ,la

flf¾'
 wd¾Ól úoHdj u.ska ñksia iudch ;=< ñksidf.a wd¾Ól yeisÍu wOHhkh
flfrk ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj iudcSh úoHdjla fõ'
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka ia:dk fol w;ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ia:dkh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 wd.ñl ia:dkhla
 mdka fílßhla
 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,eî we;s ia:dkfha isák md¾YAj kï lrkak'
 Tjqka isÿ lrk l%shdldrlï meyeos,s lrkak'
 Tjqkaf.a m%Odk wruqK iy wjYH;dj meyeos,s lrkak'
 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,eî we;s ia:dkfha isák md¾YAj iy wfkla lKavdhug ,eî
we;s ia:dkfha isák md¾YAj w;r we;s fjkialï ii|kak'
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j bÈßm;a lsÍug
iQodkï jkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 iudcfha cSj;ajk ñksiqkag úúO wjYH;d mj;sk w;r" fuu wjYH;d

fN!;sl wjYH;d iy udkisl wjYH;d f,i j¾. l< yels h'
 NdKav yd fiajd mrsfNdackh u.ska Rcq j u imqrd.; yels wjYH;d fN!;sl
wjYH;d f,i ye|skafõ'
ksoiqka(- wdydr"ksjdi" weÿï
 NdKav yd fiajd mrsfNdackfhka Rcq j u imqrd.; fkdyels udkisl
wjYH;d o mj;S'
ksoiqka(- wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okh" wdorh" lreKdj

2
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 ñksiqka iudcfha mj;sk iSñ; iïm;a fhdod f.k fN!;sl wjYH;d yd

jqjukd bgq lr.ekSug isÿlrk l%shdldrlï yd yeisrSï wd¾Ól yeisÍï f,i
yÿkajhs'
ksoiqka(- NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu yd mrsfNdackh
 iudcfha ñksiqkaf.a úúO yeisrSï mj;sk w;r" ñksiqkaf.a wd¾Ól yeisrSï
ms<sn| wOHhkh wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=<ska isÿ flf¾'
 wd¾Ól úoHdfjys wjOdkhg n÷ka jk úúOdldr jQ wd¾Ól kHdh yd uQ,O¾u
úoHd;aul l%ufõo wkqj f.dvke.S we;s neúka" wd¾Ól úoHdj úoHdjla fia
ie,fla'
 wd¾Ól úoHdj wfkl=;a iajdNdúl úoHdjkaf.ka fjkia jk m%Odk idOl
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 wd¾Ól úoHdj u.ska ñksiqka f.a wd¾Ól yeisÍï ú.%y lsÍu'
 f.dvkef.k wd¾Ól kHdh m¾fhaIKd.dr ;=< ikd: l< fkdyels ùu'
 ñksia yeisÍu ld,h" m%foaYh" iudc mßirh jeks idOl flfrys ixfõoS
jk neúka iajdNdúl úoHdjka ys oS t<efUk wdldrfha oeä iajrEmfha
kHdhhka wd¾Ól úoHdj jeks iudcSh úoHdjkays f.dvke.sh fkdyels
ùu'
 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wOHhkhg ,la jk wd¾Ól me;slv hkafkka woyia
jkafka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh" yqjudrej" mrsfNdackh yd iïnkaO
ñksia yeisÍï h'
 NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a lr .ekSug ñksiqka ;=< we;s wiSñ; wdYdjka iy Bg
idfmaCI j tu NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu g wjYH iïm;a m%udKfha iSñ; nj
w;r .egqu iu:hlg m;a lr.ekSug ñsksik
q a lghq;= lrk wdldrh wd¾Ól
úoHdfjka wOHhkh flf¾'
 ñksia iudcfha b;d mq¿,a úIh mrdihla wd¾Ól me;slv yd iïnkaO jk
w;r" ñksid uqyqK fok ±fjk m%Yak rdYshla wd¾Ól iajrEmhla .kS'
 fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj ;rï ck ðù;hg ióm ;j;a úIhhla fkdue;s ;rï
h'
 iudcSh úoHdjka w;r /ðk f,iska wd¾Ól úoHdj ie,flkafka o fï ksid
h'
 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ wjOdkhg n÷ka jk iEu wd¾Ól lghq;a;la u NdKav yd
fiajd ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu yd mßfNdackh iïnkaO ls%hdldrlï h'
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 fï wkqj hym;a ck Ôú;hla .; lsÍu i|yd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd

mßfNdackh lrñka" ;u fN!;sl jqjukd imqrd .ekSu i|yd mqoa.,hka yd
iudch l%shd;aul jk wdldrh yd tys,d ;SrK .kq ,nk wdldrh wd¾Ól
úoHd úIhh fCIa;%h ;=<ska wOHhkhg ,la flf¾'
 by; bÈßm;a ù we;s woyia ie,ls,a,g .kSñka wd¾Ól úoHdj ms<sn| fmdÿ
ks¾jpkhla my; f,i bÈßm;a l< yels h'
“úl,am Ndú; iys; ysÕ iïm;a yd wiSñ; ñksia jqjukd w;r iïnkaO;dj
wOHhkh lrk úIh wd¾Ól úoHdj hs'”
 fuu woyiu ;j ÿrg;a ixlaIsma; lr my; my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'
“ iSñ; iïm;a j,ska wiSñ; ñksia jqjukdjka imqrd.kafka flfia±hs yodrkq ,nk
úoHdj wd¾Ól úoHdj hs'”
 wd¾Ól úoHdj bf.kSfï jeo.;alug ksoiqka lSmhla my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels h'
1. rdcH md,kfha § jeo.;a ùu
2. id¾:l mqrjeishl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug jeo.;a ùu
3. wd¾Ól ixisoaê jvd;a fyd¢ka f;areï .ekSug jeo.;a ùu
4. wdfhdaclhkag" mdßfNda.slhkag iy ksIamdolhkag ld¾hCIu ;SrK .ekSfï §
jeo.;a ùu
5. Pkao odhlhkag ish Pkaoh Ndú; lsßfï § jeo.;a ùu
6. mdi,a YsIHhkag ;d¾lsl j is;d ;SrK .ekSug jeo.;a ùu
7. mqoa.,hl=g jvd;a fyd| /lshdjla f;dard .ekSfï § jeo.;a ùu

 wd¾Ólh iukaú; ù we;s tla tla wxY" wdh;k" mqoa.,hka iy wd¾Ól úp,H wdos
l=vd tall fjka fjka jYfhka f.k tajdfha yeisÍu wOHhkh lsÍu iQlaIau wd¾Ól
úoHdj f,i ye|skafõ'
 fï wkqj wd¾Ól moaO;shl isák mdßfNda.slhka" Y%ñlhka" ksIamdok wdh;k yd
rch jeks ;SrK .kakd úúO tallj, wd¾Ól yeisÍu ú.%y lsÍu iQlaIu wd¾Ól
úoHdj ;=<ska is¥ flf¾'
 iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wOHhkh flfrk tall i|yd ksoiqka lsym
s hla my;
oelafõ'
 hï NdKavhl b,a¨u" iemhqu" ñ, ;SrKh ùu wdÈh wOHhkh lsÍu'
 wdh;khl ksIamdok Ys%;h

4
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 wdh;khl ksIamdok msßjeh

 tla tla NdKavj, fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajh
 fjf<|fmdf<a mdßfNda.l
s yeisÍu
 jHdmdr wdh;khl fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajh
 ysÕlu
 wdka;sl msßjeh
 úl,am w;ßka f;aÍï lsÍu

 id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfjka wd¾Ólfha iuia; l%shdldß;ajh wOHhkh flf¾'

 wd¾Ólhl iuia; l%shdldß;ajh isÿ jkafka tla tla wxY" wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka wdos
l=vd tall ish,af,a tl;=fjks'
 tfyhska ta ta wxYj, iuia; l%shdldß;ajh;a" tu l%shdldß;ajh ;SrKh lrk
idOl;a" tu l%shdldß;ajh ;=<ska mek k.sk m%Yak;a" id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfõ §
wOHhkh flf¾'
 id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § wOHhk flfrk tall i|yd ksoiqka lSmhla my; oela fõ'
 iuia; ksuejqï uÜgu
 iuia; wdodhï uÜgu
 wd¾Ól W;amd; yd wjmd;
 WoaOukh
 fiajd kshqla;sh
 ú/lshd uÜgu
 wdfhdackh
 wd¾Ól jDoaêh
 wd¾Ól miq neiSu
 f.jqï fYaIh
 úksuh wkqmd;slh
 uqo,a iemhqu
 wmkhk $ wdkhk
 wd¾Ól úoHd úIh h:dkqrEms yd wNsu;dkqrEms hk foj¾.fhys u m%ldYhkaf.ka
iukaú; h'

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 l=ula o" l=ula jQfha o" l=ula jkq we;a o wd§ m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re §u i|yd fhduq jQ iy
m%ldYfha ksrjoH;dj mÍlaIdjg ,la l< yels m%ldY h:dkqrEms m%ldY kï fõ'
 tkï hul mj;sk iajNdjh" meje;s iajNdjh iy ta weiqfrka wkd.;fha ksYaÑ; j
u isÿ jkqfha l=ula±hs ±lafjk m%ldY h'
 tn÷ m%ldYhl ksrjoH;dj ienE f,dj lreKq weiqßka mÍlaIdjg ,la fldg ne,sh
yels h'
 ienE f,dj o;a; u.ska tu m%ldYh ;yjqre jqjfyd;a th ms<s.efka' ke;fyd;a
m%;slafIam flf¾'
 h:dkQrEms m%ldYhkays lsishï úoHd;aul njla" kHdhd;aul njla" ±lsh yels h'
 fndfyda wd¾Ól kHdhka u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrkafka o h:dkqrEms m%ldYhka h'
 tfia u h:dkqrEms m%ldYhkays ±ä f,i úIhdkqnoaO njla o mj;S'
 h:dkQrEms m%ldY i|yd ksoiqka lsym
s hla my; oelafõ'
 uqo,a iemhqu iy ñ, uÜgu w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'
 ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;S'
 2013 j¾Ifha Y%s ,xldfõ fiajd úhqla;s wkqmd;slh 4'4]la úh'
 Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;slh 1]ls'
 wd¾Ól yeisÍï iy ixisoaêka meyeÈ,s lsÍug h:dkqrEms m%ldY fhdod .efka'
 iudch ;=< mej;sh hq;af;a l=ula o " isÿ úh hq;af;a l=ula o hkak ms<n
s | j bÈßm;a
ù we;s m%ldY wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY h'
 wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY mqoa., woyia" úYajdi iy idrO¾u wdÈh u; r|d mj;sk neúka
fïjd fndfyda fihska u mqoa.,noaO fõ'
 ienE f,dj o;a; weiqfrka úIhnoaO j wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldYj, i;Hdi;H nj mÍlaId
lsÍu wmyiq h'
 wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 ieu rdcH fiajlhl=f.a u udisl jegqm remsh,a 5000lska jeä l< hq;= h'
 Y%S ,xldj ixj¾Okhg úfoaYdOdr ,nd.; hq;= h'
 ieu mqrjeishl=g u fkdñf,a ffjoHdOdr ,nd Èh hq;= h'
 ieu mqoa.,hl=g u iudk wdodhula ,eìh hq;= h'
 Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól jDoaê fõ.h 8] uÜgfï mj;ajd .; hq;= h'
 wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| ú.%yhka i|yd wNsu;dkqrEms m%ldY jeo.;a fõ'

6
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ksmqK;d ugÜu 1'2 (- NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackfhka wjYH;d yd jqjukd

;Dma;su;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m,

 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 wd¾Ól NdKav yd wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavj, fjki ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav" wd¾Ól NdKav njg m;ajk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
 iïm;a " wd¾Ól iïm;a yd wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a f,i j¾. lrhs'
 iajdNdúl iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels yd m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a
f,i j¾. lr ksoiqka olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (-

 ñksiqkag Ôj;a ùu i|yd wjYH foa fudkjd o hkak YsIHhka f.ka úuikak'
 YsIHhka fok ms<s;=re yd iïnkaO fjñka wjYH;d hkq fudkjd ±hs y÷kd
.ekSug Tjqkag wjia:dj ,nd fokak'
 ta ta wjYH;d imqrd .kakd úúO wdldrfhka YsIHhkag ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug
Wmfoia fokak'
 ta weiqßka wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjki ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka jkafka ñksia wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd m%fhdackhg .kakd
NdKav ldKav j¾. folls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav
ldKavh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 ysre t<sh" jd;h" jeis c,h" iqq<Õ
 fmd;am;a" fpdl,Ü" nksia" im;a;=
 tu NdKav m%fhdackhg .kq ,nkafka l=uk wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug o@
 tu wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug fhdod .; yels fjk;a NdKav fyda fiajd
,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
 wfkla lKavdhug ,eî we;s NdKav ldKavh" Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s
NdKav ldKavfhka fjkia jk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'
 tu NdKavh ksIamdokhg wjYH iïm;a ,nd .kafka flfia o@
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 ñksiqkag Ôj;a ùu i|yd wjYH flfrk uQ,sl u oE wjYH;d kñka ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka - wdydr
we֕ me,e֕
ksjdi
 wjYH;d bgq lr .kakd úúO iajrEm jqjukd kï fõ'
ksoiqka - n;a
wjYH;dj
mdka
wdydr b¢wdmam වමනා

frdá

 wjYH;d cSj úoHd;aul uQ,hka iuÕ ne|S mj;sk w;r" jqjukd iïm%odhhka isß;a úß;a
yd ixialD;Ska wdÈh u; r|d mj;S'
 wjYH;d iSñ; jk w;r jqjukd wiSñ; fõ'
 ld,h;a iuÕ wjYH;d fjkia fkdjqK o jqjukd ld,h;a iuÕ fjkia fõ'
 wjYH;d fmdÿ jk w;r jqjukd mqoa.,hdf.ka mqo.
a ,hdg fjkia fõ'

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 øjHd;aul ^fN!;sl& jqjukd " øjHd;aul fkdjk ^udkisl& jqjukd f,iska jqjukd j¾.
l< yels w;r wd¾Ól úoHdfõ wjOdkh fhduq jkafka NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackfhka
;Dma;su;a lr.; yels øjHd;aul jqjukdjka flfrys h'
 ñksia jqjukd imqrd .kq ,nkafka NdKavj,sks'
 Ok ;Dma;shla fyj;a Wmfhda.s;djla ,ndfok ´kE u fohla wd¾Ól úoHdfõ §
NdKavhla f,iska ye|skafõ'
 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .kakd NdKav
1. wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav ^fkdñ, NdKav$ msßjeh rys; NdKav $ iajdNdúl NdKav&
2. wd¾Ól NdKav f,i j¾. l< yels h'
 Y=kH ñ,l § wiSñ; iemhqula iys; NdKav wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav fõ'
ksoiqka (- iajNdjO¾ufhka ,efnk jd;h" c,h iy ysre t<sh
 wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKavj, iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla fkdmj;S'
 iemhqfuys ysÕlula olakg ,efnk NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav fõ'
ksoiqka - mEka " fmd;a " yd,a " msá
 wd¾Ól NdKavj, iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla mj;S'
 wd¾Ól NdKav ñksid ueÈy;a ù idOl ixfhda. lr ksmojhs'
 wd¾Ól NdKav ysÕ iïm;a fhdod f.k ksmojkq ,nk neúka tajdg ñ,la o mj;sk w;r"
wd¾Ól NdKavj, f;aÍu ms<sn| m%Yk
a hla o mj;S'
 wd¾Ól NdKav lsis úfgl;a wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav njg m;a fkdjqK o wd¾Ól fkdjk
NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav njg m;ajk wjia:d mj;S'
ksoiqka (- - lsñªïlrejl= lsñ|Sfï § Ndú; lrk Tlaiscka
frda.shl=g ,ndfok Tlaiscka
iQ¾h n,fhka ksmojk iQ¾hfldaI
fnda;,a lrk ,o c,h

 fujeks wjia:dj, § Ndú; jk Tlaiscka" iQ¾hdf,dalh c,h wdosh wd¾Ól NdKav njg
m;a jk w;r" tfia jkafka iïm;a msßjehla yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla ta ;=< mj;akd neúks'
 ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH flfrk NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh
lsÍug fhdod .; yels ish¨ u ksIamdok idOl iïm;a kñka ye|skafõ'

9
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 iïm;a iajrEm folls' tkï

1. wd¾Ól iïm;a
2. wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a

 iudcfha wiSñ; jqjukdj,g idfmalaI j iemhqu iSud iys; fyda ysÕlula we;s fyda
iïm;a wd¾Ól iïm;a f,iska ye|skafõ'
 ysÕlu wd¾Ól iïm;aj, uQ,sl ,laIKh jk neúka wd¾Ól iïm;a Wmfhdackfha §
wdjia:sl msßjehla yg .kS'
ksoiqka (- Ndú; lrk bvulaa" bkaOk
 iajNdjO¾ufhka fkdñf,a ,efnk yd wdjiaÓl msßjehla fkdork iïm;a fuka u
ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .; yels ysÕlula rys; iïm;a wd¾Ól fkdjk iïm;a fõ'
 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .kakd iajNdjO¾ufhka ,eî we;s iïm;a iajdNdúl
iïm;a f,iska ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- ysre t<sh" jd;h" jeis c,h
 iajdNdúl iïm;a j¾. folls'
1. m%;sIaGdmkh l< yels iïm;a
2. m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a
 Ndú;hg .ekSu;a iuÕ úkdYhg m;a jqj o m%;sckkh jk iïm;a m%;sIaGdmkh l<
yels iïm;a fõ' fuu iïm;a kej; we;s l< yels h'
ksoiqka (- jk iïm;a" u;aiH iïm;a
3. Ndú;hg .ekSu ksid CIh ùug m;a jk kej; we;s l< fkdyels iïm;a
m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a h'
ksoiqka (- ñksrka" .Eia" r;arka" hmia" .,a wÕ=re
 m%;sIaGdmkh l< fkdyels iïm;a fõ.fhka CIh fjñka mj;sk neúka tu iïm;a
wkd.;hg b;srs fkdúh yels h' fï ksid ;sridr ixj¾Okh wvd< úh yels neúka
iajdNdúl iïm;a wdrCId lsrSu jeo.;a fõ'
 iajdNdúl iïm;a wiSñ; j Ndú;hg .ekSu ksid f.da,Sh jYfhka .eg¨ /ilg uqyqK
mEug isÿ fõ'
ksoiqka (- 1 jdhqf.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdu
2 .a,eiSh¾ osh ùu
3 ´fidaka ia;rh isÿre ùu
4 c,h ysÕhlg uqyK q mEug isÿ ùu
5 .xj;=r yd kdhhdï jeks iajdNdúl Wmøj
 fuu .eg¨ ksid we;s jk wys;lr m%;sM,j,ska je<lSu i|yd iajdNdúl iïm;a /l
.ekSu w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ'

10
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 :- ksIamdok idOlj, ,laIK y÷kd .ksñka ksIamdok iïm;aj,

M,odhS;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj :- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, :-

 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd ksIamdok idOl

j¾. lrhs'
 ksIamdok idOlj, ,laIK fjk fjk u olajhs'
 ksIamdok iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj w¾: olajhs'
 ksIamdok iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl úia;r
lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia :-

 wm i;= iïm;a ''''' kï .S;h YsIHfhl= ,jd mka;shg .dhkd

lrjkak'

wm i;= iïm;a ál hs

tys we;s Ndú; f.dv hs

msßueiafuka Ndú;fhka /lSu wfm hq;=lu hs'

N+ñh" m%d.aOkh" Y%uh" jHjidhl;ajh

fï f,i wms j¾. lruq ksIamdok idOl

 by; .S;fhka lshjqKq foa ms<sn| j YsIHhka f.ka úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍug ksIamdok iïm;a fhdod
.efka'
 tu iïm;a ysÕ neúka tajd msßueiSfuka Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'
 tu ksIamdok iïm;a N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh" jHjidhl;ajh
f,i j¾. l< yels h'
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

11
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bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia :-

 my; i|yka ksIamdok wjia:d w;ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok wjia:dj

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 ueá j<ka ksIamdokh

 mka meÿre ksIamdokh
 fld< le| ksIamdokh
 Tng wod< ksIamdok wjia:dj i|yd fhdod .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a" udkj iïm;a yd

ñsksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o iïm;a jYfhka ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

 wod< ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § ;SrK .ekSu yd wjodkï ±Íu i|yd iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj

fmkajd fokak'

 ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod .kakd iajdNdúl iïm;a" udkj iïm;a iy ñksid úiska

ks¾udKh lrk ,o iïm;aj, ,laIK fjk fjk u olajkak'

 ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § ;SrK .ekSu yd wjodkï ±Ífuys we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd fokak'

 by; ksIamdokhg fhdod.kakd iïm;aj,g ork úhoï wju lr.ekSug yd jeä

ksuejqula ,nd.ekSug .; yels l%shdud¾. fhdackd lrkak'

 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j yd iduQysl j bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï

jkak'

12
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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la

 ksIamdok ìys lr .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh iy
jHjidhl;ajh ksIamdok idOl f,i ye¢kafõ'
 N+ñh yd m%d.aOkh foam< iïm;a jYfhka o Y%uh yd jHjidhl;ajh udkj iïm;a
jYfhka o j¾. l< yels h'
 iajNdjO¾uh odhdo fldg we;s M,odhs;dfjka hqla; j ksIamdokhg fhdojd .; yels
iajdNdúl iïm;a N+ñh f,i ye¢kafõ' jkdka;r" Lksc iïm;a" id.rh we<fod<" jk
i;=ka .xÕd yd jdhqf.da,h jeks fmd<j u;=msg fuka u wNHka;rfha we;s ish¨u iïm;a
N+ñhg wh;a fõ'
 N+ñfha ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 iajNdjO¾ufha odhdohla ùu
 iemhqu wkuH ùu
 ixp,;dfjka hqla; fkdùu
 M,odhs;dj j¾Okh l< yels ùu
 taldldÍ fkdùu ^ msysàu" foaY.=Kh" Lksc iïm;a" c, iïm;a &
 N+ñhg lrk f.ùu nÿ l=,sh ùu
 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokhg fhdod .kakd ldhsl yd udkisl fjfyi Y%uh f,i
y÷kajhs'
 Y%ufha ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'
 iÔj idOlhla ùu
 ixp,kh l< yels ùu
 iucd;Sh fkdùu
 wOHdmkh iy mqyqKqj ;=<ska Y%ufha M,odhs;dj j¾Okh l< yels ùu'
 ;SrK .ekSu yd ixúOdkh ùug yels ùu
 Y%uhg lrk f.ùu jegqma ùu
 Y%u iïmf;ys m%udKh ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl my; mßÈ fõ'
 ck.ykfha m%udKh yd jhia jHQyh
 ck ixLHdfõ fi!LH ;;a;aj
 ck ixLHdfõ wOHdmk uÜgu yd ksmqK;djh

13
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 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsßfï l%shdj,shg ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o wdOdrl
m%d.aOkh f,i ye¢ka fõ'
 lïy,a" f.dvkeÕs,s" hkaf;%damlrK" jrdh" uyd ud¾." we<fõ,s iy .=jka f;dgqfmd<
wdÈh m%d.aOkhg ksoiqka fõ'
 m%d.aOkfha úfYaI ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'
 ñksidf.a ks¾udKhla ùu
 m%d.aOkh uQ¾; ixl,amhls' th f;d. ixl,amhls'
 M,odhs;dfjka hqla; ùu
 kej; kej; ksIamdokhg fhdod.; yels ùu
 CIhùug ,la ùu'
 m%d.aOkfha m%;s,dNh fmd<sh f,i ie,lSu

 m%d.aOk iïm;aj, úúO;ajh yd tajdfhys Ndú;h ;SrKh jkafka ta ta rgj, mj;sk

;dlaIKsl uÜgu wkqj h'
 m%d.aOkfha úúO iajrEm my; mßÈ fõ'
 ia:djr m%d.aOkh $ uQ¾; m%d.aOkh $ fN!;sl m%d.aOkh
 ldrl m%d.aOkh $ ixirK m%d.aOkh $ f;d. $ mßf,aLk
 wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh
 iudc fmdÿ ld¾hh m%d.aOkh
 udkj m%d.aOkh
 iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh
 iudc m%d.aOkh
 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd wLKav j fhoúh yels l,a mj;sk m%d.aOk j;alï jk
l¾udka;Yd,d" hkaf;%damlrK .nvd jeksfoa ia:djr m%d.aOkhg wh;a fõ'
 ia:djr m%d.aOkh Ndú;hg .efkk ld,h uq¿,af,a u lsishï m%;s,dN m%jdyhla tu
iïm;a ysñlreg ,nd foa'
 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk wuqøjH f;d." w¾Oksñ øjH f;d."
ksIamdokh fjñka mj;sk NdKav yd fnodyerSug iQodkï ksñ NdKav f;d. ixirK
m%d.aOkh f,i y÷kajhs'
 fïjd ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ndOdjlska f;dr j lrf.k hdug;a rgl bÈß ksIamdok
ie,eiqï ilia lr .ekSug;a jeo.;a fõ'
14
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 wd¾Ólhl NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh yd fnodyeÍfï l%shdj,sh myiq lrjk m%d.aOk

NdKav wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh f,i ye¢kafjk w;r fïjd wd¾Ól há;,
myiqlï f,i o y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka (- jrdh" .=jkaf;dgqm<" úÿ,s n, moaO;sh" jdßud¾." c,iïmdok l%u iy
uydud¾.'
 wd¾Ól há;, myiqlï foaYSh yd úfoaaYSh fm!oa.,sl wdfhdack Èß .ekaùug fya;=jk
w;r j¾;udkfha fndfyda rgj, rch úiska fïjd iemhkq ,efí'
 uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;djka imqrd,Sug fhdod .kq ,nk fiajdjka iïmdok flfrk m%d.aOk
NdKav iudc fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh hkqfjka y÷kajhs' wOHdmk fCIa;%fha mdi,a
f.dvkeÕs,s" fi!LH lafIa;%fha frday,a f.dvkeÕs,s" Y,Hd.dr" ffjoH m¾fhaIKd.dr yd
WmlrK fukau l=Kq li< bj;a lsßfï k, moaO;s iy mdkSh c, iïmdok moaO;s fï
hg;g .efkk w;r fï u.ska iudc Y=NidOkh bgq fõ'
 Y%ñlhka jD;a;shla ;=< jvd;a M,odhS ùu g Wojqjkakd jQ wOHdmkh" mqyK
q qj" m¾fhaIK"
w;a±lSï yd fi!LH ;;a;ajh hk fïjdhska ieÿï ,;a Y%ufha ksmqK;dj udkj m%d.aOkh
f,i ye|skafõ'
 udkj m%d.aOkh u.ska Y%ñlhdf.a M,odhs;dj jeä lr .; yels w;r" ksIamdokfha
m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul nj o by< kxjd .; yelsh'
 jeä ÈhqKq l< Y%uh jQ udkj m%d.aOkhg ksoiqka jkafkda ie,iqï Ys,amSyq" úYaj úoHd,
wdpd¾hjre" mqyqKq .=rejre iy úfYaI{ ffjoHjrek h'
 rgl m%d.aOkh ìysjkafka wdfhdackh ;=<sks' wdfhdack ìysjkafka b;sß lsßï u.sks' tu
ksid m%d.aOkh" wdfhdackh yd b;=reï w;r tlsfklg ne£ mj;sk iïnkaO;djhla
mj;S'
 wd¾Ólhl b;=reï foaYh
S yd úfoaYSh iajrEmfhka mj;sk w;r foaYSh b;=reï" l=gqïn
b;=reï " jHdmdßl b;=reï iy rdcH b;=reï f,i j¾. l< yels h'
 l=gqïn wdodhfuka tÈfkod mßfNdackhg fkd.kakd fldgil l=gqïn b;=reï fõ'
 jHdmdßl ,dNfhka fldgila fkdfn¥ ,dN f,i jHdmdrh ;=< r|jd .kS' th jHdmdßl
b;=reï fõ' tajd wkd.; wdfhdackh i|yd fhdod .kS'
 uq¿ rdcH wdodhfuka mqkrdj¾;k úhoï bj;a l< úg ,efnk fYaIh rdcH b;=reï
jYfhka y÷kajhs'
 wd¾Ólhl mj;akd iajdNdúl iïm;a iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh jYfhka yÿkajhs'
 iajdNdúl iïm;aj,g ksoiqka f,i N+ñh" .x.d" we< fod<" Lksc jeks iïm;a oelaúh
yels h'
15
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 iajdNdúl m%d.aOkh iq,n ùu wd¾Ól jDoaêhg jeo.;a fõ'

 iudc wka;¾ iïnkaO;d .=Kd;aula j yd m%udKd;aul j j¾Okh flfrk wdh;k"
m%;sudk" idrO¾u" iñ;s idudcsl;ajhka yd iïnkaO;d cd,hka iudc m%d.aOkh jYfhka
ye|ska fõ'
 m%d.aOkh hkq ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg wdOdrl f,i fhdod .kakd uQ¾; j;alï h' uqo,a
fhdod f.k ksIamdok ls%hdj,shg wjYH uQ¾; j;alï w;am;a lr.; yels jqjo uqo,a
ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha oS uQ¾; j;alula jYfhka fhdod .; fkdyelsh fuu ksid wd¾Ól
úoHdfõ oS uqo,a m%d.aOkh hg;g fkd.kS'
 lsishï wd¾Ólhla ;=< úisß mj;sk ksIamdok idOl talrdYs lrñka ksIamdok lghq;=
ixúOdkh lsÍu" fufyhùu iy wjodkï orñka m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSu
jHjidhl;ajh hs'
 ksIamdok idOl w;ßka jvd jeo.;a ;ekla jHjidhl;ajhg ysñ fõ'
 jHjidhl;ajh ;=<ska kfjda;amdok isÿ jk ksid m%d.aOkh j¾Okhg th m%n, f,i
n,mdhs'
 jHjidhlhl= bgq lrk ld¾hNdrh my; mßÈ fõ'
 ksIamdok iïm;a ixp, lrjñka lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksmoùug
m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK .ekSu
 ksIamdok lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍu
 kjH;djka y÷kajd §u
 wjodkï ±Íu
 jHjidhl;ajfha ,laIK my; mßÈ fõ'
 udkj idOlhla ùu
 wdrïNl Yla;sh
 wNsfhda.j,g id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj
 kdhl;aj .=Kdx.
 wkd.; ±lau
 wd;au úYajdih
 jHjidhlhd yd l<ukdlrejd w;r fjkialï rdYshla mj;S jHjidhlhd .kakd ;SrK
l%shdjg kxjkafka l<ukdlre h' jHjidhlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dNh jkafka ,dNh jqj;a"
l<ukdlref.a bmehqu jkafka jegqm hs' jHjidhlhd rlaIKh l< fkdyels
wjodkulg uqyqKfok kuqÿ l<ukdlrejd tjeks wjodkulg uqyqK fkdfohs'

16
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 kjiS,ka;h yd TiafÜ%,shdj jeks rgj, N+ñh kue;s ksIamdok idOlh nyq, j olakg
,efí' fuu rgj,a ksIamdokhg jeä jYfhka N+ñh hk ksIamdok idOlh odhl lr
.kshs'
 f,dj jeäu ck.ykhla isák Ökh" bkaoshdj jeks rgj,a Y%uh kue;s ksIamdok
idOlh ksIamdok l%shdj,shg nyq,j fhdod.kshs'
 cmdkh yd weursldj jeks rgj,a jeä jYfhka m%d.aOkh ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd fhdod
.kshs'
 N+ñh" Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh hk ksIamdok idOl wju uÜgul mej;=K o jHjidhl;ajh
hk ksIamdok idOlh u; oshqKq jQ rgla f,i isx.mamQrej oelaúh yelsfõ'
 fhojqï tallhlska ,nd .kakd idudkH ksuejqu M,odhs;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
 idOl M,odhs;djh .Kkh lrkqfha"

ksuejqï m%udKh
idOl M,odhs;dj =
fhojqï m%udKh

 M,odhs;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ fõ'

 ;dlaIKh
 udkj m%d.aOkh
 l<ukdlrKh
 Y%u úNckh iy úfYaIl
S rKh

17
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'4 (- wd¾Ólhl flakaøSh .eg¨j ;d¾lsl j úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 ysÕlu hk ixl,amh ks¾jpkh lrhs'

 ysÕlug fya;= bÈßm;a lrhs'
 iïm;aj, mj;sk úl,am m%fhdack fm< .iajd f;dard
.ekSfï fhdok wdldrh ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl,amh w¾:l:kh lrhs'
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl,amh ksoiqka weiqfrka
úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh Y+kH w.hla .kakd wjia:d meyeÈ,s
lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 YsIHhka fofofkl= ,jd my; i|yka ixjdoh mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

mq;d (zz wïfï uf. im;a;= fol leä,d' im;a;= folla wrka fokakfldaZZ
wïud ( zz flda n,kak" wd fïl uy,d ;j ál ojila odkak mq¿jka' ;d;a;g
mä ,efnkak;a ;j i;shla ú;r ;shkjd fkaZZ
mq;d ( zz nE.a tfl;a má .e,ú,d' tafla fmd;a odf.k hkak;a nE' uf.a .Kka
fmd;;a bjr hs'ZZ
wïud ( zz fmd;la ke;s j u nEfka mqf;a" ta yskaod wms fmd;la .ksuq' nE.a tl
,nk udfi j;a .kak n,uqflda ZZ
 ixjdoh ;=<ska bÈßm;a jQ lreKq ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 ñksia jqjukd wiSñ; jk w;r iïm;a iSñ; fõ' iSñ; iïm;aj,g
idfmalaI j wiSñ; jqjukd imqrd.ekSug hdfï oS ysÕlu we;s fõ'
 lsishï wjia:djl iudchl fjfik ck;djf.a jqjukdjka imqrd,Su
i|yd tu wjia:dfõ iudch i;= j mj;sk iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdùu
wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ysÕlu f,i y÷kajhs'

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 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka iïm;a w;=ßka Tng ,eî we;s iïm;a ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 nexl= ;ekam;= uqo,la

 wlalrhl bvï fldgila
 m%Odk k.rhg wdikak f.dvkeÕs,a,la
 Tng ,eî we;s iïmf;ys uQ,l
s ,laIK y÷kd .kak' tys úl,am m%fhdack ,ehsia;= .;

lrkak'

 tu úl,am jeo.;a jk wdldrh wkqj fm< .iajkak'

 ta w;ßka Tn lKavdhu f;dard .kakd úl,am wjia:dj bÈßm;a lrkak'

 th f;dard .ekSu ksid Tng wysñ jk B<Õ fyd| u wjia:dj fmkajd fokak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (-

 ysÕlu ieu wd¾Ólhlg u fmdÿfõ n,mdk flakaøSh .eg¨jls'

 ysÕlu idfmalaI ixl,amhls' tkï ñksia jqjukd iuÕ idfmalaI j i,ld n,k
iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdùu hs'
 ysÕlu .eg¨j mek kÕskqfha iudcfha mj;akd m%Odk ,laIK folla ksid h' tkï"
1. hï fok ,o wjia:djl ñksiqkaf.a jqjukd wiSñ; ùu
2. hï fok wjia:djl tu jqjukd imqrd .ekSug wjYH lrk NdKav yd fiajd
ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod.; yels iïm;a m%udKh iSud ùu hs'
 fjf<|fmd<l NdKavhl ysÕhla mej;Su iïm;a ysÕlu fkdj NdKav f;d. fjf<|
fmd<g <Õdùfï m%udo fodaIh u; we;s jkakls' fjf<|m<g f;d. <Õd ùfuka miq
j tu ;;a;ajh uÕ yeÍ hhs'
 ysÕ iïm;a fhdod ksmojk NdKav wd¾Ól NdKav fõ' tajdfha iemhqu iSud iys; fõ'

19
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 b;d msßueiqï f,i iïm;a Ndú;hg .ekSu iïm;a ld¾hCIu f,i Wmfhdackh
lsÍula jk w;r jqjukd wiSñ;j mj;sk ;dla l,a iïm;a wrmsßueiafuka Ndú; l<
o ysÕlu keue;s .eg¨j úi|sh fkdyels h'
 ysÕlu wd¾Ól úoHdfõ flakaøSh .eg¨j f,i ie,flkafka" my; i|yka fya;= ksid
h'
1. ish¨ wd¾Ól ldrlhka fuu .eg¨j fmdÿ fõ'
2. ´kE u iudchla l=ula" fldmuK" flfia" ld i|yd ksmoúh hq;= o hk uQ,sl
wd¾Ól m%Yakj,g fmdÿfõ uqyqK fok ksid
3. ysÕlu ieu iudchlg u fmdÿúu ksid

 iïm;a ysÕ iy úl,am m%fhdackj,ska hqla; ksid;a ñksiqkag ;ud leue;s jqjukd
bgqlr .ekSu fjkqjg tla jqjukdjla f;aßug isÿ fõ'
ksoiqka f,i N+ñh ;=< l¾udka;Yd,d bÈlsÍu" f.dú;eka lsÍu iy l%svd msá ieliSu
jeks úl,am m%fhdack mj;sk úg tu" úl,amhka w;=ßka l=uk úl,amh f;dard .kq
,nkafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍug isÿ fõ'
 fï ksid m%uqL;ajhla Èh hq;af;a l=uk jqjukdjg o" miqj imqrd .ekSug wfmalaId
lrk jqjukd l=ula o hkak mqoa.,noaO j fm<.eiaùu isÿ lrhs'
 wd¾Ólhl l=gï
q n" jHdmdßl wdh;k" rch iy fjk;a ixúOdk úúO wdldrhg
f;aÍu lrhss'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< f;aÍfï m%Yakh yg.kafka "
1. iïm;aj, mj;akd ysÕlu yd
2. iïm;aj, úl,am Ndú; yelshdj uq,a lrf.k hs'
 úl,am m%fhdack w;=ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard.;a úg wfkla úl,am wjia:d lem
lsÍug isÿ fõ'
 fuf,i zz iïm;l úl,am m%fhdack w;=ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard.; fyd;a ta
fjkqfjka lem lrk B<Õ fyd| u úl,amfha jákdlu wdjiaÓl msßjeh kñka
y÷kajhs'
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh" uQ¾; msßjeh f,i o wd¾Ól msßjeh f,i o y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka
l,ska i|yka l< ksoiqfka N+ñh ;=< l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈ lsÍu" f.dú;eka lsÍu iy
l%Svd msá ieliSu jeks úl,am m%fhdack mj;sk úg" mqoa.,hl= by; N+ñfha úl,am
m%fhdack Tyqf.a m%uqL;dj u; fm<.eiajQ úg"

20
`

1 l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈ lsÍu
2 f.dú;eka lsÍu
3 l%svd msáh bÈ lsÍu fõ kï

by; N+ñfha úl,am m%fhdack w;rska Tyq l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈlsÍu f;dard.;a úg

B<Õg Tyq lem lrk fyd| u úl,amh jkafka f.dú;eka lsÍu kï
l¾udka;Yd,djla bÈ lsÍfï wdjiaÓl msßjeh jkafka f.dú;eka lsßfuka ,efnk
wiajekak hs'
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh Ok ixl,amhla jk w;r wdjiaÓl msßjeh Ok w.hla .kafka
wd¾Ól NdKav iïnkaOfhka muKs'
 f;aÍul wdjiaÓl msßjeh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhls'
1. wdjiaÓl msßjeh uQ,H ixl,amhla fkdj uQ¾; ixl,amhls'
tkï wdjiaÓl msßjeh fmkajkafka úl,am w;ßka tla úl,amhla f;dard.;a
úg wysñ jk B<Õ fyd| u úl,amfha uQ¾; jákdlu hs' tys uQ,H jákdlu
fkdfõ'
2. wdjiaÓl msßjeh wd;au.; ixl,amhls' tkï wdjiaÓl msßjeh m%ldY l<
yelafla tu f;aÍu lrk mqoa.,hdg muKs' th mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdj
fjkia fõ'
3. wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksid ndysr msßjehla o yg .kshs'
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh Yk
+ H w.hla .kakd wjia:d lsym
s hls'
1. iïm;a wiSñ; j mj;sk úg ^ wd¾Ól fkdjk NdKav ;sîu&
2. lsishï iïm;lska úl,am m%fhdack fkdue;s úg
3. iïm;a fiajd úhqla; j mj;sk úg

21
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 (- iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu yd ksuejqu fnod yeÍu ms<sn|

;SrK .kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 04

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak kï lrhs'

 uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak ú.%y lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqïlsu i|yd Wmfoia (-

 wdydr m%Yakh iy ksjdi m%Yakh f,dalfha ieu flfkl=u uqyqK fok

fmdÿ m%Yak o hkak YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'

 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 wdydr m%Yakh iy ksjdi m%Yakh f,dalfha we;eï rgj,a uqyqK fok m%Yak
jk w;r" f,dalfha ieu flfkl=u uqyqK fok fmdÿ m%Yk
a fkdfõ'
 ysÕlu ljr iudchlg jqjo fmdÿ .eg¨jla jk w;r iïm;aj,ska úl,am
m%fhdack mj;sk ksid iïm;a úl,am m%fhdack w;r fjka lsÍfï
.eg¨jlg yeu iudchla u fmdÿfõ uqyqK fohs'

 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd§
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

22
`

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 Tfí mka;sfha YsIHhkag mdif,a wd¾Ól úoHd Èkhg hïlsis wdydrhla

ksIamdokh lr wf,ú lsÍug wjia:djla ,eî we;'
 ta i|yd mka;sfha YsIHhka my; mßÈ lKavdhï follg fjka lr we;'
 A lKavdhu
 B lKavdhu

 tla lKavdhulg re' 10000 uqo,la ne.ska ,nd §ug wd¾Ól úoHd ix.uh
;SrKh lr we;'
 tla lKavdhula tla wdydr j¾.hla muKla ksmoúh hq;= h'
 Tn we;=<;a jQ lKavdhu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr wfkla lKavdhu
iuÕ o idlÉPd lr my; m%Yak úi£ug ;SrKh lrkak'
 Tng ,enqKq uqo,ska ksmoúh yels wdydr j¾. ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh<
lrkak'
 ksmojk wdydr j¾.h lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska ;SrKh lrkak'
 tu wdydr j¾.fhka fldmuK m%udKhla ksmoùug Tn woyia lrkafka
o@
 wod< wdydr j¾.h yd m%udKh ;SrKh lsßfï § Tn i,ld neÆ idOl
fudkjd o@
 tu wdydr j¾.h ksmoùfï § Tn lKavdhu ljr Ys,m
a l%uhla Ndú;
lrkafka o@
 tu Ys,m
a l%uh Ndú; lsÍug fya;= ljf¾ o@
 fuu wdydr j¾.h ksmojkafka ljqreka i|yd wf,ú lsÍug b,lal
lrf.k o@
 Tfí lKavdhï wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,Sj bÈßm;a lsÍug
iQodkï jkak'

23
`

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (

 iïm;aj, mj;akd ysÕlu iy ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack ksid yeu

iudchlg uQ,sl f;aÍï ;=kla lsÍu g isÿ fõ'
 tu f;aÍï ;=k ´kE u iudchlg fmdÿ h'
 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak f,iska y÷kajkafka tu f;aÍï h'
 ta wkqj uQ,ls wd¾Ól m%Yak jkafka"
1. l=ula $ fldmuK ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@
2. flfia ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@
3. ld i|yd ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@
 iïm;aj, ysÕlu iy ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack ;sîu ksid ljr
iudchlg jqjo l=ula $ fldmuK ksmojkjd o hk uQ,l s wd¾Ól m%Yakhg uqyqK
§ug isÿ fõ'
ksoiqka (- ysÕ iïm;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k"
frday,a yokjdo mdi,a yokjd o@
l¾udka;Yd,d yokjd o@
l%Svd msá yokjd o@
mdßfNda.sl NdKav ksmojkjd o@
m%d.aOk NdKav ksmojkjd o@
jYfhka ksmojk NdKavh ;srKh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

 tfia u ksmoùug ;SrKh l< NdKavh fldmuK m%udKhlska ksmoúh hq;= o

hkak;a ;SrKh l< hq;= h'

ksoiqka(- frday,a fldmuK m%udKhla o@

l¾udka;Yd,d fldmuK m%udKhla o@

m%d.aOk NdKav fldmuK o@

 fuf,iska l=uk NdKavhla fldmuK m%udKhlska ksmojkafka o hkak ;SrKh

fldg ta i|yd iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu l< hq;= fõ'
 tfia u iïm;aj,ska fldmuK m%udKhla j¾;udk mßfNdackhg fhdod .kakjd
o" fldmuK m%udKhla wkd.; mßfNdackhg fhdod .kakjd o $ fnod yßkjd o
hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'
 l=ula $ fldmuK ksmojkjd o hkak ;SrKh fldg ta i|yd iïm;a fnod fjka
lsÍula isÿ jk ksid l=ula fldmuK ksmojkjd o hk uQ,l
s wd¾Ól m%Yakh
iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍfï m%Yakh f,iska o ye¢kaúh yels h'
 iïm;a ysÕlu yd ysÕ iïm;aj, úl,am m%fhdack mej;Su ksid ljr iudchlg
jqj o fmdÿfõ flfia ksIamdokh l< hq;= o@ hk m%Yakhg o uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ'
 flfia ksmojkjd o hk uQ,l
s wd¾Ól m%Yakfhka woyia jkafka NdKav yd fiajd
ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd l=uk ksIamdok Ys,am l%uhl"a l=uk ;dlaIKhla Ndú;d
24
`

l< hq;= o hkakhs' tkï NdKav ksmoùug ljr iïm;a" ljr wkqmd;hlg Ndú;
l< hq;= o hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= fõ'
 NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd Y%u iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,m
a l%uh iy
m%d.aOk iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh f,i úl,am ksIamdok Ys,am l%u folla
Ndú;d l< yels h'
 Y%uh jeäfhka yd Bg idfmalaI j m%d.aOkh wvqfjka fhdod .kakd ksIamdok
Ys,am l%uh Y%u iQlaIau ksIamdok Ys,m
a l%uh jk w;r m%d.aOkh jeäfhka yd Bg
idfmalaIj Y%uh wvqfjka fhdod .kakd ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh m%d.aOk iQlaIau
ksIamdok Ys,am l%uh f,i ye|skafõ'
 úl,am ksIamdok Ys,am l%u w;rska l=uk fyda tla ksIamdok Ys,am l%uhla Ndú;d
fldg ksmoùula isÿjk ksid flfia ksIamdokh l< hq;= o hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól
m%Yakh ksIamdokh ms<sn| m%Yakh f,iska o ye¢kafõ'
 ld i|yd ksmojkjd o hkafkka woyia jkafka iudcfha iuia; ksIamdÈ;h
ljqreka w;r fn§ hkjd o hkak hs'
 tkï ysÕ iïm;a fhdod .ksñka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk iSñ; NdKav yd fiajd
m%udKh iudcfha ljqreka úiska ysñ lr .kq ,efí o@ N=la;s ú¢kq ,efí o@
hkak fuhska woyia fõ'
 ksmojk NdKav N=la;s ú§fï yelshdj r|d mj;skafka ta ta mqoa.,hka ,nk
wdodhu u; h'
 idOl ysñfhdaa jegqma " nÿ l=,S " fmd<S yd ,dN jYfhka wdodhï Wmh;s'
 ta ta mqoa.,hka ,nk wdodhu jeä fyda wvq fyda jkafka idOl ysñldr;ajh iy
idOl ñ, mokï lrf.k h'
 idOl wdodhï jeäfhka ,nk whg ksmojk NdKavj,ska jeä m%udKhla N=la;s
ú|Sug yelshdj ,efnk w;r idOl wdodhu wvqfjka ,efnk whg yels jkafka
wvq NdKav m%udKhla N=la;s ú§ug h'
 fuf,iska ksmojk NdKav m%udKh N=la;s ú|Su ta ta mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhu u;
;SrKh jk ksid ld i|yd ksmoúh hq;= o hkak wdodhï fn§ hdu ms<sn| m%Yakh
f,iska o ye¢kafõ'

25
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 (-uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd ixúOdkh jk

wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 04

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'

 wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,l
s dx. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd md¾Yaj kï lrhs'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK .kakd md¾Yajj, ld¾hNdrh
úuihs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd iudchla ;=< Ôj;a jk ñksiqka úiska
ks¾udKh lrkq ,en we;s hka;%Kh fyj;a wdh;ksl jev ms<sfj< wd¾Ól moaO;shla
fyj;a wd¾Ól ixúOdkhla f,i ye¢ka fõ'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shl § ñksid úiska ilid .kakd kS;s ud,djlg wkqj tys we;s wdh;k
iuQyhla l%shd;aul fõ'
 tu wdh;k ñksiqka f.ka iukaú; iÔj tall jk w;r" ta ksid u tys l%shdldß;ajh
o il%sh jQjls'
 fN!;sl moaO;shla ;=< mj;akd iajdNdúl jia;= fuka wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< olakg
,efnk jia;= jkafka tys mj;akd wd¾Ól wdh;k h'
 fuu wd¾Ól wdh;k wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sldx." wdh;ksl ,laIK wdos kïj,ska o
ye¢kafõ'
 ta ta rgj, mj;sk iudc" ixialD;sl iy ft;sydisl rgdjka u; úúO iajrEmfha
wdh;ksl rgdjka ta ta wd¾Ólhkays ±lsh yels h'
 tjeks fjkialï mej;sh o fmdÿfõ .;a úg wd¾Ól moaO;shl olakg ,efnk
uQ,sldx. lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'
 l=gqïn
 wdKavqj
 jHdmdßl wxYh
26
`

 lïlre ixúOdk
 rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk
 fjf<|fmd<j,a
 idkqn,
 ffk;sl jHQyh
 isß;a úß;a idïm%odhka yd ixialD;sh
 fuu uQ,sldx.hka w;=frka wd¾Ól moaO;shl ;SrK.ekSu yd iïnkaO jk úfYaI
md¾Yaj jkafka l=gqïn" wdKavqj" jHdmdßl wxYh" lïlre ixúOdk iy rdcH fkdjk
ixúOdk wdÈh hs'

 wd¾Ól moaO;shl we;s jeo.;au wdh;ksl ,laIKhla jkafka l=gï

q n h'
 tl u whjehlska tl u .Dyhla ;=< tlg jdih lrk msßila l=gqïnhla fia
ie,fla'
 úsúO iudcj, isák l=gï
q n tlaflda kHIaál mjq,a" tfia;a ke;skï úia;D; mjq,a
úh yels h'
 l=gqïnhka tla w;lska Y%u iemhqïlrejka jk w;r" ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk
fndfyda NdKav yd fiajd i|yd mdßfNda.slhka jkafka o l=gqïn h'
 tfia u ksIamdok idOl ms<sn| whs;sh o l=gï
q nhka i;= h'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shl l=gqïn úiska bgq lrkq ,nk jeo.;a ld¾hNdr mj;S'
 l=gqïn úiska .kq ,nk wd¾Ól ;SrK f,iska ie,eflkafka o l=gï
q nhkaf.a tu
ld¾hNdr h'
 tu ld¾hNdrh my; ±la fõ'
1. idOl iemhSu ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu
2. NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu
3. wdodhfuka fldmuK mdßfNdackh lrkafka o fldmuK b;sß lrkafka o
hkak ;SrKh .ekSu
 ieu rgl u l=uk fyda iajrEmhl wdKavqjla mj;sk w;r th i;= j úYd,
ld¾hNdrhla o mj;S'
 wdKavqjla i;= ld¾hNdrh my; ±la fõ'
1. wd¾Ól yd fm!oa.,sl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr§u
2. l¾udka; yd jHdmdr kshdukh lsÍu
27
`

3. NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu

4. wdodhï mqk¾jHdma;sh
5. kS;sÍ;s yd jHjia:djka ieliSu
 wd¾Ólhl úúO iajrEmfha jHdmdßl wdh;k mj;S'
ksoiqkA(- fm!oa.,sl wdh;k " iuqmldr " rdcH wdh;k
 jHdmdrsl wxYh i;= ld¾hNdrhka my; i|yka mßos ±laúh yels h'
1. ksIamdok iïm;a ñ, § .ekSu
2. l=ula" fldmuK " flfia " ld i|yd ksmojkafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍu
3. NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu
4. idOdrK ñ,lg NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lsÍu
 Y%ñlhka úiska f.dvk.d .kq ,nk lïlre ixúOdkj, ld¾hNdr lSmhla my;
±lafõ'
1. fiajl whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd lghq;= lsÍu
2. fiajd kshqla;sh" ksIamdokh ;dlaIKh yd jegqma uÜgï flfrys n,mEï we;s
lsÍu
 kQ;k wd¾Ólhkays j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk i;= ld¾hNdr
/ila mj;S'
ksoiqkA(- - È<s÷lu ;=rka lsÍu
- mßir ixrlaIKh
- udkj whs;sjdislï ^ysñlï& wdrlaId lsÍu
- iajdNdúl wdmod ;;a;ajhka § wj;eka jQ ck;djf.a iqNidOkh
fjkqfjka lghq;= lsÍu'

