jHdmdr wOHhkh

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
12 fY%aKsh
^2017 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul fõ&

jdKs c fomd¾;fïka ; = j
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
www.nie.lk
jHdmdr wOHhkh
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh
12 fY%aKsh

jdKs c fomd¾;fïka ; = j
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
www.nie.lk
jHdmdr wOHhkh - 12 fY% a Ks h
.= r e ud¾f.da m foa Y h

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh - 2017

ISBN :

jdKs c fomd¾;fïka ; = j
cd;s l wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u
www.nie.lk

uqøKh (

i
mgq k ms g q j

wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjqvh iii

ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh iv

úIhud,d lñgqj v - ix

.=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mßYS,kh lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia x

bf.kqï M, yd wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlï 1 - 240

ii
 wOHlaI ckrd,a;=ñhf.a mKsjv
q h

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska ks¾foaYs; cd;sl wOHdmk wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu iy
fmdÿ ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSfï uQ,sl wruqK iys; j tjlg mej;s wka;¾.;h mokï jQ
úIhud,dj kùlrKhg Ndckh fldg j¾I wglska hq;= pl%hlska iukaú; kj ksmqK;d mdol
úIhud,dfjys m<uq woshr" j¾I 2007 oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl yd
oaú;Shsl wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd fok ,§'

m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq o" wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úúO md¾Yaj bosrsm;a l< fhdackd o
mokï fldg f.k isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d ;d¾lSlrKh lsrSfï l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hla f,i
úIhud,d pl%fha fojeks woshr wOHdmk lafIa;%hg y÷kajd oSu 2015 jif¾ isg wdrïN lr we;¡
fuu ;d¾lSlrK l%shdj,sfha oS ish¨ u úIhhkaf.a ksmqK;d mokï uÜgfï isg Wiia uÜgu
olajd l%udkql+, j f.dv ke.Su i|yd my< isg by<g .uka lrk isria ixl,kh Ndú; lr we;s
w;r úúO úIhhkays oS tl u úIh lreKq kej; kej; bosrsm;a ùu yels;dla wju lsrSu" úIh
wka;¾.;h iSud lsrSu iy l%shd;aul l< yels YsIH ñ;=re úIhud,djla ieliSu i|yd ;sria
ixl,kh o Ndú; lr we;¡
.=re Nj;=kag mdvï ie,iqï lsrSu" bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhys id¾:l j ksr; ùu" mka;sldur
ñkqï yd we.hSï m%fhdackj;a mrsos fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH jk ud¾f.damfoaY ,nd oSfï
wruqKska kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY y÷kajd oS we;¡ mka;sldurh ;=< oS jvd;a M,odhS .=rejrfhl=
f,i lghq;= lsrSug fuu ud¾f.damfoaYh WmldrS jkq we;¡ isiqkaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsrSu
i|yd .=Kd;aul fhojqï yd l%shdldrlï f;dard .ekSug .=rejrekag wjYH ksoyi fuuÕska ,nd
oS ;sfí¡ tfuka u ks¾foaYs; mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a jk úIh lreKq ms<sn| j jeä nr ;eîula fuu
.=re ud¾f.damfoaYj, wka;¾.; fkdfõ¡ tu ksid fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh jvd;a M,odhS ùug
kï wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ilid we;s wod< mdG .%ka: iuÕ iu.dó j Ndú;
lsrSu w;HjYH fõ¡
;d¾lSlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY" kj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY yd kj mdG .%ka:j, uQ,sl wruqKq
jkafka .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjka ñoS isiq flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdjla yd jvd;a l%shdldrlï
u; mokï jQ wOHdmk rgdjlg t<öu uÕska jev f,dalhg wjYH jkakd jQ ksmqK;d yd
l=i,;djkaf.ka hqla; udkj iïm;la njg YsIH m%cdj ixj¾Okh lsrSuhs¡
kj úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY iïmdokh lsrSfï oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha Ydia;%Sh
lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha oS odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨ u iïm;aodhlhska
yd fjk;a md¾Yajhkaf.a o buy;a lemùu we.hSug o fuh wjia:djla lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡

wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iii
 ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a;=udf.a mKsjqvh

w;S;fha isg u wOHdmkh ksrka;rfhka fjkia ùïj,g Ndckh fjñka bÈßhg .uka lrñka
;snqKs' uE; hq.fha fuu fjkia ùu ±ä f,i YS>% ù we;' bf.kqï l%ufõoj, fuka u ;dlaIKsl
fuj,ï Ndú;h w;ska yd ±kqu W;amdokh iïnkaOfhka o .; jq oYl fol ;=< úYd, msì§ula
olakg ,enqKs' fï wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh o 2015 g wod< wOHdmk m%;sixialrK i|yd
wm%udo j iqÿiq mshjr .ksñka isà' f.da,Sh j isÿ jk fjkialï .ek fyd¢ka wOHhkh lr foaYh
S
wjYH;d wkqj wkqj¾;khg ,la lr YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï-b.ekaùï m%fõYh mdol lr .ksñka
kj úIhud,dj ie,iqï lr mdi,a moaO;sfha kshuqjka f,i fiajh lrk .=re Nj;=ka jk Tn
fj; fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh mqo lrkafka b;d i;=áks'

fujeks kj u. fmkaùfï WmfoaYk ix.%yhla Tn fj; ,nd fokafka ta u.ska Tng jvd fyd|
odhl;ajhla ,nd Èh yels fõh hk úYajdih ksid h'

fuu WmfoaYk ix.%yh mka;sldur bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha § Tng uy`.= w;aje,la jkjdg
lsis u ielhla ke;' tfia u fuh o Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ld,Sk iïm;a øjH Ndú;fhka jvd;a
ixj¾Okd;aul m%fõYhla Tiafia mka;sldurh yiqrejd .ekSug Tng ksoyi we;'

Tn fj; ,nd fok fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh uekúka wOHhkh lr jvd ks¾udKYS,s ore mrmqrla
ìys lr YS% ,xldj wd¾Ól yd iudÔh w;ska bÈßhg f.k hdug lemùfuka hq;= j lghq;= lrkq
we;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ'

fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ks¾udKh jQfha fuu úIh flaIa;%hg wod< .=re Nj;=ka yd iïm;a
mqoa.,hska /ilf.a fkdmiqng W;aidyh yd lemùu ksid h'

wOHdmk moaO;sfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid ksu jQ fuu ld¾hh ud b;du;a Wiia f,i w.h lrk w;r
fï i|yd lem ù ls%hd l< Tn ieug uf.a f.!rjdkaú; ia;=;sh msßkuñ'

tï't*a'tia'mS' chj¾Ok
ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,a
^úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh&
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv
WmfoaYl;ajh yd wkque;sh ( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,h"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úIh iïnka ë lrKh ( wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd' lÓldpd¾h"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

úIhud,d Wmfoa Y l lñgq j

01' fla'wd¾' m;auisß uhd - wOHlaI" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

02' tï'ta' bkaød m;añKS fmf¾rd ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

03' uydpd¾h ví'mS' .dñKS o w,aúia uhd - uydpd¾h" l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H mSGh"
fld<U úYajúoHd,h

04' wdpd¾h ví'tï'iS'î' jkakskdhl uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

wf,ú l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh"
jdKsc yd l<ukdlrK wOHhk