28
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 (- úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrñka wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl úia;r

lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK yd l%shdldß;ajh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak
úi|d.kakd wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
 úOdk wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'
 úOdk wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK yd l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 úOdk wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,l s wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d.kakd
wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
 ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s w¾: olajhs'
 ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK yd l%shdldß;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;shl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d.kakd wdldrh
ú.%y lrhs'
 wd¾Ól moaO;s iïnkaO kj m%jK;d úuid n,hs'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shl ld¾h idOkh ñkqï lsßfï ks¾Kdhl
fm<.iajhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 wd¾Ól moaO;shla l%shd;aul jkafka kS;sÍ;s" iïm%odh" isß;a úß;a hkdÈfhka iukaú;
wdh;ksl jHQyhla wkqj h'
 fuu wdh;ksl jHqyhkaf.a iajrEmhka u; wd¾Ól moaO;s w;r fjkialï olakg
,efí'
 t wkqj wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl lsysmhls'
 ;SrK iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh
 iïm;a ysñldß;ajfha iajrEmh
 idkqn,j, iajNdjh
 ;SrK iïnkaëlrK hka;%Kfha iajrEmh hk ks¾Kdhl u; wd¾Ól moaO;s my;
my; mßos j¾. l< yels h'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s

29
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 úOdk.; ^ ie,iqï.;& wd¾Ól moaO;s

 ksIamdok iïm;aj, ysñldß;ajh yd foafmd< whs;sjdislïj, iajNdjh hk
ks¾Kdhl u; wd¾Ól moaO;s my; mßos j¾. l< yels h'
 OfkaYajr wd¾Ól moaO;s
 iudcjdÈ wd¾Ól moaO;s
 foafmd< ysñldÍ;ajh yd whs;sjdislï w;ska OfkaYajr wd¾Ól l%u yd iudcjd§
wd¾Ól l%u w;r meyeÈ,s fjkialï ±lsh yelsh'
 OfkaYajr wd¾Ól moaO;shl foafmd< ysñlu fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= jk w;r
iudcjd§ wd¾Ól moaO;shl iïm;a ysñ lr.kq ,nkafka rch úisks'
 úúO wd¾Ól moaO;sj, olakg ,efnk idkqn, m%Odk iajrEm ;=kla fmkakqï lrhs'
tkï"
 øjHd;aul m%;s,dN iys; idkqn,
 iodpdrd;aul idkqn, ^ ck;dj fjkqfjka fufyjr&
 n,h mokï lr.;a idkqn,
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhl øjHd;aul idkqn, m%Odkfõ' ,dN bmehSu idkqn,hls'
 úOdk u.ska fufhjk wd¾Ól moaO;sj, idkqn, l%shd;aul jkafka wêldß n,h
;=<sks'
 wdpdrO¾u Ndjuh mokï Tiafia o idkqn, l%shd;aul fõ' Y=oaO" iajdNdúl úm;a"
wdKavq ì| jeàï jeks isÿùï ksid wd¾Ólfha lïmk yg.;a wjia:dj, § iodpdr
moku Tiafia" mqoa.,fhda tu wjia:dfõ l< hq;= ksjerÈ foa ;SrKh lr" ta wkqj
lghq;= lr;s' thska mqoa.,fhda wNsfm%arKh fj;s'
 wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl ish,a,u ie,ls,a,g f.k
my; mrsos wd¾Ól moaO;s j¾. l< yels h'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s
 úOdk yd ksfhda. mokï lr.;a wd¾Ól moaO;s fyj;a ie,iqï.; wd¾Ól
moaO;s
 ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s
 fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uh hkq fjf<|fmdf<ys b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. wkqj
;SrKh jk ñ, u; uQ,l s wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|k wd¾Ól l%uhls'
 fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uh" Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh" ksoyia jHjidh w¾: l%uh wdÈ
úl,am kï j,ska o yªkajhs'
 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 foafmd< ms<sn| fm!oa.,sl ysñlula ;sîu
 ksoyia jHjidh yd f;aÍfï ksoyi
 ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj
 iajd¾:h u; mokï lr.;a idkqn, mej;Su
 ñ, hdka;%Kfha l%shdldß;ajh
 mdßfNda.sl iajdêm;ajh
 wdKavqfõ ld¾hNdrh iSud iys; ùu
30
`

 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi§fï iïnkaëlrK hdka;%Kh f,i

ñ, hdka;%Kh lghq;= lrhs'
 fjf<|+fmd< l%uhl ñ, b;d jeo.;a ld¾h ;=kla bgqlrhs' tkï"
 f;dr;=re yd ix{d iemhSfï ld¾hh
 idkqn, iemhSfï ld¾hh
 i,dlkh lsßfï ld¾hh
 fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhl wd¾Ól tallhkays yeisÍu ;SrKh lrk uQ,sl n,fõ.h
iajd¾:h hs' mrd¾:h" iudc Y=NidOkh jeks lreKq fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl
ie,ls,a,g fkd.efka'
 fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhl moku fm!oa.,sl foafmd< ysñlu hs' fm!oa.,sl foafmd<
ysñlu yd ne|S we;s ksoyia jHjidh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl m%Odk ,laIKhlss'
 uOH.; ie,iqï wêldßhla úiska fokq ,nk ksfhda. u.ska uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak
úi|d.kq ,nk w¾: l%uhla úOdk w¾: l%uhla f,i ye|skafjhs'
 uOH.; ie,eiaula hgf;a fufyhjk wd¾Ól moaO;shl ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh
yels h'
 Y%uh yer wfkl=;a ksIamdok iïm;aj, ysñldÍ;ajh rch i;= ùu
 uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak úi|d .ekSu i|yd ie,iqï l%shdj,sh fhdod .ekSu
 iudc Y=NidOkh u; lghq;= lsÍu
 fmdÿ hym; h i|yd lghq;= lsÍu
 l=ula fldmuK" flfia" ld i|yd ksmojkjdo hk uQ,sl wd¾Ól m%Yak i|yd úiÿï
uOH ie,iqï wêldßh .kq ,nhs'
 úOdk w¾: l%uhl ÿ¾j,;d my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 ixúOdkh yd iïnkaëlrKh ms<sn| .eg¨
 ;;a;aj md,kfha ì| jeàï
 idkqn, m%udKj;a fkdùu
 mßir ydhkh
 ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s hkq fjf<|fmd< hdka;%Kh u.ska iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu yd
ie,iqï l%shdj,sh u.ska iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu isÿjk wd¾Ól l%uh hs'

 ñY% wd¾Ólhl ,laIK my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

o wd¾Ólfha m%Odk l%shdldß wxY jkafka mdßfNda.slfhd" ksIamdolfhd"
ksIamdok iïm;a ysñlrefõ yd wdKavqj hs'
o fm!oa.,sl wxYh wNsfm%arKh flfrk idOlh iajd¾:h jk w;r fmdÿ wxYh
wNsfm%arKh idOlh fmdÿ hym; h'
o fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd fmdÿ wxYh hk fol u ksIamdok iïm;a ysñlrf.k
isà'
o iïm;a fnod fjka lsÍu ms<sn| ;SrK ie,iqï hdka;%Kh u.ska isÿ lrhs'
fm!oa.,sl wxYh u.ska ;r.h l%shd;aul fõ'
o wdKavqj wd¾Ólh ;=< jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs'
o
31
`

 ñY% wd¾Ól moaO;s i|yd ksoiqka lsym

s hla my; ±lafõ'
1 iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól
2 iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól

 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shla ;=< iudc idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd rch ueÈy;a
jk wd¾Ól iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól kñka ye|skafõ' tkï iudc idOdrK;ajh ±äj
wjOdrKh flfrk wd¾Ól moaO;s iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhhs'

 iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uh ìysj we;af;a ,snr,a fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól l%uhg
tfrysj h' ,snr,a fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhla ;=<ska fmkajd fokafka rdcH ueÈy;aùulska
f;drj ksoyia fjf<|fmd< n,fõ. u.ska wd¾Ólh l%shd;aul ùug bv Èh hq;= njhs'

 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shg rch ueÈy;a ùu mqoa., ksoyi iSud lsÍug;a

fjf<|fmd< hdka;%Kh ld¾hËu;dj .s,syS hdug;a fya;= jk nj ,snr,ajd§kaf.a
woyihs'

 ,snr,ajd§kaf.a woyi m%;slafIam lrk iudchSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;shg mlaI

jQjkaf.a woyi jkafka iudc idOdrK;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól
moaO;shg rch ueÈy;aúh hq;= njhs'

 iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhkays ksIamdok iïm;a fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= jqj o iïm;a
Ndú;h ms<sn| úYd, n,mEula rcfhka flf¾' wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k" isú,a" iudc"
ixialD;sl hk udkj ysñlï wdrlaId lsÍug rch ueÈy;a ù mq¿,a iudc cd, l%shd;aul
lrhs' iudchSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl mqrjeishkaf.a uQ,l s whs;Ska wk;=rg ,la jk
fyda W,a,x>kh jk ;;ajhkays § Tjqkag wdrlaIdjla rch úiska imhkq ,efí'

 fiajfha fh§ isáh § yg .kakd yÈis wk;=re" wikSm ;;ajhka jeks wdmod ;;ajhkays §
iy úhm;a ùu" os<s÷ nj" ú/lshdj" orejka yod jvd .ekSu jeks iudcSh ;;ajhkays §
iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rch tys mqrjeishka fj; iudc wdrlaIK cd,hla imh
hs'

 rcfha fujeks iudc wdrlaIK cd, iemhSu i|yd wjYH wruqo,a fndfyduhla imhd
.kafka mqrjeishkaf.ka nÿ wh lsrSfuks' iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhl rcfha
Y=NidOkh ;uka fj; ,efnk neúka mqrjeishka o rchg leue;af;ka nÿ f.ùu isÿ
lrhs'

 iudcSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól moaO;s mj;sk rgj,a i|yd ksoiqka f,i fkda¾fõ" þ¾uksh"
iaùvkh" mska,ka;h wdosh ±laúh yels h'

32
`

 iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól f,iska ye¢kafjkafka uQ,l

s jYfhka iudcjd§ o¾Ykhka
u; fufyh fjk lsishï ÿrlg fjf<|fmd< n,fõ.j,g l%shd;aul ùug bv i,id
we;s wd¾Ól moaO;Ska h'

 iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ól iudchSh fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólj,g jvd yd;amiska u

fjkia h' iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< w¾: l%uhla ;=< ksIamdok iïm;a rch i;= h' tfy;a
iïm;a Ndú;h ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu fm!oa.,sl wxYh i;= h' tkï fjf<|fmd<
n,fõ.j,g wkqj ksIamdok wdh;kj,g ksIamdok m%udKh yd NdKavj, ñ, ;SrKh
lsÍfï whs;sh mj;S'
 iudcjd§ fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhka i|yd ksoiqka f,i Ökh" yxf.aßhdj yd n,af.aßhdj
±laúh yels h'
 wd¾Ól moaO;s iïnkaO kj m%jK;dj,g ksoiqka f,i kj iïm%odhsl wd¾Ól moaO;s
oelaúh yels h'
 fuysoS wd.ula fyda iïm%odhsl iudchla fyda mokï lr .ksñka kj ixial!;sl
rduqjlg fhduqùfï m%jKdjhla olakg ,efí'
 wd¾Ól moaO;shl ld¾h idOkh we.hSfï§ ks¾Kdhl fhdod .kS' tkï"
o mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh
o wd¾Ól ld¾hCIu;dj
o wd¾Ól jDoaêh
o ñ, ia:dhs;dj
o idOdrK wdodhï jHdma;sh
o ndysr ia:dhs;dj
o mdßißl .=Kd;aulNdjh
o wd¾Ól ksoyi

33
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 (-ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% weiqfrka wdjiaÓl msrjeh

yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 ksIamdok yelshd udhsu w¾: olajhs'

 ksIamdok yelshd udhsï ks¾udKh lsßfï § fhdod .kq
,nk Wml,amk kï lrhs'
 ia:djr yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;aj hgf;a
ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl% ks¾udKh lrhs'
 ksIamdok yelshd udhsu Ndú; lrñka wdjiaÓl
msßjefha yeisÍu ú.%y lrhs'
 ia:djr yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhkag
n,mdk idOl bÈßm;a lrhs'
 jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh jvd;a ;d;aúl ;;a;ajhla nj
;yjqre lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqïlsu i|yd Wmfoia (-

 j¾. wä 50"000l bvul ksjdi fhdackd l%uhla l%shd;aul lsÍug

wfmalaId lrk nj;a" tys j¾. wä 1000 yd j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi bÈ
lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;s nj;a" is;k f,i YsIHhkag ±kqï fokak'
 fuu bvfï j¾. wä 1000 ksjdi muKla ;ekqj fyd;a fldmuK ksjdi
m%udKhla bÈ l< yelsoehs YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'
 fuu bvfï j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi muKla ;ekqj fyd;a fldmuK ksjdi
m%udKhla bÈ l< yels oehs YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'
 fuu bvfï j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi jeä lrk úg wfkla ksjdi j¾.fhka
lem lsÍug isÿjk m%udKh YsIHhka f.ka úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 j¾. wä 50"000l bvul j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi muKla 25la o j¾.
wä 1000 ksjdi muKla 50la o bÈ l< yels h'
 j¾. wä 2000 ksjdi jeä lrk úg j¾. wä 1000 ksjdi fol
ne.ska wvq lsÍug isÿ fõ'

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`

 my; i|yka ksIamdok wdh;k w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ksIamdok wdh;kh
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
wfhaId fglaia wdh;kh

wfhaId fglaia wdh;kh i;= j N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh wdos ksYaÑ; iïm;a m%udKhla we;' fok
,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § tu iïm;a mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;djka
fhdod .ksñka l,siï yd lñi ksmoùug ie,iqï lrhs' Tyq i;= iïm;a ish,a, u lñi
ksmoùug fhojqjfyd;a Wmßu jYfhka lñi 50la ksmoúh yels h' lñi ksIamdokhg fhojQ
iïm;a l,siï ksmoùug udre lrk úg" lñi ksIamdokh tall 10 ne.ska wvq lrñka l,siï
ksIamdokh tall my ne.ska jeä l< yels h' ish¨ u iïm;a l,siï ksIamdokhg fhÿjfyd;a
Wmßu jYfhka l,siï 25la ksmoúh yels h'
jðr tkag¾m%hsiia wdh;kh

jðr ;ud i;=" isñ; iïm;a ksYaÑ; m%udKhla fhdod .ksñka frÈ fyda iy,a fyda ksmojhs'
ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § mj;akd ;dlaIKh hgf;a iïm;a mQ¾K jYfhka yd Wmßu
ld¾hlaIu;dfjka hq;= j fhdod .ksñka frÈ muKla ksIamdokh l<fyd;a frÈ tall 45la
ksmoúh yels h' iy,a tallh ne.ska ksIamdokh jeä lrk úg ms<sfj<ska frÈ tall 2" 3" 10" 14"
16 wdos jYfhka lem lsÍug isÿ fõ' frÈ ksIamdokh Y+kH jk úg Wmßu iy,a tall 05la
ksmoúh yels h'

  Tng ,eî we;s ksIamdok wdh;kfha f;dr;=re ie,ls,af,ka hq;= j fyd¢ka wOHhkh
lrkak'
 tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka NdKav j¾. foflys ksuejqï ixfhda. ±lafjk j.=jla
ilia lrkak'
 tla ksIamdokfhka tallh ne.ska ksuejqu jeä lsßfï § wfkla ksIamdokfhka
lem lsÍug isÿjk tall m%udKh tu j.=fjys u olajkak'
  tu ixLHd j.=j wdY%hfhka NdKav foflys úl,am ksIamdok ixfhda. oelafjk
m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh lrkak'
 tu m%ia;drfha yevh ms<sn| woyi olajkak'
 Tn ks¾udKh l< j.=j yd m%ia;drh weiqßka" NdKav fol yd iïnkaO wdjiaÓl
msßjefha iajNdjh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'
35
`

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (-

 hï fok ,o wjia:djl § wd¾Ólhla i;= ish¨u iïm;a mj;akd ;dlaIKh

hgf;a Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dfjka Wmfhdackh fldg" lsishï NdKav follska
ksmoúh yels Wmßu NdKav ixfhda. iïnkaO fldg w|sk ,o f¾Ldj
ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h f,i ye|skafõ'
 ksIamdok Odß;d bu" ksIamdok YlH;d m¾hka;h" úNj ksIamdok yelshd
iSudj hk kïj,ska o ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h y÷kajkq ,nhs'
 wd¾Ólhl ksIamdok yelshdj ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
1 iïm;a iïNdrh
 N+ñh
 Y%uh
 m%d.aOkh
 jHjidhl;ajh

"2 idOl M,odhs;dj

 ;dlaIKh
 udkj m%d.aOkh
 l<ukdlrKh
 Y%u úNckh iy úfYaIl
S rKh

 ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h ks¾udKh lsßfï § my; i|yka Wml,amk

fhdod .kS'
 NdKav j¾. folla muKla ksmoùu
 wd¾Ólh i;= iïm;a iïNdrh ia:djr ùu
 wod< ld,h ;=< ;dlaIKh fkdfjkia j mej;Su
 iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmßu ld¾hCIu;djfhka hqla; j Wmfhdackh lsÍu
 ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla u; .uka lrk úg tla NdKavhl ksIamdokh
ksYaÑ; m%udKh ne.ska jeä lrk úg wfkla NdKavfhka lem lsÍug isÿ
jk m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h" wkql%uKh fyj;a nEjqu f,i ye|skafõ'
 tu nEjqu u.ska wdka;sl wdjiaÓl msßjeh ±lafõ'
 ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl wdka;sl wdjiaÓl msßjeh yeisfrk wdldrh
wkqj iajrEm lsysmhla mj;Ss' tkï
1. ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh
2. jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh
 ksIamdok yelshd udhsula u; .uka lsÍfï § tla NdKav j¾.hlska ksYaÑ;
m%udKh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï oS wfkla NdKavfhka lem lrk m%udKh
fkdfjkia j mj;sk ;;a;ajhla ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh jYfhka y÷kajhs'
36
`

 fujeks ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjehlska hq;= ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ir, f¾Çh
iajNdjhla .kS' fuh my; rEm igykska fmkakqï flf¾'
NdKav tall
20 A

16 B

12 C

8 D

E
4
NdKav tall
0 F
1 2 3 4 5

 ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl wdjiaÓl msßjeh my; i|yka iQ;%hg wkqj
.Kkh l< yels h'

 ir, f¾Çh ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl wdjiaÓl msßjeh yeisfrk

wdldrh my; j.=fjka ±lafõ'

37
`

 ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; .uka lsÍfï § lsishï NdKav j¾.hl ksYaÑ;

m%udKh ne.ska jeä lrk úg wfkla NdKavfhka lem lrk m%udKh
l%ufhka jeä jk ;;a;ajhla jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh jYfhka y÷kajhs'

 fujeks jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjehlska hq;= ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h

uQ,hg wj;, yevhla .kshs' fuh my; rEm igykska fmkakqï flf¾'

NdKav tall

200 A B
180
150 C
D
110
ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%h u; my<g .uka
60 E
lrk úg wkqmd;h l%ufhka jeä fõ'

0 F NdKav tall
20 40 60 80 100

 uQ,hg wj;, ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hl jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh

yeisfrk wdldrh my; ±lafõ'

38
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 ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh we;s ùu flfrys

n,mdk idOl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

ia:djr wdjiaÓl msßjeh we;s ùug fya;=
 iïm;a iucd;Sh ùu
 tla ksIamdokhla i|yd
ld¾hlaIu jk iïm;a wfkla
ksIamdokh i|yd ld¾hlaIu ùu
jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh we;s ùug fya;=
 iïm;a iucd;Sh fkdùu
 tla ksIamdokhla i|yd
ld¾hlaIu jk iïm;a wfkla
ksIamdokh i|yd ld¾hlaIu
fkdùu

 by; i|yka wdjiaÓl msßjeh ;;a;ajhka w;ßka jvd;a ;d;a;aúl nj" fmkakqï
lrkqfha jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh hs'
 fï ksid úúO wd¾Ól ú.%yhka meyeÈ,s lsÍu i|yd jefvk wdjiaÓl msßjeh
fhdod .kshs'

39
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 (-wd¾Ól úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am yd ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkia ùï
ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqßka ksrEmKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%

weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%
weiqfrka fmkajhs'
 ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl wkqj ksIamdok
Odß;dj fjkiajk wdldrh ksIamdok yelshd udhsulska
fmkajhs'

úIh lreKq b.ekaùug w;aje,la (-

 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,am iy id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd

ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%hla weiqßka ksrEmKh l< yelsh'
 iQlaIau wd¾Ól úoHd ixl,amj,g ksoiqka lsyms hla my; i|yka fõ'
 ysÕlu
 úl,am m%fhdack
 f;aÍu
 wdjiaÓl msßjeh
 ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj
 iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ldrhlaIu;dj

 ysÕlu" úl,am m%fhdack iy f;aÍu hk ixl,am ksIamdok yelshd udhsï

jl%hla weiqßka my; mßos fmkaúh yels h'
mdßfNda.sl NdKav

300

A
B
150

75 C
m%d.aOk NdKav
0
150 175 200

40
`

 by; olajd we;s m%ia;drhg wkqj A ,laIfhka fmkakqï lrk NdKav

ixfhda.h ksmoùug wd¾Ólfha mj;sk iïm;a m%udKj;a fkdjk neúkA
A ,laIHfhka ysÕlu fmkakqï lrhs'
 by; ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ;=< úl,am ksuejqï ixfhda. rdYshla mj;S'
B yd C ,CIHj,ska tu ixfhda. fmkajhs'
 wd¾Ólhla tu ixfhda. w;ßka tla ixfhda.hla f;dard .; hq;=fõ' by;
ksoiqkg wkqj B yd C ixfhda.hkaf.ka tla ixfhda.hla f;dard .ekSug
isÿ fõ'
 lsishï wd¾Ól lghq;; a l§ ysÕ iïm;a w;ßka f;aÍï lrk úg ta
fjkqfjka w;ayßkq ,nk B<Õ fyd| u úl,am wjia:dj wdjiaÓl msßjeh
jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs'

mdßfNda.sl NdKav

300

200 A

100 B
m%d.aOk NdKav
0 150 180 200

 by; ksoiqkg wkqj fuu wd¾Ólh A NdKav ixfhda.h f;dard .;fyd;a

mdßfNda.sl NdKav 200 fjkqfjka wdjiaÓl msßjeh m%d.aOk NdKav 50la
jk w;r m%d.aOk NdKav 150 i|yd wdjiaÓl msßjeh mdßfNda.sl NdKav
100ls'
 tu wd¾Ólfha A isg B olajd .uka lsÍug ;SrKh l<fyd;a by< oeuq
m%d.aOk NdKav 30 fjkqfjka wdjiaÓl msßjeh mdßfNda.sl NdKav tall
100 jk w;r B isg A olajd .uka lsÍug ;SrKh l<fyd;a by< oeuq
mdßfNda.sl NdKav 100 fjkqfjka wdjiaÓl msßjeh m%d.aOk NdKav tall
30ls'
 ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj hkq" wd¾Ólhl ish¨ iïm;aj,ska jeä u
M,odhs;djla ,nd.; yels ùu hs' fuh ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá
,laIHh u.skafmkaúh yelsfõ' fï i|yd wjYH m%Odk fldkafoais 2
jkqfha" mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh yd mQ¾K ksIamdokhhs'
 iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj hkq" wd¾Ólfha mj;sk iSñ;
iïm;a iudcjrKhg .e<efmk wdldrhg fnod fjka lsÍu fõ' fuys oS
bgqúh hq;= fldkafoaish jkqfha" wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh wdkA;sl msßjehg
iudk ùu (MC=MB)fõ'
41
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 lsishï NdKavhlska w;sf¾l tllhla mßfNdckh lsÍfuka ,efnk

m%;s,dNh wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh hs' th NdKavh i|yd mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug
leu;s Wmßu ñ, fõ' tu ksid wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh (MB) ñ,g (P) iudk
fõ' lsishï NdKavhl ksuejqu tlA tllhlSka jeä lrkúg uq¨ msßjehg
w¨f;ks tl;=jk m%udKh wdkA;sl msßjeh(MC) fõ'
 fuu ksid iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hCIu;dj oS bgqúh hq;=
fldkafoaish jkqfha" MC=MB=P fõ' fuu fldkafoaish bgq jkafka
ksIamdok yelshd udhsfuys tla ,laIHhl oS muKs'
 iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj hk
foflys u tl;=j wd¾Ól ld¾hlaIu;dj fõ'
 fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï lrhs'

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj iy
lDIs NdKav wd¾Ól
iïm;a fnod fjka lSÍfï ld¾hlaIu;dj ld¾hlaIu;dj
B
A

ksIamdok ld¾hlaIu;dj
C

0
ld¾ñl NdKav

wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh /

wdkA;sl msßjeh wdkA;sl msßjeh (MC)

MB=MC= P

wdkA;sl m%;s,dNh (MB)

0
ld¾ñl NdKav

42
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 id¾jwd¾Ól úoHd ixl,amj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

 mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh
 W!k iïm;a Wmfhdackh
 wd¾Ól miq neiSu
 wd¾Ól wjmd;h
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh
 j¾;udk mßfNdackh yd wkd.; mßfNdackh w;r iïm;a fnod
yeÍu
 wd¾Ól ì| jeàu

 wd¾Ólhl mj;akd ish¨ u iïm;a M,odhS f,i ksIamdokh l%shdj,shl

fiajd kshqla; lrùu mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh f,i y÷kajhs' mQ¾K fiajd
kshqla;sh ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá ,CIhlska fmkakqï lrhs'
my; mßos fmkaúh yels h'

ld¾ñl NdKav

C A

B
m%d.aOk NdKav
0

 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj ksIamdok yelshd udhsu u; msysá A ,laIHh

s fmkakqï lrk w;r B ,laIfhka fmkakqï lrkqfha
mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;h
W!k fiajd kshqla;s ;;a;ajhls' W!k fiajd kshqla;sh hkq iïm;a Wmßu
M,odhs;djla fkd,efnk wdldrfhka iïm;a fiajd kshqla; lrùu fõ'
ksoiqk (-WmdêOdßfhlA l<ukdlrK fiajfha /ls%hdjl ksr; ùu
 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj C ,laIfhka wd¾Ólfha fiajd úhqla;s
;;a;ajh o fmkakqï l< yels h'
 wd¾Ól miqneiSu hkq NdKav yd fiajd i|yd wd¾Ólfha b,a¨u wvqùu
fya;=fjka ksIamdokh my< hdu wd¾Ól miq neiSuls' wd¾Ól miq neiSu
flá ld,Sk ;;a;ajhla jk w;r miq neiSï ;;a;ajh fya;=fjka fiajd
úhqla;s ;;a;ajh by< hhs' by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj A ,laIfha isg B
,laIHh olajd udhsï jl%h ;=<g .uka lsÍfuka fuh fmkakqï l< yels
h'
43
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 wd¾Ól miqneiSul È.= ld,Sk ;;a;ajh wd¾Ól wjmd;hla jYfhka

y÷kajhs' fuys È fiajd úhqla; j mj;sk iïm;a úkdY ùulg Ndckh úh
yels neúka wd¾Ólfha iïm;a iïNdrh wvq ù ksIamdok yeishd udhsu
jug ú;eka fõ' wd¾Ól wjmd;fha flá ld,Sk ;;a;ajhl§ tkï" iïm;a
úkdY ùulg Ndckh ù fkd;snqKfyd;a ,laIHhlska o jug ú;eka úh
yels h'
lDIs NdKav
lDIs NdKav

0 0 ld¾ñl NdKav
ld¾ñl NdKav B A

m<uqjk m%ia;drh fojk m%ia;drh

 iïm;a úkdYùulska f;drjQ wd¾Ól wjmd; ;;a;ajhla by; m<uqjk

m%ia;dr igyfka A isg B olajd ,laIHhlska ú;eka ùu u.skafmkakï
q
lrhs'
 by; fojk m%ia;drfhka wd¾Ól wjmd; ;;a;ajhla fmkajk w;r tys È
iïm;a úkdY ùulg ,laù we;s neúka jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh hkq wd¾Ólhl uQ¾; ksIamdokh wLKavj È.= ld,hla
by< hduh' wd¾Ól j¾Okfha § ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka
fõ' fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï fmkakqï lrhs'

X NdKav

2010 2015

Y NdKav

44
`

 ;dlaIKh oshqKq ùu jeks lsishï fya;=jla ksid tla NdKav j¾.hl

muKla isÿjk ksuejqfï by< hdu wdxYsl jDoaOhls' th lsishï wdldrhg
wiu;=,s; jDoaOhls' fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï fmkakïq lrhs'

X NdKav

Y NdKav

 j¾;udkfha wd¾Ólh ;u ysÕ iïm;a Ndú; lrk wdldrh u;" tu

wd¾Ólhg Wreu jk wkd.; iïm;a iïNdrh ;SrKh jkq we;'
j¾;udkfha os by< iïm;a m%udKhla mrsfNdackh i|yd lem l<fyd;a
wkd.;fha § wd¾Ólfha j¾;udkfha m%d.aOk NdKav ksIamdokh wvq jkq
we;' tf,i m%d.aOk NdKav ksIamdokh wvq ùu fya;=fjka wkd.;
ksIamdok yelshdj my< jefgk w;r wd¾Ól jDoaêhg th ndOdjla fõ'
 fï wkqj j¾;udkfha mßfNdackh yd wkd.; mßfNdackh w;r iïm;a
fjka lrk wdldrh" wd¾Ól jDoaêh ;SrKh lrk jeo.;a idOlhls'
 fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï fmkakqï lrhs'

m<uq jk m%ia;drh fojk m%ia;drh

m%d.aOk NdKav
m%d.aOk NdKav

400
500
300

300
2000 2015 250

100 2000
2015
0 100 400 0
600 200 700 mdßfNda.sl NdKav
mdßfNda.sl NdKav 400

45
`

 by; m<uq jk m%ia;drhg wkqj tu wd¾Ólh jeä iïm;a m%udKhla mßfNdackh i|yd
fhdojd we;s neúka wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;h my< w.hla f.k we;'
 by; fojk m%ia;drhg wkqj tu wd¾Ólh mßfNdackhg jvd by< iïm;a m%udKhla
m%d.aOk NdKav mßfNdackh i|yd fhdojd we;s neúka wd¾Ól jDoaê wkqmd;h by<
w.hla f.k we;'
 j¾;udk mßfNdackh lem lsÍug t;rï yelshdjla fkdue;s lsishï rglg úfoaYSh
rgj,ska m%d.aOkh ;u rgg f.kajd .; yels kï ^ ksoiqka(- úfoaYdOdr" úfoaY
wdfhdack& j¾;udk mßfNdack iSud fkdfldg wdfhdackh jeä lsÍu u.ska fõ.j;a
wd¾Ól jDoaêhla lrd <`.d úh yels h'
 rgl ksIamdok Odß;dj fjkia ùug n,mdk m%Odk idOl folls'
 iïm;a iïNdrh fjkia ùu
 M,odhs;dj fjkia ùu
 wd¾Ólfha iïm;a iïNdrh yd M,odhs;dj fjkia ùu fya;=fjka tu wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok
Odß;dj ke;fyd;a ksIamdok yelshdj fjkia fõ'
 wd¾Ólhl iïm;a iïNdrh fjkia ùu wdldr follska isÿ úh yels h' tkï iïm;a
iïNdrh jeä ùu yd wvq ùu hs'
 iïm;a iïNdrh jeä ùu fya;=fjka wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok yelshdj jeä ù ksIamdok
yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ' ksoiqka(- kj iïm;a fidhd .ekSu" iïm;a i|yd kj
ysñldß;ajhla ,eîu" úfoaY rgj,ska iïm;a .,d tau" kj ;dlaIK l%u u.skaiïm;a
m%udKh jeä lr .ekSu" úfoaY Kh yd wdOdr yd wdfhdack by< hdu'
 fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï l< yels h'

frÈ

0
iy,a

 wd¾Ólhl iïm;a iïNdrh wvq ùu u.ska ksIamdok yelshdj wvq jk w;r ksIamdok
yelshd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ'
ksoiqka(- hqoaO lghq;= fya;=fjka iïm;a úkdY ùu" iajdNdúl úm;a" iqkdñ" .x j;=r
Wjÿre" kdh hEï wdÈh" úfoaY wdfhdack wvq ùu

46
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 fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï l< yels h'

frÈ

0
iy,a

 wd¾Ólhl iïm;aj, M,odhs;djh by< hdu u.ska tu wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok yelshdj

by< f.dia ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'
ksoiqka(- ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKj
q " kj Ys,am l%u " rch u.ska Y%ñlhka mqyqKq lsÍu'

 M,odhs;dj jeä ùu tla wxYhl muKla isÿ jqjfyd;a ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg
ú;eka jkqfha tu wlaIfhka muKs'

 fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska fmkakqï l< yels h'

mßfNdack NdKav mßfNdack NdKav

2
1 200

0 0
m%d.aOk NdKav
100 200 100 200 m%d.aOk NdKav

 by; 1jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj m%d.aOk yd mßfNdack NdKav foj¾.fha u

M,odhs;dj jeä ù we;s ksid wlaI foflka u ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'
kuq;a 2jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj M,odhs;dj jeä ù we;af;a m%d.aOk NdKav

47
`

iïnkaOfhka muKla jk neúka tu wlaIfhka muKla ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ol=Kg

ú;eka fõ'
 wd¾Ólhl iïm;aj, M,odhs;dj wvq ùu u.ska tu wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok yelshdj my<
f.dia ksIamdok yelshd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ'
ksoiqka(- mqyqKq Y%ñlhka ráka neyer ùu" merKs Ys,am l%u Ndú;h
 fuh my; m%ia;dr igykska l< yels h'


lDIs NdKav
lDIs NdKav 2
1

0 0
ld¾ñl NdKav ld¾ñl NdKav
200 400 200 400

 by; 1jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj l!Is yd ld¾ñl NdKav foj¾.fha u ksIamdok
M,odhs;dj wvq ù we;s ksid wlaI foflka u ksIamdok yelshd udhsu jug ú;eka fõ'
kuq;a 2jk m%ia;dr igykg wkqj ld¾ñl NdKav ksIamdokfha M,odhs;dj wvq ùu
fya;=fjka ld¾ñl NdKav wlaIfhka muKla jug ú;eka fõ'

48
`

ksmqK;dj 2 (- b,a¨u" iemhqu" kuH;dj yd fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h

úYaf,aIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 (- b,a¨ï ;Srl weiqßka b,a¨ï kHdh yd b,a¨ï kS;sh ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 b,a¨u ks¾jpkh lrhs'

 fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'
 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk tla tla idOlh b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
 b,a¨ï Y%s;h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 b,a¨ï kS;sh ks¾jpkh lrhs'
 b,a¨ï f,aLkh" b,a¨ï jl%h yd b,a¨ï iólrKh weiqßka b,a¨ï kS;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 b,a¨ï kS;shg n,mdk fya;=jla jk ñ, m%;súmdlh kï lrhs'
 wdodhï m%;súmdlh yd wdfoaYk m%;súmdl weiqßka b,a¨ï kS;sh ;yjqre lrhs'
 b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeKs wjia:d úia;r lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (-

 YsIHhka wdmK Yd,djg .sh wjia:djl ñ,§ .;a oE ms<sn| úuikak'

 tu wjia:dfõ § wod< NdKav ñ, § .ekSug mokï jQ idOl úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 mqoa.,hska jqjukd imqrd .ekSug NdKav b,a¨ï lrhs'
 b,a¨ula we;sùug my; i|yka lreKq mokï fõ'
 jqjukdj
 l%h Yla;h
s
 ñ, § .ekSfï ie,iqu
 by; lreKq u; mokï jQ b,a¨u iM, b,a¨ula f,i ye¢kafõ'
 YsIHhkaa lKavdhï lr bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

49
`

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,eî ;sfnk ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lrkak'

 tla mqoa.,hl=f.a b,a¨u

 ish¨ u fokdf.a b,a¨u

 Tng ,eî we;s ixjdoh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

 Tng ,eî we;s ud;Dldj y÷kajkak'

 Tfí ud;Dldjg wod< j b,a¨u ;SrKh lrk idOl ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

 tu tla idOlh b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 wod< b,a¨u yd tu b,a¨u ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r iïnkaOh m%dia;dßl j olajkak'

50
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ixjdoh

W;a;rd" úYajd iy ;s<sKs tl u ld¾hd, fha fiajh lrk ñ;=ßfhda ;sfofkls' Èjd wdydr
úfõlfha § Tjqka w;r we;s jQ ixjdohl fldgila my; ±lafõ'

W;a;rd ( mdka ñ, ojiska oji by< hkjd ys;d .kakj;a neß úÈhg' ta ksid fjkod jf.a
yeu odu ?g mdka lkak;a wudrehs' mdka fjkqjg ±ka wms fjk fjk foaj,a ;uhs lkafka'
úYajd ( wms;a ±ka mdka lkj f.dvla wvq hs' wfma uy;a;h lsõjd fï <Õ§ m;a;f¾ ,smshla od,d
;snqKd lsh,d" msá wdydr jeäfhka lk whg Èhjeähd frda.h ye§fï yelshdj jeä hs lsh,d' ta
,smsh ±lal ojfia b|,d thd mdka wrka tkafka l,d;=rlska' ±ka thdf.a lkaf;darefõ hd¿fjd;a"
mdka lEu wvq lr,d' yenehs ta ksid fyd| fohl=;a jqKd' cEï" udcßka"ng¾ jf.a taj;a ±ka f.ak
tl f.dvla wvq hs' mdka ke;s j cEï " ng¾ jevl=;a keyefka'
;s<sKs ( we;af;ka u wo wmsg ,efnk jegqmhs" mdka ñ,hs ne¨j u" f.dvla whg mdka lEu
álla wudre hs' ta;a wfma fmdä mq;d yß wdihs mdkaj,g' ta ksid uu yeuodu f.or hkfldg
mdka f.ähla f.kshkjd'
W;a;rd ( ;s<sKs" mdka fjkqjg wdmam" b¢wdmam jf.a fohla f.ksyk
s a fokak' tajfha ñ, t;rï
by< .sfha keye fka'
úYajd ( wms fudkjd lSj;a k.rj, wh mdka lk tl ;j u wvq lr,d keye'
W;a;rd ( ta fudl o@
úYajd ( k.rfha yeu mjq,l u jf.a fkdakhs uy;a;hhs fokak u jevg hkjd' b;ska thd,d
jev bjr fj,d wdfh;a ?g Whkak uykais fjkafka keye' ta ksid ?g mdka lk tl thd,dg
f,aishs'
;s<sKs ( ta ú;rla fkfuhs" .ug jvd i,a,l
s drfhda k.rfha bkakjd' thd,d Wfoag ?g ieye,a¨
wdydr .kakhs leu;s' ta ksid ñ, by< .sh;a mdka lkjd'
W;a;rd ( wms jf.a mdka lEu wvq lrkjd kï" rfÜ ;j lS fofkla mdka lEu wvq lrhs o@
tfyu n,k fldg fjf<|fmdf<a mdka ñ, § .ekSu f.dvla wvq fjkak mq¿jka'

51
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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la

 ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh §
i,ld n,k NdKavh i|yd jQ úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId lrk úúO
m%udK b,a¨u f,i ye¢kafõ'
 b,a¨u my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h"
 fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u
 fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u
 ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< § fjf<|fmdf<aa isák tla .ekqïlrejl= úiska i,ld n,k
NdKavhg mj;sk úl,am ñ, hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId lrk m%udK fm!oa.,sl
b,a¨u f,i ye¢kafõ'
 ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< § fjf<|fmdf<a isák ish¨ u .ekqïlrejka úiska" i,ld n,k
NdKavh i|yd mj;sk úl,am ñ, .Kka hgf;a ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId lrk úúO
b,a¨ï m%udKj, tl;=j fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ fm<.eiaúh yelsh'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, P
 iïnkaêl NdKavj, ñ, Pn
 mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdodhu Y
 mdßfNda.slhdf.a reÑh T
 wkd.;h ms<sn| wfmalaIdjka Ex
 wfkl=;a idOl O
 fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u ;SrKh lrk idOl my; mßÈ fm< .eiaúh yelsh'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, P
 iïnkaêl NdKavj, ñ, Pn
 mdßfNda.slhdf.a wdodhu Y
 mdßfNda.slhdf.a reÑh T
 wkd.;h ms<sn| wfmalaIdj Ex
 .ekqïlrejka ixLHdj yd tys ixhq;sh N
 wfkl=;a idOl O

52
`

 fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u ;SrKh lrk idOl j,g wu;r j .ekqïlrejkaf.a ixLHdj yd

ixhq;sh hk idOlh fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdhs'
 lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fm!oa.,sl b,a¨u yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r iïnkaOh
iólrKhla f,i bÈßm;a l< úg th fm!oa.,sl b,a¨ï Y%s;h f,i yeÈkafõ' th my;
mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

Qd = f ( P, Pn, Y, T, Ex, O )

 lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r iïnkaOh
iólrKhla f,i bÈßm;a l< úg th fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï Y%s;h f,i ye|skafjk w;r
th my; mßÈ fmkaúh yels h'

Qd = f ( P, Pn, Y, T, Ex, N, O)

 b,a¨ï ;SrKh ùug n,mdk ´kEu idOlhla fjkia ùug wkql+, j i,ld n,k
NdKavfha b,a¨u fjkia jk wdldrh ú.%y fldg ±laùu b,a¨ï kHdhh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl §" b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j
;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd tys b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r mj;sk m%;sf,dau
iïnkaO;dj b,a¨ï kS;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 b,a¨ï kS;sh bÈßm;a lsßfï § th my; i|yka Wml,amk u; msysgd we;'
 ksYaÑ; wjia:djl ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
 ñ, yer b,a¨ug n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j mej;Su
 idudkH NdKavhl b,a¨u ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
 ;d¾lsl .ekqïlrejkaf.a yeisÍï ie,ls,a,g .ekSu
 b,a¨ï kS;sh bÈßm;a l< yels úl,am l%u my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 b,a¨ï f,aLkh
 b,a¨ï jl%h
 b,a¨ï iólrKh
 ksYaÑ; wjia:djl b,a¨ug n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k
NdKavhg mej;sh yels úl,am ñ, .Kka hgf;a .ekqïlrejka ñ, § .ekSug wfmalaId
lrk m%udKhka olajk f,aLkh b,a¨ï f,aLkh f,i y÷kajhs'

53
`

ksoiqka (-

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^re& wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï m%udKh ^ tall&

0 600

10 500

20 400

30 300

40 200

50 100

60 0

 ksYaÑ; wjia:djl" b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh§ i,ld
n,k NdKavfha úl,am ñ, .Kka hgf;a b,a¨u m%udKhka olajk ,laIHhka iïnkaO
fldg w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldj b,a¨ï jl%h f,i y÷kajhs'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^re&

60

50 b,a¨ï jl%h

40

30

20

10
D
0
100 200 300 400 500 600
wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï m%udKh ^tall&

54
`

 ksYaÑ; wjia:djl b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld
n,k NdKavfha ñ, .Kka yd b,a¨ï m%udK w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;dj iólrKhla
u.ska idrdxY fldg ±laùu b,a¨ï iólrKh f,i i,lhs'
 by< isg my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl fmdÿ iólrKh
f,i ±laúh yels h'

b,a¨ï m%udKh ^ mrdh;a; úp,H &

ñ, Y=kH jk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh

ñ, ix.=Klh^ ñ, tla tllhlska fjkia jq úg

b,a¨ï m%udKh fld;rï fjkia jkjdo hkak&

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^ iajdh;a; úp,H &

 b,a¨ï iólrKh u.skai,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau

iïnkaOh bÈßm;a l< yels h'

o by; w¢k ,o b,a¨ï jl%hg wod< iólrKh

o

o
o
o fuys b ñ, ix.=Klh -10 ls'^ ñka woyia jkafka ñ, tla tllhlska wvq
jq úg b,a¨ï m%udKh 10lska jeä fõ' tfiau ñ, tla tllhlska jeä jq
úg b,a¨ï m%udKh 10lska wvq fõ'&

 idudkH NdKavhl b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'
 idudkH NdKavhl b,a¨ï jl%h my<g nEjqï jkafka i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd
b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;f
s ,dau iïnkaO;dj ksid h' th b,a¨ï kS;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOh we;s ùug fya;=
úúO m%fõY Tiafia bÈßm;a ù we;s kuqÿ fuys oS i,ld n,kafka ñ, m%;súmdlh ms<sn| j
muKs'
 ñ, m%;súmdlh iukaú; jkafka Wm m%;súmdl follsks' tkï
1 ñ, fjkia ùul wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh
55
`

2 ñ, fjkia ùul wdodhï m%;súmdlh

 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ,
wvq fyda jeä fyda ùu fya;= fldgf.k tys idfmalaI ñ, wvq fyda jeä fyda ùu ksid
i,ld n,k NdKavh i|yd jQ b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh f,i
ye¢kafõ'
 .eKqïlrejkaf.a uqo,a wdodhu we;=¿ wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkiaj ;sìh § i,ld n,k
NdKavfha ñ, wvq fyda jeä fyda ùu fya;= fldgf.k uQ¾; wdodhfï we;s jk fjkia
ùï u; i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh wvq fyda jeä ùu wdodhï m%;súmdlh
f,i i,lhs'
 idudkH NdKavhl ñ, by< fyda my< fyda hdul § wdfoaYK m%;súmdlh iEu úgu
iDK iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrk w;r idudkH NdKavhl ñ, by< fyda my< fyda
hdul § wdodhï m%;súmdlh iEu úgu Ok iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrhs'
 idudkH NdKavhl ñ, my< hdul § iy ñ, by< hdul § ñ, m%;súmdlh l%shd;aul
ùu my; oelafjk j.=fjka fmkakqï flf¾'
ñ, fjkia ùu wdfoaYk m%;súmdlh wdodhï m%;súmdlh ñ, m%;súmdlh

ñ, my< hdu ^iDK& ^Ok& ^iDK&

ñ, by< hdu ^iDK& ^Ok& ^iDK&

ñ, ^re&

30

20

10

D
0 m%udKh ^ tall&
100 200 300

56
`

 by; rEm igyfka

o ñ, re 20 isg 10 olajd my< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh 200 isg 300 olajd by<
hdu b,a¨ï m%idrKh fõ'
o ñ, re' 20 isg 30 olajd by< hkúg b,a¨ï m%udKh tall 200 isg 100 olajd
my< hdu b,a¨ï ixfldapkh fõ'
 b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeKs wjia:d my; mßos oelaúh yels h'
o .s*ka NdKav
o m%o¾Ykd;aul NdKav
fuu NdKavj, ñ, by< hk úg b,a¨ï m%udKh by< hk w;r ñ, my< hk
úg b,a¨ï m%udKh my< hk neúka ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh w;r wkqf,dau
iïnkaOhla we;s fõ' fï ksid b,a¨ï jl%fha yevh my< isg by<g nEjqï jQ
iajrEmhla .kS'

ñ, ^re&

b,a¨ï m%udKh

 idudkHfhka .s*ka NdKavj, ñ, by< fyda my< fyda hdul § wdfoaYK m%;súmdlh
iEu úgu iDK iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrk w;r wdodhï m%;súmdlh m%n, iDK
iïnkaOhla fmkakqï lrhss'
 m%o¾Ykd;aul NdKavj, ñ, by< hk úg tajdg we;s b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä lrkafka
.ekqïlref.a jHdc ;;aa;ajh m%o¾Ykh lsÍfï wfmalaIdfjks' ksoiqkla f,i Èhuka;s"
ñ, wêl jdyk b,a¨ï lrkafka m%o¾Ykd;aul m%;súmdlh u; hs' fuu ksid fuu
NdKavh b,a¨ï kS;shg mgyeKs wjia:djls'

57
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ( b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,a¨u fjkia ùu w;r fjki

ixikaokh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (

 NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,a¨u fjkia ùu w;r fjki ii|hs'

 NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,a¨u fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl fjka fjka
jYfhka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu b,a¨ï jl%hla weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
 NdKavhl b,a¨u fjkia ùu b,a¨ï jl%h weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (

 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yer wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k
NdKavfha ñ, wvq fyda jeä ùulg m%;spdß j tys b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä fyda wvq ùu
b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu f,i y÷kajhs'
 wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, jeä jqjfyd;a tys b,a¨ï
m%udKh wvq jk w;r tys n,mEu ksid b,a¨ï jl%h u; msysá ,laIHh by<g .uka
lrhs'
 fuu isÿùï b,a¨ï ixfldapkh f,i y÷kajhs'
 wfkl=;a idOl ia:djrj ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, wvq jqjfyd;a tys b,a¨ï
m%udKh jeä jk w;r tys n,mEu ksid b,a¨ï jl%h u; msysá ,laIHh Èf.a my<g
.uka lrhs'
 fuu isÿùu b,a¨ï m%idrKh f,i y÷kajhs'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh§ b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlhla
fjkia ùu lrK fldgf.k mej;s ñ, hgf;a u b,a¨u by< hdu fyda my< hdu fyda
b,a¨u fjkia ùu f,i y÷kajhs'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlhla
fjkia ùu ksid mej;s ñ, hgf;a u b,a¨u by< f.dia b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kq mig ú;eka
ùu b,a¨u jeä ùu f,i y÷kajhs'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOlhla
fjkia ùu ksid meje;s ñ, hgf;a u b,a¨u my< f.dia b,a¨ï jl%h jï mig ú;eka
ùu b,a¨u wvq ùu f,i y÷kajhs'
58
`

 NdKavhl b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd b,a¨u fjkia ùu w;r fjki my; oelafjk
rEm igykska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

ñ,^re& ñ,^re&

D
C
30

20 A
20
10 B

b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkiaùu D b,a

D2¨u fjkia
D ùDu3
0 1
100 200 300 m%udKh 0 100 200 300 m%udKh

b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ùu ksid b,a¨u fjkia ùu ksid

 b,a¨ï ,laIHh b,a¨ï jl%h Èf.a by<g fyda  b,a¨ï jl%h jug fyda ol=Kg
my<g .uka lrhs' fyda ú;eka fõ'

 b,a¨ï jl%h ol=Kg ú;eka ùu g my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'

 wdfoaYk NdKavj, ñ, jeä ùu
 wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, wvq ùu
 mdßfNda.sl wdodhu jeä ùu
 mdßfNda.sl reÑh jeä ùu
 wkd.;fha § ñ, jeä fj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍu
 .ekqïlrejka ixLHdj jeä ùu

 b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka ùug my; i|yka fya;= n,mdhs'

 wdfoaYk NdKavj, ñ, wvq ùu
 wkqmQrl NdKavj, ñ, jeä ùu
 mdßfNda.sl wdodhu wvq ùu
 mdßfNda.sl reÑh wvq ùu
 wkd.;fha § ñ, wvq fj;ehs wfmalaId lsÍu
 .ekqïlrejka ixLHdj wvq ùu

59
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 (- b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajñka ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (

 b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

 b,a¨ï kuH;dfõ m%fNao kï lrhs'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'
 ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajñka tys iQ;%h
bÈßm;a lrhs'
 ixLHd o;a; mokï lr .ksñka ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï
kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'
 pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'
 § we;s ixLHd o;a; mokï lrf.k pdm ñ, b,a¨ï
kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka kuH;d
m%fNao bÈßm;a lrhs'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj iy b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqu w;r
iïnkaOh úia;r lrhs'
 b,a¨ï iólrKh § we;súg ksYaÑ; ñ,lg wod< ñ,
b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr .ekSug Wmfoia (-

 my; ±lafjk fílß ksIamdolhl= iuÕ l< ixjdoh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a

lrkak'

m%Yakh (- Tnf.a fílßfha ksIamdokh lrkafka fudkjd o@

ms<s;=r (- mdka iy nksia

m%Yakh (- ojilg mdka yd nksia fldmuK wf,ú fjkjd o@

ms<s;=r (- mdka 2000la muK nksia 1000la muK wf,ú fjkjd'

m%Yakh (- miq.sh ld,fh mdka wf,ú lf<a lSh .dfka o@

ms<s;=r (- .sh udfia mdka f.ähla úlafla re' 60 .dfka' ta ldf,a ojilg
mdka 1500la ú;r úlald' nksia f.ähl=;a re' 25lg úlafla
ojilg nksia f.ä 800la ú;r úl=Kqkd'

 by; ixjdoh wdY%fhka fjf<|fmdf<a ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKfha yeisÍu

ms<sn|j YsIHhkaf.ka úuikak'

 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

60
`

 mdka ñ, fjkia jk úg mdka b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ù we;'

 nksiaj, ñ, fjkia ùu wkqj nksia b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia ù we;'
 fufia fjf<|fmdf<a ñ, fjkia jk úg mdßfNda.sl b,a¨ï lrk m%udK
fjkia lrhs'
 ñ, fjkia ùu wkqj b,a¨ï m%udK fjkia jk wdldrh fm<.eiaúh yels h'
 YsIHhkaa lKavdhï lr bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd§ l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; ±lafjkafka NdKav j¾. ;=klg wod< fjf<|fmdf<a b,a¨u fjkia jQ wdldrh
±lafjk m%ldY ;=kls' tajdhska Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrkak'
 ñ, re 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh 50 isg 30 olajd
wvq fõ'
 ñ, re' 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh 80 issg 20
olajd wvq fõ'
 ñ, re' 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh 50 isg 10
olajd wvq fõ'
 Tng ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqfrka ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh fm<.eiajQ f,aLkhla ilia
lrkak'
 ñ, fjkia jQ m%;sY; yd b,a¨ï m%udK fjkia jQ m%;sY; fjk fjk u .Kkh lr
olajkak'
 b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia jQ m%;sY; ñ, fjkia jQ m%;sY; j,ska fn¥ úg ,efnk w.h
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk m%udKd;aul j ueksh yels ´kEu idOlhl m%;sY;l
fjkilg idfmalaI j b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki uek ±laùu b,a¨ï kuH;dj fõ'
 my; mßÈ b,a¨ï kuH;dfõ m%fNao ;=kla y÷kd.; yels h'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj
 ñf,ys m%;sY; fjkilg idfmalaI j b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjkia ùu uek ±laùu
ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i y÷kajhs'
 my; ±lafjk mßÈ ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels wdldr folla mj;S tkï"
 ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
 pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

61
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 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh §" b,a¨ï jl%fha lsishï
,laIHhhl ñf,a iq¿ m%;sY;l fjkilg wkqj b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki uek
±laùu ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i y÷kajhs'

 ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj uekSug my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod .efka'

b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l

fjki
,laIH ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj = =
ñf,ys m%;sY;l fjki

 by< isg my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl my<g .uka lrk úg ,laIHh
ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wmßñ;fha isg 0 olajd úys§ hhs'
 my<g nEjqï jk ir, f¾Çh b,a¨ï jl%hl iEu ,laIHhlu nEjqï mriamrh ia:djr
jk neúka ,laIHh ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj isg 0 olajd fjkia jkafka ta ta
,laIHhkays § ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r wkqmd;slh my< hdu ksid h'

62
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 b,a¨ï jl%fha ksYaÑ; ,laI folla w;r m%foaYfha ñf,ys úYd, m%;sY;l fjkilg
idfmalaI j b,a¨ï m%udKfha m%;sY;l fjki uek ±laùu pdm ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj fõ'
th .Kkh lrk iQ;%h my; oelafõ'

AEd - pdm b,a¨ï kuH;dj

- b,a¨ï m%udKfha fjki
- ñf,a fjki
- ñf,ys idudkHh
- b,a¨ï m%udKfha idudkHh

63
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 tla;rd NdKavhl b,a¨ï jl%h my; rEmfha ±lafõ'

by; rEm igyfka A ,laIfha;a B ,laIfha;a A ydB w;r ´kEu ,laIHhla kuH;dj 1 fõ'

 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klfha jákdlu wkqj ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;djfha m%fNao 5la

y÷kd.; yels h'
I. kï& mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨u
II. kï& wkuH b,a¨u
III. kï& talSh kuH b,a¨u
IV. kï& kuH b,a¨u
V. kï& mQ¾K kuH b,a¨u

mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨u

 hï NdKavhl ñ, m%;sY;hlska fjkia jqj o tys b,a¨ï m%udKh fkdfjkia j mj;S kï
th mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨u fõ' ksoiqka (-

64
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o mQ¾K wkuH b,a¨fï § b,a¨ï jl%h isria wlaIhg iudka;rj msysghs'

o b,a¨ï jl%fha ´kEu ,laIHhl kuH;dj Y=kH fõ'

wkuH b,a¨u

hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh

fjkia fõ kï th wkuH b,a¨u fõ'

o wkuH b,a¨ul § b,a¨ï jl%fha ueo ,laIHhg my<ska ´kEu ia:dkhl kuH;d
ix.=Klh 1g wvq w.hla .kS'

talSh kuH b,a¨u

hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï

m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th talSh kuH b,a¨u fõ'
ñ,
ñ, b,a¨ï m%udKh mdßfNda.sl meyeou

10 10 100
50
20 5 100
40
25 4 100 30
B
20 A

D
0
2 4 8 10 m%udKh
6 12

 talSh kuH b,a¨fï § b,a¨ï jl%h iDcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hla fõ'

65
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 b,a¨ï jl%h u; msysá ´kEu ,laIHhl kuH;dj 1 fõ'

 b,a¨ï jl%h u; ´kEu ,laIHhlg wod< ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKfha .=Ks;h jk
mdßfNda.sl meyeou fkdfjkia j mj;S'

kuH b,a¨u -

 hï NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska tu NdKavfha b,a¨ï

m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th kuH b,a¨u fõ'

 kuH b,a¨fï § b,a¨ï jl%fha ueo ,laIHhg by<ska msysá ´kEu ,laIHhl kuH;d
ix.=Klh 1g jeä w.hla .kS'

mQ¾K kuH b,a¨u

 hï NdKavhl ñ, b;d u iq¿ m%;sY;hlska fjkia jk úg tu

NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%udKh b;du úYd, m%;sY;hlska fjkia fõ kï th mQ¾K kuH
ñ, b,ab'm%
¨uudKh
f,i yÿkajhs'
ñ,

20 200

20 100

A
20 D

0 m%udkh
100 200

 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñf,a ksrfmalaI fjki;a tys b,a¨ï m%udKfha ksrfmalaI
fjki;a w;r wkqmd;slh b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrh fõ' th f,i
.Kkh lrhs'

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 wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh §" ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj hkq i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñf,a
m%;sY;l fjki yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki w;r wkqmd;lh fõ'

 th i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñf,a ksrfmalaI fjki yd b,a¨ï jl%fha m%udKfha ksrfmalaI
fjki w;r wkqmd;slh fyj;a b,a¨ï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrfha iy i,ld n,k
NdKavfha ñ,;a b,a¨ï m%udKh;a w;r wkqmd;slfhka .=Kkh u.ska .Kkh l<
yels h'

 b,a¨ï iólrKh § we;s úg ksYaÑ; ñ,lg wod< ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels
h' fï i|yd ksoiqka my; ±l fõ'
hk b,a¨ï iólrKh wkqj ñ, re10g wod< b,a¨ï kuH;dj my;
mßÈ .Kkh flf¾'

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'4 (- ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd whqre úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl kï lrhs'

 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj
flfrys n,mdk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj weiqfrka mqfrdal:kh lrhs'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj § we;s úfgl wod< NdKavfha ñ, fjkia
ùu u; mdßfNda.sl meyeou$ jHdmdßl whNdrh fjkia jk
wdldrh ksYaph lrhs'
 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wjia:d
wkdjrKh lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 fjf<|fmdf<a NdKavfhka NdKavhg ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj fjkia fõ' ta wkqj

iuyr NdKav i|yd wkuH b,a¨ula o iuyr NdKavj,g kuH
b,a¨ula o we;s fõ' fufia NdKavhlg we;s b,a¨u wkuH nj kuH
nj ;SrKh lrk idOl ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ;Srl f,i ye¢kafõ'

 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ;Srl my; oela fõ'

1. i,ld n,k NdKavhl iqfLdamfNda.s nj fyda w;HjYH nj

2. NdKavhlg we;s wdfoaYl ixLHdj yd tajdfha ióm nj
3. mdßfNda.sl wdodhfuka NdKavh ñ, § .ekSug jeh lrk m%udKh
4. NdKavhl we;s úl,am Ndú; ixLHdj
5. ñ, fjkia ùu fya;=fjka thg yev .eiSug .; jk ld,h

 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj § we;s úfgl wod< NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùu u; mdrsfNda.sl

meyeou fjkia jk wdldrh ksYaph l< yels h' ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj yd mdrsfNda.sl
meyeou$ jHdmdßl whNdrh w;r iïnkaO;djla mj;S' th m%ia;dr igyklska my;
mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

68
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ñ,

m%udKh

whNdrh

m%udKh

 by; m%ia;drhg wkqj kuH b,a¨ï m%foaYfha § ñ, my< hk úg jHdmdßl

whNdrh by< hhs' talSh kuH ,laIHhfha § jHdmdßl whNdrh Wmßu fjhs'
wkuH b,a¨ï m%foaYfha § ñ, my< hk úg jHdmdßl whNdrh my< hhs'

69
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 b,a¨ï kuH;dj mdßfNda.sl uq¿ meyeou w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj my; j.=j
weiqfrka o fmkaúh yels h'

kuH;dj kuH;d ix.=Klfha ñ, fjkia ùu mdßfNda.sl meyeou$

w.h jHdmdßl whNdrh
wmßñ; kuH;dj by< hdu Y=kH fõ
my< hdu n,mEu wmßñ; fõ
kuH by< hdu my; jefÜ
my< hdu by< hhs
talSh by< hdu fjkia fkdfõ
my< hdu fjkia fkdfõ
wkuH by< hdu by< hdu
my< hdu my< hdu
Y=kH ^ mQ¾K wkuH & by< hdu by< hdu
my< hdu my< hdu

 ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wjia:d kï"

 mdßfNda.slhkag" ksIamdolhdg yd wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkg ;SrK

.ekSu i|yd kuH;d ixl,amh jeo.;a fõ'

 NdKavhl ñ, jeä $ wvq jk úg mdßfNda.l

s meyeou $ ksIamdok
whNdrhg flfrk n,mEu m%frdal:kh l< yels ùu'

 wdodhu Wmßu flfrk wjia:djl iy ksuejqu i|yd ;SrKh l< yels

ùu
 jHdmdr wdh;khlg we;s taldêldß Yla;sh ksYp
a h l< yels ùu
 wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh i|yd Ndú; l< yels ùu
 jl% nÿ mekùfï § wod< NdKav f;dard .ekSu

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'5 (- yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd whqre úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

 ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh lrhs'
 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr.ksñka wdfoaYk NdKav hq., yd
wkqmQrl NdKav hq., fjka lr olajhs'
 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd
fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSug Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka isoaêh YsIHhl= ,jd mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

zzchkd;a WoEik lvhg .sfha Wfoa lEug mdka iy ng¾ f.k taug h' tfy;a mdkaj,g
jvd b¢wdmamj, ñ, wvq ù we;s nj Tyqg fmkqKs' fï ksid Tyq mdka ñ, § fkdf.k b¢
wdmam ñ, § .ekSug ;SrKh lf<ah' tfia u" mdka ñ, § fkd.;a ksid Tyq ng¾ o ñ, §
fkd.;af;a h' Wfoa lEug b¢wdmam /f.k chkd;a f.or wdfõ h'ZZ
 isoaêh ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'
 my; i|yka oE u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 mdkaj,g b¢wdmam wdfoaYl NdKavhla fõ'
 mdkaj,g ng¾ wkqmQrl NdKavhla fõ'
 NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § tla NdKavhl ñ, by< hdu wfkla NdKavfha b,a¨ug
n,mdhs'
 fï wdldrhg iïnkaê; NdKav j¾. folla we; tkï
 wdfoaYl NdKav
 wkqmQrl NdKav
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §"
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; ±lafjkafka NdKav j¾. foll ñ, fjkia jk úg fjf<|fmdf<a mj;sk

fjk;a NdKav j¾. foll b,a¨u fjkia jk wdldrh ms<sno m%ldY folls'
tajdhska Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 mdka ñ, re' 50 isg 60 olajd by< hk úg nksia b,a¨u tall 300 isg
400 olajd jeä úh'
 iSks ñ, re' 100 isg 120 olajd by< hk úg f;a fld< b,a¨u tall 200
isg 150 olajd wvq lrk ,È'
 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqfrka ñ, yd b,a¨ï m%udKh fm<.eia
jQ j.=jla ilia lrkak'
 i,ld n,k NdKavh yd iïkaê; NdKavh fjk fjk u kï lrkak'
 iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;h yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha
b,a¨u fjkia jk m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨u fjkia jQ m%;sY;h iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñ,
fjkia jk m%;sY;fhka fn¥ úg ,efnk w.h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 fjf<|fmdf<a yqjudre jk tla NdKavhl ñ, fjkia ùu ;j;a NdKavhl
b,a¨u fjkia ùug n,mdhs'
 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § iïnkaê; NdKavhl
ñf,a m%;sY;l fjkig idfmalaI j i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï m%;sY;l
fjki uek oelaùu yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
 my; i|yka iQ;% fhdod .ksñka yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj .Kkh l< yels h'

72
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Exy = yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;dj

= i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï fjki

iïnkaê; NdKavfha ñf,a fjki

Py = iïnkaê; NdKavhg l,ska meje;s ñ,

Qx = i,ld n,k NdKavhg l,ska mej;s b,a¨u

 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kq ,nkafka iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ,

yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨u w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk NdKavj, h' tfia
yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdfoaYk NdKavj, h'
 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kq ,nkafka iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ,
yd i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨u w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk NdKavj, h' tfia
yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kafka wkqmQrl NdKavj, h'
 yria ñ, b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klfha m%dfhda.sl j jeo.;a jk wdldr my; mßÈ ú.%y
l< yels h'
 NdKav j¾. w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lsÍug
 NdKav i|yd fjf<|fmdf<a ;r.ldÍ;ajh ;SrKh lsÍug
 NdKavj, yd fiajdj, idfmalaI b,a¨u fjkia ùï mqfrdal:kh lsÍug

73
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'6 (- wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj wkqj ;d¾lsl j ;SrK .kakd whqre

úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj w¾: olajhs'

 ixLHd o;a; Ndú; lrñka wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh .Kkh lrhs'
 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr.ksñka NdKav j¾. lrhs'
 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;djfha jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSu i|yd Wmfoia(-

 my; i|yka isoaêh YsIHhl= ,jd mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

zz ;u is,a,r lvfha NdKav úlsKSu flfrys ndysr isoaë n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn| j
úYajkd;a úuis,af,ka isà' miq.sh Èkj, ish¨ u rcfha fiajlhkaf.a jegqma jeä ùu
ksid ;u lvfha nvq úlsKSu iïnkaOfhka Tyq fufia m%ldY lr isà'
zzmä jeä jqK ksid ñÈ" iqj| ú,jqka" whsial%Sï jf.a foaj, kï b,a¨u jeä jqKd' ta
jqKdg yd,a jf.a foaj,a kï b,a¨u tÉpr jeä jqfKa kE' yenehs udcßka b,a,mq wh ta
fjkqjg ng¾ b,a,kak mgka .;a;d'ZZ
 isoaêh ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'
 jeo.;a lreKq mqjrefõ f.dv k.kak'
 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 wdodhu fjkia ùu ksid b,a¨u fjkia fõ'
 wdodhu fjkia ùu iuyr NdKavj, b,a¨ug t;rï n, fkdmdhs'
 wdodhu jeä jk úg b,a¨u wvq lrk NdKav o mj;S'
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka isoaëka w;=ßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk isoaêh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'

I isoaêh
ksu,af.a iy,a b,a¨u lu,af.a iqj| ú,jqka ìu,af.a kej; msrjQ
wdodhu ^udisl& wdodhu lsf,da b,a¨u wdodhu gh¾ b,a¨u
^udisl&
10000 40 40000 8
40000 1
15000 50 50000 4
50000 2
 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,enqKq m%ldYh weiqßka mdßfNda.sl wdodhu fjkia jk m%;sY;h yd
b,a¨u fjkia jQ m%;sY;h .Kkh lrkak'
 i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨u fjkia jQ m%;sY;h wdodhu fjkia jQ m%;Y
s ;fhka fnod
wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh .Kkh lrkak
 Tn .Kkh l< wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh ms<sn| j isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

 mdßfNda.sl wdodhu fjkia jk úg tla tla NdKav j¾. i|yd mj;sk b,a¨u fjkia
jk wdldrh tlsfklg fjkia iajrEmhla .kS'
 b,a¨u flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § " mdßfNda.sl wdodhï m%;sY;
fjkilg idfmalaI j i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki uek ±laùu
wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj fõ'
 my; i|yka iQ;%h fhdod f.k wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj ueksh yels h'

Yed = i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨ï m%;sY;l fjki

wdodhfï m%;sY;l fjki

75
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Yed = wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj

= b,a¨ï fjki

wdodhfï fjki

m<uq j § we;s wdodhu

Q = m<uq wdodhu hgf;a mej;s b,a¨u

 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhfï fjki yd i,ld
n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï fjki w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaOhla mj;sk NdKavj, h' tys
Ok iïnkaO;djla mj;skafka idudkH NdKavj, h'
 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok tlg jeä w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhï m%;sY;l
fjkig jvd jeä m%;sY;hlska i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨u jeä jk úg § h' wdodhï
b,a¨ï kuH;d Ok w.h tlg jeä w.hla .kafka iqfLdamfNda.S NdKavj, h'
 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh Ok tlg wvq w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhfï m%;sY;l
fjkig jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska i,ld n,k NdKavfha b,a¨u jeä jk úg § h' wdodhu
b,a¨ï kuH;dj Ok w.h tlg wvq jkafka w;HjYH NdKavj, h'
 wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kq ,nkafka wdodhfï fjki yd i,ld
n,k NdKavfha b,a¨fï fjki w;r m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk úg § h' wdodhï
b,a¨ï kuH;d ix.=Klh iDK w.hla .kafka nd, NdKavj, h'
 wd¾Ól ú.%yhka i|yd wdodhï b,a¨ï kuH;dj fhdod.; yels wdldr lsysmhla my;
±lafõ'
 w;HjYH NdKav" iqfLdamfNda.S NdKav yd nd, NdKav hkqfjka j¾. lsÍug
 wdodhï fjkia ùu u; fjf<|fmdf<a NdKavj,g we;s b,a¨u fjkia jk
wdldrh mqfrdal:kh lsÍug

76
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'7 (- iemhqï ;Srl weiqßka iemhqï kHdh yd iemhqï kS;sh ú.%y

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 iemhqu w¾: olajhs'

 wdh;kfha iemhqu yd fjf<|fmd< iemhqu w;r
fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iemhqug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs
 iemhqu yd iemhqug n,mdk idOl w;r iïnkaO;djh
iemhqï Y%s;hka weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 iemhqï kS;sh ks¾jpkh lrhs'
 iemhqï f,aLkhla" iemhqï jl%hla yd iemhqï
iólrKh u.ska iemhqï kS;sh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 iemhqï kS;h
s g fya;=j f,i jeä jk wdjiaÓl msßjeh
kS;sh ú.%y lrhS'
mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(-
 mdvu mgka .ekSug fmr Èk mdi,a wdmK Yd,djg f.dia tys wf,ú lrk wdydr
j¾.j, iemhqu ms<sn| j úuiSula isÿ lr f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd f,i YsIHhkag ±kqï
fokak'
 wod< Èkfha YsIHhka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiqßka wdmK Yd,dfõ wf,ú lrk wdydr j¾."
Èkm;d wf,ú jk m%udKhka" tu m%udKhka" fjkia ùug n,mdk fya;= YsIHhkaa iuÕ
idlÉPd lrkak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 jpkd¾:fhka .;a úg iemqhu hkq lsishï NdKav m%udKhla fõ'
 wd¾Ól úoHd;aul j .;a úg fuu ixl,amh Bg jvd mq¿,a w¾:hla f.k foa'
 lsishï NdKavhlska tla wdh;khla úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a fjf<|fmd<g imhk
m%udKh wdh;khl iemhqu fõ'
 lsishï NdKavhla fjf<|fmd<g imhk ish¨ u wdh;kj, iemhqï m%udKhkaf.a
tl;=j fjf<|fmd< iemhqu fõ'
 iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys úúO idOl n,mdhs'
77
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 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka ud;!ld weiqßka Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ud;!ldj flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrkak'

 A wdh;kfha iemhqu

 B wdh;kfha iemhqu

 C wdh;kfha iemhqu

 fjf<|fmd< iemhqu

 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,efnk ud;!ldjg wod< j.=fõ iemhqï ;Srej iïmQ¾K lrkak'
 tu f;dr;=re weiqßka isria wlaIhg XNdKavfha ñ, o ;sria wlaIhg i|yd wod<
iemhqu o f.k iemhqï jl%hla ks¾udKh lrkak'
 Tn ks¾udKh l< iemhqï jl%fha yevh ms<sn| ie,ls,a,g .ksñka XNdKavfha ñ,
yd XNdKavfha iemhqu w;r we;s iïnkaOh meyeos,s lrkak'

NdKavfha ñ, A wdh;kfha B wdh;kfha C wdh;kfha fjf<|fmd<

^re& iemhqu iemhqu iemhqu iemhqu

10 --- 50 30

20 30 --- 40

30 40 90 ---

40 --- 110 ----

50 60 --- 70

78
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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § iemhqu hkqfjka woyia lrkafka hï ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfþohla ;=<

lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmdf<a mej;sh yels úl,am ñ,hka yS § ksIamdolhka
úiska iemhSug leu;s" iemhSug yelshdj we;s iy imhkq ,nk úúO m%udK h'
 iemhqu my; ±lafjk mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'
 wdh;khl iemhqu
 fjf<|fmd< iemhqu
 iïm;a Ndú; lrñka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lr úlsKSug bÈßm;a lrk wd¾Ól
tallhla wdh;khla kï fõ'
ksoiqka(- úlsKSu i|yd ù j.d lrk f.dúfhls'
 tjeks wdh;khla ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug leu;s
m%udK wdh;ksl iemhqu fõ'
ksoiqka (- by; i|yka f.dúhd úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a
fjf<|fmd<g wf,ú lrk ù lsf,da .a?ï m%udK
 hï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda ksIamdokh lrk ish¨ wdh;khkays tl;=j
fjf<|fmd< kï fõ'
ksoiqka (- úlsKSu i|yd ù j.d lrk ish¨ u f.dùkaf.a tl;=j
 tu wdh;k ish,a, u ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< wf,ú lrk tall m%udKhkaf.a tl;=j
fjf<|fmd< iemhquhs'
ksoiqka (- (- ish¨ u ù f.dùka úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a wf,ú lrk ù
lsf,da .a?ï m%udKh
 wdh;khl iemhqu ;SrKh ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl my; i|yka mßÈ fm<
.eiaúh yels h'
o i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)
o fhojqï ñ, (C)
o ;dlaIKh (T)
o iïnkaê; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka (Pn)
o ksIamdolhkaf.a wfmalaId (Ex)
o rcfha m%;sm;a;s (G)
o fjk;a idOl (O)

79
`

 fjf<|fmd< iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl my; i|yka mßÈ fm< .eiaúh yels h'
o i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, (P)
o fhojqï ñ, (C)
o ;dlaIKh (T)
o iïnkaê; NdKav j, ñ, .Kka (Pn)
o ksIamdolhkaf.a wfmalaId (Ex)
o fjf<|fmdf<a isák ksIamdolhskaf.a ixLHdj ^N)
o rcfha m%;sm;a;s (G)
o fjk;a idOl (O)
 wdh;ksl iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOl j,g wu;r j fjf<|fmdf<a isák
ksIamdolhkaf.a ixLHdj fjf<|fmd< iemhqu ;SrKh lrk idOlj,g tl;= fõ'
 lsishï NdKavhla i|yd wdh;ksl iemhqu yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r
iïnkaOh olajk iólrKh wdh;ksl iemhqï Y%s;h fõ' th my; mßos bÈßm;a l<
yels h'

 lsishï NdKavhla i|yd fjf<|fmd< iemhqu yd th ;SrKh lrk idOl w;r

iïnkaOh olajk iólrKh fjf<|fmd< iemhqu Y%s;h fõ' th my; mßos bÈßm;a
l< yelsh'

 iemhqu ;SrKh lrk ´kEu idOlhla fjkia ùu g wkql+, j i,ld n,k

NdKavfha iemhqu fjkia jk wdldrh ú.%y fldg ±laùu iemhqï kHdhhs'
 iemhqï kS;sh hkq hï ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl
fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r mj;sk
wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djhs'
 iemhqï kS;sh bÈßm;a l< yels l%u lsysmhla we;' tkï
 iemhqï f,aLkhla u.ska
 iemhqï jl%hla u.ska
 iemhqï iólrKhla u.ska
 iemhqï f,aLkh hkq ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqug n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr
j ;sìh§ i,ld n,k NdKavhg mej;sh yels úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug

80
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wfmalaId lrk úúO m%udKhka olajk ixLHd igyk hs' th my; mßos bÈßm;a l<
yels h'

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^re& i,ld n,k NdKavfha iemhqï

m%udKh ^tall&

0 0

10 100

20 200

30 300

40 400

50 500

60 600

70 700

 fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqug n,mdk wksl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh §

i,ld n,k NdKavhg mj;sk úúO jQ ñ, .Kka hgf;a iemhSug wfmalaId lrk
m%udKhka iïnkaO fldg w¢kq ,nk f¾Ldj iemhqï jl%h hs' th my; mßos bÈßm;a
l< yels h'

i,ld n,k
NdKavfha ñ,
^re&
iemhqï jl%h
70 (S)

60

50
40

30

20

10

0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 wfmalaIs; iemhqï m%udKh ^ tall&

81
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 fok ,o ksYaÑ; wjia:djl § iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wksl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j

;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh w;r mj;sk wkqf,dau
iïnkaO;dj ùÔh m%ldYkhla u.ska ±laùu iemhqï iólrKh hs'

Qs =iemhqï m%udKh ^ mrdh;a; úp,H&

iemhqï jl%fha ;sria wka;#LKavh ^ ñ, 0 § iemhqï m%udKh&
ñ, ix.=Klh^ ñ, tla tllhlska fjkia jq úg iemhqï m%udKh fld;rï fjkia

jkjdo hkak&

i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ^ iajdh;a; úp,H&

ksoiqka by; iemhqï jl%hg wod< iemhqï iólrKh fufia f.dvke.sh yels h'
Qs= 0+ 10P
 iemhqï kS;shg jeä jk wdka;sl msßjeh kS;sh n,mdhs'
 lsishï NdKavhla jeäfhka ksIamdokh lrk úg tys wdjiaÓl msßjeh o by< hk nj
jeä jk wdka;sl msßjeh kS;sfhka lshfõ' ksuejqu jeä jk úg wdka;sl msßjeh o by<
k.sk neúka ish ksIamdokh jeä lsÍug ksIamdolhka fm,fTkqfha jeäjk wdka;sl
msßjeh mshjd .ekSug yels jk mßÈ NdKavfha ñ, by< k.skjd kï muKs'

82
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'8 (- iemhqï m%udKfha fjkia ùu yd iemhqu fjkia ùu w;r

fjki ii|hs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 NdKavhl iemhqï m%udKh fjkia ùu yd iemhqu fjkia

ùu flfrys n,mdk idOl fjka fjka j bÈßm;a lrhs'
 NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk úg iemhqï m%udKh fjkia jk
wdldrh iemhqï jl%hla weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
 NdKavhl ñ, ia:djr j mj;sk úg wfkl=;a idOl
fjkia ùu wkqj iemhqu fjkia jk wdldrh iemhqï jl%
weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

 ñ, yer iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld

n,k NdKavfha ñ, fjkia jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKfha we;s jk
fjki iemhqï m%udKh fjkia ùu hs'
 iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a lreKq ia:djr j ;sìh § i,ld n,k
NdKavfha ñ, jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh jeä fõ' th
iemhqï jl%h u; msysá ,laIHh tu jl%h Èf.a ;j;a by< ,laIHhlg .uka
lsÍuls'
 iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a lreKq ia:djr j ;sìh§ i,lk NdKavfha
ñ, wvq jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh wvq fõ' tysÈ iemhqï jl%h
,laIHhl isg tu jl%fha Èf.a ;j;a my< ,laIHhl g .uka lrhs'

Px
iemhqï m%udKh jeä ùu
Sx

B
P1

P0
iemhqï m%udKh wvq ùu
0
Qs0 Qs Qs1 Qsx
83
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 i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu ;SrKh lrk wfkl=;a idOl
fjkia ùu ksid iemhqu wvq ùu fyda jeä ùu fyda iemhqu fjkia ùu f,i y÷kajhs'
 ñ, ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fjkia ùu ksid iemhqï
f¾Ldj jug .uka lsÍu ^ ú;eka ùu& iemhqfï wvq ùuls'

iemhqï wvq ùu
Sx1
Sx
iemhqï jeä ùu

P1 Sx2

0 Qs
Qs0 Qs Qs1

ixl,amh i,lk NdKavfha ñ, iemhqu flfrys n,mdk

wfkl=;a idOl

iemhqï m%udKfha fjki fjkia fõ ia:djr fõ

iemhqfï fjki ia:djr fõ fjkia fõ

iemhqï jl%h ol=Kg .uka lsÍug n,mdk iemhqï f¾Ldj jug .uka lsÍug n,mdk idOl
idOl

1. iïnkaêl NdKav ñ, wvq ùu 1 iïnkaêl NdKav ñ, jeä ùu

2. ksIamdokhg fhdod.kakd fhojqï ñ, 2 ksIamdolhdg fhdod.kakd fhojqï
wvq ùu ñ, jeä ùu
3. ;dlaIKsl ÈhqKqj 3 ;dlaIKh h,a mekSu
4 fjf<|mf,a isák iemhqïlrejka
4. fjf<|ief,a isák iemhqïlrejka m%udKh wvq ùu
m%udKh jeä ùu' 5 rch ksIamdolhdf.ka wh lrk
5. rch ksIamdolhdf.ka wh lrk nÿ nÿ jeä lsÍu
lmd yeÍu 6 rch ksIamdolhdg ,ndfok
6. rch ksIamdolhdg iydkdOdr ,nd §u iykdOdr lmd yeÍu
7. wkd.;fha i,lk NdKavfha ñ, wvq 7 wkd.;fha i,lk NdKavfha ñ,
fj;ehs ksIamdolhd wfmalaId lsÍu fj;ehs ksIamdolhd wfmalaId
lsÍu

84
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'9 (- iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj .Kkh lrñka tys Ndú;fha

jeo.;alu ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj w¾: olaajhs'

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj .Kkh lrk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

 fok ,o o;a; mokï lr.ksñka iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj .Kkh lr fmkajhs'

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;d ix.=Klh mokï lr .ksñka iemhqï ñ, kuH;dfõ

m%fNao fm< .iajhs'

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dfõ ;Srl úia;r lrhs'

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dfõ jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsrsug w;aje,la

 iemhqu flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld n,k

NdKavfha ñ, fjkia ùu flfrys iemhqï m%udKh olajk ixfõ§;dj iemhqï ñ,
kuH;dj hs'

 tkï i,ld n,k NdKavfha ñ, hï m%;sY;hlska fjkia jk úg iemhqï m%udKh

fldmuK m%;sY;hlska fjkia fõ o hkak uek ±laùu iemhqï ñ, kuH;djfhka
isÿ lrhs' iemhqï kuH;dj f,iska jHjydr jkafka o iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj u h'

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj my; wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

85
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ES = iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj

 QS = iemhqï m%udKfha fjki

P = ñf,a fjki

P = NdKavfha ñ, ^uq,a ñ,&

QS = NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKh ^uq,a m%udKh&

ksoiqk ( lsih
s ï NdKavhl ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh ms<sn`o f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'

ñ, ^re'& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&

5 100

10 500

ñ, remsh,a 5 isg 10 olajd jeä jk úg iemhqï kuH;dj

86
`

 NdKavfha ñ, iemhqï m%udKhla w;r mj;akd wkqf,dau iïnkaOh ksid iemhqï

kuH;dj ix.=Klh Ok w.hla .kS' fufia isÿ jkafka iemhqï jl%h Ok nejqulska
hqla; ksid h'
 iemhqï jl%fha lsishï ,CIHhl kuH;dj .Kkh l< úg tu ,CIHh iemhqï
kuH;djhs'
 ,CIH iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu i`oyd o fhdod .kq ,nkafka by; ±lajQ iemhqï
kuH;d iQ;%h u h' th my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

 ,CIH iemhqï kuH;dj kHdhd;aul ixl,amhls'

 úYd, ñ, fjkia ùul kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu i`oyd ,CIH iemhqï kuH;d ixl,amh
fhda.H fkdfõ'
 Bg fya;=j jkafka tl u m%udKhlska ñ, wvq ùul § fyda jeä ùul § fyda úYd,
fjkialï iys; kuH;d w.h folla ,eîu hs'
 fuh my; ksoiqka weiqßka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
 by; ie,ls,a,g .;a ksoiqk wkqj ñ, remsh,a 5 -10 olajd remsh,a mylska jeä ùfï §
,CIH iemhqï kuH;dj 4la úh'
 tfy;a ñ, remsh,a 10 isg 5 olajd remsh,a 5lska wvq ùfï §"

 fuf,i tl u m%udKhlska ñ, wvq ùfï § yd jeä ùfï § úYd, fjkialï iys;

kuH;d w.h folla ,eîu ,CIHh kuH;dfjys ÿ¾j,;djhls'

87
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 fï ksid úYd, ñ, fjkialï yd iïnkaO j iemhqï kuH;dj .Kkh lsÍu i`oyd pdm
iemhqï kuH;dj fhdod .kS'

 pdm iemhqï kuH;dj my; wdldrhg .Kkh l< yels h'

fuu iQ;%fhys"
QS = iemhqï m%udKfha fjkia ùu'
P = ñf,a fjkia ùï
P 1+ P 2 = idudkH ñ,
2
Q1 + Q2 = idudkH iemhqï m%udKh
2

ksoiqk -
 lsishï NdKAvhl ñ, yd iemhqï m%udKh ms<sn`o f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'

ñ, ^re& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&

10 100
20 200

by; f;dr;=re yd iïnkaO pdm iemhqï kuH;dj

88
`

 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj yd iemhqï jl%fha nEjqu w;r iïnkaO;djhla mj;S'

 iemhqï kuH;d iQ;%h Ndú; lrñka iemhqï jl%fha ´kEu ,CIHhl iemhqï kuH;dj
.Kkh l< yels h'

fuu iQ;%fhys"
QS/ P hkq iemhqï jl%fha nEjqfï mriamrhhs'

[iemhqï m%udKh isria wCIfhys;a" ñ, ;sria wCIfhys;a ,l=Kq lrkafka kï QS/ P u`.ska
m%ldY lrkqfha iemhqï jl%fha nEjquhs' tfy;a iemhqï jl%hla w`Èkq ,nkafka ñ, isria
wCIfhys yd iemhqï m%udKh ;sria wCIfhys olajñka ksid iemhqï jl%fha nEjQu  P/ QS
f,i fõ']

 iemhqï jl%fha nejqu  P/ QS f,iska yd iemhqu kuH;d iQ;%fhys uq, moh f,iska
jk nEjqfï mriamrhla ksid iemhqï kuH;d iQ;%h"

f,i ±laúh yels h'

 fuhska o woyia jkafka fmr ±la jQ iemhqï kuH;d iQ;%h u h' tkï"

89
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 iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj iemhqï iólrKhla weiqfrka o .Kkh l< yels h'

ksoiqk -
QS = 100 + 4P" iemhqï iólrKh weiqfrka remsh,a 10 ñf,a § iemhqï kuH;dj my;
mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

iemhqï iólrKfhys +4 hkq fuu iQ;%fha uq, moh hs' tkï QS ys w.h hs'
P

 iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klh i`oyd ,efnk w.h Y+kHfha ^0& isg wmßñ; ^& olajd fjkia
fõ'
 tu ix.=Klfhys w.h mokï lr.ksñka iemqhï ñ, kuH;d m%fNao myla ±laúh yels
h'
1. talSh iemhqï kuH;dj
2. tlg wvq iemhqï kuH;dj
3. tlg jeä iemhqï kuH;dj
4. mQ¾K kuH iemhqï kuH;dj
5. mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï kuH;dj
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 iemhqï flfrys n,mdk wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § i,ld n,k NdKavfha
ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;fhka u iemhqï m%udKh o fjkia fõ kï th talSh kuH
iemhquhs'
 fuys § iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h tl ^1& fõ'
 uQ, ,CIHh yryd .uka lrk ieu iemhqï jl%hl u iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h
tl fõ'
 Bg fya;=j uQ, ,CIHfhka wdrïN jk iemhqï jl%hl ñ, iy iemhqï m%udKh w;r
wkqmd;h iudk ùu hs'
 my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjkafka talSh iemhqï kuH;djla iys; iemhqï jl% h'
ñ, ^re'&
S1
S2
S3

0 m%udKh ^tall&

 by; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjk S1, S2 iy S3 iemhqï jl%j, (P / Qs) w.h ieu
úg u P / Qs j,g iudk fõ' fï ksid kuH;dj ieu úg u talSh fõ'
 wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr u ;sìh § NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd wvq
m%;sY;hlska iemhqï m%udKh fjkia jkafka kï th tlg wvq ^wkuH iemhqï
kuH;dj& iemhqï ;;a;ajhls'
 tys oS iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h tlg wvq ^< 1& fõ' ;sria wCIh yryd
.uka lrk ieu ir, f¾Åh iemhqï jl%hl u we;af;a tlg wvq iemhqï kuH;djls'
 my; m%ia;dr igyfka ±lajd we;af;a tlg wvq iemhqï kuH;djlska hq;a iemhqï jl%h
hs'

91
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ñ, ^re'& S

0 m%udKh tall

 by; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjk ;sria wCIh yryd .uka lrk S iemhqï jl%fhys
kuH;d ix.=Kfhys w.h tlg wvq fõ'
 iemhqï jl%h by<g .uka lrk úg kuH;d ix.=Klfha w.h tlg wdikak jk
f;la by< hhs'
 Bg fya;=j ñ,la iemhqï m%udKhla w;r wkqmd;h by< hEu hs'
 wfkl=;a idOl fkdfjkia j ;sìh § ñ, fjkia jk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä
m%;sY;hlska iemhqï m%udKh fjkia fõ kï th tlg jeä iemhqï kuH;dj^kuH
iemhqu&hs'
 fuys § iemhqï kuH;dj i`oyd ,efnk w.h tlg jeä ^>1& fõ'
 isria wCIhg yryd .uka lrk ieu iemhqï jl%hl u we;af;a tlg jeä iemhqï
kuH;djhs'
 my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafjkafka iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klh tlg jeä w.hlska
hq;a iemhqï jl%hls'

ñ, ^re& S

0 m%udKh ^tall&

92
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 m%ia;r igyfkys ±lafjk S iemhqï jl%fhys kuH;d w.h tlg jeä fõ'
 iemhqï jl%h by<g .uka lrk úg jl%h Èf.a by<g h;a u tu tlg jeä w.h
l%ufhka wvq ù tlg ióm fõ'
 Bg fya;=j ñ, iy iemhqï m%udKh w;r wkqmd;h my< hdu hs'
 wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § NdKavfha ñf,a we;s jk fjkia ùulg m%;spdr
jYfhka NdKavfha iemhqï m%udKfhys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdfõ kï ta mQ¾K
wkuH iemhqï kuH;djhs'
 tys § iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h Y=kH ^0& fõ'
 fuys oS iemhqï jl%h isria wCIhg iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

ñ, ^re&
S

0 m%udKh ^tall&

 wfkl=;a idOl ia:djr j ;sìh § NdKavfha ñf,ys we;s jk b;d iq¿ m%;sY;l fjkia
ùulg ^Y=kH ñ, uÜgfï fjkilg& m%;spdr jYfhka iemqhï m%udKh úYd, jYfhka
fjkia fõ kï ta mQ¾K kuH iemhqï kuH;djhs'
 fuys § iemhqï kuH;d ix.=Klfhys w.h wmßñ; fõ'
 iemhqï jl%h ;sria wCIHg iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'
ñ, ^re'&

0 m%udKh ^tall&

93
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 NdKavhl iemhqï ñ, kuH;dj ;SrKh lrk idOl .Kkdjls'

 ta w;ßka jeo.;a m%Odk idOl my; ±la fõ'
1. idOl ixp,k yelshdj
2. NdKavfha iajNdjh
3. f;d. mj;ajd f.k hEfï yelshdj
4. ñ, fjkia ùu fya;=fjka iemhqï fjkia lsÍug .; jk ld,h
 tla ksIamdok ld¾hhl isg fjk;a ksIamdok ld¾hhla i`oyd iïm;a udre ùu idOl
ixp,kh hkafkka woyia fõ'
 lsishï NdKavhl ñ, jeä jk úg tu NdKavfha iemhqu flá ld,hla ;=< jeä l<
yelafla tu NdKavh i`oyd wjYH lrk fhojqï fjk;a ksIamdokj,ska ,nd
.ekSfuks'
 tf,iska tla ksIamdok ld¾hhl isg ;j;a ksIamdok ld¾hhla i`oyd iïm;a
myiqfjka udre lsÍug yels jk úg NdKavfha ñ, jeä jk úg iemhqï o flá
ld,hla ;=< jeä fõ'
 fï wkqj idOl ixp,k yelshdj jeä jk úg mj;skafka kuH iemhqï ;;a;ajhls'
 tfy;a idOl ixp,k yelshdj ÿIalr jk úg tu NdKav i`oyd we;af;a wkuH
iemhqï ;;a;ajhls'
 i,ld n,k NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk ksIamdok iïm;a fjk;a
NdKav ksmoùu i`oyd wdfoaY lsÍfï yelshdj NdKavfha iajNdjh hkafkka woyia fõ'
 lsishï NdKavhla ksmoùu i`oyd Ndú; lrk ksIamdok idOhla fjk;a ksIamdok
idOhlhla fjk;a ksIamdok ld¾hhla i`oyd wdfoaY lsÍfï yelshdj jeä kï tu
NdKavfha iemhqu kuH fõ'
ksoiqka -
fïi ksIamdokh i`oyd Ndú; lrk iïm;a we`oka ksIamdokh i`oyd
myiqfjka wdfoaY l< yels h' fï ksid we`oka ksIamdokj, ñ, by< .sh úg fïi
i`oyd fhdod .;a iïm;a we`oka io`yd wdfoaY l< yels neúka we`oka iemhqu jeä fõ'
fïi iemhqu wvq fõ'
 hï NdKavhl f;d. mj;S o keoao hkak;a tu NdKavfha iemhqï kuH;dj flfrys
n,mdhs'
 f;d. mj;ajd f.k hEfï yelshdj jeä kï tu NdKav i`oyd kuH iemhqula mj;S'
 tfy;a f;d. mj;ajd f.k hEu ÿIalr j mj;sk NdKav i`oyd we;af;a wkuH iemhqï
;;a;ajhls'
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 ñ, fjkia ùfuka miq .; ù we;s ld,h úYd, kï tjeks NdKav i`oyd we;af;a kuH
iemhquls' Bg fya;=j wod< ld,h úYd, j;a u idOl ixp,kh ùug bvlv jeä úu
hs'
 tfy;a ñ, fjkia ùfuka miq .; ù we;s ld,h flá kï tjeks NdKav i`oyd
we;af;a wkuH iemhquls' wod< ld,h flá ksid idOl ixp,kh ùug we;s bvlv
wvq úu thg fya;=j hs'
 iemhqï ñ, kuH;d ixl,amh wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh i`oyd b;d jeo.;a fõ'
 mßfNda.slhkag" ksIamdolhkag" wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhkag úúO ;SrK .ekSfï §
iemhqï kuH;d ms<sn`o j ±kqj;a j isàu jeo.;a h'
 my; ±lafjkafka fuu úúO msßiaj,g m%dfhda.sl jYfhka iemhqï kuH;d ixl,amh
jeo.;a jk wjia:d lsym
s hls'
 NdKavhl ñ, fjkia jk úg md¾fNda.sl meyeou $ ksIamdokl whNdrhg
flfrk n,mEu mqfrdal:kh l< yels ùu
 ;u ksIamdok i`oyd wdodhu Wmßu flfrk wdldrhg ñ,la ;SrKh l< yels ùu
 jHdmdr wdh;khlg we;s taldêldÍ Yla;sh ksYp
a h l< yels ùu
 hï NdKavhla i`oyd mj;sk wdfoaYl yd wkqmqrl NdKav ljf¾ o hkak y`ÿkd
.ekSu
 idOl ixp,k yelshdj y`ÿkd .; yels ùu

95
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'10 (- wd¾Ól úoHdkql+, j fjf<|fmd< ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 fjf<|fmd< w¾: olajhs'

 fjf<|fmd<l ld¾h kï lrhs'
 NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< ksoiqka iys;j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 NdKav fjf<|fmd< yd idOl fjf<|fmd< w;r fjki
ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSu i|yd Wmfoia(-

 YsIHhkaa okakd fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| j úuikak'
 tla tla fjf<|fmd< ;=< yqjudre jk foa iy m%Odk ,laIK úuikak'
 fjf<|fmd<la hkak w¾: olajkak'
 fjf<|fmd< j¾. mj;sk njg bÕs imhkak'
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i|yka fjf<|fmd<j,a w;=ßka Tn lKavdhug ,eî we;s fjf<|fmd<

flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 mdjyka fjf<|fmd<
 mdjyka ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH wuqøjH fjf<|fmd<
 Tng ,eî we;s isoaêh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'
 tu isoaêh weiqfrka Tng ,eî we;s fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| my; f;dr;=re f.dkq
lrkak'
 b,a¨ïlrejka yd iemhqïlrejka
 b,a¨fï iajNdjh
 b,a¨u ;SrKh jk wdldrh
 Tng ,eî we;s fjf<|fmd< wfkla fjf<|fmd< yd iïnkaO jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKd;aul j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï jkak'

96
`

isoaêh

iSfoaú kue;s mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;kh ;u NdKav ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH wuqøjH
úfoaY rglska wdkhkh lr .kS' fiajlhka wjYH njg wdh;kh úiska m< lrkq ,enQ mqj;am;a
±kaùulg wkqj m%foaYfha lsym
s fofkl=g u tys fiajh lsÍug wjia:dj ie,isKs' w¨;ska ñ,§
.;a hkaf;%damlrK ksid;a kj ;dlaIKh fhdod.ekSu;a ksid;a mdjyka ksIamdokh jeä ù we;'

Èjhsfka m<d;a lsysmhl u iSfoaù mdjyka wf,úh i|yd fj<|ie,a újD; lr we;'
fj<|ie,a ysñhka ÿrl:kfhka ±kqï ÿka úg mdjyka iemhSug ;rï wdh;kh ld¾hlaIu ù
we;'

mdjyka b,a¨u jeä ùu ksid ksIamdokh jeä ù m%foaYjdiSkag o kj /lshd wjia: do Wod
ù we;'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (-

 mßfNdackh i|yd ksñ NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú jk fjf<|fmd< NdKav yd fiajd

fjf<|fmd< f,i ye¢kafõ'
 N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yqjudre jk fjf<|fmd< ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd< f,i
y÷kajhs'
 mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav b,a¨ï lrkafka mdßfNda.slhka jk w;r" wf,úlrejka
jkafka ksIamdok wdh;k hs'
 ksIamdok idOl i|yd b,a¨ï lrkafka ksIamdok wdh;k jk w;r idOl
iemhqïlrejka jkafka l=gqïn wxYh hs'
 mdßfNda.sl NdKav i|yd b,a¨ula we;s jkafka tajdfhys wdka;sl Wmfhda.S;dj ksid
h'
 mdßfNda.sl NdKav i|yd iDcq b,a¨ula mj;S'
 ksIamdok idOl fiajd i|yd jl% b,a¨ula fyj;a jHq;amkak b,a¨ula mj;S'
 my; mßÈ NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< idOl fiajd fjf<|fmd< ixikaokd;aulj
ú.%y l< yels h'

NdKav yd fiajd fjf<|fmd< idOl fiajd fjf<|fmd<

 mßfNdack NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre  idOl fiajd yqjudre fjhs'

fjhs'
 ksIamdok wdh;k idOl fiajd b,a¨ï
 l=gqïn wxYh NdKav yd fiajd i|yd lrhs'
b,a¨ï lrhs'
 ksIamdok wdh;k NdKav yd fiajd  ksIamdok wdh;k j,g idOl fiajd
imhkafka l=gqïn wxYh hs'
imhhs'
 NdKav yd fiajd i|yd iDcq b,a¨ula  idOl fiajd i|yd jl% b,a¨ula mj;S'
mj;S'

97
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2' 11 (-fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

mÍlaId lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h w¾: olajhs'

 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h m%ldY l< yels úl,am l%u
kï lrhs'
 b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqßka fjf<|fmd<
iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a lrhs'
 b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% weiqfrka fjf<|fmd<
iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a lrhs'
 b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fjf<|fmd<
iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a lrhs'
 iu;=,s;h wdY%s; ixl,am w¾: olajñka tajd m%ia;dr
u.ska bÈßm;a lrhs'
mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSu i|yd Wmfoia(-

 iy,a fjf<|ie,la fj; iy,a ñ, § .ekSug .sh mdßfNda.slhl= iy

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd w;r we;s jQ ixjdoh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

mdßfNda.slhd ( uqo,d,s iïnd iy,a lsf,da tlla lSh o@

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd ( re' 90'00 hs uy;a;hd

mdßfNda.slhd ( uu .sh i;sfha re' 80$- .dfka lsf,da 10la .;a;fka

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd ( fï oskj, iy,a ñ, jeähs uy;a;hd

mdßfNda.slhd ( iy,a lsf,da 25la ñ,g .kak iy,a lsf,da tlla lSh .dfka

fokjd o@

fjf<|ie,a ysñhd ( uy;a;hd wfma fyd| mdßfNda.slhl= yskoa d lsf,da tlla re'
85$- .dfka fokakï'

 ixjdoh ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

98
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 mdßfNda.slhd tkï b,a¨ïlre úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a úúO m%udK b,a¨ï

lrk w;r fjf<|ie,a ysñhd tkï iemhqïlre úúO ñ, .Kka hgf;a
úúO m%udK iemhSu g wfmalaId lrhs'

 b,a¨ïlre iy iemhqïlre tl`.;d u; ;SrKh jk ñ, iy m%udKh

iu;=,s; ñ, iy m%udKh fõ'

 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd § l%shdldrlfuys
fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i`oyka b,a¨ï iy iemhqï iólrK hq., w;ßka Tng ,eî we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï
iólrK hq.,h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 Qd = 100 – 2P iy Qs = - 60 + 3P

 Qd = 40 -5P iy Qs = -10 + 5P

 Tng ,eì we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK Ndú; lr iudk ñ, .Kka fhdodf.k
b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk f.dvk.kak'
 Tn ilia l< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka b,a¨ï m%udKh yd iemhqï m%udKh
iudk w.hla .kakd ñ, yd m%udKh y`ÿkd.kak'
 Tn ilia l< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% tl u m%ia;dr
igykl ks¾udKh lrkak'
 b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h tlsfklg fcaokh jk wjia:dj ms<sn`o j woyia bÈßm;a
lrkak'

99
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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l .ekqïlrejkaf.a yd úl=Kqïlrejkaf.a wfmalaIdjka ;=,kh jk

wjia:dj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h hs'
 tys oS b,a¨ïlrejka b,a,k m%udKh;a iemhqïlrejka imhk m%udKh;a tlsfklg
iudk fjk ksid wê b,a¨ïla fyda wê iemhqula fyda olakg fkd,efnk w;r
b,a¨ïlrejkaf.a wfmalaIs; ñ, yd iemhqïlrejkaf.a wfmalaIs; ñ, tlsfklg iudk
jk neúka wê b,a¨ï ñ,la fyda wê iemhqï ñ,la we;s fkdfõ'
 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hl we;s fldkafoais my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'
1. wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï ñ, yd wfmalaIs; iemhqï ñ, iudk úh hq;= h'
2. wfmalaIs; b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wfmalaIs; iemhqï m%udKh iudkúh hq;= h'
3. wê b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wê iemhqï m%udKh Y=kH úh hq;= h'
4. wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, Y=kH úh hq;= h'
5. mdßfNda.sl meyeou yd jHdmdßl whNdrh iudk úh hq;= h'

 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h i;H fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhla fkdj wfmalaIs; ;;a;ajhls'

 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjf<|fmd< ÈYdj fmkakqï lrk o¾Ylhls'
 iu;=,s; ;;a;ajfhka fjf<|fmd<la wE;ajqKq úg kej; iajhxl%sh j iu;=,s;h lrd
<Õd fõ'
 fjf<|fmd, iu;=,s;h fmkaúh yels úl,am l%u my; oelafõ'
1. b,a¨ï iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka
2. b,a¨ï iemhqï jl% weiqfrka ^ m%ia;drhla u.ska&
3. b,a¨ï iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka
 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h f,aLkhla u.ska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'
ñ, b,a¨ï m%udKh iemhqï m%udKh

0 12 0

1 10 2

2 08 4

3 06 6

4 04 8

5 02 10

6 0 12

100
`

 by; f,aLkhg wkqj ñ, re' 3'00 § b,a¨ï m%udKh tall 06la jk w;r iemhqï
m%udKho tall 06la fyhska wê b,a¨ula fyda wê iemhqula fyda fkdfmkajhs' tkï wê
b,a¨u yd wê iemhqu Y=kH fõ'
 by; f,aLkfha i|yka ixLHd o;a; Wmfhda.S lr f.k m%ia;dßl j fjf<|fmd<
iu;=,s;h my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'
P
6 b,a¨u yd iemhqu iudk jk wjia:dfõ oS ñ,
re'3$- ls' m%udKh tall 6ls' tys oS wê b,a¨ï
5 S fyda wê iemhqï fyda ;;a;ajhla fkdue;s ksid
4 fuh fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h hs'

3 E

1
D Q
2 4 6 8 10 12 m%
 b,a¨ï iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels
h'
 by; f,aLkhg wod< j b,a¨ï iy iemhqï iólrK my; mßos f.dvke.sh yels
h'
 b,a¨ï iólrKh Qd= a-bP
 iemhqï iólrKh Qs = a+bP

a = ñ, Y+kHfha §
b,a¨ï m%udKh fyda
iemhqï m%udKh

101
`

iu;=,s; ñ,

 P ys w.h b,a¨ï fyda iemhqï fyda iólrKhg wdfoaY lsßfuka my; mßos
m%udKh fidhd.; yels h'

lsishï ñ,l oS imhk m%udKh blaujd b,a¨ï lrkakd jQ m%udKh wê b,a¨ï m%udKh
fõ' wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = ^b,a¨ï m%udKh - iemhqï m%udKh&

 lsishï ñ,l oS b,a¨ï lrkakd jQ m%udKh blaujd imhk m%udKh wê iemhqï m%udKh
fõ' wê iemhqï m%udKh = ^ iemhqï m%udKh - b,a¨ï m%udKh&
 wê b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wê iemhqï m%udKh my; mßos ixLHd igyklska bÈßm;a l<
yels h'
ñ, ^re& b,a¨ï iemhqï wê b,a¨ï wê iemhqï
m%udKh m%udKh m%udKh m%udKh
tall tall

0 12 0 12 -12

1 10 2 8 -8

2 8 4 4 -4

3 6 6 0 0 iu;=,s;h

4 4 8 -4 4

5 2 10 -8 8

6 0 12 -12 12

 wê b,a¨ï m%udKh yd wê iemhqï m%udKh m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos meyeÈ,s l<
yelsh'

102
`

P
wê iemhqï m%udKh S ksoiqka 1 (- ñ, re1 § b,a¨ï m%udKh = taall10
6
5 ñ, re1 § iemhqï m%udKh = taall 2

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = 10-2=8

4
3 ksoiqka 2 (- ñ, re5 § iemhqï m%udKh = taall10

2 ñ, re 5 § b,a¨ï m%udKh = taall 2

1 wê iemhqï m%udKh = 10-2=8

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh D
8 10 Q
2 4 6 12

 lsishï tall m%udKhl oS imhk ñ, blaujd b,a¨ï lrkakd jQ ñ, wê b,a¨ï ñ, fõ'

wê b,a¨ï ñ, = b,a¨ï ñ, - iemhqï ñ,

 lsishï tall m%udKhl oS b,a¨ï lrk ñ, blaujd imhk ñ, wê iemhqï ñ, fõ'

wê iemhqï ñ, = iemhqï ñ, - b,a¨ï ñ,

 wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, my; mßos ixLHd igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

m%udKh b' ñ, ie' ñ, wê b,a¨ï wê iemhqï

tall ñ, ^re& ñ,
^re& ^re&

0 6 0 6 -6

2 5 1 4 -4

4 4 2 2 -2

6 3 3 0 0 iu;=,s;h

8 2 4 -2 2

10 1 5 -4 4

12 0 6 -6 6

103
 `

ksoiqka
tall 2 § wê b,a¨ï ñ,
wê b,a¨ï ñ, = b,a¨ï ñ, - iemhqï ñ,
= 5 - 1
= 4
tall 10 § wê iemhqï ñ,
wê iemhqï ñ, = iemhqï ñ, - b,a¨ï ñ,
= 5 - 1
= 4

 wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, Y+kH wjia:dj iu;=,s; fõ'

 wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, m%ia;dr igyklska o meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

S
P
6
tall 2 § wê tall 10 § wê
5
b,a¨ï ñ, iemhqï ñ,
±lafjk ±lafjk
m%foaYh 4
m%foaYh
3

2
1
D Q
2 4 6 8 10 12
 wê b,a¨ï ñ, yd wê iemhqï ñ, iólrK weiqfrka o meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
Qd = 12- 2P b,a¨ï iólrKh
Qs = 12- 4P iemhqï iólrKh
wê b,a¨ï iólrKh = b,a¨ï iólrKh - iemhqï iólrKh
= 12 – 2P - (2P)
wê b,a¨ï iólrKh = 12 – 4P

wê iemhqï iólrKh = iemhqï iólrKh - b,a¨ï iólrKh

= 2P - (12 – 2P)
= 2P - 12 + 2P
wê iemhqï iólrKh = 12 + 4P
 by; wê b,a¨ï iólrKh iy wê iemhqï iólrKh Ndú;fhka wê b,a¨ï m%udKh
fyda wê iemhqï m%udKh fidhd .; yels w;r wê b,a¨ï ñ, fyda wê iemhqï ñ,
fidhd .; yels h'
ksoiqka (- ñ, re 3$- wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = 12 – 4P
104
`

wê b,a¨ï m%udKh = 12 - 4
= 12 - 12
=0
 fjf<|fmdf<a yqjudre lr.kq ,nk iu;=,s; NdKav m%udKh i|yd mdßfNda.slhka
f.ùug leue;s ñ,;a i;H jYfhka u Tyq f.jk ñ,;a w;r fjki mdßfNda.sl
w;sßla;h hs'
 fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; ñ, hkq mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, úkd f.ùug leue;s
ñ, fkdfõ' mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug leue;s ñ, Bg jvd jeä úh yels h' jeä ñ,la
f.ùug wfmalaIdfjka isáh § b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ. ;=<ska Bg .e<fmk ñ,la
;SrK ù th iu;=,s; ñ, jYfhka mj;S' fï ksid mdßfNda.slhdg jdis odhl ;;a;ajhla
we;s fõ'
 mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
P
S
p116

mdßfNda.sl
w;sßla;h

p08

D
Q
50 Q 100

 mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h .Kkh lrkqfha fufia h'

 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h my; mßos meyeÈ,s .Kkh l< yels
h'
 mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h =

= `

=
= 200//
 Wmßu b,a¨ï ñ, iólrKhla u.ska my; mßos fidhd .; yels h'
105
`

iemhqïlrejka NdKav i|yd wfmalaId lrk wju ñ,;a ^ wdka;sl msßjeh& i;H jYfhka u
Tjqkag fjf<|fmdf<a § ,efnk ñ,;a w;r fjki ksIamdol w;sßla;hhs'

 ksIamdolhdf.a uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh wvq l< úg b;sßjk m%udKh
ksIamdol w;sßla;hhs'

 ksIamdol w;sßla;h m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
S
S

16

ksIamdol
w;srsla;h 8

D
50 100 Q
 ksIamdol w;srsla;h .Kkh lrkq ,nk iQ;%h jkafka"

 by; m%i;drhg wkqj ksIamdol w;srsla;h my; mßos .Kkh l< yels h'

106
 `

ksIamdol w;srsla;h =

=
= 200//
 ගැ ක ව හා ක ව සම ත වමා ව ලාභ අ ප කර ග . ෙ
ෙද ස ම අ කර ග නා වා ය ආ ක අ තය වශෙය හැ|s ෙ .
ආ කඅ තය = පා ෙභ ක අ තය + ෂ්පාදl අ තය ෙ .
 ෙමය m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos fmkaúh yels h'

පා ෙභ ක P
w;srsla;h S

ksIamdol P E
w;srsla;h

0 Q
Q

107
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2' 12 (-fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu meyeos,s lrhs'

 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh b,a¨ï
iemhqï f,aLk yd iólrK weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l iu;=,s; ñ,l § wfkl=;a idOl n,mEu ksid b,a¨ï jl%h fyda
iemhqï jl%h fyda jug fyda ol=Kg ú;eka ùu ksid fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia fõ'
 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldr my; mßos fõ'
 iemhqï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨ï jl%h fjkia ùu
 b,a¨ï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh o iemhqï jl%h fjkia ùu
 b,a¨ï iy iemhqï jl% fol u tl jr fjkia ùu

 iemhqï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨ï jl%h fjkia ùu wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h
fjkia jk wdldr m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'
P S
E = fmr iu;=,s;h

E1 = kj iu;=,s;h
P0 E
E1
P1

Q1 Q D1 D0
0 Q

 b,a¨ï jl%h ia:djr j ;sìh § iemhqu jl%h fjkia ùu wkqj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h
fjkia jk wdldr m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'
S0
P S1
E= fmr iu;=,s;h
E E1 = kj iu;=,s;h
P0 E1
P1

0 D Qd/Qs
Q0 Q1

108
`

 b,a¨ï jl%h iy iemhqï jl%h iudk m%udKhlska fjkia ùu wkqj fjf<|fmd<

iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldr m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

S1
P S0
20%

E= fmr iu;=,s;h
E1
P E E1 = kj iu;=,s;h

20%

0 D1 D0 Qd/Qs
Q1 Q0
 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj b,a¨u iy iemhqu iudk m%;sY;hlska fjkia ùu ksid
iu;=,s; ñ, lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdfõ'

E= fmr iu;=,s;h
P
S E1 = kj iu;=,s;h
S1

E E1
P

D D1
0 Qd/Qs
q q1

 b,a¨u jeä jk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska iemhqu wvq jQ úg iu;=,s; m%udKh

fjkia fkdfõ' fuh m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'
P S1 S

E1 E= fmr iu;=,s;h
P1
E1 = kj iu;=,s;h
P E  iu;=,s; m%udKh
fjkia fkfõ'
D1
D 
0
q
Qd/Qs
109
`

ksmqK;dj 3 (- fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 (- fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;ajk wdldr ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 02
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a wdldr fmkajd fohs'

úIhh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la :-

 b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h u.ska

iudchla ;=< NdKav ksIamdokh lsßfï iy fnodyeÍfuys,d lsishï wdldrhl
jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs'
 tfia jqj o iudcSh" foaYmd,k yd wd¾Ól oDIaáfldaKj,ska n,d fuu
fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h iudchg wys;lr fõ hehs hk úúO u; m< flf¾'
 fï ksid ksoyia fjf<|fmd< ls%hdldß;ajhg úúO iajrEmj,ska rch ueÈy;a jkq
olakg ,efí'
 fuf,i fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a jk m%Odk wdldr lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 nÿ mekùu
 iykdOdr ,nd §u
 ñ, md,kh
 ñ, ia:dhslrKh
 fjf<|fmd< l%shdj,shg wdKavqj ueÈy;a jk iq,n u wdldrhla jkafka
ksIamdolhkaf.ka yd mdßfNda.slhka f.ka nÿ wh lsÍu hs'
 úúO wruqKq we;s j wdKavqj nÿ wh lsßï isÿ lrk w;r ksIamdokh fyda
mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk tallhla u; ksYaÑ; remsh,a m%udKhl nÿ wh lsÍu
fyda NdKavfha jákdlu u; lsishï m%;sY;hla nÿ jYfhka wh lsÍu fyda
f,iska nÿ wh lsßfï m%Odk iajrEm folla ±lsh yels h'
 fuf,iska nÿ wh lsßï ksid b,a¨ï" iemhqï ;;a;aj fjkia jk neúka" b,a¨ï
iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;fhys fjkialï yg .kS'
 nÿ wh lrkakd fia u rch ksIamdolhkag yd mdßfNda.slhkag iykdOdr §u o
isÿ lrhs'
 iykdOdr §ï ksid o b,a¨ï" iemhqï ;;a;aj fjkia jk neúka" b,a¨ï iemhqï
n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jk fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;fhys fjkialï yg .kS'
110
`

 nÿ wh lsßï yd iykdOdr ,nd §ï yereKq úg rch ñ, m%;sm;a;s u.ska o" b,a¨ï

iemhqï n,fõ. u.ska ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; w.hka fjkia lrk wjia:d o mj;S'
 ñ, m%;sm;a;s hgf;a md,kh lrk ,o ñ, .Kka y÷kajd §u j¾;udkfha úúO
wdKavq úiska wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk iq,n l%shdud¾.hls'
 tys oS wdKavqj kS;s u.ska ñ, kshu lsÍfï ld¾hhg wj;S¾K ùula isÿ lrk
w;r ta ksid fjf<|fmd< hdka;%Kfha l%shdldß;ajh ksIal%sh ùula isÿ fõ'
 ksS;s u.ska wdKavqj kshu lrkq ,nk fujeks ñ, md,k m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'
1) Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu
2) wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu

 ksIamdos; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ksrka;rfhka WÉpdjpkh jkúg wd¾Ólh ;=<

ñ, wia:dhS;djhla yg .kS' tjeks ñ, wia:dhS;djhka je<elaùu wruqKq lr
f.k wdKavq úiska úúO ñ, ia:dhslrKh l%shdud¾. .kq ,efí'

111
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 (-fjf<|fmd<g rch ueÈy;a ùu tall noaola weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 NdKav u; nÿ mkjk wdldr kï lrhs'

 m%;sY;l noao w¾: olajhs'
 tall noao w¾: olajhs
 iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg iemhqï jl%hg jk n,mEu fmkajhs'
 iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg we;s jk
n,mEu b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLkhla weiqßka fmkajhs'
 iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg we;s jk
n,mEu b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% weiqfrka fmkajhs'
 iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg we;s jk
n,mEï b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK weiqfrka fmkajhs'
 tall noaol iqNidOk m%;súmdlh ú.%y lrhs'
 .ekqïlre u; tall noaola mekùu y÷kajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia(-

 foaYSh w, f.dùka wdrlaId lsÍug wdkhksl w, lsf,da 1lska re 5 l

noaola wh lsÍug ;SrKh lrhs hk m%ldYh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

 tu m%ldYh ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 iemhqïlrejka iy .ekqïlrejka u; nÿ mekùu" wdKavqjla úisska

fjf<|fmd< l%shdj,shg ueÈy;a jk iq,n u wjia:djla f,i
ie,lsh yels h'
 úúO wruqKq we;s j wdKavqj nÿ wh lsÍï isÿ lrhs'
 NdKav u; mkjkq ,nk nÿ wkqmd;slj, iajrEm folls'
1& m%;sY;l noao

112
`

2& tall noao

 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i`oyka b,a¨ï iy iemhqï iólrK hq., w;ßka Tng ,eî we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï
iólrK hq.,h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 Qd = 100 – 2P iy Qs = (- 60) + 3P

 Qd = 40 -5P iy Qs = (-10) + 5P

 Tng ,eì we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK hq., Ndú; lr iudk ñ, .Kka fhdodf.k
b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk f.dvk.kak'
 Tn ilia l< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% tl u m%ia;dr
igykl ks¾udKh lrkak'
 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ," m%udKh" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h
.Kkh lrkak'
 wdKavqj úiska fuu NdKavfha ieu úl=Kqï tallhlska u remsh,a 2'00 l noaola wh
lrkafka hehs is;kak'
 noao wh l< miq kj iemhqï iólrKh Qst = a + b(P - 2) f,i f.k Tn l,ska fhdod
.;a ñ, .Kka Ndú; lr noao wh l< miq kj iemhqï f,aLkh f.dvk.kak'
 tu iemhqï f,aLkhg wod< kj iemhqï jl%h fmr m%ia;dr igyfka u ks¾udKh
lrkak'
 m%ia;dr igyk Ndú;fhka noao wh l< miq kj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ," m%udKh"
mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h .Kkh lrkak'
 Tn fidhd .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka noao wh lsÍug fmr fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh yd noao
wh l< miq fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh ms<sn`o j ii|kak'

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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la :-

 iemhqïlrejka iy .ekqïlrejka u; nÿ mekùu" wdKavqjla úisska fjf<|fmd<

l%shdj,shg ueÈy;a jk iq,n u wjia:djla f,i ie,lsh yelsh'
 NdKav u; mkjkq ,nk nÿ wkqmd;slj, iajrEm folls'
1& m%;sY;l noao
2& tall noao
 ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh fyda lrk NdKavfha jákdlu u; lsishï
m%;sY;hla nÿ jYfhka wh lr .ekSu m%;sY; noaola jYfhka y÷kajhs'
ksoiqk -
- iSks 1 ls'.aï jákdlu u; 2] l noaola mekùu
 ksIamdokh fyda mßfNdackh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhla u; lsishï remsh,a
m%udKhla nÿ jYfhka whlr .ekSu tall noaola mekùu hkafkka woyia fõ'
fuh ksYaÑ; noaols'
ksoiqka
 iSks lsf,da.a?ï tlla i|yd remsh,a 10$-la nÿ wh lsÍu
 mdka rd;a;l,lg remsh,a 2$- l noaola wh lsÍu
 frÈ ógrhlg remsh,a 3$- la nÿ wh lsÍu
 iemhqïlre u; tall nÿ mekùfï ksid isÿ jkafka ksIamdok msßjeh by< hEu
hs'
 fï ksid iemhqfuys wvq ùula isÿ jk w;r" noafoa m%udKfhka iemhqï jl%h jug
ú;eka ùula o isÿ fõ'
 fuf,iska tall noaola mekùu ksid fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg jk n,mEu
f,aLk" m%ia;dr yd iólrK u.ska fmkakqï l< yels h'
 iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekjQ úg tu noao iemhqï f,aLkhg" iemhqï
jl%hg iy iemhqï iólrKhg my; f,i .e<msh yels h'

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my; ±lafjkafka ;r.ldÍ NdKav fjf<|fmd<l lsishï NdKavhla i|yd jk b,a¨ï yd

iemhqï f,aLkhls'

ñ, ^re& iemhqï m%udKh

^tall&
0 0
5 10
10 20
15 30
20 40
25 50
30 60
35 70
40 80

wdKavqj fuu NdKavfha iEu úl=Kqï tallhlska u remsh,a 5'00 l noaola wh lrk nj is;uq'
fï ksid fjf<|fmd< kj iemhqï f,aLkh my; mßos fõ'
ñ, ^re& tall noao ^re& noafoka miq ñ, ^re& iemhqï m%udKh ^tall&
0 5 5 0
5 5 10 10
10 5 15 20
15 5 20 30
20 5 25 40
25 5 30 50
30 5 35 60
35 5 40 70
40 5 45 80

 tall noao ksIamdolhdg msßjehla jk neúka noao mekùu ksid iemhqï m%udKh wvq ù
we;s nj by; j.= igyfkka meyeÈ,s fõ'
 tall noao mekùug fmr b,a¨ï iy iemhqï f;dr;=re iy noao mekùu ksid kj
iemhqï f,aLkfhka ±lafjk wdldrhg iemhqu wvq ùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re my; mßÈ
m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

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ñ,^re&

40 S1
S
35
30
25
E1
22.5
20 E
17.50
15

10
5
D
0 10 20 30 35 40 50 60 70 80m%udKh^tall&

 ksIamdolhka u; remsh,a 5l tall noao mekùu ksid iemhqï jl%h s-s1 olajd jug
ú;eka ù we;s w;r iu;=,s;h o fjkia ù we;'
 tkï " noaog fmr"
iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 20'00
iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 40

noao miq"
iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 22'50
iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 35

 ksIamdolhka u; tall nÿ mekùu ksid iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug wu;r j Y=NidOk

m%;smdlhka o yg .kS'
 my; m%ia;dr igyk u.ska tu Y=NidOk m%;súmdlhka y÷kd .; yels h'

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117
`

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

re' 400 + re' 400

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

//

(iii) noao ksid mdßfNda.l

s w;sßla;fha jQ wysñ ùu

//

noao ksid ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jQ wysñ ùu

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//

noao ksid wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha jQ wysñ ùu

^ I l%uh &

//

(ii) l%uh

noao ksid wysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = noaog fmr wd¾Ól w;sßla;h - noaog miq wd¾Ól
w;sßla;h
= 800 - 612.50
//

mdßfNda.slhd ork nÿ nr

ksIamdolhdf.a nÿ nr

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(vii) mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd hk fofokdf.a u nÿ nr

^ tall noafoka rchg ,efnk wdodhu ksIamdolhd iy mdßfNda.slhd fofokdf.a u nÿ nfrys

tl;=jg iudk fõ'&

(vii) tall noao ksid iuia; iudchg jQ wysñ ùu rcfha wdodhu wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha wysñ ùu

tall noao ksid iuia; iudchg re' 12'50l wysñ ùula isÿ j we;'

 tall nÿ mekùu wdY%s; wd¾Ól m%;súmdl iólrK Ndú;fhka o fidhd ne,sh yels h'
 by; ie,ls,a,g .;a ksoiqkg wkqj tall nÿ mekùug fmr b,a¨ï iy iemhqï
iólrK my; mßÈ fõ'

 fï ksid noaog fmr" iu;=,s;h"

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p = 20 b,a¨ï iólrKhg
wdfoaYfha

80 - 2x20
80 = 4P
=40
20 = P

iu;=,s; ñ, remsh,a 20$$

iu;=,s; remsh,a 40$$

 ksIamdolhkaf.ka tall nÿ mekùu ksIamdolhdg msßjehla fõ' ta nj iemhqï iólrK

u.ska my; f,i ±laúh yels h'

kj iemhqï iólrKh
noaog miq kj iu;=,s;h"

P = 22.50, iemhqï iólrKhg wdfoaYfhka kj iu;=,s; m%udKh"

Qs = 10 + 2 (22.50)
Qs = 35

noaog miq iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 22'50

noaog miq iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 35//

 ksIamdolhka u; tall nÿ mekùu ksid we;s jk wfkl=;a m%;súmdl b,a,qï iemhqï

iólrK u.ska o oelaúh yels h'
 .ekqïlrejka u; tall nÿ mekùu hkafkka woyia jkafka NdKavhla ñ,§ .kakd
wjia:dfõ § tallhla u; ksYaÑ; remsh,a m%udKhla .ekqïlref.ka nÿ f,i wh lsÍuhs'

ksoiqka (- úl=Kqï nÿ" mdßfNda.sl jeÜ nÿ

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 fuys § NdKavhla ñ, § .kakd wjia:dfõ § wh lrk fyhska ffk;sl jYfhka noao

uq¿ukskau f.jkq ,nkafka .ekqïlre h'

ksoiqk (-

 fodvï f.ähla u; re' 10 l wf,ú noaola wh lrkq ,nhs kï fodvï ñ,§ .kakd iEu

 wjia:djl § u fodvï f.ählg re' 10 ne.ska noaola wdKavqjg f.úh hq;= h'

 .ekqïlrejka u; tall noaola mekjQ úg tu NdKavfha iemhqï jl%hg lsis÷ n,mEula

we;s fkdfõ'

 tfy;a .ekqïlrejka u; tall nÿ mekjQ úg .ekqïlrejka f.úh hq;= ñ, by< hk

neúka .ekqïlrejka ñ, § .;a tall i|yd noafoka miq f.ùug leu;s ñ, wvqfõ' fï
ksid mej;s ñ, .Kka hgf;au noafoa m%udKfhka b,a¨ï jl%h jug ú;eka fõ'

 .ekqïlre u; tall noaaola mek jQ miq iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh my; rEm
igyfka ±lafõ'
S

ñ,^re&
S

P0 E0
P1
E1

D
0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q1 Q0 Dt

 by; rEm igykg wkqj .ekqïlre u; tall noao mekùug fmr iu;=,s;h E0
,laIfhka ±lafõ' tys§ iu;=,s; ñ, P0 o iu;=,s; m%udKh Q0 o fõ' .ekqïlre u;
tall noao mekùfuka miq kj iu;=,s;h E1 ,laIfhka ±lafõ' tys § iu;=,s; ñ, P1 o
iu;=,s; m%udKh Q1 o fõ'

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 (- iemhqïlre u; tall noaola mekùfuka miq nÿ nr fn§ hk

wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 04
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 nÿ nr hkak y÷kajhs'
 b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;djfha iajrEmh u; tall
noaola mekùfuka nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd yd
ksIamdolhd w;r fnfok wdldrh úia;r lrhs'

úIhh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la'

 ksIamdolhka u; tall noaola mekjQ úg tys wjidk nÿ ±Íu flfrys n,mdk m%Odk u
idOlh jkafka b,a¨ï yd iemhqï kuH;dj h'
 úúO b,a¨ï kuH;d wjia:djkays § nÿ nfrys ±Íu isÿjk wdldrh my; f,i rEm
igyka u.ska ±laúh yels h'
1 mQ“ wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj (-
S1
ñ, ^re& D
S
P2 b
tall noafoa m%udKh
P1 a

0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q1
 rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iemhqï jl%h S j,ska ±lafjk w;r noaog miq iemhqï
jl%h S1 fõ'
 noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHhfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h b ,laIHhfhka o ±lafõ'
 a-b ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r iu;=,s; ñf,ys by< hdua-b ÿrg iudk
fõ'
 tkï P1 - P2
 tall noafoa m%udKfhka u iu;=,s; ñ, by< hdfuka fmkakqï flfrkafka mQ¾K wkuH
b,a¨ï wjia:djl § uq¿ nÿ nr u mdßfNda.slhdg ±Íug isÿjk nj hs'

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`

 ta wkqj rEm igyfka w÷re l< A flaIa;%M,fhka mdßfNda.slhd ork tu uq¿ nÿ nr

±lafõ'

mQ¾K kuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj (-

S1
ñ, ^re&

P1
a c
P2 D
tall noao

P1 b

0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q1 Q

 tall noao ksid iemhqï jl%h S - S1 olajd jug ú;eka ù we;'

 noaog fmr iu;=,s;h C ,laIfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h a ,laIfhka o ±lafõ'
 noao mekùu ksid iu;=,; s m%udKh Q - Q1 olajd wvq ù we;s w;r iu;=,s; ñf,ys lsis ÿ
fjkila isÿ ù ke;'
 tkï noaog fmr;a" miq;a iu;=,s; ñ, P2 u h'
 thska woyia jkafka tall noao ksid mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñf,ys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ ù
fkdue;s nj hs'
 fï ksid a - b ÿfrka ±lafjk tall noafoa m%udKfhka u ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, P2 -
P1 olajd wvq ù we;'
 ta wkqj B laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk uq¿ nÿ nr u ksIamdolhd úiska orkq ,efí'

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`

 rEmigyfka C ,laIHfhka noaog fmr iu;=,s;h;a" a ,laIHfhka noaog miq iu;=,s;h;a

±lafõ'
 a - b ÿfrka noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" fuys § nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd
w;r iudk j fn§ f.dia we;'
 ta wkqj P - P2 ÿfrka tall noafoka mdßfNda.l
s hd orK m%udKh;a P - P1 ÿfrka
ksIamdolhd ork m%udKh;a ±lafõ'
 fï wkqj rEm igyfka w÷re lr we;s A flaIa;%M,fhka mdßfNda.l
s hdf.a uq¿ nÿ nr;aa" B
flaIa;%M,fhka ksIamdolhd f.a uq¿ nÿ nr;aa ±lafõ'

wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj (-

ñ,
^ re& S1
S

P2 a
A
tall noao
P c
B
P1 b

D
0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q1 Q
 rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iu;=,s;h C ,laIHfhka o" noaog miq iu;=,s;h a
,laIHfhka o ±lafõ'
 a - b ÿßka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" thska mdßfNda.l
s hd ork m%udKh P - P2 jk
w;r ksIamdolhd ork m%udKh P - P1 ka ±lafõ'
 ta wkqj wkuH b,a¨ï wjia:djl § A laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ jeä nÿ nrla
mdßfNda.slhd;a " B laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ wvq nÿ nrla ksIamdolhd;a or;s'

125
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kuH b,a¨ï wjia:dj(-

S1
ñ,^re&
S

P2 a
A
P C
B tall noao
P1 b

0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q1 Q

 rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iu;=,s;h C ,laIHfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h a
,laIHfhkao ±lafõ'
 a-b ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r thska mdßfNda.slhd ork m%udKh P -P2
ÿfrka iy" ksIamdolhd ork m%udKh P -P1 ÿfrka o ±lafõ'
 ta wkqj A laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk wvq nÿ nr mdßfNda.slhd;a" B laIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk
jeä nÿ nr ksIamdolhd;a or;s'
 úúO iemhqï kuH;d wjia:djkays § nÿ nfrys ±Íu isÿjk wdldrh my; f,i rEm
igyka u.ska ±laúh yels h'

mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

S
ñ, ^re&

P a
B
P1 b

0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q

126
`

 mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï wjia:djl § tall noaola mekjQ úg iemhqï jl%fhys lsis ÿ
fjkila isÿ fkdfõ'
 fï ksid noaog fmr;a miq;a iu;=,s;fhys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ fkdjk w;r a
,laIHfhka ±lafjkafka tu noaog fmr iy miq iu;=,s;h hs'
 fuys oS tall noao mekùu ksid mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñf,ys lsis ÿ fjkila isÿ j ke;'
th noaog fmr;a miq;a P fõ'
 ta ksid a-b ÿfrka ±lafjk m%udKfhka u ksIamdolhdg ,efnk ñ, P - P1 olajd wvq ù
we;'
 ta wkqj B lafIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk uq¿ nÿ nr u ksIamdolhd úiska orkq ,efí'

mQ¾K kuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

ñ,^re&

P1 b S1
A1 tll noao
P a S
c

D m%udKh ^ tall&
0
Q1 Q

 rEm igykg wkqj a ,laIHhfhka noaog fmr iu;=,s;h;a" b ,laIHhfhka noaog miq
iu;=,s;h;a ±lafõ'
 b-c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r tu noafoa m%udKfhka u iu;=,s; ñ,
tkï mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ, by< f.dia we;'
 thska fmkakqï flfrkafka mQ¾K kuH iemhqï wjia:djl § A fCIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk
uq¿ nÿ nr u mdßfNda.slhd úiska orkq ,efí'

127
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S1
talSh kuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-
ñ,^re& S

b
P2
A
P a tall noao
B
P1 c

0 m%udKh ^ tall&
Q1 Q

 rEm igykg wkqj noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhka o noaog miq iu;=,; s hb
,laIHfhka o ±lafõ'
 b - c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r th mdßfNda.slhd yd ksIamdolhd w;r
iudk j fn§ f.dia we;'
 ta wkqj A CIa;%M,fhka mdßfNda.slhd;a B CIa;%M,fhka ksIamdolhd;a ork nÿ nr tl
iudk fõ'

wkuH iemhqï wjia:dj (-

ñ,^re&
S1

P2 b
A a
P tall noao
B
P1
c

D m%udKh ^ tall&
0

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`

 fuys os noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhka o noaog miq iu;=,s;h b ,laIHhfhka o

oela fõ'
 b - c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" thska P - P2 m%udKh mdßfNda.slhd;a"
P - P1 m%udKh ksIamdolhd;a orhs'
 ta wkqj A fCIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ wvq nÿ nrla mdßfNda.l s hd úiska o B fCIa;%
M,fhka ±lafjk jeä nÿ nrla ksIamdolhd úiska o orkq ,efí'
 kuH iemhqï wjia:dj (- S 1

P
S

b
P2
A tall noao
a
P B
P1
c

0 Q
Q1 Q

 fuys oS noaog fmr iu;=,s;h a ,laIHfhka o miq iu;=,s;h ,laIHfhka o ±lafõ'

 b - c ÿfrka tall noafoa m%udKh ±lafjk w;r" thska P - P2 m%udKh mdßfNda.slhd úiska
o" P - P1 m%udKh ksIamdolhd úiska o orkq ,efí'
 ta wkqj kuH iemhqï ;;a;ajhl § A CIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ jeä nÿ nrla
mdßfNda.slhd;a B CIa;%M,fhka ±lafjk mßÈ wvq nÿ nrla ksIamdolhd;a or;s'

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 (-iemhqïlrejkag tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u weiqfrka fjf<|fmd<g

rcfha ueÈy;a ùu ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 iemhqïlre fj; ,ndfok tall iykdOdrh w¾: olajhs'

 iemhqïlre fj; tall iykdOdrh ,ndÿka úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;h flfrys we;s
jk n,mEu b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'
 iemhqïlre fj; tall iykdOdrh ,ndÿka úg fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg we;s jk
n,mEï b,a¨ï iemhqï jl% weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'
 tall iykdOdrhl Y=N idOk m%;súmdlh m%ia;dr igyka weiqßka ú.%y lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lr.ekSu i|yd Wmfoia(-

 ù f.dùka i|yd fmdfydr iykdOdrhla ,nd §ug rch ;SrKh lrhs

hk m%ldYh YsIHhkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

 tu m%ldYh ms<sn| j YsIHhkaf.a woyia úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 iemhqïlrejka u; iykdOdr ,nd §u wdKavqjla úisska isÿ lrhs'

 úúO wruqKq we;s j wdKavqj iykdOdr ,nd §u isÿ lrhs'
 fufia ,nd fok iykdOdrj, iajrEm folls tkï
 m%;sY;l iykdOdr
 tall iykdOdr
 YsIHhka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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bf.kqï i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (-

 my; i`oyka b,a¨ï iy iemhqï iólrK hq., w;ßka Tng ,eî we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï
iólrK hq.,h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 Qd = 100 – 2P iy Qs = (- 60) + 3P

 Qd = 40 -5P iy Qs = (-10) + 5P

 Tng ,eì we;s b,a¨ï yd iemhqï iólrK hq., Ndú; lr iudk ñ, .Kka fhdodf.k
b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk f.dvk.kak'
 Tn ilia l< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï f,aLk weiqfrka b,a¨ï yd iemhqï jl% tl u m%ia;dr
igykl ks¾udKh lrkak'
 fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ," m%udKh" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h
.Kkh lrkak'
 wdKavqj úiska fuu NdKavfha ieu iemhqïlre tallhla u; remsh,a 2'00 l
iykdOdrhla ,nd foa hehs is;kak'
 iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq kj iemhqï iólrKh Qs = a + b(P + 5) f,i f.k Tn
l,ska fhdod .;a ñ, .Kka Ndú; lr iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka mi kj iemhqï f,aLkh
f.dvk.kak'
 tu iemhqï f,aLkhg wod< kj iemhqï jl%h fmr m%ia;dr igyfka u ks¾udKh
lrkak'
 m%ia;dr igyk Ndú;fhka iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq kj fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; ñ,"
m%udKh" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h iy ksIamdok w;sßla;h .Kkh lrkak'
 Tn fidhd .;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka iykdOdrhla ,nd oSug fmr fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh
yd iykdOdrhla ,nd ÿka miq fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh ms<sn`o j ii|kak'

131
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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk NdKav tallhla i|yd ksYaÑ; remsh,a m%udKhla iykdOdr
jYfhka ,nd §u iemhqïlre u; tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u hkafkka woyia fõ'
ksoiqka - f;a lsf,dajlg re' 20$- l iykdOdrhla ,nd §u
 iemhqïlre u; tall iykdOdr ,nd §fï oS wksjd¾h m%;sM,h jkafka ksIamdok msßjeh
my< hdu hs'
 fï ksid iemhqfuys jeä ùula isÿjk w;r iykdOdrfha m%udKfhka iemhqï jl%h
ol=Kg ú;eka fõ'
 tall iykdOdrhla ksid fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s;hg isÿjk n,mEu f,aLk" m%ia;dr yd
iólrK u.ska fmkakqï l< yels h'
 my; ±lafjkafka ;r.ldÍ NdKav fjf<|fmd<l lsishï NdKavhla i|yd jk b,a¨ï
iemhqï f,aLk h'

ñ, b,a¨ï iemhqï
^re& m%udKh m%udKh
^tall& ^tall&

0 80 0

5 70 10

10 60 20

15 50 30

20 40 40

25 30 50

30 20 60

35 10 70

40 0 80

wdKavqj fuu NdKavfha iEu ksIamdok tallhla i|yd remsh,a 5'00l

iykdOdrhla ,nd fokafka hhs is;uq' fï ksid fjf<|fmd< kj iemhqï
f,aLkh my; mßÈ fõ'
132
`

ñ, ^re& tall iykdOdrh iykdOdrfha iemhqï m%udKh

^remsh,a & miqñ, ^re& ^tall &
0 5 -5 0
5 5 0 10
10 5 5 20
15 5 10 30
20 5 15 40
25 5 20 50
30 5 25 60
35 5 30 70
40 5 35 80

 tall iykdOdrh ksid ksIamdolhd f.a msßjeh wvq jk neúka iykdOdr ,nd §u ksid
iemhqï m%udKh jeä ù we;s nj by; j.= igyfkka meyeÈ,s h'
 tall iykdOdrhla ,nd §u wdY%s; j by; f,aLkj,ska fy<s jk f;dr;=re my;
wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyka u.ska o fmkakqï l< yels h'
ñ,
^re& S
S1
40

35

30
25
E
20
17.5 E1

15
10
5
D m%udKh
0 ^tall&
10 20 30 40 45 50 60 70 80
-5

133
`

 ksIamdolhkag tall iykdOdr ,nd §u ksid iemhqï jl%h iykdOdrfha m%udKfhka

S - S1 olajd ol=Kg ú;eka ù we;s w;r fmr ;snQ iu;=,s;h o fjkia ù we;'

iykdOdrhg fmr"
iu;=,s; ñ, = remsh,a 20'00
iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 40
iykdOdrhg miq"
iu;=,s; ñ, = remsh,a 17'50
iu;=,s; m%udKh = tall 45

 ksIamdolhkag tall iykdOdr ,nd §u ksid by; rEm igyfka ±lafjk mßÈ iu;=,s;h
fjkia ùug wu;r j ;j;a Y=NidOk m%;súmdl yg.kS'

 m%ia;dr igykla u.ska my; f,i tu Y=NidOk m%;súmdl o y÷kd .; yels h'

ñ,^re&
S
S1
40
35
30
A
25
22.5
B c
20 F
I HG
17.5
J
15
10
5

0 m%udKh
10 20 30 40 45 50 60 70 80
^tall&
-5

134
`

iykdOdrhg fmr"
mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h

ksIamdok w;sßla;h

wd¾Ól w;sßla;h

//

II. iykdOdrhg miq"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h A+B+I+H+G

25//

ksIamdok w;srsla;h

135
`

//

wd¾Ól w;srsla;h = ( A+B+I+H+G) + (B+C+I+J)

//

iii) iykdOdrh ksid mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

//

iykdOdrh ksid ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

iykdOdrh ksid wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

^I l%uh &

//

^II l%uh &

iykdOdrh ksid wd¾Ól w;sßla;fha jQ jeä ùu

ආ කඅ තය
-

//

136
`

IV) iykdOdrh fjkqfjka rchg ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh

//
mdßfNda.sl ksIamdok rcfha
V) iykdOdrh ksid iudc Y=N idOkhg jk n,mEu w;sßla;fha + w;sßla;fha - msßjeh
jeäùu jeäùu
^I l%uh &

//

^II l%uh & , F flaIa;%M,h

//

 tall iykdOdr mekùfuka ,efnk wd¾Ól m%;ú s mdl iólrK u.ska o fidhd
ne,sh yels h'
 by; ie,els,a,g .;a ksoiqkg wkqj" iykdOdrhg fmr b,a¨ï yd iemhqï
iólrK"
Qd = 80 - 2p
Qs = 0 + 2p

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 20'00$$

iu;=,s; m%udKh"

137
`

//

iu;=,s; ñ, = re' 17'50$$

iu;=,s; m%udKh" (Qs)

Qs =

//

( tall iykdOdrfhys wfkl=;a wd¾Ól m%;súmdl o iólrK weiqßka úuid ne,sh yels h'&

138
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5 (-ñ, md,kh fjf<|fmd< l%shdldß;ajhg we;s lrk n,mEu

úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 ñ, md,kh w¾: olajhs'

 ñ, md,kfha úúO iajrEm kï lrhs'
 Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd b,a¨ï iemhqï jl% wdY%s; j
ksrEmKh lrhs'
 Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sfhys m%;súmdl ú.%y lrhs'
 Wmßu ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾:j;a lr .ekSug .kakd l%shdud¾. úia;r
lrhs'
 wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajd b,a¨ï iemhqï jl% wdY%s; j ksrEmKh
lrhs'
 wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sfha m%;ú
s mdl bÈßm;a lrhs'
 wju ñ, m%;sm;a;sh w¾: olajhs'
 wju ñ,la iy;sl ñ,la njg m;a lr.; yels ls%hdud¾. meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 ñ, ia:dhslrK ls%hdud¾. y÷kajhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda i|yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï yd iemhqï n,fõ.
u.ska ;SrKh ù we;s ñ, we;eï úg" mdßfNda.slhkag iy ksIamdolhkag widOdrK úh
yels h'
 fujeks wjia:djkays § wdKavqj fjf<|fmd< ñ, md,kh lrhs'
 ta wkqj ñ, md,kh hkq wdKavqj úiska kS;sÍ;s wKmk;a Wmfhda.S lrf.k lD;%su ñ,la
fjf<|fmdf<ys we;s lsÍu hs'
 ñ, md,khla ;=<ska wdKavqj wfmalaId lrkafka tl w;lska mdßfNda.slhd;a" wfkla
w;g ksIamdolhd;a wdrlaId lsÍu hs'
 ñ, md,kfha iajrEm folls'
1 Wmßu ñ, kshu lsÍu
2 wju ñ, kshu lsÍu
 fjf<|fmd< ñ, hdka;K % h hgf;a ;SrKh jQ iu;=,s; ñ, mdßfNda.slhdg widOdrK
fj;ehs is;+ úg Tjqkag idOdrK;ajh ie,iSu i|yd wdKavqj úiska kshu lrkq ,nk
kS;Hkql+, ñ, Wmßu ñ, iSudj kñka ye¢kafõ'
 wdKavqj Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lrkq ,nkafka mdßfNda.slhkag idOdrK;ajh i|yd jk
neúka iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my<ska Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu jeo.;a h'

139
`

 tjeks iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd my<ska kshu lrkq ,nk Wmßu ñ, iSudj iM, Wmßu ñ,
kñka ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- iy,a" mdka " isks " mßmamq ñ, kshu lsÍu
lsß msá ñ, kshu lsÍu
Wmßu f.j,a l=,S kshu lsÍu
 my; rEm igyfkys ±lafjkafka tjeks iM, Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lsÍuls'
ñ,
^re&
S

l¿ lv ñ, P2

iu;=,s; ñ, P E

md,k ñ, P1 Wmßu ñ, iSudj

wê b,a¨u
0 D m%udKh ^tall&
Q2 Q Q1

 by; rEm igyfkys ±lafjk mßÈ P1 Wmßu ñ, iSudj ksid b,a¨ï m%udKh Q-Q1 olajd
jeä ù we;s w;r" iemhqï m%udKh Q-Q2 olajd wvq ù we;'
 fuys m%;sM,h jYfhka fjf<|fmdf<ys Q2-Q1 olajd jk wê b,a¨ula ygf.k we;'
 tfia u Q2 f,iska jk iemhqï m%udKh P2 f,iska jk l¿lv ñ,lg wf,ú lsÍug o
ksIamdolfhda fm,fU;s'
 Wmßu ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu ksid we;s jk m%;súmdl ;j ÿrg;a my; mßÈ ±laúh yelsh'
1. wê b,a¨u ksid fjf<|fmdf<ys NdKav ysÕhla we;s ùu'
2. kS;s úfrdaê l¿ lv ñ, hgf;a NdKav wf,ú lsÍug ;e;a lsÍu'
3. l¿ lv ñ, ksid fmr ;snQ iu;=,s; ñ,g;a (p) jvd by< ñ,lg (p2) NdKav
wf,ú lsÍu'
4. Wmßu ñ,;a iuÕska ksIamdolhka f.a ,dN iSud jk ksid tu ksIamdok lafIa;%fha
lrkq ,nk wdfhdack iSud ùu'
5. Wmßu ñ, iSudj ksid mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg iy ksIamdok w;sßla;hg o
whym;a n,mEula we;s ù iudc Y=N idOkhg o ydks ùu'
6. Wmßu ñ,la mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg" ksIamdok w;sßla;hg n,mdk wdldrh iy
ta wkqj iudc Y=N idOkhg isÿ jk n,mEu my; f,i rEm igyklska ±laúh
yels h'

140
`

ñ,
^re&

S
A
P2
B C
P
E
D
P1 Wmßu ñ, iSudj
F

0 D m%udKh ^ tall&
Q

i. Wmßu ñ,g fmr mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

ii. Wmßu ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = D+E+F
iii. Wmßu ñ,g fmr wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+ B+C+D+E+F
iv. Wmßu ñ,g miq mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A (B+C wysñ ù we;&
v. Wmßu ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = F (D+E wysñ ù we;&
vi. Wmßu ñ,g miq wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+F
vii. wysñ jQ wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = C+E ( wysñ iqnidOkh&

 wysñ Y=N idOkh ,nd.kakd wdldrh (-

 by; rEm igyfkys B+D mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg tl;= lrkjd o" keoao hkak ;SrKh
ùu flfrys n,mdk lreKq folls'
1 ysÕ NdKav ,nd .ekSug jeh jk ld,h yd uqo,a m%udKh
2 fmda,sfï isàug .; jk ld,h
 fuu lreKq fol i|yd wu;r msßjehla ±Íug mdßfNda.slhdg isÿ fkdfõ kï B+D
fldgiaj, fCI;%M,h o mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg tl;= fõ'
 fï wkqj by; .Kkh lrk ,o f;dr;=re o iuÕska Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu
mdßfNda.slhdg n,mE wdldrh me;s follska ú.%y l< yels h' tkï
1 B+C = mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wysñ ùu
2 B+D = mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha isÿ úh yels jeä úu
 mdßfNda.slhdg jQ n,mEu ksIamdok w;sßla;fhys isÿ jQ wysñ ùu ^D+E) iuÕ .e<emSfuka
wysñ Y=N idOkh my; f,i ,nd.; yels h'

wysñ Y=N idOkh = B+D - ( B+C+D+E)

= - ( C+E)
 Wmßu ñ, w¾:j;a jkafka tys wfmalaIs; jdish tf,iska u mdßfNda.slhdg ,efí kï h'

141
`

 ta wkqj Wmßu ñ, w¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd .; yels l%shdud¾. lsym s hls'

1 wdkhkh
2 ksIamdolhka Èß.ekaùu
3 i,dl lsÍu
 Wmßu ñ, kshu lsÍu ksid we;s jk wê b,a¨u fya;=fjka fjf<|fmd<ys we;s jk
NdKav ysÕhg ms<shï jYfhka NdKav wdkhkh l< yels h' tfia lsßfuka Wmßu ñ,
mekùfï jdis mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd Èh yels h'
 tfia u Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu ksid wffO¾hu;a jk ksIamdolhka Èß.ekaùu i|yd
wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSfuka o fjf<|fmdf<ys we;s jk ydks j<lajd wfmalaIs; jdish
mdßfNda.slhska w;r i,dl lr fnod §ug isÿ fõ'
 Wmßu ñ, iSud mekùu ksid fjf<|fmd< ñ, hka;%Kh ksIal%sh jk neúka" ysÕ NdKav
i,dl lsÍug isÿjkafka ñ, fkdjk udOHhka Ndú; lsßfuka h' my; ±lafjkafka
i,dl lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels tjeks ñ, fkdjk udOHh'
1. i,dl m;a fhdod .ekSu
2. fmda,Sï l%uh
3. w,a,ia u.ska i,dl lsÍu
4. fjk;a NdKav iuÕ iïnkaO fldg i,dl lsÍu'
5. l¿ lv ñ,
 wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu'
 b,a¨ï iemhqï n,fõ. u; ;SrKh jQ fjf<|fmd< ñ, ksIamdolhkag widOdrK fj;ehs
hk úYajdih u; ksIamdolhskag idOdrK;ajhla ie,iSu i|yd wdKavqj úiska iu;=,s;
ñ,g by<ska kS;Hkql+, j kshu lrk ñ, wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu hkafkka woyia
fõ'
 wju ñ, iSud mekùfï wruqK ksIamdolhkag idOdrK;ajhla ie,iSu jk neúka wju
ñ, iu;=,s; ñ,g jvd by<ska kshu l< hq;= h'
 iu;=,s; ñ,g by<ska kshu lrkq ,nk wju ñ, iM, wju ñ, kñka ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka (- ù i|yd wju ñ,la kshu lsÍu" wju jegqma wkqmd; kshu lsÍu'

 my; rEm igykska ±lafjkafka wju ñ, iSud mekùuls'

ñ,
^re&
S
wê iemhqu
P1 wju ñ, iSudj

D m%udKh ^tall&
0
Q1 Q Q2

142
`

 by; rEm igyfka ±lafjk mßÈ P1 wju ñ, iSud kshu lsÍu ksid fjf<|fmd< iemhqï
m%udKh Q-Q2 olajd jeä jk w;r b,a¨ï m%udKh Q-Q1 olajd wvq fõ'
 fuys m%;sM,h jkafka Q2-Q1 olajd jk wê iemhqula fjf<|fmdf<ys yg .ekSu hs'
 wju ñ, iSud kshu lsßfuys m%;súmdl ;j ÿrg;a my; f,i ±laúh yels h'
1. w;sßla; ksIamdokh fjf<|fmdf<ys f.dv .eiSu fyj;a f;d. iuqÉpkh ùu'
2. fiajd iïnkaOfhka .;a l, ú/lshdj jeks .eg¨ u;= ùu'
3. fjf<÷ka kS;sfhka m,d hdug ;e;a lsÍu ^wju ñ, kdñl ñ,la fia i,ld wvq
ñ,g NdKav wf,ú lsÍu'&
4. wê wdfhdack ;;a;ajhla Woa.; ùu'
5. mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;hg" ksIamdol w;sßla;hg n,mEï we;s ù iudc iqn idOkhg
o n,mEï we;s ùu'

 wju ñf,ys Y=N idOkh m%;súmdlhka my; f,i m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

ñ,
^re&

S
A wju ñ, iSudj
P1
B
C
I
P
E
D

G H
F D
m%udKh ^ tall&
0 Q1 Q Q2
 wju ñ,g fmr"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

ksIamdol w;sßla;h = D+E
wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+B+C+D+E

 wju ñ,g miq"

mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h =A
ksIamdo; w;sßla;h = ksIamdolhdf.a ksIamdolhdf.a
^ ksIamdolhd Q1 iemhSug ;SrKh l<fyd;a & whNdrh - úp,H msßjeh

143
`

= ( B+D+F ) - F
= B+D
wju ñ,g miq wd¾Ól w;sßla;h = A+B+D

 wju ñ,g miq ksIamdolhd ksIamdolhdf.a ksIamdolhdf.a

-
Q2 iemhSug ;SrKh l<fyd;a = whNdrh B+D+F úp,H msßjeh
ksIamdol w;sßla;h (F+G+H+I)

= B+D+F - (F+G+H+I)

 fuys oS ksIamdolhd F+G+H+I f,iska jk úp,H msßjeh ±rE Q2 iemhSug ;SrKh l< o
mdßfNda.slhd b,a¨ï lrkafka Q1 ksid B+D+F f,iska jk ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh
Tyqf.a msßjehg jvd wvq fõ'
 fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka ksIamdolhkag idOdrK;ajh i|yd wju ñ, iSud mekùu isÿ
l<;a" wfmalaIs; ;rfï jdishla ksIamdolhdg w;a fkdjk nj hs'
 fï ksid wju ñ, w¾:j;a lsÍu i|yd hï hï l%shdud¾. .; hq;= h' my; ±lafjkafka
tjeks l%shdud¾. lsyms hls'
1. w;sßla;h .nvd lsÍu
2. w;=re ksIamdokh
3. mj;akd b,a¨u m%j¾Okh
4. wmkhkh
 by; l%shdud¾.j,g wu;r j wju ñ, w¾:j;a lr .ekSu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk
iqúfYaI l%shdud¾.hla f,i ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s ±laúh yels h'
 ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s j, § wju ñ, ksIamdolhdg ,efnk nj iy;sl ùula isÿfõ' ta
wkqj tys § wju ñ, iy;sl ñ,la fia ie,efla'
 wju ñ, iy;sl ñ,la fia i,lñka ksIamdolhd wdrlaId lr .ksñka ksIamdolhkaf.a
wdodhu by< kexùu i|yd rchla wkq.ukh lrk ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s iajrEm folls'
1. rcfha ñ,§ .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;s
2. W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh
 rcfha ñ, § .ekSï iys; ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;sh hkq" rch úiska kshu lrkq ,nk wju
ñ, hgf;a ksIamdolhd fjf<|fmd<g iemhSug leu;s uq¿ NdKav m%udKfhka wju ñ,
hgf;a mdßfNda.slhd ñ, § f.k b;sß jk w;sßla; iemhqu rch ñ, § .ekSu hs'
 fuf,iska jk w;sßla; iemhqu rch ñ,g .ekSu yd ta wdY%s; we;s jk m%;súmdl my;
f,i rEm igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

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ñ,
w;sßla; iemhqu
^re& A S
iy;sl ñ,
B J
C
K
E
D

G H
F D
0 m%udKh^tall&
Q1 Q Q2

i. iy;sl ñ,g fmr" mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C

iy;sl ñ,g miq mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h =A
mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wvq ùu = A+B+C-A
= B+C

ii. iy;sl ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = D+E

iy;sl ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = B+C+J+D+E
ksIamdol w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = B+C+J

iy;sl ñ, hgf;a w;sßla;h ñ,g .ekSu fjkqfjka

rchg ±Íug isÿjk msßjeh = C+E+G+H+K+J
 mdßfNda.slhdf.a meyeou = B+D+F
 ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = B+C+J+D+E+F+G+H+K
^ ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = mdßfNda.sl meyeou + rcfha msßjeh &
iii. Y=N idOkhg jQ n,mEu
= ksIamdok mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha wvq
-
w;sßla;fha ùu + rcfha msßjeh
jeä ùu
= B+C+J - ( B+C+C+E+G+H+K+J)
= - ( C+E+G+H+K)
 (C+E+G+H+K m%udKfhka w;sßla;h ñ, § .ekSfï ñ, wdOdrl m%;sm;a;sh ksid iudc
Y=N idOkfha wysñ ùula isÿ j we;'&
 W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh hkq wju ñ, iSudj hgf;a ksIamdolhka fjf<|fmd<g
iemhSug leue;s uq¿ NdKav m%udKh u mdßfNda.slhka f.ùug leu;s fjf<|fmd<
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;SrKh jk ñ,;a rch úiska mkjk ,o wju ñ,;a w;r m%udKh rch úiska
ksIamdolhdg f.ùu hs'
 W!k mQrK f.ùï l%uh my; f,i rEm igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'
S
ñ,
^re&
A iy;sl ñ,
P1
B J
P K W!k mQrK f.ùu
C
F G
P2
D
E H
D
0 Q Q1 m%udKh ^tall&

i. iy;sl ñ,g fmr mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B

iy;sl ñ,g miq mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;h = A+B+C+F+G
mdßfNda.sl w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = A+B+C+F+G - A+B
= C+F+G
ii. iy;sl ñ,g fmr ksIamdol w;sßla;h = C+D
iy;sl ñ,g miq ksIamdol w;sßla;h = C+D+B+J
ksIamdok w;sßla;fha jeä ùu = B+J
iii. P1 iy;sl ñ, hgf;a ksIamdolhd fjf<|fmd<g imhk uq¿ NdKav m%udKh = Q1
Q1 i|yd mdßfNda.slhd f.ùug leue;s ñ, fyj;a Q1 i|yd jk fjf<|fmd< ñ, = P2
iv. W!k mQ¾K f.ùu i|yd rcfha msßjeh = B+J+C+F+G+K
v. Y=N idOkhg jk n,mEu = mdßfNda.sl ksIamdol rcfha msßjeh
+ -
w;sßla;fha w;sßla;fha
jeäùu jeäùu
= C+F+G+B+J - ( B+J+C+F+G+K)

=-K

 -K m%udKfhka iudc Y=N idOkfha wysñ ùula isÿj we;'

 W!k mQ¾K f.ùu ksid ksIamdolhdf.a whNdrh = B+J+K+C+F+G+D+E+H
 mdßfNda.sl meyeou = D+E+H

( rcfha msßjeh + mdßfNda.sl meyeou = ksIamdol whNdrh fõ' &

 ksIamdÈ; NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ks;r ks;r WÉpdjpkh ùu ñ, wia:dhS;djhla f,i

ie,fla' ñ, .Kka wia:dhS jk úg ksImdolhskf
a .a wdodhïys o wia:dhS;djka we;s fõ'

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 úfYaIfhkau lDIsld¾ñl NdKavj, ñ, .Kka ks;r WÉpdjpkh ùu m%dfhda.sl

f,dalfha iq,nj ±lsh yels lreKls' lDIs NdKavj, ñ, .Kka WÉpdjpkh
ksrka;rfhka isÿ jk úg f.dùkaf.a wdodhï wia:dhS ùu m%n, .eg¨jla ù we;'

 fun÷ wjia:djkays § j.d lrejkaf.a wdodhï ia:dhS lsÍu i|yd wdKavqjla úiska
úúOdldr jQ ñ, ia:dhSlrK jev ms<sfj<j,a l%shd;aul lrkq olakg ,efí'

 ksIamdolhkau; i,dl kshu lsÍu" f;d. /ia lsÍu yd uqod yeÍu" bvï j.d lrk
m%udKh iSud lsÍu" wdkhk ;Sre nÿ mekùu" wdkhk i,dl lsÍu" wNsu;h mßÈ wdkhk
iSud lsÍu jeks l%shd ud¾. ñ, ia:dhSlrKh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nhs'

 ksIamdolhka u; i,dl kshu lsÍu ta w;r jeo.;a jk ia:dhSlrK jev ms<sfj<ls'

lsishï ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< ksmoúh yels ksuejqï m%udKh ms<sn| Wmßu iSudjka
wdKavqj úiska kshu lsÍu ksIamdok i,dl lsÍu hkafkka woyia flf¾'

 fjf<|fmd<g <Õd jk iemhqu iSud lrñka ñ, by< uÜgul mj;ajd f.k hdug
fuu.ska wfmaËd flf¾'

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ksmqK;dj 04 ( fjf<|fmd< ;=< ksIamdok wdh;k ;d¾lsl j yeisfrk

wdldrh yd ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd< yeisÍu .fõIKh lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( jHdmdr wdh;khl flá ld,Sk yd os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok
l%shdj,sfha iajrEm ú.%y lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (

 jHdmdr wdh;k y`ÿkajñka tajdfha úúO iajrEm meyeos,s lrhs'

 fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj ksIamdok Y%s;hla weiqfrka meyeos,s lrhs'

 ksIamdokfha flá ld,h yd os.= ld,h w;r fjki ksIamdok Y%s;hla weiqfrka meyeos,s
lrhs'

 ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh w¾: olajhs'

 ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sfha Wml,amkh bosrsm;a lrhs'

 ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh ixLHd;aul j yd m%dia;dßl j bosrsm;a lrhs'

 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha uq¿ ksIamdos;h" idudkH ksIamdos;h iy wdka;sl

ksIamdos;h hk ixl,am w¾: olajhs'

 uq¿ ksIamdos;h" idudkH ksIamdos;h iy wdka;sl ksIamdos;h hk ixl,am w;r

iïnkaO;dj ú.%y lrhs'

 mrsudKdkql+, M, kS;sh w¾: olajhs'

 os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha jeä jk wvq jk yd ia:djr mrsudKdkql+, M,

;;a;ajj,g n,mdk fya;= ú.%y lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeos,s lsrsug w;aje,la

 wd¾Ólhla ;=< ñksia wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu i|yd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh fldg
fjf<|fmd<g imhkq ,nkafka úúO ksIamdok msrsia úisks'

 fuu ksIamdok ld¾hfha oS M,odhs wd¾Ól iïm;a tlsfklg uqiq lsÍula isÿ fõ'

 tf,i ksIamdok iïm;a wjYH mßÈ uqiq lrñka ksIamdokh ixúOdkh lrk tallhla
ksIamdok wdh;k ^jHdmdrsl wdh;k& kñka ye|skafõ'

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 fjf<|fmd< wd¾Ólhla ;=< lghq;= lrk ksIamdok wdh;k úúO iajrEmhka f.ka hqla;
h'
- ;ks mqoa., jHdmdr ^flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr&
- yjq,a jHdmdr
- ixia:dmss; iud.ï
- iuqmldr jHdmdr
rdcH jHjidh ^rdcH ixia:d" rdcH fomd¾;fïka;= " rdcH iud.ï wdos&

 ksIamdok wdh;kj, uQ,l

s wruqK jkafka ,dN Wmrsu lsÍu hs'

 tfia jqj o ta ta ksIamdok wdh;k w;r wfmalaIs; ,dNfhys úúO fjkialï mj;S'

 ksIamdok iïm;a NdKav yd fiajd njg mßj¾;kh lsrsfï l%shdj,sh ksIamdokh f,i
ye|skafõ'

 fuys § fhojqï lsishï ;dlaIKsl l%ufõohla Tiafia ksuejqï njg m;a fõ'

 fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;akd ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj ksIamdok Y%s;h kï fõ'

ksIamdok Y%s;h
Q = f ( L , K)

ksuejqu

Y%s;hla fõ

Y%uh

m%d.aOkh

by; Y%s;fhka fmkakqï flfrkafka lsishï NdKavhl ksuejqu" Y%uh iy m%d.aOkh hk fhojqï
u; r|d mj;akd nj hs'

 ksIamdolhdg fhojqï wvq jeä lsÍu u.ska ksuejqu wvq jeä l< yels h'

 fuys oS we;eï fhojqï blaukska fjkia l< yels w;r we;eï fhojqï tfia blaukska
fjkia l< fkdyels h'

 ksuejqu wvq jeä lsÍfï yelshdj r|d mj;afka fld;rï blaukska fhojqï fjkia lsrsug
ksIamdolhdg yelshdjla ;sfí o hkak u; h'

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 fuf,iska fhojqu fjkia lsÍug .; jk ld,h u; ksIamdokh yd iïnkaO m%Odk ld,

iajrEm folla y÷kd.; yels h' tkï
1& flá ld,h
2& os.= ld,h

 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd fhdod .efkk we;eï fhojqï ^ wju jYfhka tla idOlhla j;a&
fjkia l< fkdyels ld, mrsÉfÊoh flá ld,h kï fõ'

 fï ksid u flá ld,fha ia:djr fhojqï yd úp,H fhojqï f,iska idOl foj¾.hla oelsh
yels h'

 l¾udka; Yd,dfõ ;dlaIKh yd Odrs;dj fkdfjkia j ;sìh § úp,H fhojqï fjkia lrk
úg fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;akd ;dlaIKsl iïnkaO;dj flá ld,Sk ksIamdok Y%s;h
kñka ye|skafõ tkï"

úp,H idOlh ^Y%uh& ia:djr idOlh ^m%d.aOkh&

 flá ld,fha oS fjkia l< yelafla úp,H idOl muKla jk fyhska ;j ÿrg;a fuu Y%s;h
my; f,i oelaúh yels h'

^Y%uh fjkia l< yels idOlh hk w¾:fhka

f,i o ±laúh yels h'

 ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lsÍug m%udKj;a ld,h os.= ld,h hs'

 fï ksid u ksIamdok wdh;khl os.= ld,fha oS mj;sk ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï fõ'

 ksIamdok l%shdj,shg wod< ish¨ fhojqï fjkia lrk úg fhojqï yd ksuejqï w;r mj;sk
iïnkaO;dj my; mßos os.= ld,Sk ksIamdok Y%s;fhka fmkaúh yels h'

 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh m%Odk woshr follg fjka l< yels h'

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1. flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

2. È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh

 flá ld,fha ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § isák ksIamdok wdh;k úiska úp,H fhojqï yd
ia:djr fhojqï hk foj¾.h u Ndú; flf¾'
 flá ld,fha § ksIamdok wdh;k" ia:djr idOl fkdfjkia j ;nd .ksñka úp,H fhojqï
muKla jeä lrñka ksIamdokfha fhfoa'
 ia:djr idOl fkdfjkia j ;ndf.k úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lrñka ksIamdokh jeä
lsßfï § ksuejqu lsishï rgdjla wkqj yeisf¾'
 ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh u.ska meyeÈ,s flfrkafka flá ld,fha ksuejqfuys tu
yeisÍï rgdj hs'
 ksIamdok wdh;khla flá ld,fha § ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ ñY% lrñka úp,H fhojqï
muKla jeä lrk úg" úp,H fhojqfï wdka;sl M,odj yd idudkH M,odj tla;rd
wjia:djlg miq j my< hEu ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh kñka ye¢kafõ'
 flá ld,Sk ksuejqu yd iïnkaO fuu ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh mokï jkafka my;
Wml,amk u; h'
1. ish¨ úp,H fhojqï tall iucd;sh ùu
2. wod< ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< ;dlaIKh fkdfjkia j meje;Su

 ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sh my; ksoiqk weiqßka úuid ne,sh yels h'
ksoiqk ( wlalrhl bvul f;a j.d lsÍu i|yd Y%ñlhska fhoùu
ia:djr idOlh bvu
úp,H idOlh Y%ñlhska
 fuys § úp,H idOl m%udKh jeä lsÍu;a iuÕ ia:djr idOl m%udKh úp,H idOl
m%udKh w;r fn§ hk fyhska úp,H idOl tallhlg ,efnk ia:djr idOl m%udKh
l%ufhka wvq fõ'
 bvfuys f;a j.d lsÍug wvqqfjka Y%uh fhdok úg Y%uh jeä lrk m%;sY;hg jvd jeä
m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu jeä lr .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'
 tfy;aa wlalrhlg fhdojk Y%u m%udKh iSudj blaujd hk mßÈ jeä lrk úg ,efnk f;a
wiajkq m%udKh Y%uh jeä lrk m%;sY;h fukaa jeä fkdfõ'
 wfkla w;g tla tla Y%ñlfhl= ne.ska jeä lsÍfuka uq¿ ksuejqug w¨f;ka tl;= jk
m%udKh;a l%ufhka wvq ù th Y+kH uÜgula lrd <Õd ùug o mq¿jk'
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 ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;sfhka fy<s jk fuu f;dr;=re ;j ÿrg;a my; wdldrhg j.=
igykla u.ska o ±laúh yels h'

ia:djr idOlh úp,H idOlh uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h idudkH wdka;sl

^Y%uh& ^tall TP) ksIamdÈ;h ksIamdÈ;h
^tall& ^tall MP)
^wlalr &

1 0 0 0
1 1 6 6 6
1 2 20 10 14
1 3 48 16 28
1 4 72 18 24
1 5 80 16 08
1 6 84 14 04
1 7 84 12 0
1 8 80 10 -4

 fuu f;dr;=re ;j ÿrg;a my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyka u.ska o ±laúh yels h'

152
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I II III
uq¿ 90
ksIamdÈ;h TP
80
^ tall&

70

60

50

40

30

20

10
úp,H fhojqï ^ tall&
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

(a) uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h

idudkH
wdka;sl
ksIamdÈ;h I II III
^ tall&

AP

úp,H fhojqï ^ tall&

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
MP
(b) idudkH ksIm
a dÈ;h yd wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h
153
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by; rEm igykaj,g wkqj'

 uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h uq, § fõ.fhka by< f.dia miq j l%ufhka j¾Ok fõ.h miq neiSfï
m%jK;djlg uqyqK foa'
 úp,H fhojqï ;j ÿrg;a jeä lrkq ,enqjfyd;a tla;rd wjia:djl § uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h Wmßu
ù miq j my; jeàug o bv we;'
 ksIamdÈ;fha yeisÍï wjê ;=kls' tkï" uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h uq, § jeä jk fõ.fhka by< f.dia
(I), miq j wvq jk fõ.fhka by< f.dia (II), kej; ksuejqu my< niS' (III),
 uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h fõ.fhka by< kÕsk úg wdka;l s ksIamdÈ;h Wmßu jk w;r" uq¿ ksuejqï
fõ.h wvq ùfï § wdka;sl ksIamdÈ; jl%h idudkH ksIamdÈ; jl%fha Wmßu ,laIHh fcaokh
lrñka fõ.fhka my;g .uka lrhs' tys § iudkH M,odj Wmßu fõ' uq¿ M,odj Wmßu jk
úg wdka;sl M,odj Y+kH fõ'

 úp,H fhojqï jeä lrk úg ia:djr fhojqï o jeä lsÍug yelshdjla we;akï wdka;sl
M,odj ySk ùu j<lajd .; yels h' tfy;a flá ld,fha ia:djr fhojqï jeä l< fkdyels
h'
 flá ld,fha § ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ úp,H fhojqï muKla jeä lsßfï § ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO j y÷kd.; yels ksIamdokfha iajrEm ;=kls'
1. uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h (TP)
2. idudkH ksIamdÈ;h (AP)
3. wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h (MP)

 ia:djr fhojqï iuÕ úp,H fhojqï ñY% lrñka ksIamdokfha fhfok úg ,efnk
ksIamdok m%;sM,h uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h hs'

ksoiqka (- wlalrhl l=Uqre bvulska Y%ñlfhda 100 fofkla Èklg ù nqi,a 1500la ,nd

.kafka kï ta uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h hs'

 úp,H fhojqï tallhlg idudkH jYfhka ,efnk ksuejqï tall m%udKh idudkH
ksIamdÈ;h hs'

 uq¿ ksIamdÈ;h úp,H fhojqïj,ska fn§fuka idudkH ksIamdÈ;h ,nd.; yels h'

154
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 úp,H fhojqï tla tallhlska fjkia lrkq ,enqj fyd;a uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fha yg .kakd
fjkia ùu wdka;l s ksIamdÈ;h hs'
 uq¿ ksIamdÈ;fha fjki úp,H fhojqïj, fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl ksIamdÈ;h ,nd
.; yels h'

 È.= ld,fha§ ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lrñka ksIamdokfha fh§ug ksIamdok wdh;khg
yels h'
 ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï jk úg ksuejqu yeisfrk wdldrh mßudKdkql+, M,
kS;sh hkafkka woyia fõ'
 È.= ld,fha § ;u ksIamdok wdh;kfha iuia; mßudj fjkia lsÍug ksIamdok
wdh;khg yels h'
 È.= ld,fha § ish¨ u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï jk úg ksuejqfï yeisßu ms<n
s | rgd ;=kla
±lsh yels h' tkï
1. jefvk mßudKdkql+, M,
2. wvq jk mßudKdkql+, M,
3. ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M,
 mßudKdkql+, M, wdh;khl Odß;dj mq¿,a lsÍu;a iuÕ ksIamdok idOlj,
ld¾hCIu;dj by< hEfuka w;am;a lr .kq ,nk uQ¾; m%;s,dN fõ'
 ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lrk m%;sY;hg jvd úYd, m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu j¾Okh ùu
jefvk mßudKdkql+, M, hkafkka woyia fõ'
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ksoiqka (- fhojqï 20 ]lska jeä lrk úg

ksuejqu 30]lska j¾Okh ùu'
 jeä jk mßudKdkql+, M, yg .ekSu flfrys n,mdk idOl lsysmhls'
1. ksIamdok idOlj, wNcH;djh fyj;a fkdfnÈh yels fhojqï ;sîu
2. Y%u úNckh u.ska úfYaI m%d.=KH lsßfï yelshdj
3. hka;% Ndú;d lsßfï yelshdj
4. tla jrl § muKla ±ßh hq;= úhoï ;sîu
 fhojqï jeä lrk m%;sY;hg jvd wvq m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu jeä ùu wvq jk
mßudKdkql+, M,hs'
ksoiqka (- fhojqï 20]lska jeä lrk úg
ksuejqï 15]lska j¾Okh ùu
 wvq jk mßudKdkql+, yg .ekSu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'
1. iïm;a ySk ùu ^iïm;a CIh ùu&
2. wd;;sh
3. l<ukdlrKh yd iïnkaëlrKh ms<sn| .eg¨ we;s ùu'
 fhojqï fjkia lrk m%;sY;hg iudk m%;sY;hlska ksuejqu j¾Okh ùu ia:djr
mßudKdkql+, M, hs'
ksoiqka (- fhojqï 20]lska jeä lrk úg
ksuejqï 20 ]lska j¾Okh ùu'

156
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( ksIamdok msrsjeh wdY%s; uQ,sl ixl,am ixikaokd;aul j ú.%y
lrhs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m,
(

 ksIamdok msrsjeh y`ÿkajhs'

 ksIamdok msrsjeh yd iïnkaO uQ,sl ixl,am meyeos,s lrhs'
 iDcq msrsjeh yd jl% msrsjeh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys; j meyeos,s lrhs'
 .sKqïlrK msrsjeh yd wd¾Ól msrsjeh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys;j meyeos,s
lrhs'
 hg l< msrsjeh fyj;a .s,qKq msrsjeh ksoiqka iys; j meyeos,s lrhs'
 m%dudKsl ,dN ksIamdok msrsjefhys we;=<;a lsrsug fya;= olajhs'

úIhh lreKq meyeos,s lsrsug w;aje,la (

 ksIamdok msßjeh ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=<ska yg .kakd ixisoaêhla jk w;r th uQ,Huh

m%mxphla fõ'
 ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS lem lrkq ,nk ish¨ u ksIamdok idOlj, uQ,Huh jákdlu
ksIamdok msßjeh u.ska m%ldY lrkq ,nk w;r tu jákdlu u.ska ksIamdokfha ienE
wdjiaÓl msßjeh ms<sìUq l< hq;= hs'
 ksIamdok l%shdj,shl wdjiaÓl msrsjeh jkafka lsishï Ndú;hla i|yd iïm;a fhdod .;a
úg tu iïm;a Ndú; fldg ksmoùug yelshdj ;snQ B<Õ fyd| u úl,amfha jákdlu hs'
 fï ksid wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=< ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS lem lrkq ,nk ish¨ wd¾Ól
iïm;aj, wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksIamdok msrsjeh f,iska jvd;a mrsmQ¾K w¾:hlska
ks¾jpkh flf¾'
 wdjiaÓl msrsjehg wh;a msrsjeh j¾. folls' ta iDcq msßjeh iy jl% ^wdfrdams;& msßjeh
hs' ta wkqj"

wdjiaÓl msrsjeh iDcq msßjeh jl% msßjeh

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 iDcq msßjeh hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd wdh;kh úiska msg;ska ñ, oS .;a fhojqï
i|yd jeh jk uqo,a m%udKh hs'
ksoiqka -
- wuqøjH ñ, oS .ekSu i|yd jeh l< uqo,a m%udKh
- Y%ñlhkag jegqma f.ùu i|yd jeh l< uqo,a m%udKh
- bkaOk" úÿ,sh wdosh i|yd jeh l< uqo,a m%udKh
 jl% msrsjeh hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,shg Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,nk wdh;kh i;= ksIamdok
iïm;aj, wdjiaÓl msßjeh hs'
 jl% msßjefhys ixrpl my; oelafõ'
- wysñ jQ jegqma wdodhu
- ksIamdolhdg wysñ jQ fmd<S wdodhu
- wd¾Ól CIh ùï
- m%dudKsl ,dN
 jHjidhlhl= oekg lsishï jHdmdrsl lghq;a;l ksr; j isákafka ta fjkqfjka ;u
Y%uh lem lsrsfuks' Tyq ;u Y%uh fjk;a jHdmdßl lghq;a;l fhÿfõ kï Tyqg jegqmla
Wmhd .; yels j ;sìKs' ta Tyqf.a wysñ jegqma wdodhu hs'
 ksoiqka jYfhka jHjidhlfhl= oekg j;=r fnda;,a ksIamdok l¾udka;hla wdrïN
fldg we;ehs is;uq' fuys oS Tyqg tu jHdmdrfha ksr; fkdù fjk;a lsishï wdh;khl
ksIamdok lghq;a;l ksr; j uilg remsh,a 60000la ,nd .; yels j ;sìKs kï th
Tyqf.a wysñ jegqma wdodhu hs'
 ksIamdolhdg wysñ jQ fmd<S wdodhu hkq ;uka i;= m%d.aOk Ndú;fhys wdjiaÓl msrsjeh
hs'
 ksoiqka jYfhka lsishï jHjidhlhl= jHdmdrhla lrf.k hEu i|yd ,laI 50l wruqo,a
wdfhdackh lr we;ehs is;uq' tu wruqo,a m%udKh ;u jHdmdrfha wdfhdackh fkdlr
ms<sKm;aj, wdfhdackh lf<a kï Tyqg fmd<S wdodhula ,nd.; yelsj ;snqKs' fkdtfia
kï nexl=jl ;ekam;a lf<a kï fmd,S wdodhula o ,nd .; yelsj ;snqKs' tfy;a ;u
jHdmdrh fjkqfjka wdfhdackh lsÍu u.ska jHjidhlhdg fuu fmd<S wdodhu wysñ jk
ksid th wdjiaÓl msrsjehls'
 wd¾Ól CIh ùï hkq hï fok ,o ld,hla ;=< m%d.aOk j;alïj, fjf<|fmd<
jákdlfï isÿ jk my< neiSu hs'
 ksoiqka jYfhka lsishï jHdmdrhl Ndú; lrk ,o m%d.aOk j;alïj, jir wdrïNfha
jákdlu remsh,a 50000la kï iy jir wjidkfha tu m%d.aOk j;alïys jákdlu
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remsh,a 40000la kï wd¾Ól CIhùïys jákdlu remsh,a 10"000ls' fuu remsh,a 10"000 jl%
msrsjehls'

 wdh;kfha ysñlrejd fndfyda úg ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ksr; fjñka ksIamdok ld¾hhg

wjYH jHjidhl;ajh ^ksIamdok iïm;a ixp, lrñka ksIamdok lghq;= ixúOdkh lsrsu"
wjodkï oerSu" jHdmdrsl ;SrK .ekSu" kjH;d y|qkajdoSu jeks& imhhs'
 ta fjkqfjka jHjidhlhdg ,efnk m%;s,dNh ,dNh hs'
 tn`ÿ ksIamdok l%shdj,shl ksr; fjñka Wmhd .ekSug jHjidhlfhl= wfmalaId lrk
wju fyda idudkH fyda ,dN m%udKh m%dudKsl ,dN kï fõ'
 tu wju f.ùu j;a Tyqg Wmhd .; fkdyels fõ kï Tyq ;ud ksr;jk jHdmdrfhka
bj;a fõ' tneúka jHjidhl;ajhg lrk f.ùula ksid fuu m%dudKsl ,dN o jl%
msrsjehls' fï u.ska jHjidhlhdf.a wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksrEmKh lrhs'

 ksoiqka jYfhka jHjidhlhl= oekg A kue;s ksIamdok l¾udka;fha ksr; j isák

w;r Tyq lem lrk ,o B keue;s l¾udka;fhys fhoSfuka jd¾Isl j remsh,a 40000l
wju fyda idudkH ,dN m%udKhla ^ wju f.ùu& Wmhd.; yels j ;sìKs kï tu remsh,a
40000l ,dN m%udKh oekg ksr; j isák A keue;s ksIamdok l¾udka;fhka fkd,efí
kï Tyq ;ud ksr; j isák A keue;s ksIamdok l¾udka;fhka bj;a fõ'

 .Kldêldrsjrhl= ksIamdok msrsjehg we;=<;a lrkqfha iDcq msrsjeh ^uQ,H msrsjeh& muKs'
 ta wkqj" .sKqïlrK msrsjeh = iDcq msrsjeh fõ

 .KldêlrK ,dN .Kkh lrkqfha uq¿ whNdrfhka iDcq msrsjeh wvq lsrsfukS'

.KldêlrK ,dN = uq¿ whNdrh - iDcq msßjeh

.KldêlrK ,dN = uq¿ whNdrh - iDcq msßjeh

ksoiqka
jYfhka wdh;khl ksuejqu tall 500ls' tallhl ñ, remsh,a 20la fõ' wuq øjH ñ,g
.ekSu i|yd re' 2000la o" Y%ñlhkag jegqma f.ùug remsh,a 1000la o" bkaOk yd úÿ,sh
i|yd remsh,a 500lao ,nd.;a Kh i|yd fmd<S f.ùug remsh,a 800la o wdh;khhg jeh
ù we;' .KldêlrK ,dN fldmuK o@
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uq¿ whNdrh = 500 x 20

= remsh,a 10000

iDcq msrsjeh = 2000+ 1000+500+800

= remsh,a 4300

.KldêlrK ,dN = 10000 - 4300

= remsh,a 5700

 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ § ksIamdok msrsjeh .Kkh lrkqfha b;d mq¿,a w¾:hlsks'

 wd¾Ól úoHd{hkag ksIamdok msrsjeh f,iska i,lkafka wdjiaÓl msrsjehhs'
 uQ¾; msrsjeh" wd¾Ól msrsjeh hk kïj,ska ye|skf
a jkafka o fuu wdjiaÓl msrsjeh u hs'
 wd¾Ól msrsjeh iDcq msrsjeh iy jl% msrsjeh hk fldgia folska iukaú; h'
 ta wkqj"

wd¾Ól
wdrA:Sl ms
msß sjeh =
rjeh iDcq ms
= iDcq msrßsj
jeh jl% ms
+ jl%
eh + msrßsj
jeh
eh

 wd¾Ól úoHdfõ ,dN .Kkfha oS .KldêlrKfha fuka iDcq msrsjeh muKla fkdj jl%
msrsjeh o ie,ls,a,g .kS'

 Bg fya;=j lsishï ksIamdok l%shdj,shl oS wdh;kh i;= iïm;a ta i|yd fhoùu ;=<" tu
ksIamdok iïm;a fhoùug ;snQ fjk;a wjia:djla wysó ùu hs'

 fï ksid wd¾Ól ,dN .Kkh lrkq ,nkafka uq¿ whNdrfhka wd¾Ól msrsjeh wvq
lsrsfuks'

wd¾Òl ,dN = uq¿ whNdrh - wd¾Òl msßjeh ^iDcq msßjeh + jl% msßjeh&

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ksoiqk (

wdh;khl ksuejqu = tall 500

ksuejqï tallhl ñ, = remsh,a 20

iDcq Y%ñlhkag jegqma f.ùu = remsh,a 1000

msrsjeh
wuqøjH ñ, oS .ekSu = remsh,a 2000

bkaOk yd úÿ,sh i|yd f.ùu = remsh,a 500

,nd .kakd Khj,g fmd<S f.ùu = remsh,a 800

wysñ jQ jegqma wdodhu = remsh,a 500

jl% wd¾Ól CIh ùu = remsh,a 200

msrsjeh
wysñ fmd<S wdodhu = remsh,a 100

m%dudKsl ,dN = remsh,a 1000

uq¿ whNdrh = 500 x 20

= remsh,a 10"000

iDcq msßjeh = 2000+ 1000+500+800

= remsh,a 4300

jl% msßjeh = 500 + 200 + 100+ 1000

= remsh,a 1800
wd¾Ól ,dN = 10000 – (4300+1800)
= remsh,a 3900

 wd¾Ól ,dN ksjeros j .Kkh ùug kï ta yd iïnkaO wdjiaÓl msrsjeh ksjeros

j .Kkh úh hq;= hs'

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 tfia fkdjqKfyd;a .kq ,nk wd¾Ól ;SrK o ld¾hCIu fkdfõ'

 we;eï úg wdjiaÓl msrsjehg we;=<;a fkdjk oE wdjiaÓl msrsjehg we;=<;a l<

fyd;a iy wdjiaÓl msrsjehg we;=<;a jk oE we;=<;a fkdl< fyd;a th fodaI
iys; h'

 wdjia:Sl msrsjehg we;=<;a l< fkdl< hq;= foa ljrla o hkak f;dard .ekSu yd
iïnkaO jeo.;a ixl,amhla f,iska .s¨Kq msßjeh ie,lsh yels h'

 w;S;fha jeh lrk ,o msrsjeh j¾;udkfha wdmiq ,nd.; fkdyels kï ta hg

l< msrsjeh f,iska w¾: oelafõ'

 .s¨Kq msrsjeh fia ie,lsh yels oE ms<sn| j ksoiqka lSmhla my; oelafõ'

 flá ld,fha oS wdh;khla ia:djr j;alï ñ,g .ekSu i|yd ork ,o msrsjeh

wdh;khla ksIamdokh l<;a ke;;a ia:djr j;alï yd iïnkaO ia:djr

msrsjeh ord yudr h' ia:djr j;alï fjkqfjka oerE msrsjeh tu ksIamdok
lghq;a; yd iïnkaO j hg ù we;s neúka th wdmiq ,nd .; fkdyels h' th
fjk;a úl,amhla i|yd o fhdod .; fkdyels h'

ksoiqka (- c, úÿ,s n,d.drhl iú lr we;s úÿ,s ckl hka;%h

fuu hka;%h ñ, oS .kakd wjia:dfõ oS kï ta i|yd jeh l< uqo,a

m%udKfhys wdjia:Sl msrsjehla ;sìKs' tfy;a oeka tu uqo,aj,ska tu hka;%h
ñ,g f.k c, úoq,s n,d.drfhys iú l< miq tys wdjiaÓl msrsjeh Y+kH fõ'
Bg fya;=j oeka tu hka;%fhys úl,am Ndú; fkdue;s ùSu hs' n,d.drfha
ksIamdok l%shdj,shg tu hka;%h fhdod fkd.kafka kï th ksYal%shj mj;S'

 fõosld kdgHhla keröu i|yd re' 500l álÜ m;la /f.k we;=,a ù
kdgHfhys fldgila krUd wdmiq tau' fuh o hg l< msrsjehls' tu álÜ mf;ys
uqo, wdmiq ,nd .; fkdyels h'

tu ÜlÜ mf;ka kdgHh ne,Su ñi fjk;a úl,am fkdue;s fyhska wdjiaÓl

msrsjeh Y=kHh fõ'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ( ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § msßjeh yeisfrk wdldrh úYaf,aIKh

lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08
162
`

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m,

 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok mssßjefha uQ,sldx. w¾: olajhs'

 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefhys uQ,sldx. .Kkh lr fmkajhs'
 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjefhys uQ,sldx. f,aLk yd m%ia;dr weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh jl% yd M,odhs;d jl% w;r iïnkaO;dj h ú.%y lrhs'
 È.=ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh jl%fhys yeisÍu yd mßudKdkql+, M, w;r iïnkaO;dj
ú.%y lrhs'
 mßudKkdkql+, msßueiqï yd fkdmsßueiqï w¾: olajhs'
 mßudKkdkql+, msßueiqï yd fkdmsßueiqïj,g fya;= olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (-

 lsrs fldams ksmoúh yels hka;%hla Ndú;fhka lsß fldams ksmojd wf,ú lsÍug
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk mqoa.,fhl=g oeÍug isÿjk úhoï isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 lsß fldams ksmoùug fhdod.kakd hka;%fha msßjeh" lsßmsá msßjeh" fldams msßjeh"
iSks msßjeh" ma,diaála fldamam msßjeh" úÿ,s úhou wdÈh oeÍug isÿ fõ'
 fïjdhska fldams ksIamdokh lrk hka;%fha msßjeh ia:djr msßjehla jk w;r
wfkl=;a msßjeh j¾. úp,H msßjeh fõ'
 fï wdldrhg ksIamdok wdh;khlg oeÍug isÿjk msßjeh j¾. folls' tkï
 ia:djr msßjeh
 úp,H msßjeh
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr" bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia ,nd §
l%shdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

163
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bf.kqu i|yd fhdað; Wmfoia (

 my; i|yka m%ldY fol w;=ßka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 X NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd oeÍug isÿjk ia:djr msßjeh re' 60 ls' tu
NdKavfhka ksmojk tall .Kk yd ta i|yd oeÍug isÿjk úp,H msßjeh my;
oela fõ'

ksuejqï m%udKh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

1 30

2 40

3 45

4 55

5 75

6 120

 Y NdKavh ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd oeßug isÿjk ia:djr msßjeh re' 120 ls' tu
NdKavfhka ksmojk tall .Kk yd ta i|yd oeÍug isÿjk úp,Hh msßjeh my;
oela fõ'

ksuejqï m%udKh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

1 60

2 80

3 90

4 110

5 150

6 240

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`

 tla tla ksIamdok uÜgfï § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (TFC) oelafjk f,aLkhla ms<sfh,
lrkak'
 ta wkqj tla tla ksIamdok uÜgfï § uq¿ msßjeh (TC) .Kkh lr tu f,aLkhgu
we;=<;a lrkak'
 msßjeh isria wlaIfha o ksIamdok m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha o oelafjk mßÈ Tn
ieliq f,aLkfha we;=<;a f;dr;=re m%ia;dr .; lrkak'
 ksIamdok uÜgu tallh ne.ska jeä lsÍfï § uq¿ msßjeh jeä jk m%udKh
^wdka;sl msßjeh MC& wod< ksIamdok tall m%udKh bÈßfhka oelafjk
f,aLkhla ilia lrkak'
 by; f,aLkfha Tn bÈßm;a l< f;dr;=re weiqßka kj m%ia;drhla ks¾udKh
lrkak' ^msßjeh isria wlaIfha o yd ksIamdok m%udKh ;sria wlaIfha o olajkak'&

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 ksIamdok msßjeh ksIamdok l%shdj,sfhka jHq;amkak jQ ixisoaêhls'

 fï ksid u flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh yd È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh hk
iajrEm fol yd iïnkaO j ksIamdok msßjefhys o m%Odk fldgia folla mj;S'
1. flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh
2. È.= ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh
 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh ;=< úp,H idOl yd ia:djr idOl hk foj¾.h u
Ndú; jk neúka flá ld,fha msßjeh j¾. folla mj;S'
1. uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ( TFC)
2. uq¿ úp,H msßjeh (TVC)
 fuu msßjeh j¾. foflys tl;=fjka flá ld,Sk uq¿ msßjeh ,efí'
 fuu msßjeh ;;a;aj,g w;sf¾l j flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh wdY%s; j y÷kd.; yels
;j;a mssßjeh ixl,am lsysmhls'
 idudkH ia:djr msßjeh (AFC)
 idudkH úp,H msßjeh (AVC)
 idudkH uq¿ msßjeh (AC)
 wdka;sl msßjeh (MC)

165
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 ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO lr.kq ,nk ia:djr idOl i|yd ork msßjeh ia:djr
msßjeh( TFC) hs'
 uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ksuejqï m%udKh iuÕ fjkia fkdfõ'
 tkï ksuejqï uÜgu iuÕ uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh iïnkaOhla fkdfmkajhs'
 ksuejqu Y=kH w.hla .kq ,enqj o ia:djr msßjeh wjYHfhka u ±Íug wdh;khg isÿ
fõ'
 fï ksid u flá ld,fha § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh wdh;khg fkdje<elaúh yels msßjehla
fõ'
 ia:djr msßjehg wh;a m%Odk ixrpl lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1. l%u CIh .dia;=
2. foafmd< nÿ
3. rlaIK jdßl
4. n,m;% .dia;=
5. m%d.aOkh i|yd fmd<S f.ùï
6. fldka;%d;a mokula u; n|jd .;a l<ukdlrejkag iy
wëlaIljrekag f.jkq ,nk jegqma
7. m%dudKsl ,dN
 uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ksuejqï m%udKh iuÕ iïnkaO;djla fkdolajk neúka th ieu
ksuejqï uÜgul § u ia:djr w.hla .kS'
 fï ksidu uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh jl%h ;sria w;g iudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh^ remsh,a &

50 TFC

0 ksujqï m%udKh^tall&
100 200 300 400

166
`

 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj ksuejqu Y=kH uÜgfï § uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh remsh,a 50la
jk w;r ksuejqï m%udKh 100"200"300"400 wdoS jYfhka jeä ù .sh o uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh
fjkia fkdfõ'
 ksuejqï tallhlg ork ia:djr msßjeh idudkH ia:djr msßjeh(AFC)hs' uq¿ ia:djr
msßjeh ksuejqï tall m%udKfhka fn§fuka idudkH ia:djr msßjeh ,nd.kS'

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh = uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh uq¿ ksujqï m%udKh

 ksuejqï tall m%udKh jeä jk úg idudkH ia:djr msßjeh l%ufhka ySk fõ' tfy;a
Y+kH fkdfõ' fï ksid idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%h iDcqfldaKdi%dldr nyqj,hl yevh
.kshs'
 tfia jkafka idudkH ia:djr msßjeh ksuejqfuka .=K lsßfuka ,efnk uq¿ ia:djr
msßjeh ieu wjia:djl § u tl iudk jk ksid h'
 idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%fha ´kEu ,laIHhla iïnkaO fldg wÈkq ,nk
iDcqfldaKdi% flaIa;%M,h iudk ùula fuys § isÿ jk w;r ta u.ska fmkakqï
flfrkafka ta ieu wjia:djl § u uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh iudk w.hla jk nj hs'
 fuu ,laIK fmkakqï flfrk idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%hla my; fmkakqï flf¾'

ksuejqu ^tall& uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh^re& idudkH ia:djr

msßjeh^re&
100 50 0'5
200 50 0'25
300 50 0'167
400 50 0' 125

167
`

idudkH ia:djr msßjeh^ remsh,a &

AFC
ksujqï ^tall&

 ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iïnkaO lrk úp,H idOl jk wuqøjH" Y%uh" bkaOk" úÿ,s .dia;=
wdÈh i|yd orkakg isÿjk msßjeh úp,H msßjeh( TVC) fõ'
 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok msßjeh ;=< we;=<;a uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksuejqï iuÕ fjkia fõ'
 ksuejqu Y=kH jk úg úp,H idOl wjYH fkdjk neúka úp,H msßjeh Y+kH jk w;r
ksuqju jeä jk úg úp,H msßjeh o jeä fõ'
 ksuejqu jeä jk úg úp,H msßjeh jeä ùfï fõ.h úúO ksuejqï uÜgï w;r fjkia
fõ'
 fï wkqj ksuejqu Y+kHfha § Y+kHh w.hla .kakd uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksuejqu my<
uÜgï j, § wvq jk fõ.hlska jeä ù" ksuejqu by< uÜgïj, oS jeä jk fõ.hlska
by< k.S'

úp,H TVC
msßjeh
^re&

ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

 tla ksuejqï tallhlg ork úp,H msßjeh m%udKh idudkH úp,H msßjeh(AVC) fõ'

168
`

 uq¿ úp,H msßjeh ksuejqï m%udKfhka fn§fuka idudkH úp,H msßjeh ,nd.; yels h'

 idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%h idudkHfhka bx.%Sis hQ ^U) wl=rl yevh .kS'

idudkH
úp,H
msßjeh
 ^re&

ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

 ksIamdok l%shdj,shg fhdod .kq ,nk iuia; úp,H fhojqï m%udKh iy iuia; ia:djr
fhojqï m%udKh fjkqfjka ork uq¿ úhou uq¿ msßjeh( TC) hs'

uq¿ msßjeh = uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh + uq¿ úp,H msßjeh

TC = TFC + TVC

 ksuejqu Y+kH jqj o uq¿ msßjehla mj;S' Bg fya;=j Y+kH ksuejqul § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh
Y+kH jqj o uq¿ ia:djr msßjehla mj;akd fyhsks'
 fï ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%h wdrïN jkafka ia:djr msßjeh wdrïN jk ,laIHfhka h'
 ksuejqu l%ufhka jeä lsÍu;a iuÕ uq¿ msßjeh my< ksuejqï uÜgïj, § wvq jk
fõ.hlska yd by< ksuejqï uÜgïj, § jeä jk fõ.hlska by< hhs'
169
`

 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS ksuejqu jeä jk úg uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh fkdfjkia
j mj;soaoS uq¿ úp,H msßjeh muKla fjkia jk ksid uq¿ msßjeh fjkia ùug
n,mdkafka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh fjkia ùu hs' fï ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%fha yevh uq¿
úp,H msßjeh jl%fha yevhg iurEms fõ'
 ksuejqu iuÕ uq¿ msßjeh ielfik wdldrh iy uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh iy uq¿ úp,H
msßjeh uq¿ msßjehg iïnkaO jk wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafõ'

TC
TVC
msßjeh ^tall&

a TFC

M TFC
b
TVC

0 ksuejqï ^tall&
c

 by; rEm igyfkys 0-Mj,ska fmkakqï flfrkafka uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh hs'
 ksuejqu Y+kHfha § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh Y+kH jk w;r tu uq¿ úp,H msßjehg 0-M jk
uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh tl;= ùu ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%h M ,laIHhfhka wdrïN fõ'
 ta wkqj rEm igyfkys TC iy TVC w;r ´kEu ,ïnl ÿrlg TFC w.h iudk fõ'
 TVC w.h;a TC iy TVC w;r ,ïnl ÿr;a(TFC) tl;= ùfuka TC jl%h ,eî we;'

ksoiqka (- by; rEm igykg wkqj

 tla ksuejqï tallhlg ork uq¿ msßjeh idudkH uq¿ msßjeh (ATC) hs'
170
`

 uq¿ msßjeh ksuejqfuka

fn§fuka idudkH
uq¿ msßjeh ,efí'

 ksuejqu jeä lrk úg" idudkH uq¿ msßjeh l%ufhka wvq ù kej;;a by< hhs'
 idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%fha yevh o idudkHfhka bx.%Sis hQ (U)wl=rl yevh .kS'
 idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%h ieu úg u idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%hg by<ska msysghs' fuh
my; m%ia;dr igyfkys fmkakqï flf¾'

ATC
msßjeh ^re& AVC

AFC

AVC

ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

 by; rEm igykg wkqj ,ïnl ÿfrka ±lafjkafka idudkH ia:djr msßjeh hs'
 idudkH ia:djr msßjeh l%ufhka ySk jk w;r Y+kHh fkdfõ' ksuejqu jeä ùu;a iuÕ
idudkH uq¿ msßjeh idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%hg ióm fõ' tfy;a lsis úfgl;a th
idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%h u; m;s; fkdfõ'

 idudkH ia:djr yd idudkH úp,H msßjefha tl;=fjka idudkH uq¿ msßjeh iliajk
ksid uq¿ msßjeh jl%fhys wju ,laIHh msysgkafka idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%fhys wju
,laIHhg by<ska h'

171
`

 wdka;sl msßjeh hkq ksuejqu tla tllhlska fjkia lrk úg uq¿ msßjeh fjkia jk
m%udKh hs'
 uq¿ msßjefha fjki ksuejqfï fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl mssßjeh ,efí'

 flá ld,h ;=< ksuejqu jeä lrk úg wdka;sl msßjeh l%ufhka wvq ù kej;;a by<
hhs'
 wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h o idudkHfhka bx.%Sis hQ (U) wl=rl yevh .kS' fuh my; m%ia;dr
igyfkys fmkakqï flf¾'

172
`

wdka;sl msßjeh ^re&

0 ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

 flá ld,Sk ksIamdok l%shdj,sh yd iïnkaO wdka;sl msßjeh yd idudkH msßjeh jl%j,
yeisÍï rgd my; m%ia;dr igyfkys fmkakqï flf¾'

msßjeh ^re&

01
AFC
0 Q2 Q3 ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&
Q1

by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj"

 wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h" idudkH úp,H msßjeh yd idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%hkays wju
,laIHh fcaokh lrñka fõ.fhka by<g .uka lrhs'

 idudkH úp,H msßjeh yd idudkH uq¿ msßjeh jl%hka w;ßka idudkH úp,H msßjefhys
wju ,laIHhhg jï miska idudkH ia:djr msßjeh jl%h .uka lrhs'

173
`

 wdka;sl msßjeh wju jk ksuejqï uÜgu Q1 fõ' tu wjia:djg wod< wdka;sl msßjeh 01
fõ'

 Q2 ksuejqï uÜgfuka fmkajkafka wju iudkH úp,H msßjeh jk w;r Q3 wju

idudkH uq¿ msßjeh fmkajhs'

 flá ld,sk ksIamdok msßjefhys uQ,sldx.hka my; mßÈ ixLHd f,aLkhla u.ska o
fmkakqï l< yels h'

ksuejqu uq¿ uq¿ uq¿ idudkH idudkH idudkH wdka;sl

tall ia:djr úp,H msßjeh ia:djr úp,H msßjeh msßjeh(MC)
msßjeh msßjeh (TC) re msßjeh msßjeh (ATC) re re
(TFC) re (TVC) re (AFC) re (AVC) re
0 40 0 40'00 0 0
1 40 40'00 80'00 40'00 40'00 80'00 40
2 40 70'00 110'00 20'00 35'00 55'00 30
3 40 92'00 132'00 13'33 30'67 44'00 22
4 40 107'00 147'00 10'00 26'75 36'75 15
5 40 117'00 157'00 8'00 23'40 31'40 10
6 40 127'00 167'00 6'67 21'16 27'82 10
7 40 142'00 182'00 5'71 20'29 26'00 15
8 40 164'00 204'00 5'00 20'50 25'50 22
9 40 194'00 234'00 4'44 21'56 26'00 30
10 40 234'00 274'00 4'00 23'40 27'40 40

^ j.= igyk weiqßka msßjeh jl%hka wÈñka tajdys iïnkaO;d ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lr .ekSu;a" ta
ta ixl,am .Kkh lrk wdOdrh;a ms<sn| wNHdi l< hq;= hs'&

 flá ld,Sk msßjeh jl% ySk jk M,od kS;sfha ms<sìUqjls'

 úp,H idOlfha ñ, fkdfjkia j ;sìh § úp,H fhojqfï wdka;sl M,odj by< hk úg
wdka;sl msßjeh my; jefÜ'
 wdka;sl M,odj ySk ùug mgka .kakd úg wdka;sl mssßjeh o by< hEug mgka .kS'
 fï ksid fláld,Sk wdka;sl msßjeh jl%h wdka;sl M,od jl%fha m%;sìïnh fõ'
174
`

 tfiau idudkH úp,H msßjeh jl%h o ySk jk wdka;sl M,od kS;shg wkqj u idudkH
M,od jl%fha m%;sìïnhla fia u msysghs'
 fuf,iska jk flá ld,fha M,odhs;d jl% iy msßjeh jl% w;r iïnkaOh my; m%ia;dr
igykska ksrEmKh flf¾'

ksujqï
^tall&

MP
AP

0
fhojqï ^tall&
msßjeh ^re&

MC
AVC

0 ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

by; rEm igykg wkqj"

- MP Wmrsu jk úsg MC wju fõ'

175
`

- AP Wmrsu jk úsg AVC wju fõ'

- MP jl%h AP jl%fhys Wmßu ,laIHh fcaokh lrñka fõ.fhka my; niS'

 È.= ld,fha § ish¨u fhojqï úp,H fhojqï fõ'

 ksIamdokh jeä lsßfuys ,d n,mdk lsis ÿ ixfrdaOhla È.= ld,fha § olakg fkdue; '
 ta wkqj os.= ld,fha § ish¨u ksIamdok wdh;k jvd kuHYS,s ;;a;ajhg m;a fõ'
 tfia u ;u ksIamdok Odß;dj wjYH mßÈ fjkia lr .ekSug wdh;kj,g yels h'
 È.= ld,fha § ksIamdok Odß;dj m%idrKh lsßfï m%;sM, jYfhka mßudKdkql+,
msßueiqï yd mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï yg .kshs'
 msßueiqï yd fkdmsßueiqï hk fol u fkdmj;sk úg ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M, yg
.kshs'
 msßueiqï mj;sk úg § jefvk mßudKdkql+, M,;a fkdmsßueiqï mj;ks úg § wvq jk
mßudKdkql+, M,;a yg .kshs'
 mßudKdkql+, msßueiqïj,g yd fkdmsßueiqïj,g uqyqK fok ksIamdok wdh;khl È.=
ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh jl%h bx.%Sis hQ (U) wl=rl yevh .kS'

wvq jk
msßjeh ^re& mßudKdkql+,
jefvk
M,
mßudKdkq
l+, M, ia:djr LRAC
mßudKdkql+,
M,

0 ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

Q1 Q2

 mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï hkq È.=ld,fha § ksIamdok wdh;khla ksIamdok m%idrKh

lsßfï § wdh;kfha idudkH msßjeh fyj;a ^tall msßjeh& my< neiSu hs'
 wdh;khl Odß;dj mq¿,a lsÍu;a iuÕ ksIamdok idOlj, ld¾hCIu;dj by< hEu;a"
ksIamdok fhojqïj, ñ, my< jeàu;a ksid w;am;a lr.; yels uQ,H m%;s,dNhla f,i
mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï ye|skaúh yels h'
176
`

 by; rEm igyfkys Q1 ksuejqï uÜgu olajd È.= ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh my; jeàula
isÿj we;s w;r th mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï mj;sk m%foaYh fõ' tysÈ mj;skafka jefvk
mrsudKdkql+, M, h'
 mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï we;sùu flfrys n,mdk fya;= my; oelafõ'
1. Odß;dj úYd, ùu ksid yg.kakd ;dlaIKsl msßueiqï
2. l<ukdlrKh wdY%s; mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï
3. wf,úlrKh yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï
4. uQ,Huh mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï
5. wjodkï ±Íu yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï
 mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï hkq È.= ld,fha § wdhkhla ksIamdokh m%idrKh lsßfï §
wdh;kfha idudkH msßjeh fyj;a tall msßjeh by< hdu hs'
 tkï wdh;khl Odß;dj mq¿,a lsÍu;a iuÕ ksIamdok idOlj, ld¾hCI;dj my< hEu
ksid uQ,Huh jYfhka isÿ jk mdvqj hs'
 by; rEm igykg wkqj ksuejqu uÜgfuka miq È.= ld,Sk idudkH msßjeh by<
hEula isÿj we;s w;r tu m%foaYfha § fkdmsßueiqï mj;S' tys oS mj;skafka wvq jk
mßudKdkql+, M,h'
 mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï we;s ùu flfrys o n,mdk fya;= idOl lSysmhls'
1. Odß;dj úYd, ùu ksid yg.kakd ;dlaIKsl fkdmsßueiqï
2. l<ukdlrKh wdY%s; mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï
3. wf,úlrKh yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï
4. uQ,Huh fkdmsßueiqï
5. wjodkï ±Íu yd iïnkaO mßudKdkql+, fkdmsßueiqï

 mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï fyda fkdmsßueiqï fyda fkdmj;sk úg wdh;kfha È.= ld,Sk

idudkH msßjeh ia:djr j mj;S' tys oS mj;skafka ia:djr mßudKdkql+, M, h'
 by; rEm igyfka ÿfrka ±lafjkafka tjeks ia:djr msßjeh ;;a;ajhls'

177
`

ksmqK;d ugÜu 4'4 (- fjf<|fmd< jHqyhkays uQ,sl ,laIK ixikaokh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (

 fjf<|fmd< jHQy kï lrhs'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 taldêldß fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 taldêldß ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd<l uQ,l
s ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 l;smhdêldß fjf<|fmd<l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< jHQyj, uQ,sl ,laIK ixikaokh lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (-

 lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla fyda ksmoùfuys fh§ isák ish¨ u wdh;kj,
tl;=fjka fjf<|fmd< fyj;a l¾udka;h iukaú; h'
 wdh;kj,ska ksmojkq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd úúO fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhka hgf;a
wf,ú lrk w;r tu fjf<|fmd< ;;a;aj ye|skaùug fjf<|fmd< jHQy hk ixl,amh
Ndú;d flf¾'
 m%dfhda.sl f,dalfha úúO fjf<|fmd< jHQyhka mj;S'
 fjf<|fmd< jHQy úúO ùu flfrys my; i|yka idOl n,mdhss'
1. fjf<|fmd< ;=< issák wdh;k ixLHdj
2. ksIamdÈ;fha iucd;sSh nj
3. wdh;khlg fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug yd fjf<|fmdf<ka bj;a ùug we;s
yelshdj
4. fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ksIamdok wdh;k w;r mj;akd ;r.fhys iajNdjh
 fjf<|fmd< jHQy my; mßos j¾. l< yels h'
1. mQ¾K ;r.h
2. taldêldrh
3. tldêldÍ ;r.h
4. l;smhdêldrh
 iucd;Sh NdKav ksmojk" wndO msúiqula yd msgùula we;s wdh;k rdYshlska iukaú;
fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh mQ¾K ;r.h f,i ye|skafõ'
178
`

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhl ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

'
1. ksIamdÈ;h iucd;Sh ùu
2. .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka ixLHdj b;d úYd, ùu
3. wdh;kh ñ, .kqjl= ùu
4. wndO msúiqu yd msgùu
5. .ekqïlrejkag yd úl=Kqïlrejkag fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| f;dr;=re mQ¾K
jYfhka yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd.; yels ùu'
6. idOl ixp,;djhg ndOd fkdue;sùu
7. È.= ld,Sk iu;=,s;fha § fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ish¨ u wdh;k
m%dudKsl ,dN muKla ,eîu
 ksIamdÈ;h iucd;sh ùu hkafkka woyia jkafka l¾udka;h ;=< isák ish¨u ksIamdok
wdh;k ksIamdokh lrkq ,nkafka uq¨ukskau iudk jQ tlsfklg wdfoaYl jQ NdKav
nj hs'
 .ekqïlrejkag l=uk ksIamdok wdh;khlska tu NdKavh ñ, § .;a; o tys lsis ÿ
fjkila Tyqg fkdfmfka'
 mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka úYd, ixLHdjla isák
ksid tla .ekqïlrefjl=f.a fyd úl=Kqïlrejl=f.a l%shdl,dmh fjf<|fmd<
l%shdldß;ajh flfrys lsis ÿ n,mEula we;s fkdlrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< b,a¨u fyda iemhqu fjkia lsÍug tla .ekqïlrejl=g fyda tla
úl=Kqïlrejl=g lsis ÿ yelshdjla fkdue;'
 mQ¾K ;r.ldß ksIamdok wdh;khlg ñ, ;SrKh lsßfï yelshdjla fkdue;s w;r
fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jQ ñ, hgf;a wjYH ;rï iemhSug wdh;khg isÿ fõ'
 fjf<|fmdf<a mj;sk ñ, flfrys tla wdh;khlg lsis ÿ n,mEula l< fkdyels
ksid;a" fjf<|fmd< ;SrKh jQ ñ, hgf;a uq¿ iemhqu wf,ú lr.; yels ksid;a mQ¾K
;r.ldß wdh;khla ñ, .kqjl= ( Price taker) f,iska ye|skafõ'
 fjf<|fmd< ñ, .kqjl= fia lghq;= lsÍug isoq jkafka fjf<|fmdf<a isák iEu
wdh;khla u iucd;Sh NdKav ksmoùu;a tla wdh;khla uq¿ fjf<|fmd< iemhqfuka
b;d iq¿ fldgila muKla ksIamdokh lsÍu ksid;a h'

179
`

 fï ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldß wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßos ;sria wlaIhg iudka;r jQ
ir, f¾Ldjla fia msysghs'

ñ,
^re&

P D/ AR/ MR

0 m%udKh ^tall&

 mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l wndO msúiqula iy msgùula mej;Su úfYaI ,laIKhls'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldß l¾udka;hlg wh;a NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu i|yd bÈßm;a ùug kj
wdh;kj,g ndOdjla fkdue;s ùu wndO msúiqu hkqfjka ye|skafõ'
 tfia u l¾udka;fha isák wdh;kj,g ksIamdok lghq;=j,ska bj;a ù hdug o lsis ÿ
ndOdjla fkdue;s w;r tu ;;a;ajh wndO msg úu hkafkka woyia fõ'
 f;dr;=re mQ¾K yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd .; yels ùu o mQ¾K ;r.ldß
fjf<|fmd<l ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhls'
 NdKavfha ñ,;a tys iemhqï m%udKh;a ms<sn| j .ekqïlrejka ±kqj;a j isàu fuhska
woyia fõ'
 fuu ksid hï úl=Kqïlrejl= ;u ksIamdÈ;fha ñ, jeä l<fyd;a .ekqïlrejka tu
NdKav wvq ñ,g úl=Kk fjk;a úl=Kqïlrejl= fj; .uka lrhs'
 idOl ixp,kh lsßfï yelshdjla o mej;s u mQ¾K ;r.fha úfYaI ,laIKhla jk w;r
fuhska woyia jkafka l¾udka; w;f¾ idOl udre úug we;s yelshdj hs'
 mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l lghq;= lrk wdh;khla flá ld,fha oS w;sm%dudKsl
,dN bmhSug bv we;'
 tfia jqjfyd;a fjk;a l¾udka;j, ksr; jk wdh;k o tlS ,dN bmhSu i|yd mQ¾K
;r.ldß l¾udka;hg msúfia'
 tys m%;sM,h jYfhka l¾udka;fha iemhqu jeä ù NdKavfha ñ, wvq fõ'

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 fuu ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldß wdh;kj,g È.= ld,fha § m%dudKsl ,dN muKla bmhSug
yels fjhs'
 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmdf<a ,laIKj,g wdikak ,laIK we;s fjf<|fmd< f,i"
ù" nvbß`.=" jÜglald " lerÜ jeks fjf<|fmd<j,a ±laúh yels h'
 ;ks úl=Kqïlrejl= isák l¾udka;hla taldêldrh jYfhka ye|skafõ'
 fuh mQ¾K ;r.hg m%;súreoaO ;;a;ajhhs'
 taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd<l wdh;kh iy l¾udka;h hk fol u tlla fõ'
 taldêldÍ fjf<|fmd< jHQyhl lems fmfkk ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
1 ksIamdokh iqúfYaI úu
2 tla wdh;khla muKla ksIamdokfha ksr; ùu
3 m%fõYhg ndOd mej;Su
4 fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re wmQ¾K ùu yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd.; fkdyels ùu

 taldêldß fjf<|fmd<l wf,ú jk NdKav i|yd ióm wdfoaYl fkdue;'

 wod< ksIamdÈ;h ,nd.; yelafla tl u ksIamdolhl= f.ka muKla jk w;r ta yd
iudk NdKav ksIamdokh lrk fjk;a ksIamdolfhla fkdue;' fï ksid fjf<|fmd<
;=< ksIamdolhdg taldêldß n,hla ysñ fõ'
 fuu iqúfYaI nj ksid mdßfNda.slhdg f;aÍï lsÍug bvla fkd,efnk w;r
ksIamdolhdf.ka NdKavh ñ, È .eksug fydaa fkdf.k isáug fydaa mdßfNda.slhdg isÿ
fõ'
 ksIamdÈ;h iïnkaOfhka mj;sk fuu iqúfYaI nj ksid wdh;khg NdKavfha ñ,
flfrys n,meï l< yels h'
 ñ, wvq jeä lsÍug we;s yelshdj ksid taldêldß fjf<|fmd<l wdh;khla uqyqK fok
b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßos jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'
ñ,
^re&

D
0 m%udKh ^tall&
taldêldß wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h

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 taldêldß fjf<|fmd<la ;=< tl u wdh;khla muKla isák ksid ;r.hla olakg

fkdue;s w;r ta ksid u taldêldß n,hlska lghq;= lsÍug wdh;khg yelshdj ,efí'
 wdh;khlg taldêldß l¾udka;hlg w¨;ska m%fõY ùu b;d ÿIalr fõ'
 wdh;khlg taldêldß l¾udka;hlg w¨;ska m%fõY ùu j<lajk iajdNdúl fyda lD;%su
fyda iajrEmfha ndOl mj;S' my; ±lafjkafka tn÷ ndOl lsym
s hls'
1. m%Odk wuqøjH ms<sn| ysñlu
2. rcfha kS;u
s h ndOl
3. mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï we;s ùu

 NdKavhla ksIamdokh lsßfï m%Odk wuq øjHj, whs;sh ;ks wdh;khlg ysñ jk wjia:d
mj;S'
 ksoiqka jYfhka rgl msysá ueKsla ksêsj, whs;sh tla wdh;khlg ysñ ùu fya;=fjka
tls øjHh Ndú;fhka lrk ksIamdÈ; i|yd taldêldÍ ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh fõ' fï
ksid tjeks ksIamdok i|yd w¨;a wdh;k m%fõY ùu ndOdldÍ fõ'
 tfiau rch .kakd l%shdud¾. ksid o w¨;a wdh;k m%fõY ùu je<ls taldêldß ;;a;aj
ìysjk wjia:d mj;S'
 hï hï jHdmdr ld¾h lrf.k hdfï whs;sh ;ks wdh;kj,g mejÍu;a" we;eï jHdmdr
ld¾h rchg wh;a wdh;k u.ska muKla lrf.k hdu;a i|yd rch mshjr .kakd
wjia:d mj;S'
ksoiqka - › ,xldfõ ÿïßh wêldßh" úÿ,sn, uKav,h
 mßudKdkql+, msßueiqï mj;sk úg o w¨;a wdh;k m%fõY ùu g ndOdldß fõ'
 È.= ld,fha È ish¨ u fhojqï fjkia lrñka ksIamdokh lrk úg mßudKdkql=,
msßueiqï yg.kS'
 msßueiqï mj;sk úg È.= ld,sk idudkH msßjeh my; jefgk w;r ta ksid u wdh;khg
;u ksIamdokh jeä lsßfï yelshdj o ,efí'
 fuys oS wvq msßjehla hgf;a ksmoúug yelshdj ,efnk ksid ksmojk NdKav wvq ñ,lg
wf,ú lsÍug o yelshdj ,efí'
 fun÷ ;;a;ajhla iajdNdúl taldêldß ;;a;ajhla f,i i,lkq ,nk w;r tjeks
;;a;ajhla f.dvke.=Kq úg w¨;a wdh;kj,g m%fõY ùu wmyiq fõ'
 Bg fya;=j iajdNdúl taldêldrh f.dv ke.=Kq úg wvq msßjehla hgf;a ksuejqu jeä
lsÍug;a" wvq ñ,la hgf;a NdKav wf,ú lsÍug yelshdjla ,efnk ksid w¨;ska msúfik
wdh;kj,g ta yd iu`. ;r. lsÍu wmyiq ùu hs'
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 taldêldß ksIamdolhl=f.a fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re yd ksIamdokhg wod< f;dr;=re

fjk;a ksIamdolhl=g mQ¾K yd msßjehlska f;dr j ,nd.; fkdyels h'

ksoiqka (

lsishï NdKavhl b,a¨ï ;;a;aj" ñ, .Kka' ,dNodhs;ajh" ksIamdok msrsjeh iy

;dlaIKh jeks f;dr;=re ,nd .eksfï yelshdjla fjk;a wdh;kj,g fkdue;'

 fujeks f;dr;=re fkdue;s j fjk;a w¨;a ksIamdok wdh;kj,g fjf<|fmd<g m%fõY

ùug wmyiq fõ'
 l¾udka;hg we;=¿ úfï ndOl fkdue;s jQ;a wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjlska l¾udka;h
iukaú; jQ;a fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh taldêldß ;r.h kñka ye|skafõ'
 taldêldß ;r.h ;=< taldêldß ,laIK fukau mQ¾K ;r.ldß ,laIK o mj;S'
 ta ksid mQ¾K ;r.h yd taldêldrh hk fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhkays ixl,khla f,i
taldêldß ;r.h ±laúh yels h'
 taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l ksIamdÈ; w;r m%fNaokhla mj;S'
 taldêldß ;r.h mQ¾K ;r.fhka fjkia jkafka fï ksihs'
 taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd< ixl,amh uq,ska u y÷kajd fok ,oafoa 1930 j¾Ifha
—tâjâ jEïn¾,ska˜ kue;s wd¾Ól úoHd{hd úisks'
 ienE f,dj iqug j ±lsh yels fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajh jkafka o taldêldß ;r.h hs'
 taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l ,laIK my; oelafõ'
 l¾udka; ;=< wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjla mej;Su
 tla tla wdh;kh m%fNaokh lrk ,o NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu
 l¾udka;h ;=<g m%fõY ùug fyda msg ùug fyda ndOd fkd;sîu
 wdh;kh uqyqK fok b,a¨ï jl%h my;g nEjqï ùu
 idOl ixp,;djg ndOd fkdmej;su
 taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;k È.= ld,fha È m%dudKsl ,dN muKla ,eîu
 mQ¾K ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l fuka u taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<la ;=< o wdh;k
úYd, ixLHdjla isák w;r tla tla wdh;k iajdëk ñ, m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lrhs'
 wdh;k úYd, ixLHdjla fjf<|fmd< ;=< isák ksid tla wdh;khlg uq¿ fjf<|fmd<
iemhqfuka ysñ jkafka b;d l=vd fldgils'
 fï ksid tla wdh;khl ksIamdokhg wka wdh;k flfrys lsis ÿ n,mEula l<
fkdyels h'
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 taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<la ;=< isák ish¨ u wdh;k tl u NdKav j¾.hla

ksIamdokh l<;a" tla tla wdh;kfha ksIamdÈ; w;r úúO fjkialï mj;S'
ksoiqka (-
taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd<l ksmojk NdKavh inka jqj;a ta ta wdh;k
ksmojk inka fjk fjk u .;a úg ta ;=< úúO fjkialï ;sîu'
 fï ksid taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;k ksmojk NdKav iucd;Sh fkdjk w;r tla
NdKavhla ;j;a NdKavhla i|yd mQ¾K wdfoaYk fkdfõ' NdKav m%fNaokh hkafkka
woyia jkafka fuu ;;a;ajh hs'
 NdKav m%fNaokh lsÍu ksid ksIamdok wdh;k w;r ;r.ldß;ajhla we;s fõ'
 wdh;k ;r.ldß;ajhla we;s lsÍug my; i|yka udOHh Ndú; lrhs'
o NdKavfha .=Kd;aul nj ^NdKavfha yevh" úYajikSh;ajh" l,a
meje;au" mdßfNda.sl fiajd&
o NdKavfha ñ,
o wf,úlrKh
 tla tla wdh;k m%fNaÈ; NdKav ksmoúu ksid NdKav tl iudk jqj;a tajd w;r hï hï
wiudklï mj;sk njg mdßfNda.slhka ;=< úYajdihla mj;sk ksid NdKavj, ñ,
fjkia lsÍfï yelshdjla taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;khg we;'
 fï ksid taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'
 mQ¾K ;r.fha fukau taldêldß ;r.fha È o jHdmdr wdh;kj,g l¾udka;hg we;=t
ùug;a" l¾udka;fhka bj;a j hdug;a ksoyi ;sfí'
 taldêldß ;r.ldß wdh;khla flá ld,fha oS w;sm%dudKsl ,dN bmhSug bvlv mj;sk
w;r fï ksid kj wdh;k l¾udka;hg m%fõY fõ' fï ksid È.= ld,fha È taldêldß
;r.ldß wdh;khlg ,eìh yelafla m%dudKsl ,dN muKs'
 taldêldß ;r.ldß fjf<|fmd< i|yd ksoiqka my; i|yka fõ'
o wdmK Yd,d
o is,a,r lv
o ndn¾ idmamq
o inka
o oka;df,am
o fifrmamq
o mdjyka j¾.

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 uqt fjf<|fmd< u ksIamdok wdh;k w;f<diailg muKla ysñ j mj;sk fjf<|fmd<

;;a;ajh l;smhdêldrh f,i ye|skafõ'
 fujeks fjf<|fmd<l ±lsh yels úfYaIs; ,laIK lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
o iemhqïlrejka ixLHdj w;sYhska iSñ; úu
o m%fõYhg ±ä ndOd mej;Su
o wdh;k w;r ±ä wfkHdakH /|shdjla mej;Su
o m%fNaokh jQ fyda m%fNaokh fkdjQ fyda NdKav ksmoùu
o wdh;kh uqyqKfok b,a¨ï jl%h idfmalaI jYfhka wkuH jQ my<g nEjqï jk
tlla ùu
 fjf<|fmd< ;=< ;r. flfrk wdh;k ixLHdj w;sYhska iSñ; úu ksid tla
wdh;khl yeisÍu wfkl=;a wdh;kj, yeisßu flfrys n,mEu l;smhdêldrfha úfYaI
,laIKhls'
 n,mEug ,lajk wdh;k o wfkla wdh;kj,g m%;sl%shd olajhs'
 tfia u l;smhdêldß fjf<|fmd<l iajdNdúl fyda lD;%su fyda ndOl mj;sk w;r th
w¨;a wdh;k l¾udka;h ;=<g m%fõY ùu j<lajhs'
 tjeks ndOl lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'
o wdh;k ;=< mßudKdkql,
+ msßueiqï mej;Su
o Wmdh ud¾. l%shd wkq.ukh lsÍu
o ffk;sl idOl
o wdrïNl m%d.aOkh úYd, ùu
o wuqøjH md,kh wdh;k lsysmhla i;= ùu
 fujeks ndOl ksid l¾udka;hg w¨;ska meñfKk wdh;khlg fjf<|fmd< ;=<
lghq;= lsÍu ÿIalr fõ'
 wdh;k ixLHdj iSñ; jk fyhska tla wdh;khlg fjf<|fmdf<ka ysñ jk fldgi
idfmlaI jYfhka úYd, fõ'
 ieu wdh;khla u fjf<|fmd< ;=< úYd, fldgila ysñlr f.k ;sfnk ksid wdh;k
w;r ±ä wfkHdakH /|shdjla mj;S'
 tla wdh;khla wkq.ukh lrk m%;sm;a;s wfkla wdh;kj,g iDcqj u n,mdk w;r
ieu wdh;khla u ;r.lrejkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh flfrys ±ä ie,els,af,ka miqfõ'
 ta ta wdh;k" ;r. lsßfï wdYdj ksid tlsfklg m%;sl%shd olajñka lghq;= lrhs'
 ksoiqka jYfhka" hï wdh;khla NdKavfha ñ, my< fy<Sug ;srKh l<fyd;a th
wfkla wdh;kj, NdKavfha b,a¨u wvq ù ,dNh wvq ùug fya;=fõ' túg tu wdh;kh o
185
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;r.ldß f,i NdKavfha ñ, my< ouhs' túg m%:ufhka ñ, wvq l< wdh;kh
wjodkulg ,la jk w;r ta ksid úúO Wml%u Ndú;d lrñka Tjqka w;r iyfhda.s;dj
j¾Okh lr.ekSug W;aidy .kS'
 mqj;a m;a" rEmjdysks fiajd" jdKsc nexl= iy isfuka;s lïy,a wdÈh l;smhdêldß
fjf<|fmd< ;;a;ajhkag ksoiqka fõ'
 l;smhdêldß fjf<|fmd< ;=< ta ta wdh;k ksmojk NdKav m%fNaÈ; fyda m%fNaÈ;
fkdjQ fyda tajd úug mq¿jk'
 tla tla wdh;k fjf<|fmd< uq¿ iemhqfuka úYd, fldgila ysñlr f.k ;sfnk ksid
ta ta wdh;kj,g fjf<|fmd< ñ, flfrys n,mEï we;s l< yels h'
 fï ksid wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'
 fjf<|fmdf<a tla wdh;khla ñf,ys fjkila isÿ lrkafka kï wfkla wdh;k Bg
m%;spdr olajk ksid wdh;kfha b,a¨ï m%udKh ksYaÑ; ke;'
 ta ksid ñ, flfrys olajk m%;spdrhka u; b,a¨ï m%udKh fjkia úh yels neúka
b,a¨ï jl%fhys ì÷Kq iajNdjhla yg .ekSug mqtjk'
 by; i|yka lrk ,o m%Odk fjf<|fmd< jHQyhkays uQ,l
s ,laIK ixikaokd;aul j
jvd;a ixCIsma; wdldrfhka my; j.= igyfkys ±lafõ'

186
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fjf<|fmdf<a wdh;k l¾udka;hg ksIamdÈ;fha ksoiqka wdh;kh

iajrEmh ixLHdj m%fõY ùu iajNdjh uqyqK fok
b,a¨ï jl%h
mQ¾K ;r.h w;súYd, fõ' ndOd rys; fõ' iucd;sh ú nvbß.=" ;sria wlaIhg
NdKavhls' jÜglald iudka;r fõ'
lerÜ" wdikak wdh;kh ñ,
,laIK we;s .kqfjls'
taldêldrh tla wdh;khla ndOd iys; fõ' iqúfYaI jQjls' ÿïßh fiajd" my<g nEjqï
muKs' c, iïmdokh" fõ' wdh;khg
úÿ,s n, ñ, flfrys
iemhsu" ie,lsh hq;=
n,mEula l<
yels h'
taldêldß úYd, fõ' ndOd rys; fõ' m%fyaokh wdmk Yd,d" my<g nEjqï
;r.h jQjls' is,a,r lv" fõ' tfy;a
ndn¾ idmamq idfmalaI
jYfhka
kuH;dj jeä
h'
ñ, flfrys
n,mEï l<
yels h'
l;smhdêldrh w;f<diails' ndOdldß fõ' m%fyaokh jQ mqj;a m;a' my<g nEjqï
fyda m%fyaokh rEmjdyskS fõ' idfmalaI
fkdjQ fyda tajd fiajd" .Eia" jYfhka wkuH
fõ' jdKsc nexl= fõ' tfy;a ñ,
flfrys
ksrka;rfhka
olajk m%;spdr
u; r|d mj;S'

187
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ksmqK;d ugÜu 4'5 (-mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khla iy l¾udka;h flá ld,fha §

yeisfrk wdldrh úuid n,hs'
ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 10
wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (
² mq¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï
jl%h fjka fjka j y÷kajhs'
² wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h yd fjf<|fmd< b,a¨ï jl%h w;r
iïnkaO;dj m%ia;dr weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wdh;khla ,dN Wmßu lsÍfï uQ,l
s m%fõY kï lrhs'
² uq¿ whNdrh - uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh ixLHd f,aLk yd m%ia;dr
weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
² wdka;sl whNdrh - wdka;sl msßjeh m%fõYh ixLHd f,aLk yd
m%ia;dr weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
² mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl flá ld,fha yeisÍu ixLHd f,aLk
yd m%ia;dr weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
² mq¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl m%dudKssl ,dN" ksIam%dudKssl ,dN"
wjm%dudKssl ,dN yd wdh;khl ksIamdokh w;ayg
s qùu hk ixl,am
m%ia;dr weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wdh;khl flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%fha yeisÍu m%ia;dr igyka
weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
² fjf<|fmd< iemhqï jl%h yd b,a¨ï jl%h u.ska l¾udka;fha
iu;=,s;h m%ia;dr igyka weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'

188
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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

 iucd;Sh NdKav ksmoùu;a tla wdh;khla uq¿ fjf<|fmd< iemhqfuka b;d iq¿
fldgila muKla ksIamdokh lrk ksid;a mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla ñ,
.kqjl= ( Price Taker) f,i ie,efla'
 ñ,g n,mEula fkdlr fjf<`ofmd< mj;sk ñ,g ´kEu m%udKhla wf,ú lr .; yels
ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßos ;sria wCIhg iudka;r jQ ir,
f¾Ldjl wdldrhg msysghs'

ñ, ^remsh,a&

0 b,a¨ï m%udKh
^tall&
wdh;kh b,a¨ï jl%h

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khla ñ, .kqjl= jqj o mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;hg NdKavhl ñ,

;SrKh lsÍug yels h'

 fï ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï jkakls'

 th my; mßos ±laúh yels h'

ñ, ^remsh,a&

D
0 b,a¨ï m%udKh
^tall&
mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h

189
 `

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl%h yd mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;hl b,a¨ï jl%h w;r
iïnkaO;djla mj;S' fuu iïnkaO;dj my; mßos ±laúh yels h'

 ñ, ^re'&
ñ, ^re'& SM

PO PO D

DM
0
0
b,a¨ï m%udKh b,a¨ï m%udKh
^tall& ^tall&

^A& rEmigyk ^B& rEmigyk

mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;hl iy wdh;khl b,a¨ï jl% w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj

 by; ^A& rEm igyfka DM jl%fhka l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h;a" SM jl%fhka

l¾udka;fha iemhqï jl%h;a ±lafõ'

 l¾udka;fha ;SrKh ù we;s iu;=,s; ñ, P0 fõ'

 wdh;kj, ksIamdos; fuu P0 ñ,g wf,ú lr .; yels h' fuu ksid wdh;kfha b,a¨ï
jl%h mQ¾K kuH tlla jk w;r ^B) rEm igyfka D jl%fhka tu b,a¨ï jl%h fmkakqï
flf¾'

 wdh;k uqyqK fok ñ, fjkia jkafka l¾udka;fha b,a¨u iemhqu fjkia jqj fyd;a
muKs'
ksoiqka (

 l¾udka;fha iemhqu ia:djr j ;sìh § b,a¨u jeä jqj fyd;a iu;=,s; ñ, by< hhs' ta wkqj
wdh;kj,g ,efnk ñ, o by< hhs'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khlg flá ld,fha § ixfrdaOl follg uqyqK §ug isÿ
fõ' tkï

1. ñ, .kqjl= f,i lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu'

2. wdh;kh i;= j mj;sk ;dCIKh yd Odß;dj u; lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu'

190
`

 fuu ixfrdaOl foll hgf;a lghq;= lsÍfï § jeo.;a ;SrK folla .ekSug wdh;khg
isÿ fõ'

1. ksIamdokfha ;j ÿrg;a /`§ isákjd o@ fkd tfia kï wdh;kh jid oukjd

o@

2. ksIamdokfha ;j ÿrg;a /`§ isàug ;SrKh l< fyd;a fldmuK NdKav m%udKhla
ksmojkjd o@

 wdh;kh jid fkd oud ;j ÿrg;a ksIamdokfha /`§ isàug ;SrKh l< fyd;a mQ¾K
;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khg ish m%Yia; ksuejqu ;SrKh lsÍug úYaf,aIK l%u 2la
Ndú; l< yels h' tkï

1. uq¿ whNdr - uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh

2. wdka;sl whNdr - wdka;sl msßjeh m%fõYh

 uq¿ whNdrh yd uq¿ msßjeh weiqßka wd¾Ól ,dN .Kkh fldg wd¾Ól ,dN jeã u
ksuejqu m%Yia; ksuejqu f,i f;dard .ekSu uq¿ whNdr yd uq¿ msßjeh m%fõYh u.ska isÿ
lrhs'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh fyj;a wf,ú wdodhu my; mßos ,nd .; yels
h'

uq¿ whNdrh = NdKavfha ñ, × m%udKh

TR = P × Q

 uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh (TFC) iy uq¿ úp,H msßjeh (TVC) hk foflys tl;=fjka flá
ld,Sk uq¿ msßjeh (TC) ,efí'

 fuf,iska ,nd .kakd uq¿ wdNdrh yd uq¿ msßjeh weiqfrka m%Yia; ksuejqu f;dard
.kakd wdldrh my; ixLHd igyk weiqfrka meyeos,s l< yels h'

191
`

ksuejqu uq¿ uq¿ wd¾Ól

^Èklg whNdrh msßjeh ,dN ^re'&
tall& ^re'& ^re'&

0 0 20 -20

1 20 36'8 -16'8

2 40 52'8 -12'8

3 60 68'0 -80

4 80 80'0 0

5 100 90'4 9'6

6 120 101'6 18'4

7 140 114'4 25'6

8 160 128'0 32'0

9 180 146'4 33'6

10 200 168'0 32'0

11 220 196'0 24'0

12 240 240'0 0

 fuys § fjf<`ofmdf<a ;SrKh ù we;s NdKav tallhl ñ, remsh,a 20$- f,iska

ie,ls,a,g f.k we;'

 ixLHd igykg wkqj uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ msßjeh wvq lsÍfuka wd¾Ól ,dN ,nd f.k
we;s w;r jeä u wd¾Ól ,dNh remsh,a 33'60ls'

 tu ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh wd¾Ól ,dNh jeä u ksuejqï uÜgu jk ksuejqu
tall 9 m%Yia; ksuejqula fia f;dard .kS'

 by; ixLHd f,aLk igyfka ±lafjk f;dr;=re my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igykla u.ska
bosßm;a l< yels h'

192
 `

whNdrh TC
msßjeh ^re'&
TR
B
240
N
180

146.4
M
A
80

0 ksuejqu ^Èklg tall&

9 12
4
whNdr- msßjeh ^re&

,dNh
33.6

ksujqu ^Èklg tall&

0
4 9 12

-20

-60
 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj a iy b ,CIHhkays § uq¿ whNdr jl%h uq¿ msßjeh jl%h
fÊokh lrhs' ta wkqj a iy b ,CIHhkays § wd¾Ól ,dN Y=kH fõ'

 a ,CIhg my< fldgfia § uq¿ whNdr jl%hg jvd by<ska uq¿ msßjeh jl%h .uka lrhs'
tu m%foaYfha § u wd¾Ól ,dN RK w.hla .kS'

 b ,CIhg by< fldgfia § uq¿ whNdr jl%hg jvd by<ska uq¿ msßjeh jl%h .uka lrhs'
tu m%foaYfha o wd¾Ól ,dN RK w.hla .kS'

 a yd b w;r m%foaYfha § uq¿ msßjehg jvd by<ska uq¿ whNdr jl%h .uka lrhs'

193
`

 tu ksid a yd b w;r m%foaYh wd¾Ól ,dN iys; m%foaYhla fõ'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh wd¾Ól ,dN iys; m%foaYfha § ;u m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu
jYfhka f;dard .kafka jeä u wd¾Ól ,dN mj;sk wjia:dj hs'

 rEm igyfka N – M olajd ,ïnl ÿfrka jeäu wd¾Ól ,dN ±la fõ' ta wkqj remsh,a
33'60 jeä u wd¾Ól ,dNh hs'

 fï kssid jeä u wd¾Ól ,dN mj;sk tall 9 flá ld,fha oS m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu fia
f;dard .kS'

 wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;l

s msßjeh^ MR=MC & m%fõYfha § ksIamdok wdh;kfha wdka;sl
whNdrh yd wdka;sl msßjeh mokï lr f.k ,dN .Kkh lsÍu isÿ fõ' ta wkqj hï
wjia:djl wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk jk ksuejqï uÜgu m%Yia; ksuejqu
fia f;dard .kS'

 ksuejqu tla tallhlska jeä lrk úg wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrhg w¨f;ka tl;= jk
m%udKh wdka;sl whNdrh hs'

 uq¿ whNdrfha fjki ksuejqfï fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl whNdrh ,nd .; yels h'

wdka;sl whNdrh  uq¿ whNdrfha fjki ­ ksujqfï fjki

 ksuejqu tla tallh ne.ska jeä lrk úg uq¿ msßjehg w¨f;ka tl;= jk m%udKh
wdka;sl msßjeh hs'

 uq¿ msßjefha fjki ksuejqfï fjkiska fn§fuka wdka;sl msßjeh ,nd .; yels h'

194
`

wdka;sl msßjeh  uq¿ msßjefha fjki ­ ksujqfï

fjki

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;khlg mejreKq ñ,la hgf;a lghq;= lsÍug isÿjk ksid mQ¾K
;r.ldÍ wdh;khl ñ, idudkH whNdrhg iy wdka;sl whNdrhg iudk
^P=AR=MR&fõ' fuh my; ixLHd ksoiqk weiqßka f,i meyeos,s l< yels h'

 tys § NdKavfha ñ, remsh,a 25 f,iska ie<ls,a,g f.k we;'

m%udKh ^Q& ñ, ^P& uq¿ whNdrh idudkH wdka;sl

^TR& whNdrh whNdrh
^AR& ^MR&
0 25 0 0 -

1 25 25 25 25

2 25 50 25 25

3 25 75 25 25

4 25 100 25 25

5 25 125 25 25

 ñ, remsh,a 25la fia ia:djr j mj;akd neúka th idudkH whNdrhg iy wdka;sl

whNdrhg iudk fõ'
195
 `

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha ñ, = idudkH whNdrh = wdka;sl whNdrh (P = AR =MR)

jk neúka tu ;;a;ajh my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igykla u.ska ±laúh yels h'

ñ,

idudkH whNdrh

wdka;sl whNdrh
D / P = AR =MR

ksujqï m%udKh ^tall&

0

 flá ld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla wdka;sl whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg
iudk jk úg § iu;=,; s ;djg m;afjñka m%Yia; ksuejqu f;dard .kakd wdldrh my;
mßÈ ixLHd igykla yd m%ia;dr igykla weiqfrka meyeos,s l< yels h'

ksuejqu ^Q& uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh wdka;sl wdka;sl wd¾Ól

^TR& ^TC) whNdrh msßjeh ,dNh
^MR& ^MC& ^TR - TC&
6 120 101'6 12'8 18'4

7 140 114'4 20 13'6 25'6

8 160 128'0 20 18'4 32'0

9 180 146'4 20 20 33'6

10 200 168'0 20 21'6 32'0

11 220 196 20 28'0 24'0

 ixLHd igykg wkqj ksuejqu tall 9 § wd¾Ól ,dNh Wmßu fõ' tys § wdka;sl
whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk fõ'

196
`

 tu ksid mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kh ksuejqï tall 9 m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu fia f;dard
.kS' wdka;l
s whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh^ MR=MC & fldkafoaish ;Dma; lrñka ,dN
Wmßu lrk m%Yia; ksuejqï uÜgu my; m%ia;drfhka fmkakqï flf¾'

MR/MC MC

20 K A MR

0 ksujqï tall
9

 rEm igykg wkqj a ,CIHfha § wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh (MR = MC) fõ' tu
wjia:dfõ § wd¾Ól ,dN o Wmßu jk w;r m%Yia; ksuejqu tall 9 ls'

 rEm igyfka ±lafjk K ,CIHfha § wdka;sl whNdr = wdka;sl msßjeh (MR = MC)
fldkafoaish ;Dma; jqj;a Bg wod< ksuejqu m%Yia; ksuejqu fia f;dard fkd .kS'

 Bg fya;=j K ,CIHhg wod< ksuejqï uÜgfï oS lsisÿ ,dNhla fkd,efí' ksuejqu

m%idrKh l<fyd;a ,dN yg .kS' ,dN WmÍu ùu i|yd wdka;sl whNdrh = wdka;sl
msßjeh (MR = MC) hk fldkafoaish bgq ùu muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' fï i|yd ;j;a
fldkafoaishla bgq úh hq;=h tkï wdka;l s whNdrh wdka;sl msßjehg iudk jk
(MR = MC) ,CIHfha § wdka;sl msßjeh ( MC) jl%h wdka;sl whNdr (MR ) jl%h
fPokh l< hq;af;a by< isg my<ska fkdj my< isg by<sks tkï wdka;sl msßjeh
( MC) jl%fha nEjqu Ok w.hla úh hq;= h'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl flá ld,Sk yeisÍu ;=< uqyqK osh yels úl,am
wjia:d lsysmhla my; oela fõ'

1. wd¾Ól ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu ^ksIam%dudKsl ,dN $ w;sm%dudKsl

,dN&

2. wd¾Ól ,dN Y+kH uÜgfï ksIamdokfha fh§u ^m%dudKsl ,dN&

3. mdvq ,eîu ^wjm%dudKsl ,dN& $ mdvq ,nñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isàu

4. ksIamdok wdh;kh jid ±óu

197
`

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla wd¾Ól ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isák
wjia:dfõ § ñ, idudkH msßjeh blaujd hk w;r uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh blaujd hhs'

 my; rEm igyfka ±lafjkafka fujeks ksIam%dudKsl ,dN ,nk ;;a;ajhls'

ñ,
msßjeh MC
ATC

20 a P = AR = MR
12
b

0 ksujqï tall
9

 by; rEm igykg wkqj wdka;sl whNdrh = wdka;sl msßjeh (MR = MC) hk
fldkafoaish ;Dma; lrñka a ,CIH § wdh;kh iu;=,s;;djg m;a w;r Bg wod< ksuejqu
uÜgu tall 9la fõ'

 tu wjia:dfõ § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh yd wd¾Ól ,dNh
my; mßÈ fõ'

- uq¿ whNdrh  idudkH whNdrh « ksuejqï tall m%udKh

TR = AR « Q

TR = 20 « 9

TR = remsh,a 180

- uq¿ msßjeh  idudkH msßjeh « ksuejqï tall m%udKh

TC = ATC « Q

TC = 12 « 9

198
`

TC = remsh,a 108

- wd¾Ól ,dNh  uq¿ whNdrh - uq¿ msßjeh

= TC –TC

= 180 « 108

TC = remsh,a 72

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla m%dudKsl ,dN Wmhñka ksIamdokfha fh§ isák
wjia:dfõ § ñ, idudkH msßjehg iudk jk w;r uq¿ whNdrh o uq¿ msßjehg iudk
fõ'

 my; rEm igyfkys fmkakqï flfrkafka tjeks m%dudKsl ,dN ,nk ;;ajhls'

ñ, msßjeh ATC
MC

20 a P = AR = MR

0 ksujqï tall
9

 by; rEm igyfkys a ,CIHfhka iu;=,s; wjia:dj ±lafjk w;r Bg wod< ksuejqu
tall 9 fõ'

 fuu wjia:dfõ § wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrh uq¿ msßjeh iy wd¾Ól ,dN ;;a;aj my;
mßÈ fõ'

uq¿ whNdrh  20 « 9

 remsh,a 180

uq¿ msßjeh  20 « 9

 remsh,a 180

199
`

wd¾Ól ,dN 0

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl NdKav tallhl idudkH msßjeh NdKav tallhl
ñ, blaujd hk wjia:dfõ oS mdvq ,eîu isÿ fõ' fuys oS uq¿ whNdrhg jvd uq¿ msßjeh
jeä jk ksid wdh;khg wjm%dudKsl ,dN ysñ fõ'

 my; rEm igyfkys fmkakqï flfrkafka tjeks mdvq ^wjm%dudKsl ,dN& ,nk ;;ajhls'

ñ, msßjeh MC
ATC
uq¿ whNdrh  20 « 9 remsh,a 180

uq¿ msßjeh  25 « 9  remsh,a 225

25 wjm%udKsl ,dN  180-225

wjm%dudKsl ,dN
20 P = AR = MR  remsh, -45

0 ksujqï tall
9

 rEm igyfka w`ÿre l< fldgfia fCI;%M,fhka ±lafjkafka fuu wjm%dudKsl ,dN
m%udKh hs'

 flá ld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khla wjm%udKsl ,dN ,enq j o ksIamdok
wdh;kh jid fkdoud ksIamdokfha ksr; ùug ;SrKh l< yels h' tfia ;SrKh
lrkqfha ksIamdokfha ksr; ùfuka ia:djr msßjefhka lsishï m%udKhla fyda mshjd
.ekSug bv ie,fia kï muKs'

 flá ld,fha § mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khlg uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh ksh; jYfhka
oeÍug isÿjk msßjehla jk w;r" uq¿ úp,H msßjeh j<lajd .; yels msßjehla fõ'

 wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ msßjeh mshjd .ekSug fkdyels jQj;a uq¿ whNdrfhka
uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug yelshdjla mj;S kï mdvq ,nk ;;a;ajhl jqj o
ksIamdokfha fhfoñka l¾udka;fha ;jÿrg;a re|S isàug wdh;kh lghq;= lrhs' my;
rEm igykska fuu ;;a;ajh ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

200
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ñ, msßjeh
AC
MC
AVC

P = AR = MR
25

20 b P = AR = MR
17
a P = AR = MR
15

10 P = AR = MR

0 ksujqï tall
8 11 14

 by; rEm igykg wkqj a ,CIHfhka oelafjk iu;=,s; wjia:dfõ § wdh;kfha uq¿
whNdrh uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug m%udKj;a fõ'

a ,CIHfha § uq¿ whNdrh = 15 × 8

= remsh,a 120

a ,CIHfha § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh = 15 × 8

= remsh,a 120

 b ,CIHfha § mdvq ,enqj o uq¿ úp,H msßjehg jvd uq¿ whNdrh jeä h'

b ,CIHfha § uq¿ whNdrh = 20 × 11 = remsh,a 220

b ,CIHfha § uq¿ úp,H msßjeh = 17 × 11 = remsh,a 187

 b ,CIHfha § uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshùfuka miq ;j remsh,a 33la ^220 -
187& b;sß fõ' tu b;sß fldgiska ia:djr msßjefhka fldgila fyda mshùug o wdh;khg
fhdod .; yels h' fuu ksid mdvq ,nk ;;a;ajhl jqj o flá ld,fha § ksIamdokfha
fhfoñka l¾udka;fha ;jÿrg;a re|S isàug wdh;kh lghq;= lrhs'

 rEm igyfka ±lafjk mßÈ a ,CIHh g my< ,CIHj,g wod< iu;=,s; wjia:dj, §
wdh;kfha uq¿ whNdrfhka uq¿ úp,H msßjeh mshjd .ekSug fkdyels ksid ksIamdokh
w;aysgqùu ;d¾lsl h'

201
`

 by; rEm igykska fy<s jk iuia; f;dr;=rej,g wkqj meyeÈ,s jkafka flá ld,fha
oS mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ ksIamdok wdh;khl ksIamdokfha /`§ isákjd o w;a ysgqjkjd o hkak
;SrKh flfrk ;SrKd;aul ,CIHh jkafka ñ, wju idudkH úp,H msßjehg iudk
jk a0 ,CIHh hs '

ñ, ^msßjeh& AVC
MC

25 P2 = AR2 =MR2
P1 = AR1 =MR1
20 a2
15 P0 = AR0 =MR0
a1
a0

0 ksujqï tall
08 11 14

 by; rEm igyfkys a0 ,CIHfha oS ñ, wju idudkH úp,H msßjehg iudk jk ksid a0
,CIHhka by< msysá MC jl%h wdh;kfha flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%h fõ'

 t wkqj mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%h my; mßos m%ia;dr
igyklska ±laúh yels h'

S=(MC)

ñ, ^re&

25

20
15

0 ksuejqï tall
08 11 14
mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;kfha flá ld,Sk iemhqï jl%h
202
`

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha iu;=,s;;dj we;s jkafka l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h

l¾udka;fha iemhqï jl%h fcaokh jk ,CIHfha § h'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha b,a¨ï jl%h NdKavh i`oyd wod< fjf<`ofmdf<a ish¨ u
fm!oa.,sl b,a¨ï jl% ;sria w;g tl;= lsÍfuka ,nd .kakls'

 ta wkqj mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<`ofmd< b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nejqï
jkakls'

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<`ofmd< iemhqu jl%h ,nd .kafka wdh;kj, iemhqï jl%j, ;sria
tl;=fjks'

 ta wkqj mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ wdh;k ish,a, u idudkH úp,H msßjehg by<ska msysá wdka;sl
msßjeh jl%j, ;sria tl;=fjka fjf<`ofmd< iemhqï jl%h jHq;amkak lr .; yels h'

 ksoiqka f,i mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fj<`ofmdf<a wdh;k 100la mj;S kï fj<`ofmdf<ys

iemhqï ;;a;aj yd Bg wod< fjf<`ofmd< iemhqï jl%h my; mßÈ jHq;amkak lr .;
yels h'

ñ, ^re'& tla wdh;khl fjf<`ofmd<

iemhqu ^tall& iemhqu ^tall&

15 12 1200

20 13 1300

25 14 1400

 by; f;dr;=rej,g wdod< fjf<`ofmd< iemhqï jl%h my; mßÈ fõ'

ñ, ^re'& SM

20

15

0 m%udKh ^tall&
1200 1300 1400

203
`

 mQ¾K ;r.ldÍ fjf<`ofmd< b,a¨ï jl%h yd iemhqï jl%h mokï lr f.k mq¾K
;r.ldÍ l¾udka;fha iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igykska ±lafõ'

 by; rEm igyfka l¾udka;fha b,a,qu jl%h DM jl%fhka o l¾udka;fha iemhqu SM

jl%fhka o ±lafõ'

 tu b,a¨u iy iemhqu u; l¾udka;fha iu;=,s;h ;SrKh fõ'

 tf,i ;SrKh jQ iu;=,;

s ñ, remsh,a 20 jk w;r iu;=,s; m%udKh tall 1300 fõ'

204
`

ksmqK;d ugÜu 4'6 ( ksIamdok idOl fjf<|fmd< yeisÍu úia;r lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj ( 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (

 idOl b,a¨u ú.%y lrhs'

 idOl iemhqu ú.%y lrhs'
 idOl ñ, ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
 ksIamdok idOl bmehqu úia;r lrhs'
 ixl%du bmehqu iy wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh b,a¨ï iemhqï jl%
weiqfrka fmkajhs'
 ixl%du bmehqu yd wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh w;r fjki ksoiqka iys;
j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

 N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh yd jHjidhl;ajh jeks ksIamdok idOl úlsKSu;a" ñ,g .ekSu;a
isÿ flfrk fjf<|fmd< idOl fjf<|fmd< kñka ye|skafõ'
 NdKav fjf<|fmdf<ys NdKavj,g we;s b,a¨u yd iemhqu u; NdKav ñ, ;SrKh
jkakd fia u idOl fjf<|fmdf<ys idOlj,g we;s b,a¨u yd iemhqu u; idOl ñ,
;SrKh fõ'
 idOl fiajd úlsKSug bÈßm;a jkafka l=gïq n wxYh jk w;r" idOl fiajd ñ,g .kq
,nkafka NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lrk wdh;k úisks'
 idOlj,g we;s b,a¨u r|d mj;afka tu idOl Ndú; fldg ksmojkq ,nk NdKav yd
fiajdj,g we;s b,a¨u u; h'
 fï ksid ksIamdok idOl i|yd we;s b,a¨u jHq;amkak b,a¨ula fia ie,fla'

ksoiqka (-

 bÈ lsßï i|yd we;s b,a¨u u; fmof¾rejka i|yd b,a¨ula we;s ùu

 we`.¨ï i|yd we;s b,a¨u u; tajd ksmojk Y%ñlhkag b,a¨ula we;s ùu
 mß.Klj,g we;s b,a¨u u; mß.Kl uDÿldx. Ys,amSkag b,a¨ula we;s ùu
 lDIsfNda.j,g we;s b,a¨u u; N+ñhg b,a¨ula we;s ùu
 ksIamdok wdh;k idOl i|yd b,a¨ï lrkqfha idOl ñ, ^jegqma" nÿ l=,S" fmd<S" ,dN&
ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks'
 idOl ñ, jeä kï idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh wvq jk w;r idOl ñ, wvq kï idOl
b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh jeä fõ' fuu ksid idOl ñ, yd idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh
w;r m%;sf,dau iunkaOhla mj;S'
ksoiqka (- Y%ñlhl=f.a jegqma by< h;a u Y%u b,a¨u wvq jk w;r" jegqma my< hk úg
Y%u b,a¨ï m%udKh jeä fõ'
 fï ksid idOl i|yd jk b,a¨ï jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'
 ksoiqka (-Y%u b,a¨ï jl%h my; mßÈ jfï isg ol=Kg my<g nEjqï fõ'
205
`

jegqm

^remsh,a &

DL = Y%u b,a¨ï jl%h

DL

0 Y%u ^tall&

 idOl ysñhka idOl imhkq ,nkafka o idOl ñ, ie,ls,a,g .ekSfukS'

 idOl ñ, jeä jk úg idOl iemhqu jeä jk w;r" idOl ñ, wvq jk úg idOl
iemhqu wvq lrhs' fuu ksid idOl ñ, yd idOl b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh w;r wkqf,dau
iunkaOhla mj;S'

ksoiqka (jegqma jeä j;a u Y%ñlhka jeäfhka Y%uh iemhSug leue;a;la olajk w;r
jegqma wvq j;a u Y%u iemhqu wvq lsÍug fm,fU;s'

 fï ksid idOl i|yd jk iemhqu jl%h jfï isg ol=Kg by<g nEjqï fõ'

jegqm
NS
^ remsh,a &

NS = Y%u iemhqï jl%h

0 Y%uh

 fï wkqj idOl b,a¨ï jl%h yd idOl iemhqï jl%fhys wfkdakH l%shdldß;ajh u;

idOl ñ, iy iu;=,s; m%udKh ;SrKh fõ'

206
`

ksoiqka (

S
jegqm
^remsh,a &

W1
ND
0 Y%u ^tall&
 by; rEm igykg wkqj ,laIHfha oS Y%u fjf<|fmd< iu;=,s; wjia:dj jk w;r
tys § iu;=,s; jegqma wkqmd;slh W1 fõ'
^Y%u fjf<|fmdf<a Y%u b,a¨u yd Y%u iemhqu u; Y%ufha ñ, ;SrKh jkakd fia
u " wfkl=;a idOlj, o b,a¨u yd iemhqu u; tajdys o ñ, .Kka ;SrKh fõ'&
 lsishï idOl fiajdjl ñ, u.ska fmkakqï flfrkqfha tu idOlfha bmehSu hs'
 lsishï ksIamdok idOlhla mj;akd Ndú;fhys r|jd ;nd .ekSu i|yd tu idOlh
wfmalaId lrk wju ñ, tu idOlfha ixl%du bmhSu f,i ye¢kafõ' ^hï idOlhla
fiajd kshqla; lrùu i|yd f.úh hq;= wjuh ixl%du bmhSï fõ' &
 idOlhlg tu wju m%udKhj;a ,nd .; fkdyels kï tu idOlh ;j ÿrg;a tu
ld¾hfha ksr; fkdù tu bmhSï ,nd .; yels fjk;a Ndú;hla lrd bj;a ù hdug
mq¿jk'
 fï ksid tla ksIamdok ld¾hhl isg ;j;a ksIamdok ld¾hhlg iïm;a udre ùu
je<elaùu i|yd idOlhlg wjYH wju bmehqu ixl%du bmehqï u.ska ms<ì s Uq flf¾'
 tfyhska idOlhl j¾;udk Ndú;fha wdjiaÓl msßjeh ixl%du bmehqï u.ska fmkakqï
lrhs'
 lsishï idOlhl mj;akd Ndú;fhys r|jd .; yelafla tu wdjiaÓl msßjeh mshùug
m%udKj;a wdodhula ,efí kï muKs'
 lsishï ksIamdok idOlhla mj;akd Ndú;fhys r|jd .ekSu i|yd wfmalaId lrk wju
f.ùu blaujd wdodhula Wmhd .kafka kï tu w;sßla; wdodhu wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh f,i
yªkajkq ,efí'
 tkï hï idOlhl j¾;udk bmhqu ixl%du f.ùï blaujd hkafka kï ta blaujd hk
m%udKh wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sfhka fmkakqï flf¾'

ksoiqk lsishï mqoa.,hl=g j¾;udk fiajd kshqla;sh u.ska Èklg remsh,a 1000la o" B<`.g
l< yels /lshdj ;=<ska Èklg remsh,a 800lao bmhSug yels nj is;uq'

fï wkqj Tyqf.a"

ixl%du bmhSï = remsh,a 800

wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh = remsh,a 200

207
`

 wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï my; wdldrhg m%ia;dr igykla u.ska fmkakqï l<
yelshs'
ñ, ^re&
S

P3 wd¾Ól nÿl=,sh
E
P2
P1
ixl%du bmehqï D
Q1 Q2 Q3 fhojqï tall

 idOl iemhqï jl%fhka tu idOlfha ta ta tallh iemhSu i|yd iemhqïlrejd

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wju ñ, tkï wdjiaÓl mssßjeh fmkakqï flf¾'
 rEm igykg wkqj idOlfhys iu;=,s; ñ, P3 yd iu;=,s; m%udKh Q3 fõ'
 OP3 EQ3 iDcqfldaKdi%fha flaIa;%M,fhka Q3 m%udKh fiajd kshqla; jk úg idOlh
i|yd ,efnk uq¿ bmehSï m%udKh fmkakqï flf¾'
 fu uq¿ bmehqï wd¾Ól nÿ l=,h s yd ixl%du bmehqï hk ixrpl follska iukaú; h'
 ta wkqj OP3 E ;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h Q3 m%udKh fiajd kshqla; lsÍfuka ,efnk
wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh o OE Q3 ;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h Q3 fiajd kshqla;sh lsÍfuka ,efnk
ixl%du bmehqï o fõ'
 ;j ÿrg;a idOlfha uq¿ bmehqï wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï f,i fldgia ú hk
wdldrh my; mßÈ y`ÿkd.; yels h'
 rEm igyk wkqj"
 Q1 fiajd kshqla; lrùu i|yd idOl ysñhkag f.úh hq;= wju ñ, tkï ixl%du bmehqu
P1 fõ' tfy;a Q1 fiajd kshqla; lrk úg tu idOlfha fjf<|fmd< ñ, P3 fõ'fï ksid
P3 - P1 w;r fjki wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh fõ'
 fï wdldrfhka u Q2 fiajd kshqla; lrk úg ixl%du bmehqï P2 fõ' P3 - P1 w;r fjki
wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh fõ'
 Q3 fiajd kshqla; lrk úg f.úh hq;= wju ñ, P3 fõ' th idOlfha fjf<|fmd< ñ,g
iudk fyhska tys oS uq¿ bmehqu ixl%du bmehqï fõ'
 idOl iemhqï kuH;dj úúO jk úg wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqïys o fjkialï
we;sfõ'
 my; oelafjkafka úúO idOl iemhqï kuH;d wjia:dj, § wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du
bmehqï yeisfrk wdldrh hs'

208
`

talSh kuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl idOl bmehqï

 idOl iemhqu talSh kuH jk úg wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï tlsfklg iudk
fõ'
 my; rEm igyfkka oelafjkafka tu ;;a;ajh hs'

ñ,
S idOl iemhqï jl%h
^re& S D idOl b,a¨ï jl%h

P1 E

D m%udKh
0
Q1 tall

 by; rEm igyfka 0P1EQ1 iDcqfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h idOlfha uq¿ bmehqï fõ'
 uq¿ bmehqïj,ska 0P1E ;%sfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh o " 0E Q1;%sfldaKfha
lafIa;%M,h ixl%du bmehqï o fõ'
 0P1E iy 0E Q1;%sfldaK foflys flaIa;%M,h tlsfklg iudk jk w;r thska ms<sìUq
jkafka wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh yd ixl%du bmehqï tlsfklg iudk jk nj hs'

mQ¾K wkuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl idOl bmehqï

 idOl iemhqu mQ¾K wkuH jk úg uq¿ idOl bmehqï wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sfhka iukaú; fõ'
 my; rEm igykska fmkakqï flfrkafka tn÷ ;;a;ajhls'
ñ, S
^re&

0 m%udKh
Q1 tall

 m%ia;dr igyfkys oelafjk mQ¾K wkuH iemhqï wjia:dfõ § idOlfha ñ, Y=kH jqj o
tu idOlfha iemhqï m%udKh Q1 fõ'

209
`

 fjf<|fmd< idOl b,a¨u yd iemhqu u.ska ;SrKh jQ ñ, P1 fõ' túg uq¿ bmehqï
0P1EQ1 flaIa;%M,fhka oelafjk w;r tu uq¿ bmehqu u wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla fõ'
 idOlfha bmehqu uq¿ukska u wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla ùug fya;=j jkafka mQ¾K wkuH
iemhqï wjia:dfõ § Q1 m%udKhla fiajd kshqla; lsÍu i|yd f.úh hq;= ñ, Y=kH ùu hs'

mQ¾K kuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl § idOl bmehqï (-

 idOlfha iemhqu mQ¾K kuH jk úg uq¿ bmehqï ixl%du bmehqï fõ'

 my; rEm igykska tu ;;a;ajh fmkakqï flf¾'
ñ,

^re&
E
P1
S

0 m%udKh
Q1 tall
 idOl iemhqu mQ¾K kuH jk úg P1 ñ,g ´kE u idOl m%udKhla iemhSug idOl
ysñfhda leue;a;la olaj;s'
 fï ksid 0P1 EQ1 iDcqfldaKfha lafIa;%M,h uq¿ukskau ixl%du bmehqï fõ'
o ^ksoiqka - N+ñ idOlh ie,ls,a,g .; fyd;a tla j.djlska fjk;a j.djlg udre
úh yels ùu&
wkuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl § idOl bmehqï (-
 wkuH idOl iemhqula mj;sk úg uq¿ bmehqïj,ska jeä fldgila wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sfhka
o " wvq fldgila ixl%du bmehqï fõ'
 my; rEm igyfkka tu ;;a;ajh fmkakqï flf¾'
S
ñ,

^re&
E
P1

D
0 m%udKh
Q Q1 tall

210
`

 rEm igykg wkqj 0P1EQ1 iDcqfldaKh uq¿ idOl bmehqï fmkakqï lrk w;r thska
0P1EQ m%foaaYfhka wd¾Ól nÿ l=,shla QEQ1 m%foaYfhka ixl%du bmehqula fmkakqï
lrhs'
 fuys § 0P1EQ lafIa;%M,h QEQ1 lafIa;%M,hg jvd jeä ùfuka fmkakï q flfrkafka
wkuH idOl iemhqul § wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh ixl%du bmehqïj,g jvd jeä nj hs'

kuH idOl iemhqï wjia:djl § idOl bmehqï (-

 idOl iemhqu kuH jk úg jeä fldgila ixl%du bmehqï jk w;r w;r wvq fldgi
wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh fõ'
 my; rEm igyfkka fmkakqï flfrkafka tjeks ;;a;ajhls"

ñ,
S
^re&

P1 E

N
D
0 m%udKh
Q Q1 tall

 by; rEm igyfka 0P1EQ1 iDcqfldaKfha lafIa;M% ,h uq¿ idOl bmehqï fõ'
 thska NP1E lafIa;%M,h wd¾Ól nÿ l=,sh jk w;r 0NEQ1 m%foaYh ixl%du bmehqï fõ'
 fuys§ 0NEQ1 lafIa;%M,h NP1E lafIa;%M,hg jvd jeä ùfuka kuH idOl iemhqul §
jeä fldgila ixl%du bmehqï nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

211
`

ksmqK;dj 05 (- id¾j wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka cd;sl .sKqï ilia

lsßfï iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 (- id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ iy id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s

úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 06

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq iy id¾j wd¾Ól úp,H kï lrhs'

² id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ úia;r lrhs'
² jHdmdr pl%h y÷kajhs'
² jHdmdr pl%hl úúO woshr y÷kajhs'
² jHdmdr pl% weiqqfrka wd¾Ól WÉpdjpk meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s úia;r lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 iudchla úiska iuia; wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajh ;=<ska bgqlr .ekSug wfmalaId lrk
úúO wruqKq id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq jYfhka ye|skafõ'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq my; i`oyka mßÈ ±laúh yels h¡
 mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh
 wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj
 idOdrK;ajh
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh
 ;srir ixj¾Okh
 iuia; wd¾Ólfha l%shdldrs;ajhg n,mEï lrk uQ,sl úp,Hka id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hka
fõ'
 id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka ioyd ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h¡
 iuia; ksuejqu
 fiajd kshqla;sh
 fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu
 úksuh wkqmd;slh
 fmd<S wkqmd;slh
 f.jqï fYaIh
 fiajd kshqla;sh
 id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka wfmalaIs; uÜgug <Õd fkdjk wjia:dj, oS tkï
wkfmalaIs; id¾j wd¾Ól WÉpdjpkhka we;s jk úg oS id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ we;s
fõ'

212
`

 id¾j wd¾Ól .eg¨ i|yd ksoiqka my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 wd¾Ól miq neiSï yd wd¾Ól m%idrKh
 fiajd úhqla;hs
 WoaOukh
 wd¾Ól miqneiSu hkq flá ld,Sk ^ld¾;= follg jvd wvq ld,hl oS isÿ jk &
;;a;ajh ls' wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd i|yd iuia; b,a¨u wvq ù ksIamdokh wvq
ùu u.ska wd¾Ól miqneiSu we;s fõ' wd¾Ól miqneiSu ;=<ska fiajd úhqla;sh by<
hhs' ksIamdok yelshd udhsï jl%fha ,laIHhlska we;=<g ú;eka ùula u.ska wd¾Ól
miqneiSu fmkakqï l< yels h'

 wd¾Ól m%idrKfha oS wd¾Ólfha NdKav yd fiajd i|yd iuia; b,a¨u jeä ù iuia;
ksuejqu by< hdu isÿ fõ'

 wd¾Ólfha iuia; ksIamdok idOl M,odhS wdldrfhka ksIamdokh ioyd Wmrsu f,i
Ndú; fkdlsrSu fiajd úhqla;sh hs'
 wd¾Ólhl fmdÿ ñ, uÜgfuys wLKav by< hdu WoaOukh jYfhka y`ÿkajhs'
 id¾j wd¾Ól WÉpdjpk jHdmdr pl%h wdY%fhka fmkakqï l< yels h'

 tfia u id¾j wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk yd È.= ld,Sk yeisÍïj, iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO
lr .ekSug o jHdmdr pl% Wmfhda.S lr.; yels h'

 ld,h;a iuÕ wd¾Ólfha uQ¾; o< foaYSh ksIamdokfha pl%Sh yeisÍu jHdmdr pl% f,i
y÷kajhs'
 jHdmdr pl%hl wjê 04la y÷kd.; yels h'
 miqneiSfï wjêh
 m;=,
 m%idrK wjêh
 uqÿk;
 th my; ±lafjk wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h'
uQ¾; o< foaYSh
ksIamdos;h uqÿk;

úNj ksuejqu

m;=,

ienE ksujqj ^i;H ksuejqu&

miq neiSï m%idrK

wjêh wjêh

0 ^m%;s.ukh& ld,h

213
`

 ienE ksuejqfuka iuia; wd¾Ólfha flá ld,Sk yeisrSu fmkakqï lrk w;r úNj
ksuejqfuka iuia; wd¾Ólfha os.= ld,Sk yeisrSu fmkakqï lrhs'
 úNj ksuejqu hkq wd¾Ólhl iïm;a mQ¾K yd Wmrsu ld¾hlaIu;djfhka
Wmfhdackh l< úg WoaOuk mSvkhlska f;drj ,nd .; yels Wmrsu jQ;a ;srir jQ;a
ksuejqï uÜgu hs'
 ld,h;a iuÕ úNj ksuejqu jgd ienE ksuejqu foda,kh fõ'
 úNj ksuejqug my< i;H ksuejqfï my< u wjia:dj m;=, yd úNj ksuejqug by<
ienE ksuejqfï by< u wjia:dj uqÿk; fõ'
 m;=f,a isg uqÿk; olajd .uka lrk wjêh ksuejqfï m%idrK wjêh fõ'
 uqÿk; isg m;=, olajd .uka lrk wjêh ksuejqfï miqneiSfï wjêh fõ'
 m%idrK wjêh miqneiSfï wjêhg jvd §¾> fõ'
 jHdmdr pl%hl tla uqÿkl isg ;j;a uqÿklg we;s ÿr jHdmdr pl%hl ld,h fõ'
 tlu jHdmdr pl%hl uqÿk;a w;r È. tlsfklg fjkia fõ'
 jHdmdr pl%hl È.= ld,Sk Wmk;s ;;a;ajhla o úNj ksuejqï uÜgfuys fmkakqï
lrhs' úNj ksuejqï f¾Ldfjka fmkakqï lrkqfha È.= ld,Sk wd¾Ól jDoaêfha yeisÍu
hs'
 úNj ksuejqï uÜgu yd ienE ksuejqï uÜgï w;r fjki ksuejqï mr;rh hs'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq lrd <Õd ùug ksuejqï mr;rh wju lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
 id¾j wd¾Ól wruqKq lrd wd¾Ólh fufyhùug .kq ,nk l%shdud¾. id¾j wd¾Ól
m%;sm;a;s f,i ye|skafõ'
 id¾j wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s my; oelafõ'
 uQ,H m%;sm;a;s
 msial,a ke;fyd;a rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;s
 iemhqï m%j¾Ok m%;sm;a;s
 wdodhï m%;sm;a;s
 iDcq md,k m%;sm;a;s
 úfoaY fjf<| m%;sm;a;s

 tu m%;sm;a;sj,ska lsysmhla my; mrsos meyeos,s l< yels h'

214
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 uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh u.ska isÿ lrkqfha uqo,a iemhqug yd fmd<S wkqmd;hg n,mEï lsÍu
hs' uqo,a iemhqu yd fmd<S wkqmd;h fjkia lsÍu u.ska ksIamdokh" mdßfNdackh"
b;sß lsßï" wdfhdack" ñ, uÜgu" wdÈ úp,Hj,g n,mEï l< yels h' uQ,H m%;sm;a;s
i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrK jkqfha"
 uy nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;slh
 jHjia:dms; ixÑ; wkqmd;slh
 újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= fõ'

 uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul flrkqfha uy nexl=j úisks'

 rdcH uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh hkqfjka y÷kajkafka msial,a m%;sm;a;sh hs' rdcH wdodhu yd
rdcH úhou fjkia lsÍu u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhkag n,mEï lsrSu u.ska id¾j
wd¾Ól wruqKq lrd <Õd úh yels h' fuu msial,a m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsßfï m%Odk
WmlrK jkqfha"
 rdcH úhoï
 rdcH nÿ
 rdcH Kh hs'

215
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 (- jD;a;dldr m%jdyh wdY%fhka cd;sl .sKï

q lrKfha úúO

m%fõY ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 05

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

² wd¾Ól lghq;=j,g iïnkaO wd¾Ól ldrl kï lrñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² ir, wd¾Ólhl jD;a;dldr m%jdyh weiqfrka wd¾Ólhl ldrl w;r mj;sk wka;¾
iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ir, wd¾Ólhl jD;a;dldr m%jdyh weiqfrka cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha m%fõY ;=k u;=
lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 id¾j wd¾Ól l%shdldß;ajhg odhl jk úúO wxY" wd¾Ól ldrl kñka yeÈkafõ' tu
ldrl" isjq je±reï fõ' tajd kï"

1' l=gqïn wxYh

2' jHdmdßl wxYh
3' rdcH wxYh
4' úfoaY wxYh

 l=gqïn wxYfha m%Odk ld¾h my; oelafõ'

 wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok idOlj,j, ysñldß;ajh l=gï

q n wxYh i;= jk w;r tu
ksIamdok idOl jHdmdßl wxYhg iemhSu u.ska idOl wdodhï bmhSu

 jHdmdßl wxYh ksmojk NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g .ekSu

 wd¾Ólhl b;sß lsßï ìys lsrSu
 l=gqïn wxYh rchg nÿ f.jk w;r rch u.ska imhk fmdÿ fiajd mrsfNdackh
lsrSu
 jHdmdßl wxYfha m%Odk ld¾h my; oela fõ'

 l=gqïn wxYfhka ksIamdok idOl ñ, § f.k NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh

lsrSu ksIamdok NdKav úl=Kd wdodhï ,nhs¡

 jHdmdr Wmhk ,dNj,ska ysñlrejkag ,dNdxY o rchg nÿ fldgila o ,nd §

wdfhdackh lrhs'
 rdcH wxYfha m%Odk ld¾h my; oelafõ'
 rch úiska wh lr .kq ,nk noq wdodhfuka uyck;djg fmdÿ NdKav iqNidOk
NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu

216
`

 cd;sl wdrlaIdj" kS;sh yd iduh /lSu" mßirh iq/lSu" wOHdmkh" fi!LHh

jeks fiajd iemhSu
 uydud¾." ikaksfõokh jeks wd¾Ól fmdÿ ld¾h m%d.aOkh o iemhSu
 l=gqïnj,g mdßfNda.sl iykdOdr;a jHdmdßl wxYj,g ksIamdok iykdOdr;a
iemhSu

 úfoaY wxYfha m%Odk ld¾hh my; oelafõ'

 NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh yd wmkhkh lsÍu

 úfoaY idOl wdodhï ,eîï yd f.ùï isÿ lsrSu

 ir, wd¾Ólhla l%shdldß;ajh jD;a;dldr wdodhï m%jdyhla weiqfrka meyeÈ,s

lsßfï§ ldrl w;r mj;sk wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj o meyeÈ,s lsÍug my; rEm igyk
Wmldß lr .; yels h'
N+ñh
 ^uQ¾; m%jdyh& m%d.aOkh

Y%uh

jHjidh

jegqma nÿl=,s fmd<S ,dN

^uQ,H m%jdyh&

ksIamdok ksIamdokfha
idOl ysñ ksr; jk
l=gqun wxYh jHdmdßl
wxYh
(E=1000)

mdßfNdack úhoï

^uQ,H m%jdyh&

mdßfNdack NdKav yd
fiajd

^uQ¾; m%jdyh&

217
`

 by; rEm igyk weiqrska cd;sl .sKï q lrKfha m%fõY ;=k wxY folla muKla we;s
^ir, & wd¾Ólhl jD;a;dldr m%jdyh weiqfrka my; i`oyka mrsos l< yels h'

 l=gqïn wxYfhka ,nd .;a ksIamdok idOl ixfhda. fldg jHdmdßl wxYh úiska NdKav
yd fiajd ksmojk w;r th cd;sl .sKqïlrKhg wod<j ksIamdok m%fõYh fõ'
 jHdmdßl wxYh ksIamdok idOl l=gqïn wxYfhka ñ, § .kakd úg l=gï q n wxYh fj;
idOl wdodhï m%jdyhla .uka lrhs' th cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha wdodhï m%fõYh fõ'

 jHdmdßl wxYh ksmojkq ,nk ksIamdok NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSug l=gqïn wxYh
ork úhoï cd;sl .sKï
q lrKfha úhoï m%fõYh fõ'

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`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3 (- ksuejqï m%fõYhg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍfï iQodku

m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 nyq .Kk fodaIh u`. yrjd .ekSfï l%u kï lrhs'

 wjidk ksuejqï l%uh meyeÈ,s lr" tu l%uh hgf;a cd;sl .sKï
q ilia lrk
wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh meyeÈ,s lr" tu l%uh hgf;a cd;sl .sKqï ilia
lrk wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 o< ksuejqfï jákdlu iy w;rueÈ fhojqï jákdlu hk ixl,amh úia;r
lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 ksIamdok m%fõYh Tiafia m%ODk jYfhka isÿ jkafka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h
.Kkh lsrSu hs' o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hkq lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=<
^idudkHfhka j¾Ihla jeks ld, iSudjla ;=<& rgl wd¾Ól m%foaYh we;=<;
ksIamdokh lrk ,o ish¨ u wjidk NdKav yd fiajdj, jákdlu hs'
 ksuejqï m%fõYhg wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lsÍfï oS tl u
NdKavfha jákdlu lsym
s jrla tl;= ùfuka ksIamdÈ;fha w.h wê;lafiarejg
,la fõ' fuf,i tl u NdKav jákdlu lsym
s jrla ksIamdÈ;fha w.hg we;=<;a
ùu nyq.Kk fodaIh f,i y`ÿkajhs'
 fï ksid nyq.Kk fodaIh u`. yrjd .ekSu i|yd iuia; ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh
lsßfï l%u folla mj;S'
1 wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uh
2 tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh
 wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uhg ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh l< o o< tl;= l< jákdlï
l%uhg .Kkh l< o ta i|yd ,efnk w.h iudk úh hq;= h'
 ksIamdÈ; l%shdj,sfha wjidk wÈhr miq l<" tkï ;jÿrg;a ilia lsÍfuka f;dr
j mßfNdackh fyda wdfhdackh fyda i|yd fhdod.; yels NdKav fyda fiajd
muKla cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a lsÍu wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uh hs'
 wjidk ksIamdÈ; l%uhg wkqj iuia; ksIamdos;h .Kkh lrkqfha mßfNdack
NdKav yd m%d.aOk NdKavj, ksIamdokfha tl;=jg f;d. fjkia ùï .e<mSfuks'

219
`

 nyq .Kk fodaI uÕyerùug wjidk ksuejqï l%uh Ndú; l< o tys o .eg,q
mj;S¡ tkï we;eï úg mdrsfNda.sl NdKav yd wka;¾ NdKav fjka fldg y÷kd
.ekSfï ÿIalr;d mej;Su hs'
ksoiqka
iSks wjidk mdrsfNda.sl NdKavhla jqj o ri leú,s ksIamdolhdg th
wka;¾ NdKavhla úh yels h'
 wjidk ksuejqï l%ufha mj;sk fuu .eg,q ;;a;aj uÕyrjk ksuejqu ;lafiare
lsrSfï jvd;a iqoqiq u l%uh jkafka tl;= l< jákdlï l%uh hs'
 ksIamdokh lrk ,o NdKav yd fiajdj, uQ,Huh jákdlu ksuejqfï o<
jákdlu f,i y÷kajhs' ( GVO)
 ksIamdok lss%hdj,sh i|yd msg;ska ñ, § .kq ,nk NdKav yd fiajd w;rueos
fhojqï f,i y÷kajhs'
 ksIamdos;fha tl;= l< jákdlu hkq (GVA) NdKavj, yd fiajdj, ksuejqfï o<
jákdlñka (GVO) w;rueos fhojqïj, ^w;rueos mßfNdackh& jákdlu wvq l<
úg ,efnk w.h fõ'
 ksIamdos;fha tl;= l< jákdlu .Kkh l< yels wdldr folls'
¡² ksIamdok uQ,dY%h
² wdodhï uQ,dY%h
 ksIamdok uQ,dY%h wkqj tl;= l< w.h .Kkh lrkqfha ksuejqfï jákdlñka
msg;ska ,nd .;a ish,qu fhojqïj, jákdlu wvq lsrSfuks'

 wdodhï uQ,dY%h wkqj tl;= l< w.h .Kkh lrkqfha ksIamdok l%shdj,shg
iyNd.s jk ish¨ u ksIamdok idOlj,g ,efnk idOl wdodhï iy ia:djr
m%d.aOkh Wmfhdackh lsrSfuka yg .kakd laIh ùï tl;= lsrSfuks'

220
`

ksoiqka

ksIamdok uQ,dY%h wdodhï uQ,dY%h

1¡ ksuejqfï jákdlu 9500 1¡ ksIamdok idOl i|yd f.ùï ^ re &

^ fjf<|fmd<g m%fõY ùug fmr &

2¡ wvq l<d noql=,S 2000

wuq øjH 3000 jegqma 1000

fiajd msrsjeh 1500 fmd<S 800

tl;=j 4500 ,dN 500

tl;=j 4300

2¡ idOl fkdjk f.ùï

m%d.aOk laIh ùï 700

tl;=j 700

uq¿ tl;= l< jákdlu 5000 uq¿ tl;= l< jákdlu 5000

221
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'4 (- ksIamdok m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lrk

wdldrh iy ta wdY%s; ixl,am ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 10

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 ksIamdok bu meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 ksIamdok bu ;=< we;=<;a l< hq;= yd neyer l< hq;= whs;u meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 Y%s ,xldfõ iïu; l¾udka; lghq;= wdY%hfhka wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï
yÿkajhs'
 wdh;ksl wxY wkqj wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï j, ixhq;sh úia;r lrhs'
 jákdlï ;lafiare lsßfï úúO ñ, .Kka kï lrhs'
 uQ,sl ñ," ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, yd .ekqïlref.a ñ, hk ixl,am ksoiqka
wdY%hfhka úia;r lrhs'
 fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iy o< cd;sl wdodhu hk
ixl,am úia;r lrhs'
 Y%s ,xldfõ l¾udka; Yd,d ksIamdÈ; o¾Ylfha ixhq;sh olajhs'
 ksuejqï m%fõYh wdY%s; ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(-

 ksIamdok bu ( Production boundary) ixl,amh Ndú; lrkqfha wd¾Ól

ksIamdok l%shdldrlï iy wd¾Ól fkdjk ksIamdok l%shdldrlï fjka
lr w¾: oelaùug hs' SNA – 2008 cd;sl .sKqïlrK l%ufõohg wkqj
ksIamdok bu b;d meyeÈ,s j úia;r lrhs'
 ksIamdok bu w¾:l:kh i|yd mj;akd wd¾Ólh ;=< Tjqka bgq lrk
m%Odk ksuejqu wkqj ksIamdolhka fldgia ;=klg j¾. l< yels fõ'
 fjf<|fmd< wruqKq fldg.;a ksIamdolhka ( Market
Producer)
 fjf<|fmd< wruqKq fldg fkd.;a fjk;a ksIamdolhka (
NPISHS)
 .Dy wd¾Ól tall lghq;= wh;a ksIamdolhka
 cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha oS ksIamdokfha bu ;=<g we;=<;a l< hq;= ksIamdok
l%shdldrlï my; ±lafõ'
222
`

 fjf<|fmdf<a úlsfKk ish¨u NdKav yd fiajdjka ksIamdok bug we;=<;a

fõ'
 ksIamdokh l< wdh;kh yer fiiq wdh;ksl tall i|yd ksIamdokh lrk
,o ish¨u NdKav yd fiajd

 ;ukaf.a u wjidk mrsfNdackh i|yd fyda m%d.aOk iïmdokh i|yd fyda

ksIamdokh fldg tajdfha ksIamdolhka úiska ;uka fj; r|jd .kakd ,o
ish,qu NdKav
 ;uka i;= j we;s ;uka mosxÑ ù isák ksjdij,ska ,nd fok fkajdisl fiajh
 jegqma ,nk fiajlhka úiska bgq lrkq ,nk .Dy fiajd iy fm!oa.,sl fiajd
 ;ukaf.a u mrsfNdackh i|yd lDIs fNda. ksIamdokh" tajd .nvd fldg ;nd
.ekSu" jkdka;rj,ska wdydr fNda. ,nd .ekSu yd m,;=re /ia lr .ekSu" or
lemSu iy tl;= lsÍu" ovhï lsÍu iy uiqka w,a,d .ekSu
 lDIs ksIamdok ieliSu" ù fldgd iy,a ilid .ekSu" msá fldgd .ekSu" uia
ud¿ l,a ;nd .ekSu i|yd ms<sfh< lsÍu" m,;=re fnda;,a lsÍu yd úh,d
.ekSu" lsß uqojd .ekSu" l+v iy mka u¨ úùu" meÿre ùùu wdÈh
 frÈ úùu" we`ÿï uid .ekSu" f.d;k ,o we`ÿï iy f;dmams" .Dy NdKav ;kd
.ekSu
 c,h imhd .ekSu ^ l=vd we<j,a" Èh we,s u.ska" c,h imhd .ekSu i|yd
l=vd jHdmD;s ieliSu &
 fuf,i .Dy tallh ;=< isÿjk NdKav ksIamdok l%shdldrlï ksIamdok bug
we;=<;a l< o .Dy tallfha idudðlhd úiska ;ukaf.a u fm!oa.,sl
mßfNdackh i|yd bgq lrkq ,nk fiajd wd¾Ól ksIamdok l%shdjka f,i
fkdie,lhs'
ksoiqka (- ksjfia idudðlhkag wdydr msiSu
orejka /ln,d .ekSu
ksjfia úhm;a yd wdndê;hka /ln,d .ekSu
ksfjia w,xlrK yd msßisÿ lsßï wdÈh
 flfia fj;;a ñksidf.a ueosy;a ùula iys; o keoao hkak u; ksIAmdok
bug we;=<;a lsÍu fyda fkdlsÍu isÿfõ'
 iajdNdúl iïm;la jqj o mqoa.,fhl=f.a md,khg k;=ù ksIamdokhla ìys
jkafka kï tajd ksIamdok bug wh;a fõ'

223
`

ksoiqka (- u;aiH WoHdkhl we;s lrk uiqkaf.a fnda ùu

kuq;a újD; c,dYhl u;aiH .ykh ckkh ùu ksIamdok bug we;=<;a
fkdfõ'
 o< foaYSh ksuejqu .Kkh lsÍfï oS ksrSlaIKh fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= o
we;=<;a úh hq;= h'
 ksÍlaIKh fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= fldgia follska iukaú; fõ' tkï
² ieÕejqKq wd¾Ól lghq;=
² kS;Hkql+, fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;=

 ie`.ejqKq wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï f,i i,lkq ,nkafka úêu;a .Kkh lsÍulg

md;% fkdjk kS;Hkql+, wd¾Ól l%shdldrlï h'
 jqjukdfjka u fuu wd¾Ól l%shd jika fldg ;nd .ekSug W;aidy ±Íug
n,mdk fya;= lSmhls'
 nÿ f.ùfuka je<lS isàu
 iudc wdrlaIK odhl uqo,a f.ùfuka je,lS isàu
 kS;suh m%ñ;Ska ms<sme§fuka je<lS isàu
ksoiqka (- wju jegqma f.ùu" Wmßu jev ld,h ms<sn| kS;s
 fuf,i jd¾;d fkd;eîu" f;dr;=re iemhSu yd kS;sÍ;s u`. yeÍu ksid
ie`.jqKq wd¾Ól lghq;= ms<sn| j o;a; fkd,eî hdu fuys § ±lsh yels h'
 kS;Hdkql+, fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;= iajrEm 2 la mj;S'
 ks;sfhka ;ykï fldg we;s NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu iy fnod yeÍu'
ksoiqka (- u;ameka" u;aøjh" .Ksld fiajh" ;ykï NdKav m%jdykh
 we;eï kS;Hkql+, NdKav yd fiajd kS;Hkql+, j ,shdmosxÑh fkd,;a
mqoa.,hka úiska ksIamdokh lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu'
ksoiqka (- ,shdmosxÑh fkd,;a ffjoH fiajh

 o< foaYh
S ksIamdÈ;hg we;=<;a fkdjk M,odhS lghq;=
 f.ùulska f;dr j ksji ;=< bgq lrkq ,nk .Dy fiajh ^fkdf.jQ
.Dy fiajd &
 fkdñf,a ,efnk iajdNdúl iïm;a ^ N+ñh" c,h" jd;h wdÈh&
 ñksia Y%uhlska f;dr j j¾Okh jk iajdNdúl iïm;a ^jkdka;r
wdÈh&
224
`

 bf.kSu yd úfõlh
 ñ, fjkia ùu fyda iajdNdúl j¾Okh fyda u.ska iïm;a j, isÿjk
jákdlu fjkia ùu
 foaYSh ksuejqu .Kkh lsrSfï oS neyer flfrk M,odhS fkdjk .Kqfokq
 M,odhS fkdjk fjf<|fmd< .kqfokq
 ixl%du
 uqo,auh m;%sld wdY%s; .kqfokq
 mdúÉÑ l< NdKav úlsKSu wdY%s; .kqfokq
 Y%s ,xldfõ o< foaYh
S ksuejqu .Kkh lsrSfï oS úúO wdlD;s Ndú; lrhs¡
1¡ l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj j¾.SlrKh
2¡ wdh;ksl wxY wkqj j¾.SlrKh

 Y%s ,xldfõ iïu; l¾udka; lghq;=j,g uQ,sl jYfhka we;=<;a jk YS¾Ihka

my; ±lafõ'

1' - lDIs l¾udka;h" jk j.dj yd ëjr l¾udka;h

2' - m;,a leKsï" ksIamdok l¾udka; úÿ,sh yd c,h ksIamdok lghq;=

2' 1 - Wm wxYh ksIamdok l¾udka;

3' - boslsÍï

4' - fjf<|du m%jdyk fiajd" kjd;eka iemhSu yd wdydrmdk iemhSu

5' - f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok lghq;= ms<sn| fiajd

6' - uQ,H yd rCIK fiajd

7' - ksjdi whs;sh yd foafmd< fjf<|du

8' - jD;a;Sh úoHd;aul ;dlaIKsl mßmd,k yd iydh fiajd

9' - rdcH mßmd,kh" wdrCIdj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH yd iudc wdrCIK

fiajd

10' - fjk;a fiajd

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by; YS¾I oyhg wod< wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, uQ,Huh jákdlu uQ,sl ñ, wkqj iuia; tl;=
l< w.h fõ'

 wdh;ksl wxY j¾.slrKh wkqj wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, ixhq;sh'

 wdh;ksl wxYhla ^ tallhla & hkq iuia; wd¾Ólh ;=< j;alï ysñlr .ekSu
" j.lSï oerSu fiiq wdh;k;a iuÕ .kqfokqj,g iïnkaOùug yelshdj we;s
wd¾Ól tall h'
 iuia; wd¾Ólh hkq .sKqïlrK ld, mrsÉfPaoh ;=< ish¨ u wdh;ksl tall
fkajdislj lghq;= lrk wd¾Ól m%foaYhla f,i yªkajhs' wd¾Ól m%foaYh
hkq iM, wd¾Ól md,khla iys; ;ks wdKavqjla hgf;a mqoa.,hkag"
NdKavj,g yd m%d.aOkhg ksoyfia ixp,kh úh yels N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhls'
 iuia; wd¾Ól m%foaYh ;=< isák m%Odk wdh;ksl tall myls'
- uQ,H fkdjk iud.ñl wxYh NFC
fï hg;g .efkkafka fjf<|fmd< wruqKq lr.;a ksIamdokhkays
ksr; jk úúO ixia:d yd iud.ï h' fï hg;g rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl
hk fowxYfha u ksIamdok iud.ï wh;a h'
- uQ,H iud.ñl wxYh FC
uQ,H fiajd iemhSu m%Odk wruqK lr.;a ixia:d yd iud.ï fï
hg;g .efka' uQ,H w;rueÈ lghq;= yd fjk;a úfYaIs; NdKav yd
fiajd iemhSu fuu wxYfha ld¾hNdrh fõ' fï hg;g rdcH yd
fm!oa.,sl hk fowxYfha u iud.ï wh;a h'

- rdcH wxYh GG
rdcH wxYhg fjf<|fmd< wruqKq lr fkd.;a fm!oa.,sl yd
iduQysl mrsfNdackh i|yd fiajd imhk úúO rdcH wdh;k fuhg
wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka wOHdmkh" fi!LH" wdrlaIdj" mrsirh iq/lSu

- ,dN wfmalaIdfjka f;dr j .Dy tall i|yd fiajd imhk wxYh

NPISH

fkdñf,a fyda fjf<|fmd< ñ,g jvd wvqfjka fyda .Dy tall i|yd
fiajd imhk wdh;k fõ' fuu wdh;khkays fiajlhska fyda
idudðlhska iafõÉPd fjka ;u Y%uh lem lr hs'

ksoiqka mqKH wdh;k" wd.ñl ixúOdk" foaYmd,k mlaI

- .Dy tall HH ^ l=gqïn wxYh &

;ukaf.a u mrsfNdackh i|yd iy fjf<|fmd< wruqKq fldg f.k
ksIamdok lghq;=j, ksr; jk .Dy tall fuu wxYhg wh;a fõ'
mdrsfNda.sl yd ksIamdol fomsrsi u fuu .Dy wxYh ;=< isá;s' wd.ñl
mQcH mlaIh yd isr .; msrsia o óg wh;a h'

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 by; fkajdisl wdh;ksl tall myg wu;r j fkajdisl fkdjk l=gqïn

yd iud.ñl wxYh f,i ;j;a wdh;ksl tallhla mj;S" th wjfYaI
f,dalh ROW f,i yªkajhs'
 ksIamdok m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlï ;lafiare lsÍu
i|yd úúO ñ, .Kka mj;sk w;r tajd my; ±lafõ'
 uQ,sl ñ,
 ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ,
 .ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ,
 uQ,sl ñ, hkq ksIamdolhd ;u NdKavh fyda fiajdj fyda ksIamdokh fldg
wf,ú lsÍug iQodkï fldg we;s wjia:djl oS tu NdKavh fyda fiajdj i|yd
wod< ñ, fõ' tkï .ekqïlrejkaf.ka ksIamdolhdg ,eìh hq;= ñ, uQ,l s ñ,
jYfhka yÿkajhs' ksIamdolhd ksIamdokfha oS ,nd.;a iykdOdr fuu ñ,g
we;=<;a ù we;'
ksoiqka (- fmdfydr iykdOdrh
 m%jdyk úhoï uQ,sl ñ,g we;=<;a fkdjk w;r .ekqïlrejka úiska
ksIamdolhdg f.jQ fjka l< fkdyels m%jdyk úhoï fuu ñ,g we;=<;a ù
;sìug bv we;'
 ksIamdÈ;h u; wh lrkq ,nk lsis ÿ noaola uQ,l s ñ,g we;=<;a fkdfõ'
 ksIamdÈ;h u; wh lrkq ,nk nÿ yd ksIamdokh u; whlrkq ,nk fjk;a
nÿ w;r fjkila mj;S'
 ksIamdÈ;h u; wh lrkq ,nk nÿ ksIamdÈ; tall u; r|d mj;sk w;r th
tall fyda m%;sY;l fyda noaola úh yels h'
 ksIamdokh u; wh lrkq ,nk fjk;a nÿ" wh lrkq ,nkafka ksmojkq ,nk
NdKavh fyda ksIamdolhdf.a ,dNh fyda u; fkdj ksIamdokhg wod< N+ñh"
ia:djr j;alï" fiajl ixLHdj fyda fjk;a wdo< l%shdldrlï hk .kqfokq
u;h'
ksoiqka (-
- fiajl jegqma m%udKfhka lsishï m%;sY;hla N+ñh" f.dvke.s,s u; wh
lrk nÿ
- jHdmdßl yd jD;a;Suh n,m;% .dia;=
- uqoaor nÿ
- jdyk i|yd whlrk nÿ
- mßir ¥IK ^ úfudapk & nÿ
- úfoaY ixpdr yd fm%aIK u; whlrk nÿ
 ksIamdÈ;h u; ,ndfok iykdOdr yd ksIamdokh u; ,ndfok fjk;a
iykdOdr w;r fjkila mj;S'
 ksIamdÈ;h u; ,ndfok iykdOdr hkq ksIamdokh lrk NdKavh i|yd
,ndfok iykdOdr fõ' tajd tall iykdOdr yd m%;sY;l iykdOdr j,ska
hqla; fõ'

ksoiqka (-

227
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f;a' fmd,a" rn¾ jeks fnda. i|yd ,nd fok uQ,H iykdOdr
 ksIamdokh u; ,nd fok fjk;a iykdOdr hkqfjka woyia jkafka ksIamdok
l%shdj,sh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr fõ'

ksoiqka (-

- wdh;kfha fiajl ixLHdj u; ,nd fok iykdOdr

- /lshd m%j¾Okh Èßu;a lsÍu i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr
- Ydßßl ÿn,;djkaf.ka fmf<k mqoa.,hka fiajd kshqla; lsÍu Èßu;a
lsÍug fok iykdOdr
- mqyqKq lsßfï jev igyka Èßu;a lsÍug fok iykdOdr
- mßir ¥IKh wju lsÍug fok iydkOdr
- m%;spl%ShlrKh i|yd ,nd fok iykdOdr

 uQ,sl ñ, my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

uQ,sl ñ, = ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, - ksIamdÈ;h u; mkjk Y=oaO nÿ

^ ksIamdÈ;h u; Y=oaO nÿ = nÿ - iykdOdr &

 ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, f,i ye¢kafjkafka ksIamdok ia:dkfhka fjf<÷ka

lrd NdKavh bj;g hk úg ksIamdolhd úiska wh lrkq ,nk ñ, h'
² tkï uQ,l s ñ,g ksIamdolhd fj; iDcqju mejrE ksIamdÈ; nÿ tl;= fldg
ksIamdolhdg ,nd ÿka iykdOdr wvq lsrSfuka miq ,efnk w.hhs'
 ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

ksIamdolhdf.a ñ, = uQ,sl ñ, +ksIamdos;h u; nÿ - ksIamdÈ;h u; iykdOdr

 .ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, fyj;a .ekqï ñ, hkq mdßfNda.slhd i;H jYfhkau

NdKav yd fiajd i|yd f.jk ñ, fõ'
 ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ,g w;sf¾lj m%jdyk .dia;= fjf<| wdka;slhka iy
.ekqïlrejka úiska f.úh hq;= Y=oaO nÿ we;=<;a fldg .ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ,
ielfihs'
 .ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, my; i|yka mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

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.ekqïlrejkaf.a ñ, = ksIamdolhkaf.a ñ, + w;rueÈhka úiska wh lrkq ,nk fjf<|

;Srej iy m%jdyk wh lsÍï + (mdßfNda.slhkaf.ka wh lrk
NdKav u; nÿ - rch úiska mdßfNda.slhka fjkqfjka fjf<kaodg
,ndfok iykdOdr)
o< foaYhS ksIamdÈ;h yeu úg u fjf<|m< ñ,g weia;fïka;= l< hq;= neúka o< tl;=
l< w.hka iuQyhg Y=oaO jl% nÿ .e<mQ úg fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a o<foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu ,efí'

GDP = ¡¡¡¡ GVA + NT GVA = o< tl;= l< w.hka iuQyh

NT= Y=oaO jl% nÿ

kj l%ufõohg wkqj cd;sl .sKqï ieliSfï § o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lrkqfha
fjf<|fmd< ñ, hgf;a muKS'

 rfgys l¾udka; wxYfha l%shdldß;ajh fmkajk m%Odk o¾Ylh l¾udka;Yd,d

ksIamdok o¾Ylhhs' wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;shg wkqj fuh m%Odk l%shdldrlï 17la
wdjrKh lrhs'
 l¾udka;Yd,d ksIamdok o¾Ylhg ksoiqka f,i 2015 j¾Ifha ixhq;sh my;
mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

ÿïfld< ksIm
a dÈ;h 6]

wfkl=;a f,day fkdjk Lksc 7 ]

ridhk øjH yd ta wdY%s; ksIamdok

6]
weÕ¨ï 32]
rn¾ yd ma,diaála 11 ]

ieliQ f,day 3]
msßmyÿ l< Lkscf;,a
ksIamdÈ; 1]
wfkl=;a 6]

mdk j¾. 8]
wdydr ksIamdÈ; 20]
Y%s ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2015 weiqfrka

 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu mj;akd ñ,g rgl ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlu

ld,h;a iuÕ fjkia ù we;a o ke;s o hkak ±k .ekSu cd;sl .sKï
q j, tla
jeo.;a wruqKls'

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 wod< ld,h ;=< ksIamdÈ; NdKav yd fiajd f;d.fhys jákdlu tu j¾Ifha

mj;akd ñf,ka ;lafiare lsrSfuka j¾;k ñ, hgf;a o< foaYhS ksIamdos;fha
w.h ,efí'
 wod< ld,h ;=< ksIamdÈ; NdKav yd fiajd f;d.fhys jákdlu lsishï mdol
j¾Ihl ñf,ka ;lafiare lsÍu u.ska ,nd.kakd w.h ia:djr ñ, u; o<
foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h f,i ie,fla'
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wjOuklh hkq mj;akd ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha
jákdlu iy ia:djr ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h w;r wkqmd;sl iïnkaOh hs¡
mj;akd ñ,g o< foaYh
S ksIamdÈ;h
o< foaYSh ksIamdos;fha wjOuklh = X 100
ia:djr ñ,g o< foaYsh ksIm
a dÈ;h
² ixl,amuh jYfhka o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hkqfjka woyia lrkqfha rgl wd¾Ól m%foaYh
we;=<; lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ^ idudkHfhka j¾Ihla ;=<& ksIamdokh lrk ,o
ish¨ u wjidk NdKavj, yd fiajdj, jákdluhs'
 o< foaYh
S ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lsrSfï§ m%dfhda.sl l%ufõoh jkqfha lsishï rgl
wd¾Ól m%foaYh ;=< j¾Ihla we;=<; isÿ jk ish¨ u wd¾Ól l%shdldrlïj, tl;= l<
w.h .Kkh lsÍu hs'

² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h iukaú; jkafka fuu o< tl;= l< w.hhka iuQyfha tl;=j hs'
ksoiqka (- o< ksuejqu 200
wuq øjH 80
fiajd msßjeh + 40
w;rueÈ mßfNdackh -120
o< tl;= l< w.h 80

 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h yeu úg u fjf<|fmd< ñ,g weia;fïka;= l< hq;= neúka by;
tl;= lrk ,o o< tl;= l< w.hka iuQyhg Y=oaO nÿ .e<msh hq;= h'
S ksIamdÈ;h = o< tl;= l< w.h - Y=oaO nÿ
o< foaYh

^ Y=oaO nÿ NdKav u; nÿ - iykdOdr &

 o< foaYh
S ksIamdÈ;fha jákdlñka ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh wvq l< úg ,efnk
w.h Y=oaO foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h hs'

 rgl idudkHfhka j¾Ihla ;=< ksIamdokh lrk ,o ish¨ u wjidk NdKavj, yd

fiajdj, jákdlfuka tla mqoa.,hl=g ,efnk jákdlu tal mqoa., o< foaYSh
ksIamdÈ;hhs'
 tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h my; i|yka whqßka .Kkh lrhs'

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o< foaYjd¾IS
uOH sh ksl
Iamck.ykh
dÈ;h
tal mqoa., o< foaYSh ksIm
a dÈ;h =

 lsishï rgl hï ksYaÑ; ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< ^ idudkHfhka j¾Ihla ;=<& ksIamdokh
l%shdj,sh ksid ckkh flfrk m%d:ñl wdodhï ish,af,ys tl;=j jk o< foaYh S
ksIamdÈ;hg wjfYaI f,dalfha fkajdislhka úiska Wmhkq ,nk m%d:ñl wdodhu fyj;a
Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhï tl;= l< úg ,efnk w.h o< cd;sl wdodhu hs'

 o< cd;sl ksIamdos;h hk ixl,amh j¾;udkfha Ndú;d fkdflf¾' thg fya;=j o<
foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhï .e<mQ úg ,efnkafka ksIamdos; w.hla
fkdj wdodhï w.hla ùu hs'
o< cd;sl wdodhu = o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h + Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhu
^ Y=oaO úfoaY m%d:ñl wdodhu = fjk;a rgj,ska ,enQ m%d:ñl wdodhï - fjk;a rgj,g
f.jQ m%d:ñl wdodhï &
² Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu hkqfjka y÷kajkafka o< cd;sl wdodhfuka ia:djr m%d.aOk
mßfNdackh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.h hs'

Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu = o< cd;sl wdodhu - ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh

^ ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh = m%d.aOk CIh ùï &

231
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'5 (- wdodhï m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYSh ksIamdokh

weia;fïka;= lrk wdldrh wdY%s; ixl,am úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 10

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

² foaYSh wdodhï uQ,dY%h úia;r lrhs'

² YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh wdodhï ixrpl olajhs'
² wdodhï m%fõYh wdYs%; ixl,am úia;r lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.eksug w;aje,la (-

 ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § thg odhl jQ ish¨ u ksIamdok idOl bmhSï tl;=

l< úg" wdodhï m%fõYh hgf;a foaYSh wdodhu ;lafiare l< yels h'
 idOl wdodhï m%Odk uQ,dY% myla hgf;a j¾. l< yels w;r th my;
±lafõ'
o fiajd kshqla;slhkaf.a wdodhï
o nÿ l=,S wdodhï
o Y=oaO fmd<S wdodhï
o iud.ï ,dN
o iajhx fiajd kshqla;s wdodhï $ ñY% wdodhï
 fiajd kshqla;s wdodhï jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd
Y%uh iemhsu fjkqfjka ,nk bmhSï fõ' fuu bmhSï m%Odk fldgia 3la
hgf;a j¾. l< yels h'
o jegqma $ fõ;k
o iudc ixrlaIK l%u i|yd fiajd fhdaclhka lrk f.ùï
o fiajd kshqla;slhkag ,efnk rlaIK fiajd" fi!LH myiqlï "
wdmod §ukd" lïlre jkaÈ
 nÿ l=,S wdodhï f,i i,lkqfha" m%Odk jYfhka uQ¾; foam< yd iajdNdúl
iïm;a l=,shg §fuka Wmhkq ,nk l=,S wdodhï nj meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
nÿ l=,S wdodhu my; i|yka uQ,dY%hj,ska iukaú; fõ'
o ksYap, foam< yd iajdNdúl iïm;a l=,shg §fuka Wmhk ,o l=,S
wdodhu
o l=,S ksjdi i|yd ,efnk nÿ l=,S iy whs;slre mÈxÑ j isák
ksjdi i|yd wdfrdams; nÿ l=,sh
o nqoaêuh foafmd< i|yd ,nk wdodhï
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 fmd<S wdodhu hkq jHdmdßl wxYh úiska uQ,H m%d.aOkh Ndú; lsÍu
fjkqfjka uQ,H m%d.aOkh iemhqï l< wh fj; lrkq ,nk f.ùï
fldgils'

—
 iud.ï jYfhka ,shdmÈxÑ fldg we;s jHdmdßl wdh;kj, ysñlrejka
úiska Wmhkq ,nk ,dN" iud.ñl ,dN jYfhka yªkajhs'
 ,dN yd jHdjidhl;aj wdodhï my; i|yka uQ,dY%hj,ska iukaú; fõ'
- iud.ï wdodhï nÿ
- iud.ñl whs;slrejkag f.jkq ,nk ,dNdxY
- jHdmdr i;= r|jd .kq ,enQ fyj;a fkdfnÿ ,dN
 uq¿ ,dNh cd;sl .sKï q j,g we;=<;a lrhs'
 iud.ï jYfhka ,shdmÈxÑ fkdjQ flaj, jHdmdr" yjq,a jHdmdr' iuQmldr
jHdmdr" f.dúka fjk;a iajhx /lshdj, ksr; úúO Ys,m a Ska yd
jD;a;slhka ,nk wdodhï ñY% wdodhï jYfhka yªkajhs'
 wd¾Ól úoHd;aul kHdhhka wkqj" foaYSh wdodhï uQ,dY%h by; wdldrfhka
j¾. lr meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
 ish¨ u ksIamdok l%shdldrlï ksid ksIamdok idOl úiska Wmhk wdodhï
ixrplj, uq¿ tl;=j foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h úiska ìys lrk o< foaYh S
wdodhu fõ'
 SNA 2008 kj cd;sl .sKqïlrK m%fõYhg wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ o< foaYSh
wdodhï ixrpl fjk;a iajrEmhlska j¾. lr we;' Mkï"
1' fiajl wdodhï ( CE)
2' o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h (OS)
 o< fufyhqï w;sßla;fhys m%Odk ixrpl my; oelafõ'
 Y=oaO fufyhqï w;sßla;h
 ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh
3' ñY% wdodhï
4' ksIamdokh u; fjk;a nÿ
² by; ixrplhkaf.a tl;=j uQ,l s ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h fõ'
 jegqma yd fõ;k" fiajd fhdaclhd úiska ,nd fok iudc wdrlaIKodhl
uqo,a' frda.S ;;a;ajhl §" ú/lshd wjia:djl § yd úY%du .kakd úg fiajd
fhdaclhd úiska iDcqju fiajlhdg ,nd fok wruqo,a fiajl wdodhï fõ'
 fufyhqï w;sßla;h f,i y÷kajkafka iud.ñl wxYh ckkh lrk
wdodhï fõ' ^ fuh iukaú; jkafka fmd<sh" nÿ l=,sh yd o< ,dNfhks'&
 o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h hkq ksIamdokfha jákdlñka ish¨ u msßjeh yd
Y=oaO ksIamdok nÿ bj;a l< úg ,efnk fYaIhhs'
 o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h iukaú; jkafka fmd<sh" nÿ l=,sh yd o< ,dNh
hk foam< wdodhï ixrpl j,sks'

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 o< fufyhqï w;sßla;fhka m%d.aOk mßfNdackh wvq l< úg Y=oaO fufyhqï

w;sßla;h ,efí'
 ñY% wdodhï f,i ie,lkqfha" .Dy tall úiska ysñlrf.k isák fyda yjq,a
jHdmdr jYfhka mj;ajkq ,nk fyda iud.ñl fkdjk jHjidhlhka
ckkh lrk wdodhï fõ'
 ñY%% wdodhï .Kkh lrkqfha .Dy tallj,ska mj;ajd.kq ,nk fujeks
jHjidhkaf.a bmhSïj,ska w;rueÈ mßfNdackh" ish¨ u Y=oaO nÿ" yd
jegqma ,nk fiajlhkaf.a f.ùï wvq lsrSfuks'
 ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § m%d.aOk j;alï
m%;siïmdokh i|yd ork úhoï ^ CIh ùï & fõ'
 ksIamdokh u; fjk;a nÿ hkq rch úiska imhk mßmd,k fiajd fyda fmdÿ
foam< fyda fjkqfjka wh lrkq ,nk nÿ wh lsÍï h' ^ rcfha ksIamdok
l%shdj,shg kS;s Í;s mekùu" ksIamdok l%shdj,shg myiqlï yd mßmd,k
wjYH;d iemhSu &
 fjf<|fmd< ñ,g o< foaYSh ksIamdokh hkq uQ,sl ñ,g .Kkh l< o<
foaYSh ksIamdokhg ksIamdÈ;h yd wdkhk u; Y=oaO nÿ .e<mSfuka
,efnk w.h fõ'
 wdodhï m%fõYh wdY%s; ixl,am lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
o m%d:ñl wdodhu
o o< foaYhS wdodhï iy Y=oaO foaYh
S wdodhu
o o< cd;sl wdodhu yd Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu
o jeh l< yels cd;sl wdodhu
o l=gqïn wdodhu $ fm!oa.,sl wdodhu
o jeh l< yels l=gqïn wdodhu
o uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu

ixLHd;aul ksoiqk'

whs;uh mj;akd fjf<|fmd<

ñ, wkqj

1' fiajl wdodhu 3000

2' o< fufyhqï w;sßla;h 5000
2' 1' Y+oaO fufyhqï w;sßla;h 4000
2' 2' ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh 1000
3 ñY% wdodhu 2000
4' ksIamdok u; fjk;a nÿ ^wvq l<d iykdOdr& 100
5' uQ,sl ñ, .Kka wkqj iuia; tl;= l< w.h 10100
6' ksIamdokh yd wdkhk u; Y=oaO nÿ 700
7' fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h 10800

uy nexl= jd¾;dj 2015 f;dr;=re weiqfrka

 wdodhï m%fõYh wdYs%; ixl,am my; mßos meyeos,s l< yels h'
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 m%d:ñl wdodhu hkq ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha ksr; ùfï m%;sM,hla f,i fyda
ksIamdokhg wjYH lrk j;alï ysñlr .ekSfï m%;sM,hla f,i fyda
wdh;ksl tallj,g ,efnk wdodhu hs'

 fuys m%Odk ixrpl 4ls'

- fiajl wdodhï ( CE)
- fufyhqï w;sßla;h ( OS)
- ñY% wdodhï( MI)
- ksIamdok yd wdkhk u; Y=oaO nÿ ( t-s)
 ksIamdok l%shdj,shla ksid ckkh flfrk fuu wdodhï iuQyh
ksIamdokfha o< tl;= l< w.hg ( GVA) iudk jk w;r tajd m%d:ñl
wdodhu kñka y`ÿkajkq ,efí'

 hïlsis ld,mßÉfPaohl wd¾Ólfha ksIamdok l%shdj,shg iyNd.s jkakkaf.a

ish¨ ksIamdok idOlj,g ,efnk wdodhïj,g ia:djr m%d.aOk
mßfNdackh Ml;= lsrSfuka o< foaYSh wdodhu ,efí'

 o< foaYSh wdodhu ;=<ska ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdckh bj;a l< úg Y=oaO
foaYSh wdodhï w.h ,efí'
 o< cd;sl wdodhu f,i y÷kajkafka o< foaYSh wdodhug Y=oaO úfoaYSh
m%d:ñl wdodhï .e<mQ úg ,efnk w.h hs'
 Y=oaO cd;sl wdodhu hkq o< cd;sl wdodhfuka ia:djr m%d.aOk mßfNdackh
bj;a l< úg ,efnk w.h fõ'
 jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu hkq o< cd;sl wdodhug Y=oaO úfoaY cx.u
ixl%du ^ úfoaY oaú;Shsl wdodhï ,eîï - úfoaaY oaú;Shsl wdodhï f.ùï &
ixl%du .e<mQ úg ,efnk w.h hs'
 Y=oaO úfoaY cx.u ixl%du Y=oaO úfoaY oaú;Shsl wdodhu fõ'
 l=gqïn wdodhu hkq" ^ fm!oa.,sl wdodhu& cd;sl wdodhfuka l=gqïn fj;
fkd,efnk wdodhï bj;a lr" cd;sl wdodhug we;=<;a fkdjQ l=gqïn
fj; ,efnk wdodhï tl;= lsßfuka ,efnk w.h hs'
 l=gqïn fj; fkd,efnk wdodhï
- m%d.aOk mßfNdackh
- fkdfn¥ iud.ñl ,dN
- iud.ñl nÿ
- iudc ixrlaIK odhl uqo,a
- rcfha foafmd< wdodhï
 cd;sl wdodhfï we;=<;a fkdjQ l=gïq n fj; ,efnk wdodhï

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- Y=oaO úfoaY fm!oa.,sl oaú;Shsl wdodhï

- úY%du jegqma
- rdcH Kh i|yd l=gqïnj,g ,efnk fmd<S
- l=gqïnj,g ,efnk fjk;a iykdOdr
 jeh l< yels l=gqïn wdodhu hkq l=gï q n wdodhu ;=<ska fm!oa.,sl
wdodhï nÿ ^iDcq nÿ& wvq l< miq ,efnk w.h fõ'
 uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu hkq ia:djr ñ,g o< cd;sl wdodhug úfoaY fjf<|du
hgf;a wmkhkj, l%h Yla;shg isÿ jQ n,mEu .e<mQ úg ,efnk w.h
fõ'
 uQ¾; cd;sl wdodhu my; mßÈ .Kkh l< yels h'

236
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'6 (-úhoï m%fõYh hgf;a o< foaYh S ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lrk
wdldrh iy wdY%s; ixl,am úuihs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 o< foaYh
S úhou meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² o< foaYSh úhofï ixrpl kï lrñka úia;r lrhs'
² o< foaYSh úhou .Kkh lrhs'
² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lrhs'
² o< cd;sl wdodhu .Kkh lrhs'
² úhoï m%fõYh wdYs%; ixl,am úia;r lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr.ekSug w;aje,la (-

 úhoï m%fõYh Tiafia o< foaYSh ksIamdokh .Kkh lrkqfha wd¾Ólfha hï

ld,mßÉfcaohl § ksIamdÈ;h ñ, oS .ekSu i|yd lrk uq¿ úhou .Kkh
lsÍfuks'

 o< foaYh
S úhofï uQ,dY%h iajrEm ;=klska mj;sk w;r tkï"

o l=gqïn mßfNdack úhou

o rdcH mßfNdack úhou
o o< wdfhdack úhou

 mßfNdack úhoï m%Odk fldgia 02 fldgia folls'

o wjidk mßfNdack úhou - Final consumption expenditure
o i;H iqksYaÑ; mrsfNdack úhou - Actual Final consumption
expenditure
 wjidk mßfNdack úhou hkq NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a lr .ekSug lrkq
,nk úhoï fõ'
 i;H iqksYaÑ; mßfNdack úhou ieneúka u NdKav yd fiajd w;am;a lr
.eksu i|yd úhoï lrkafka ljfrla o hkak fkdi,ld .Kkh lrk
úhou hs'
 tfia jkafka ieu úg u úhoï orkakd yd mßfNdackh lrkakd tlu
mqoa.,hl= fkdjk ksid h' ^ ksoiqka rcfha fi!LH fiajh u.ska
mdßfNda.slhd ,nk jdish&
 wjidk mßfNdack úhoï fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhoï (Private
Consumption) yd fmdÿ mßfNdack ^rdcH& úhou (Government
Consumption)jYfhka j¾. follg fjka l< yels fõ'

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 fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou hkq l=gqïn mßfNdack úhoï yd ,dN fkd,nd

.Dy tallj,g fiajd imhk wdh;k ,nd fok fiajdj,( NPISH) tl;=j
hs'
 úfoaY rgj,ska l=gï
q n fj; ,efnk ;Hd. wdÈh o fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackhg
we;=<;a fõ'
 fmdÿ mßfNdack úhoï ^ rdcH ñ, § .ekSï& hkq uOHu rch yd tys Wm
wdh;k NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSï i|yd ork úhou hs'
 fmdÿ rdcH mßfNdack úhou kej; mqoa., mßfNdack úhou ( Individual
Consumption Expenditure) yd iuQy mßfNdack úhou f,i fldgia
2lg j¾. flf¾' ( Collective Consumption Expenditure)
 rch úiska lrkq ,nk mqoa., mßfNdack úhoï f,i wOHdmk' fi!LH"
iudc wdrlaIK úhoï' iqNidOk" l%Svd yd úfkdaoh i|yd lrk úhoï
we;=<;a fõ'
 rch úiska lrkq ,nk iuQy mßfNdack úhoï i|yd wdrlaIK úhoï rdcH
mßmd,k úhoï" ÿïßh yd uydud¾. i|yd lrk úhoï we;=<;a fõ'

 ksIamdok l%shdj,sh i|yd Ndú; jk hka;% iQ;%" fuj,ï" f.dvke.s,s"

l¾udka; Yd,d yd mj;akd f;d. m%d.aOk iïmdokh f,i i,lhs' fïjd
ksIamdok idOlj,g wh;a fõ' jirlg jvd jeä ld,hla Ndú; l< yels
^ È.= ld,Sk j& ksIamdok l%shdj,shg odhl jk NdKav rgl o< foaYh S
m%d.aOk iïmdokh ^o< wdfhdack úhou&hs'
 o< foaYhS m%d.aOk iïmdokh hkq" foaYh S wd¾Ólhg tl;= jk È.= ld,Sk
m%d.aOk NdKavj, tl;=j hs' tys m%d.aOk CIh ùï o we;=<;a fõ'
 Y=oaO foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh hkq o< m%d.aOk iïmdokfhka ia:djr
m%d.aOk mßfNdackh wvq l< úg ,efnk w.h fõ'
 o< foaYh
S m%d.aOk iïmdokh m%Odk fldgia 3lska iukaú; fõ'
o o< foaYh S ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh
o f;d. fjkia ùï
o jákdlïys fjkia ùï ^ rkaߧ uq;= ueKsla wdÈ jákd foaj,a
w;am;a lr .ekSï yd úlsKSu & ksid isÿ jk fjki jákdlfï
fjki fõ'
o YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh úhou .Kkh lrkqfha wd¾Ólfha wjidk
mßfNdack úhoug o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh .e<mSfuks'

fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh úhou = fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou + rdcH mßfNdack
úhou + o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh

 fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh úhoug Y=oaO wmkhk .e<mQ úg o<

foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h u; úhou ^o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h& .Kkh l< yels h'

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fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdokh u; úhou = o< foaYSh úhou + Y=oO
a wmkhk

fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka wkqj o< fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka

cd;sl wdodhu = wkqj ' o< foaYh
S + úfoaYh
S Y=oaO m%d:ñl wdodhï
ksIamdÈ;h

fjf<|fmd< ñ, .Kka wkqj fjf<|fmd< ñ, úfoaYh

S Y=oaO j¾;k ^cx.u& ixl%du
.Kka wkqj o< +
jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu = cd;s=l ksIamdÈ;h ^úfoaYh
S Y=oaO oaú;Shl wdodhï&

ksoiqka"

1) wjidk mßfNdack úhou ( FCE) 500

1.1. l=gqïn mßfNdack úhou 375
1.2. ,dN wfmalaIdfjka f;dr j l=gqïn fj; imhk 100
fiajd 25
1.3. rcfha mßfNdack úhou
2) o< foaYSh m%d.aOk iïmdokh 800
2'1 ia:djr m%d.aOk iïmdokh 400
2'2 f;d. fjkia ùï 250
2'3 jákdlï ys fjkia ùï
150
3) fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh úhou (1+2) 1300
4) Y=oaO wmkhk 200
4'1 wmkhk 500
4'2 wdkhk 300
5) fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdokh (3+4) ( GVO) 1500
6) fjf<|fmd< ñ,g o< cd;sl wdodhu (5+7) 1400
7) úfoaYh S Y=oaO m%d:ñl wdodhu -100
7'1 úfoaYh
S m%d:ñl wdodhï ,eîï 800
7'2 úfoaYhS m%dÓñl wdodhï f.ùï 900
8) fjf<|fmd< ñ,g jeh l< yels o< cd;sl wdodhu (6+9) 1650
9) úfoaYhS Y=oaO cx.u ixl%du ^ j¾;k ixl%du& 250
12'1 úfoaYSh cx.u ixl%du ,eîï 300
12'2 úfoaYhS cx.u ixl%du f.ùï 50

 hïlsis ld, mßÉfPaohl wdrïNfha l=gqïn b;=reï" jHdmdßl b;=reï yd rdcH

b;=reïj, tl;=j foaYh
S b;=reï fõ'

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 lsishï wd¾Ólhl o< foaYSh ksIamdokfhka uq¿ mßfNdack úhoï bj;a

l< miq o b;sß fldgi foaYSh b;=reï f,i y÷kajhs'
 foaYSh b;=reï .Kkh lsÍfï§ l=gqïn" jHdmdr yd rdcH b;=reï .Kkh
lsÍu wmyiq neúka ta i|yd id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;fha § o< wdfhdackh
b;=reïj,g iudk neúka ( I = S) o< wdfhdackhg Y+oaO wmkhk
.e<mSfuka foaYhS b;=reï ,nd .; yels h'
I = GDCF + X – M
I = SD GDCF = o< foaYSh m%d.aOk
iïmdokh / o< wdfhdackh

X-M = Y=oaO wmkhk

I = uq`M wdfhdackh

 cd;sl b;=reï hkq hï ld,mßÉfPaohl § foaYh S b;=reïj,g úfoaYSh Y=oaO

m%d:ñl wdodhï yd úfoaYh
S Y=oaO j¾;k ixl%du .e<mQ úg h'
 hï j¾Ihl § Wmfhdackh lsrSu ioyd wd¾Ólh i;= iïm;a m%udKh uq`M
iïm;a jYfhka ye`Èkafõ' Mys ixhq;sh my; mßÈ fõ'
 o< foaYSh ksIamdokh NdKav yd idOl fkdjk fiajd wdkhk .e<mQ úg
uq¿ iïm;a iïNdrh ,efí'

o< foaYSh ksIamdos;h 1500

NdKav yd fiajd idOl fkdjk wdkhk 300

iïm;a iïNdrh 1800

 uq`M iïm;a iïNdrh Ndú; lrk wdldrh iïm;a Wmfhdackh jYfhka

ye`Èkafõ'

o wjidk mßfNdack úhoï o< foaYh

S úhou
o o< foaYh
S m%d.aOk iïmdokh
o NdKav yd idOl fkdjk fiajd wmkhk

o< foaYSh úhou 1300

wmkhk 500
iïm;a Wmfhdackh 1800

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'7 cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha jeo.;alu yd cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha iSud

ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 08

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhss'

² cd;sl .sKqïlrKfha iSud bÈßm;a lrhs'
² yß; o< foaYhS ksIamdÈ;h hk ixl,amh ksoiqka wdY%hfhka
úia;r lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

 ksuejqï" wdodhï yd úhoï hk ;%súO m%fõY fhdod .ksñka cd;sl .sKqï ms<sfh< lr ,nd
.kakd o;a; b;d jeo.;a fõ' iuia; wd¾Ólfha jHQyh" idOkh yd yeisrSu wjfndaO lr
.ekSug yd wd¾Ólh l<ukdlrKh lr .eksug Mu o;a; fhdod .ekSug yels fõ'

 cd;sl .sKqï o;a;j, m%Odk Ndú; lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

o wd¾Ólfha ld¾h idOkh we.hSug fhdod .ekSu'

o wd¾Ól jDoaêh uekSu'

o Mal mqoa., cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h weia;fïka;= lsrSu'

o wd¾Ólfha jHQyuh ,CIK wkdjrKh lr .; yels ùu'

o ld¾hd;aul wdodhï jHdma;sh wkdjrKh ùu'

o wka;¾cd;sl ixikaokhka i`oyd Ndú; l< yels ùu'

o wd¾Ól ldrl w;r Ys%;d;aul iïnkaO;d y`ÿkd .; yels ùu'

o iïm;a ixhq;sh yd Wmfhdackh wkdjrKh ùu'

o wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKh i`oyd f;dr;=re ,nd .; yels ùu'

o id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhkaf.a yeisrSu mqfrdal:kh l< yels ùu'

 cd;sl .sKqï o;a; ms<sfh< lsßfï § my; i|yka iSud mj;S'

 wd¾Ólfha we;eï M,odhs .kqfokq cd;sl .sKï q lrKfha § we;=<;a fkdflf¾' tajd
kï"
 .Dy tallh ;=< isÿ jk NdKav ksIamdok l%shdldrlï cd;sl .sKqï i|yd we;=<;a
l< o .Dy tallfha idudðlhka ;ukaf.a u fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackh i|yd bgq
lrkq ,nk fiajd wd¾Ól ksIamdok l%shd f,i fkdi,lk neúka cd;sl .sKï q
i|yd we;=<;a fkdflf¾' ^f.ùulska f;dr j ksji ;=< bgq lrkq ,nk fiajd&
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`

 .DyKshkaf.a fiajh cd;sl .sKqïj,g we;=<;a fkdùu'

 fkdúêu;a wd¾Ólh ;=< isÿjk t,odhS ksIamdok cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hg we;=<;a

fkdùu'

 ksIamdokh fya;=fjka mdßißl iïm;aj,g isÿ jk ydksh ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu'

 rdcH fiajd j, t,odhS;djfha we;s jk fjkia ùï ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu'

 úfõlfhka mqoa.,hka ,nk i;=g cd;sl .sKqï ;=< we;=<;a fkdùu'

 rdcH Kh fmd<S cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsrSfï§ ie,ls,a,g fkd.ekSu'

 l,a mj;akd we;eï mßfNdack NdKav wdfhdackhla f,i i,ld cd;sl .sKï
q
;=< we;=,;a fkdlsrSu'

 cd;sl .sKï q ieliSfï oS ieÕjqKq wd¾Ól lghq;= yd kS;Hkql+, fkdjk wd¾Ól lghq;=
we;=<;a úh hq;= jqj o f;dr;=re iemhSu yd kS;s-Í;s uÕyeÍu ksid úêu;a .Kkh
lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ'
 yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKh ;srir ixj¾Okh yd ne÷Kq ixl,amhls'
 ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg m%;s,dN w;a jk wjia:d mj;shs'

ksoiqka

- jk j.dj
- li< m%;spl%SlrKh
- wmú;% c,h msßisÿ lr m%fhdackhg .ekSu
 ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg ydks isÿ jk wjia:d mj;shs'

ksoiqka

- ´fidaka ia;rh úkdY ùu

- fjr< Ldokh
- mdxY= ydhkh
- c,c me<Eá yd ðúka úkdY ùu
- jk úkdYh
 fuf,i ksIamdok lghq;= ksid mßirhg isÿ jk m%;s,dN yd ydks ;lafiare lrñka
cd;sl .sKqï ilia lsÍu yß; cd;sl .sKqïlrKh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 yß; o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h .Kkh lsßfï § ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg ,efnk
m%;s,dN tl;= lrk w;r ksIamdok lghq;=j, § mßirhg jk ydksh ;lafiare lsrSfuka
,efnk w.h wvq lrkq ,nhs'

242
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ksmqK;djh 6'0 ( id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h iy wiu;=,s;h ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 05

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

² id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,;

s h hkak w¾: olajhs'

² id¾j wd¾Ól wia:dhs;dj hkak w¾: olajhs'

² id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a l< yels úl,am m%fõY

meyeÈ,s lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsr.ekSug w;aje,la

 iuia; ksuejqfï jákdlug iudk iuia; b,a¨ula mj;sk wjia:dj id¾j wd¾Ól
iu;=,s;h f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuys § iuia; b,a¨u imqrd,Sug iu;a iuia; iemhqula
mj;S'
 wd¾Ól iu;=,s;fha § iuia; ksuejqu;a iuia; fiajdkshqla;s uÜgu;a WÉpdjpkh fkdù
mj;akd uÜguys u mj;S'
 iuia; b,a¨u imqrd,Sug iu;a iuia; iemhqula we;s fkdjk wjia:dj id¾j wd¾Ól
wiu;=,s;h hs' fuys § iuia; ksuehqu;a iuia; fiajdkshqla;s uÜgu;a WÉpdjpkh fõ'
 id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h bÈßm;a l< yels m%fõY my; i|yka fõ'
1. iudydr wdohï = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh (Y=E)
2. ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh (W=J)
3. iudydr b,a¨qï = iudydr iemhqï m%fõYh (AD=AS)

 lsishï ld,mßÉfþohla ;=< iuia; wdodhu iuia; úhoug iudk ùu hk fldkafoaish

u; id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,;
s h ;SrKh ùu iudydr wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh ;=<ska isÿ fõ'
 lsishï ld,mßÉfþohla we;=,; wd¾Ólfha wdodhï jD;a;dldr m%jdyfhka msgùï ^ldkaÿ
ùï& tl;= ùïj,g ^ú§ï& iudk ùu hk fldkafoaish u; id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s; ;SrKh
ùu ldkaÿ ùï yd ú§ï m%fõYh ;=<ska isÿ fõ'

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 lsishï ld, mßÉfþohla ;=< wd¾Ólfha iudydr b,a¨u^ AD & iudydr iemhqu^ AS &g
iudk ùu hk fldkafoaish u; id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh ùu iudydr b,a¨ï
iemhqï m%fõYh ;=<ska isÿ fõ'

 iudydr b,a¨u ^ AD & iukaú; jkafka fm!oa.,sl mßfNdackh ^ C &" rdcH mßfNdackh
^ G &" wdfhdackh ^ I & iy Y=oaO wmkhk ^X-M& hkdÈh i|yd flfrk NdKav yd fiajd
b,a¨fuks'

 th my; mßos bosßm;a l< yels h'

AD = C + I + G +( X-M)

 fï wkqj wd¾Ólhl iudydr b,a¨u iudydr iemhqug iudk jk wjia:dfõ § id¾j

wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh fõ' th my; i|yka wdldrhg m%ia;dr igyfkka bÈßm;a l<
yels h'

fmdÿ ñ, uÜgu
AS

P1
AD

ksuejqu
Y1

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ksmqK;djh 6'2 ( iudydr úhofï ixrpl ú.%y lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 10

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 iudydr úhofï ixrpl meyeÈ,s lrhs'

² mßfNdack Ys%;h w¾: olajhs'
² mßfNdack Ys%;h weiqrska iajdh;a; mßfNdackh yd wdka;sl
mßfNdack keñhdj úia;r lrhs'
² iajdh;a; mßfNdackh yd wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj m%dia;dßl
j ksrEmKh lrhs'
² l=gqïn mßfNdack úhoï yd l=gqïn b;==reï w;r iïnkaO;dj
iólrKh yd m%dia;dr weiqfrka úuihs'
² b;=reï Ys%;h w¾: olajhs'
² b;=reï Ys%;h weiqfrka ks¾-b;=reï yd wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj
úia;r lrhs'
² ks¾-b;=reï yd wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj m%dia;dßl j ksrEmKh
lrhs'
² idudkH mßfNdack keñhdj yd idudkH b;=reï keñhdj
m%ia;dr weiqfrka úuihs'
² wdfhdack úhoï" rcfha ñ, § .ekSï iy Y=oaO wmkhk y÷kajhs'
² iajdh;a; wdfhdack úhou iy rcfha ñ, § .ekSï m%dia;dßl j
ksrEmKh lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

 lsishï ld,mßÉfÊohla ;=< wd¾Ólfha ldrlhka NdKav iy fiajd ñ, § .ekSu i`oyd

jeh lrkq ,nk úhou iudydr úhou f,i ye`Èkafõ'
 iudydr úhoug wh;a ixrpl my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'
 mßfNdack úhou (C)
 wdfhdack úhou (I)
 rcfha ñ, § .ekSï(G)
 Y=oaO wmkhk Nx(X-M)
 l=gqïn úiska mßfNdack i`oyd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ñ,§ .ekSug ork úhoï l=gï
q n
mßfNdack úhoï fõ'
245
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fuu iïnkaO;dj Y%s;d;aul j my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

C = fm!oa.,sl mßfNdack úhou
Yd = jeh l< yels wdodhu

 jeh l< yels wdodhu yd mßfNdackh w;r wkqf,dau iïnkaO;djla mj;sk neúka
mßfNdack Y%s;h my; f,i ±laúh yels h'

C = l=gqïn mßfNdack úhou

a = iajdh;a; mßfNdackh
b = wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj
Yd = jeh l< yels wdodhu

 mßfNdack Y%s;fha "a" ix.=Klfhka fmkakqï lrkqfha iajdh;a; mßfNdackh hs' wdodhu
Y=kH wjia:dfõ oS isÿ jk mßfNdack úhoï iajdh;a; mßfNdackh hs' tkï wdodhï
n,mEulska f;dr j isÿ lrk mßfNdackh hs'
 mßfNdack Y%s;fha "b" ix.=Klfhka fmkakqï lrkqfha wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj hs'
wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj (MPC) hkq jeh l< yels wdohu fjkia ùug idfmaCI j
mßfNdackfha fjkia jk wkqmd;h hs' tkï wdodhu tl tallhlska fjkia jk úg
mßfNdackh fldmuK m%udKhlska fjkia fõ o hkak hs'
 wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj my; f,i .Kkh l< yels h'

246
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 mßfNdack Y%s;h yd iïnkaO mßfNdack f¾Ldj yd wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj ,nd

.kakd wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igyfka ±lafõ'

mßfNdack úhou
C=a+bYD
(C)
C

C

Y

a
Yd
0 Y

mßfNdack f¾Ldfõ nEjqu C j,ska fmkakqï flfrkafka wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj hs

(MPC)' 
 jeh l< yels wdodhfuka mßfNdackh fkdlrk fldgi l=gqïn b;=reï h' b;=reï r`od
mj;skafka my; mßÈ jeh l< yels wdodhu u; h' fuh Y%s;d;aul j my; mßÈ fõ'

S = l=gqïn b;=reï
Y = wdodhu
C = mßfNdack úhoï
 by; Y%s;hg mßfNdack Y%s;h wdfoaY l< miq ,efnk b;=reï Y%s;h my; mßÈ fõ'
S=Y–C
S = Y - (a+bYd)
S = Y – a – bYd
S = – a + (1 – b) Yd

 ks¾-b;=reï ^RK b;=reï&(– a)

ks¾-b;=reï hkq Y+kH wdodhï uÜgul oS yg .kakd mßfNdack úhoï fõ' mßfNdack
úhoï jeh l< yels wdodhug iudk jk ;=re mj;skafka ks¾-b;=reï h' wdodhï Y+kH
wjia:dj, oS l,ska /ialr .;a b;=reï fhdodf.k mßfNdack lrhs' b;=reï my< jefgk
ksid tu ;;a;ajh ks¾-b;=reï f,i ye|ska fõ'
wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj(1 – b)

247
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wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj hkq jeh l< yels wdodhfï fjkia ùug idfmaCI j b;sß lsÍï
fjkia jk wkqmd;h hs' tkï wdodhu tl tallhlska fjkia jk úg b;=reï fldmuK
m%udKhlska fjkia fõ o hkakhs'

 wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj my; f,i .Kkh flf¾'

 b;=reï Y%s;h iïnkaO b;=reï jl%h yd ta weiqfrka wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj

,nd .kakd wdldrh my; m%ia;dr igyfkys ±lafõ'

ksoiqk (
C = 200 + 0.8 Yd
S = - 200 + 0.2 Yd
b;=reï Y+kH jk wjia:dfõ oS wdodhu S = (- 200) + 0.2 Yd
Y = 1000
tu wdodhï uÜgfï oS uq¿ mßfNdackh (C) = 200 + 0.8Y
248
 `

Y j,g 1000 wdfoaY lsÍfuka C = 200 + 0.8 (1000)

C = 1000

 m%ia;dr igyfka Y+kH b;=reï jk wjia:dfõ oS wdodhu ^Y) tu wdodhï uÜgfï oS

mßfNdackhg iudk fõ' mßfNdack Y%s;fha nEjqfï w.fha iy b;=reï Y%s;fha
nEjqfï w.fha tl;=j tlg iudk fõ'
S=1

= 1

ksoiqk (-

 iDK b;=reï iajdh;a; mßfNdackhg iudk fõ'

 b;=reï Y%s;h my; mßos m%ia;dr igyklska ±laúh yels h'

S

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj

ks¾b;=reï

(Dissaving)

 jeh l< wdodhu iy uq¿ mßfNdackh w;r wkqmd;h idudkH mßfNdack

keñhdj (APC) fõ' jeh l< uq¿ wdodhfuka fldmuK m%udKhla mßfNdackhg
fhdod.kafka o hkak idudkH mßfNdack keñhdfjka m%ldY fõ'
 idudkH mßfNdack keñhdj my; f,i .Kkh l< yels h'

249
`

 uq¿ b;=reï iy uq¿ wdodhu w;r wkqmd;h idudkH b;=reï wkqmd;h fõ' uq¿
wdodhfuka fldmuK m%udKhla b;=reïj,g fhdojkafka o hkak idudkH
b;=reï keñhdfjka (APS) m%ldY fõ' b;=reï m%udKh tu wjia:dfõ jeh l<
yels wdodhfuka fn§fuka idudkH b;=reï keñhdj (APS) .Kkh l< yels h'
 idudkH mßfNdack keñhdj iy idudkH b;=reï keñhdj my; j.=j yd m%ia;dr
igyk weiqßka .Kkh l< yels h'

Yd C S
0 50 -50
100 125 -25
200 200 0
300 275 25 C
400 350 50

350 B
S
275 A
200
125
50

0
100 200 300 400

250
`

 wdfhdackh úhou wdodhu u; ;SrKh fkdjk iajdh;a; úhoula f,i Wml,amkh

flfrk ksid wdfhdack úhoï f¾Ldj ;sria wCIhg idudka;r ir, f¾Ldjla fia
msysghs'
 fuh my; mßos m%ia;dr igyklska ±laúh yels h'
I

100 I

0 Y
 wdfhdack jl%fha nEjqu Y+kH w.hla .kS' wd¾Ólfha wdfhdackh ú§ïj,g wh;a
ixrplhls'
 rdcH ñ, § .ekSï(G) o wdodhu u; ;SrKh fkdjk iajdh;a; úhoula f,i
Wml,amkh flfrk ksid iajdh;a; úhouls' rdcH ñ,§ .ekSïj,g ksoiqka f,i cd;sl
wdrlaIdj" wOHdmk" fi!LH" m%jdyKh jeks rdcH fiajd mj;ajdf.k hdug lrk úhoï
±laúh yels h' uq¿ rdcH ñ, § .ekSï NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSug lrk ,o úhoï
iy rdcH ixl%du úhoïj,ska iukaú; fõ' úY%du jegqma iy fmdfydr iykdOdr ixl%du
úhoïj,g ksoiqka fõ'
 rdcH ñ, § .ekSï jl%h my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

100 G

0 Y

 wmkhk iy wdkhkh w;r fjki Y=oaO wmkhkh hs'(X-M)

 Y=oaO wmkhkh iuia; b,a¨ï ixrplhls'
 Y=oaO wmkhk cd;sl wdodhu u; ;SrKh fkdfõ' th iajdëk úp,Hhls'
 wd¾Ólfha wdkhk cd;sl wdodhu u; ;SrKh jk w;r cd;sl wdodhu Y+kH wjia:djl
§ jqj o iuyr NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ fõ'

251
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ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'3 ( úúO m%fõY Tiafia id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 10

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-

 iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh yryd id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh
jk wdldrh ixLHd f,aLk weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

 iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk wdldrh m%ia;dr weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

 iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk wdldrh iólrK weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

 ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

ixLHd f,aLk weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

 ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

m%ia;dr weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

 ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

iólrK weiqßka bÈßm;a lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

 wd¾Ólhla id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hg m;a jk úg iuia; wdodhu (Y) iudydr

úhoug (E) iudk fõ'

 Y j,ska woyia jkafka iuia; ksuejqu^iuia; wdodhu&hs'

 wd¾Ólhl iuia; úhou(E) l=gqïn mßfNdackh (C)" wdfhdack úhou (I)" rdcH
ñ<§ .ekSï (G) iy Y=oaO wmkhkj,ska (X-M) iukaú; h'

 E = C+I+G+ (X-M)

 iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh yryd id¾j wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h

;SrKh jk wdldrh my; ±lafjk ixLHd j.=j u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

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wdodhu jeh l< mßfNdackh wdfhdackh rdcH wmkhkh wdkhkh Y=oaO iuia;
yels úhou wmkhk úhou
(Y) wdodhu (C) (I) (X) (M)
(G) (X-M) (E)
(yd)
0 -250 400 200 300 200 300 -100 800

2000 1750 2000 200 300 200 300 -100 2400

4000 3750 3600 200 300 200 300 -100 4000

6000 5750 5200 200 300 200 300 -100 5600

8000 7750 6800 200 300 200 300 -100 7200

10000 9750 8400 200 300 200 300 -100 8800

 by; ixLHd j.=j wkqj re'ñ'4000 wdodhï uÜgu § iuia; úhofï jákdlu iuia;
wdodhug iudk jk ksid id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h re'ñ' 4000 wdodhï uÜgu § isÿ fõ'
fuys oS wd¾Ólfha iuia; b,a¨ug iß,k iuia; ksIamdokhla we;s fõ'
 wfkl=;a ieu wdodhï uÜgul § u iuia; úhofï jákdlu iuia; wdodhug iudk
fkdjk ksid id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hla isÿ fkdfõ'
 iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh yryd id¾j wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h ;SrKh
jk wdldrh my; ±lafjk m%ia;dr igyk u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

253
`

 by; m%ia;dr igyfka iuia; úhou (E) isria wCIfhka ±lafjk jk w;r jeh l< yels
wdodhu (Yd) ;sria wCIfhka ±lafjhs'

 by; m%ia;dr igyfka iu;=,s; wdodhï úhoï f¾Ldj ^wxYl 450 f¾Ldj& uQ, ,CIfhka
wdrïN ù jfï isg ol=Kg by<g nEjqï fõ'

 tu m%ia;dr igyfka a ,CIfha § iuia; wdodhu (Y) iuia; úhoug (E) iudk ù we;' ta
wkqj iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu 4000ls'

 iudydr wdodhu = iudydr úhoï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,;

s h ;SrKh jk
wdldrh iólrK weiqßka my; mßÈ bÈßm;a l< yels h'

Y=E

E = C + I + G + (X-M)

ksoiqka

mßfNdack Ys%;h (C) = (C = 600 + 0.8yd)

wdfhdack úhou (I) = 200

rdcH wdodhu (G) = 300

Y=oaO wmkhk (X-M) = -100

jeh l< yels wdodhu (Y-T) = -yd

iajdëk nÿ (T) = -250

Y=E

Y=C+I+G+(X-M)

Y = 600 + 0.8yd + 200 + 300 - 100

Y = 600 + 0.8( Y –T ) + 400

E = 600 + 0.8 ( Y – 250)+400

254
`

E = 1000 – 200 + 0.8Y

Y = 800 + 0.8Yd

Y – 0.8y = 800

0.2Y = 800

Y = 4000 ^re' ñ,shk&

 ldkaÿ ùï ú§ï m%fõYh u`.ska o wd¾Ólh iu;=,;
s ksuejqu ;SrKh jk wdldrh ±laúh
yels h'

 lsishï ld,mßÉfPaohla ;=< pl%Sh wdodhï jD;a;dldr m%jdyhka isÿjk .s,sySï ldkaÿ ùu
f,i y`ÿkajhs' wd¾Ólhl ldkaÿ ùï iajrEm ;=kls' tkï

o b;=reï (S)

o iajdëk nÿ (T)

o wdkhk (M)

 b;=reï jeh l< yels wdodhfuka mßfNdackh i`oyd jeh fkdlrk fldgi hs'

 iajdëk nÿ l=gqïn fj; ,efnka wdodhfuka rch fj;" udre jk fldgi hs'

 b;=reï" iajdëk nÿ iy wdkhk úhoï fya;=fjka iuia; úhoï m%jdyh ixfldapkh fõ'

 uq¿ ú§ï jákdlu pl%h

S wdodhï m%jdyh Yla;su;a lsÍug fya;= jk w;r ú§ï pl%Sh
wdodhï m%jdyh m%idrKh lsÍug fya;= fõ'

 wd¾Ólfha ú§ï iajrEm ;=kls' tkï

o iajdëk wdfhdack (I)

o iajdëk rdcH úhoï (G)

o wmkhk (X)

o ldkaÿ ùï jákdlu pl%h

S wdodhï m%jdyh ÿ¾j, lsÍug fya;= jk w;r uq¿ ú§ï
^tl;= ùï& jákdlu pl%Sh wdodhï m%jdyh Yla;su;a lsÍug fya;= fõ' fuu ksid

255
`

tajd tlsfklg iudk ùu ;=<ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h we;s fõ' wd¾Ólfha tu
fldkafoaish my; ±lafjk f,i m%ldY l< yels h'

W=J

S +T + M = I + G + X

 ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh

my; mßos ixLHd f,aLk u.skabÈßm;a l< yels h'

wdodhu b;=reï iajdëk wdkhk wdfhdackh rdcH wmkhk uq¿ uq¿

nÿ úhou ldkaÿùï ú§ï
(Y) (S) (M) (I) (X)
(T) (G) (W) (J)

0 -650 250 300 200 300 200 -100 700

2000 -250 250 300 200 300 200 300 700

4000 150 250 300 200 300 200 700 700

6000 550 250 300 200 300 200 1100 700

8000 950 250 300 200 300 200 1500 700

10000 1350 250 300 200 300 200 1900 700

 wd¾Ólfha uq¿ ldkaÿ ùï jákdlu uq¿ ú§ï jákdlug iudk jkafka re'ñ 4000
wdodhï uÜgu oS h' tu wjia:dfõ oS id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h isÿ fõ'

 ldkaÿùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my;
mßos m%ia;dr igyka u.ska bÈßm;a l< yels h'

256
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W,J

1000 W = S +T + M
a
700
J= I+G+X

0 ( Yd)
1000 2000 3000 4000

-100

 by; m%ia;dr igyfka uQ, ,CIhg my<ska ldkaÿ ùï f¾Ldj wdrïN fõ'

 tu m%ia;dr igyfka ú§ï f¾Ldj wdrïN jkafka uQ, ,CIHhg by<ska h' th wdodhï
wCIhg iudka;r fõ'

 by; m%ia;dr igyfka a ,CIHfha oS ldkaÿ ùï f¾Ldj iy ú§ï f¾Ldj fcaokh jk

w;r tu ,CIfha § id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h we;s fõ' tu ,CIHfha § wdodhï uÜgu re'ñ
4000 jk ksid iu;=,s; wdodhï uÜgu re'ñ 4000 fõ'

 ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh my;
mßos iólrK weiqfrka bÈßm;a l< yels h'

 wd¾Ólfha uq¿ ldkaÿ ùïj,g we;=<;a ixrpl my; ±lafõ'

W = S + T+ M

 wd¾Ólfha uq¿ úoSïj, we;=<;a ixrpl my; ±la fõ'

J = I + G+ X

 t wkqj ldkaÿ ùï = ú§ï m%fõYh u.ska id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ;SrKh jk wdldrh
my; mßos iólrK weiqfrka bÈßm;a l< yels h'
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`

W= J

S + T+ M = I + G+ X

ksoiqka : re' ñ,shk

o b;=reï (S) = 150

o iajdëk nÿ (T) = 250
o wdkhkh (M) = 300
o uq¿ ldkaÿ ùï jákdlu (W) = 700
o wdfhdack (I) = 200
o rdcH úhou (G) = 300
o wmkhk (X) = 200
o uq¿ ú§ï jákdlu (J) = 700

W=J

S +T + M = I + G + X

150+250+300 = 200 + 300+ 200

700 = 700 ^re' ñ,shk&

W=J

S +T + M = I + G + X
258
`

C=600+0.8Yd mßfNdack Ys%;h weiqfrka b;=reï Ys%;h S=(-600)+0.2Yd f,i wdfoaY lr

-600 + 0.2yd + 250 + 300 = 200 + 300 + 200

-600+ 0.2 ( y – 250) + 550 = 700

-650 + 550 + 0.2 y = 700

0.2y = 700 + 100

Y = 800
0.2
Y = 4000

 wdodhï úhoï m%fõYh iy ldkaÿ ùï ú§ï m%fõYh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj ixLHd
f,aLk j.=jlska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

wdodhu b;=reï iajdë mßfNdac wdfhdackh rdcH wmkhk iuia; wdkhk

k nÿ kh úhou úhou
(Y) (S) (I) (X) (M)
(T) (C) (G) (E)

0 -650 250 600 200 300 200 1000 300

2000 -250 250 2000 200 300 200 2400 300

4000 150 250 3600 200 300 200 4000 300

6000 550 250 5200 200 300 200 5600 300

8000 950 250 6800 200 300 200 7200 300

10000 1350 250 8400 200 300 200 8800 300

^remsh,a ñ,shkj,sk ±lafõ'&

 by; ixLHd f,aLk j.=j wkqj wd¾Ólfha remsh,a ñ,shk 4000 wdodhï uÜgfï §
wdodhu úhoug iudk ^Y= E) jk w;r ldkaÿ ùï ú§ïj,g iudk^W= J) fõ'

 wd¾Ólfha wdodhï úhoï m%fõY ^Y= E) iy ldkaÿ ùï ú§ï m%fõY ^W= J) w;r mj;sk
iïnkaO;dj m%ia;dr igykla u.ska my; mßos bÈßm;a l< yels h'

259
`

E
Y=E

E = C + I + G + ( X – M)
W
E
5000
4000
3000 a
2000
-100 J
700
700

0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 re' ñ,shk Yd
-100

 by; m%ia;dr igyfka iudydr wdodhï f¾Ldj yd úhoï f¾Ldj E ,CIfha § fcaokh
jk w;r tu ,CIHfha § wdodhï uÜgu jk remsh,a ñ,shk 4000 iy ldkaÿ ùï f¾Ldj
ú§ï f¾Ldj fcaokh jk a ,CIHfha § wdodhï uÜgu jk remsh,a ñ,shk 4000 iudk
w.hla fõ'
 fï wkqj wdodhï úhoï m%fõY ^Y= E) iy ldkaÿùï ú§ï m%fõY ^W= J) w;r mj;sk
iïnkaO;dj meyeos,s fõ'

260
`

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'4 ( iudydr b,a¨u ixrpl fjkia ùu u; id¾j wd¾Ól

iu;=,s;h fjkiaùï .=Kl l%shdj,sh weiqßka fmkajd fohs'

ld,Éfþo ixLHdj (- 10

wfmalaIs; bf.kqï m, (-
 id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 id¾j wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug n,mdk idOl kï lrhs'
 iajdh;a; úhoï j¾. fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk
wdldrh bÈßm;a lrhs'
 mßfNdack Y%s;h fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wdfhdack Y%s;h fjkia ùu wkqj wd¾Ólhl iu;=,s;h fjkia jk
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 id¾j wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh y\qkajhs'
 wd¾Ólhl .=Kl ls%hdj,sh f,aLkhla yd iólrKhla weiqfrka ú.%y lrhs'
 wdfhdack .=Klh" rcfha úhou .=Klh" nÿ .=Klh" ixl%du .=Klh iy
;=,s; wh jeh .=Klh ixLHd;aul j úia;r lrhs'

 iu;=,s; wdodhu" mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu u; yd bka neyer j msysgk

wjia:d úia;r lrhs'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

 id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia ùug my; i|yka idOl n,mdhs'

 mßfNdack Y%s;h fjkia ùu

 iajdëk wdfhdack fjkia ùu

 rdcH ñ, § .ekSï fjkia ùu

 iajdëk nÿj, fjkia ùu
 ixl%du úhoï fjkia ùu
 iajdëk mßfNdackh fyda wdka;sl mßfNdackh keñhdj fyda fjkia ùu wkqj
mßfNdack Y%s;h fjkia fõ' fuu ksid iajdëk mßfNdackh fyda wdka;sl
mßfNdackh keñhdj fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h o fjkia fõ'

261
`

 iajdëk mßfNdackh fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh

my; ksoiqk weiqrska meyeoss,s l< yels h'

 by; ksoiqfka iajdëk mßfNdackh 200 isg 250 olajd by< .sh úg mßfNdack Y%s;h
my; wdldrhg fjkia fõ'
^ iajdëk wdfhdackh &

 iajdëk mßfNdackh fjkia ùu wkqj id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia jk wdldrh

my; mrsos m%ia;dr igyklska o oelaúh yels h'
262
`

 wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj fjkia ùu ksid id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h fjkia úh

yels wdldrh my; ksoiqk weiqrska meyeoss,s l< yels h'

ksoiqk
^iajdëk wdfhdackh &
Y=E
Y=C+I
Y= 200+0.8Y+100
iu;=,s; wdodhu ^ñ,shk&
f,i wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj by< .sh úg iu;=,s;
wdodhu
Y=E
Y=C+I
Y= 200+0.9Y+100
0.1Y=300
iu;=,s; wdodhu 3000

 iajdëk mßfNdackh ia:djr uÜgul § wdka;sl mßfNdack keñhdj by< hEu ksid
iu;=,s; wdodhu fjkia ùu my; ±lafjk m%ia;dr igykska meyeÈ,ss l< yels h'

263
`

 wd¾Ólfhys iajdëk wdfhdack úhoï fjkia jQ úg iu;=,s; cd;sl wdodhu fjkia fõ'
ksoiqk

- wd¾Ólfhys wdfhdackh = 100

- mßfNdackh C = 200 + 0.8 yd
- rdcH ñ, § .ekSï = 200
- nÿ = 50
- Y=oaO wmkhk = - 100
Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – T) + 200 + 100 + (-100)

= 400 + 0.8 ( Y – 50)

Y – 0.8y = 360

Y = 1800

264
`

 by; ksoiqfkys wdfhdack úhou 100lsk by< .shfyd;a kj iu;=,s;h my; mßÈ
.Kkh l< yels h'
Y=E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – T) + 200 + 200 + (-100)

= 500 + 0.8 ( Y – 50)

Y – 0.8Y = 460

Y = 460
0.2
Y = 2300

 fuys § wdfhdack úhoï 100 jeä jk úg iu;=,s; cd;sl ksIamdokh wdodhu 1800 isg
2300 olajd by< hk w;r th wd¾Ól m%idrK ls'

 th m%ia;dr igyklska my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

Y=E
E

Ex = C + I + G + ( X – M)

2300
E1 = C + I + G + ( X- M )

1800

0 Y

1800 2300

265
`

 by; m%ia;dr igykg wkqj wfhdack úhoï jeä jk úg iuia; úhou by< f.dia
iudydr b,a¨u jl%h E1 isg Ex olajd by<g ú;eka fõ' ta wkqj iu;=,s; ksIamdok 1800
isg 2300 olajd by< hhs'

 rdcH ñ, § .ekSï fjkia ùï ;=<ska o iu;=,s; ksIamdokh fjkia fõ'

ksoiqka

Y=E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – T) + 200 + 100 + (-100)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – 50) + 200 + 100 + (-100)

Y – 0.8y = 400 - 40

Y = 360
0.2
Y = 1800

 fuu wd¾Ólfha rdcH ñ,§ .ekSï 50lska by< .shfyd;a iu;=,s; ksuejqu my; mßÈ by<
hhs'

Y=E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – 50) + 100 + 250 + (-100)

Y = 450 + 0.8y - 40

Y = 410
0.2
Y = 2050

 rdcH ñ, § .ekSï 50lska jeä jk úg iu;=,s;h 1800 isg 2050 olajd by< hhs'

 wd¾Ólfha rch úiska nÿ wh lsÍu fjkia lsÍï ;=<ska o iu;=,s; cd;sl ksuejqu fjkia
fõ'

266
`

 nÿ wh lsÍï jeä l< úg iu;=,s; ksuejqu wvq jk w;r nÿ f.ùï wvq l< úg iu;=,s;
ksuejqï uÜgu by< hhs'

ksoiqka

l,sk bosßm;a l< ksoiqk ie<ls,a,g .;a úg nÿ wh lsÍï 50 jk w;r iu;=,s; ksuejqu
1800ls' nÿ wh lsÍï 100 olajd jeä l< fyd;a iu;=,s; ksuejqu my; mßÈ fjkia fõ'

Y=E

Y = C + I + G + ( X – M)

= 200 + 0.8 ( Y – 100) + 200 + 200 + (-100)

= 400 + 0.8 Y – 80

Y – 0.8Y = 320

Y = 1600

 nÿ wh lsÍu fya;=fjka iu;=,s; ksuejqu 1800 isg 1600 olajd ixfldapkh úh' fuh
m%ia;dr igyk u.skao meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

E
Y=E

E1 = C + I + G + ( X – M)

1800
E2 = C + I + G + ( X- M )
1600

0 Y
1600 1800

267
`

 iajdëk úhofï ixrplhla fjkia ùu ksid iu;=,s; wdodhfï we;s jk fjkia ùu

ú.%y lrkafka .=Kl l%shdj,sfhks' iajdëk úhofï fjkia ùu ksid wdodhï uÜgu
lsysm .=Klhlska fjkia ùu .=Kl m%;súmdlh ^Multiplier effect) f,i ye¢kafõ'
 iajdëk úhoï by< hEu fyda my< hEu fyda ksid iu;=,s;h fjkia ùu .=Klfha
úYd,;ajh wkqj isÿ fõ'
 wd¾Ólfha lsishï iajdëk úhoula hïlsis m%udKhlska jeä jk úg iu;=,s; ksuejqu
fldmuK m%udKhlska jeä fõ±hs fmkajk ix.=Klh .=Klh f,i y÷kajhs'
 idudkHfhka ir, wd¾Ólhl .=Klh my; mrsos oelaúh yels h'
K= 1/(1-b) = 1/ (1-MPC) = 1/ (MPS)
 rch we;=<;a wd¾Ólhl jqj o mj;sk nÿ iajdh;a; nÿ hehs Wml,amkh u; .=Klh
my; mrsos oelaúh yels h' K= 1/(1-b) = 1/ (1-MPC) = 1/ (1-MPS)
 rch we;=<;a wd¾Ólhl iajdh;a; úhoï j¾. ;=kls'
 mßfNdack úhou
 wdfhdack úhou
 rcfha mßfNdack úhou
 lsishï iajdh;a; úhoula hï m%udKhlska fjkia lrk úg cd;sl ksuejqu fldmuK
m%udKhlska fjkia jkafka ±hs .=Klh u.ska .Kkh l< yels h'

 .=Klfhys úúO iajrEm lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

o mßfNdack úhoï .=Klh
o wdfhdack úhoï .=Klh
o rcfha úhoï .=Klh
o nÿ .=Klh
o ixl%du .=Klh
o ;=,s; whjeh .=Klh

 rcfha úhoï .=Klh ^ MPS wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj &

rcfha úhoï .=Klh wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdfõ mriamrh fõ'

268
`

ksoiqk

iu;=,s; wdodhu

wdfhdack .=Klh

 wdfhdack .=Klfha úYd,;ajh u; iu;=,s; wdodhu fjkia ùu ixLHd f,aLk j.=jlska

bÈßm;a l< yels h'

ksoiqk (-

wdfhdackfha wdfhdack mj;sk kj iu;=,s; wdodhu iu;=,s;

fjkia ùu .=Klh(K) iu;=,s; wdodhfï
wdodhu fjkia ùu

100 5 1500 500

100 10 1500 1000

 wdfhdack .=Klfha úYd,;ajh wkqj iu;=,s; wdodhu fjkia fõ'

 wdfhdack .=Klfha úYd,;ajh ;SrKh jkafka wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj u;hs'

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj wdfhdack .=Klh iu;=,s; wdodhu

wdka;sl b;=reï keñhdj wdfhdack .=Klh iu;=,s; wdodhu

269
`

nÿ .=Klh

 iajdëk noaola hï m%udKhlska fjkia lrk úg tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka cd;sl ksuejqu
fldmuK m%udKhlska fjkia fõ±hs nÿ .=Klfhka fmkajhs' iajdëk nÿ iy cd;sl
ksuejqu w;r mj;skafka m%;sf,dau iïnkaO;djhls'
 rcH úhoï .=Klh iy nÿ .=Klfha jákdlu w;r fjki tlg iudk fõ¡ th ;=,s;
whjeh .=Klh f,i yÿkajhs' rcfha wdodhug iudk úhoula mj;sk whjeh f,aLkhla
;=,s; whjeh .=Klh jákdlu tlg iudk fõ¡
 ;=,s; whjeh .=Klh = KG + KT

 thska woyia lrkafka rdcH úhoï iy nÿ iudk m%udKhlska jeä l< úg cd;sl
wdodhu rdcH úhoï jeä l< m%udKfhka u m%idrKh jk njhs' ;=,s; whjeh
f,aLkhla wd¾Ólfha m%idrKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrhs'
 fuhg fya;= jkafka rcfha úhoï jeä lsrSu ksid we;s jk ksujfï m%idrKd;aul
n,mEu rcfha nÿ wdodhu by< oeófuka we;s jk ixfldapkd;aul n,mEug jvd by<
w.hla .ekSu h¡

270
`

ksoiqk (- rdcH úhou iy iajdëk nÿ ñ,shk 50ka jeäl< úg wd¾Ólfha ñ,shk 50ka
iu;=,s; wdodhu m%idrKh fõ'

rdcH úhoï .=Klh ^ KG ) = 1 / 1-b = 1/ 0.2 = 5

rcfha nÿ .=Klh ^ KT ) = -b / 1-b = -0.8 / 0.2 = -4

 lsishï wd¾Ólhl úNj ksuejqu ke;fyd;a mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgug iudk
iudydr b,a¨ï uÜgula mj;S kï th mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgfï iu;=,s; ksuejqu
jYfhka ye|skafõ' fuh my; i|yka m%ia;dr igyfkka weiqfrka fmkaúh yels h'

E Y=E

EF

450
Yd
0 YF

271
`

by; m%ia;drfha YF ksuejqï uÜgfuka fmkakqï lrkqfha mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgfï
id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;hhs' tys § mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgu ^ YF & th mj;ajd
f.k hdug wjYH iudydr úhoug ^ EF & iudk fõ' fuys § WoaOukd;aul fyda
wjOukd;aul ;;a;aj fyda fkdmj;S'

 we;eï wjia:dj, § mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgfï ksuejqug wjYH b,a¨u blaujd ienE
iudydr b,a¨u ^úhou& by< .sh úg WoaOukd;aul mr;rhla we;s fõ' th my; m%ia;dr
igyfkka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

Y=E

E1
E
EF
b

450
Yd
Y2 YF

by; m%ia;drfha YF hkq mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu jk w;r Y2 hkq wd¾Ólfha mj;sk
id¾j wd¾:sl iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu fõ' fuys EF jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha mQ¾K
fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqug wjYH iudydr úhou jk w;r E1 jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha
mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s uÜgug wjYH úhou blaujd ±kg mj;sk ienE iudydr úhoï
;;ajhhs' fuys a - b mr;rh u.ska WoaOukd;aul mr;rh fmkakqï lrhs'

 wd¾Ólhl we;eï wjia:dj,§ mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqug wjYH iudydr úhoug jvd
wvq ienE iudydr úhoula wd¾Ólh ;=< mj;S' th m%;s.ukd;aul ^wjOukd;aul&
mr;rhla iys; ;;a;ajhls'

272
`

 th my; i|yka m%ia;dr igyk weiqßka meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

Y=E

E
Ef

E1
a

450
y
yf y2

by; m%ia;drhg wkqj YF mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s iu;=,s; ;;a;ajh jk w;r Y2 u.ska fmkakqï
lrkqfha wd¾Ólfha mj;sk iu;=,s; ksuejqï uÜgu fõ' EF jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha mQ¾K
fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgu wjYH iudydr úhou jk w;r E1 jl%fhka fmkakqï lrkqfha
mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;s ksuejqï uÜgug wjYH úhoug jvd wvq ±kg wd¾Ólfha mj;sk ienE
iudydr úhou fõ' fuys a - b mr;rh u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha wjOukd;aul mr;rhhs' fuys
YF – Y2 u.ska fmkajkafka m%;s.ukd;aul mr;rh fyj;a fiajd úhqla;s mr;rhhs'

273
`

uQ,dY% ( 

^1& w;m;a;=" vekS" wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 1" 2009

^2& w;m;a;=" vekS" wd¾Ól úoHd m%fõYh 2" 2011

^3& ;s,lr;ak isßfiak" wd¾Ól úoHd moku" 1996

^4& cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh" 2009

^5& talkdhl l=udr uxcq, B tï" YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl .sKqï" 2014

^6& ohdr;ak" B'" Wiia fm< iy jD;a;Sh úNd. i|yd wd¾Ól úoHdj" 2006

^7& ohdr;ak" B'" wd¾Ól úoHdj 1" 2017

^8& ,laIauka ví'ã'" .=Kfialr tÉ'tï'" wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh" 1974

^9& Lipsey Richard G. and Colin Harbury, First Principles of Economics, 1992

^10& YS% ,xld uy nexl=j - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2015

^11& igyk - YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ iudc yd wd¾:sl úoHd udislh - YS% ,xld uy nexl=j

274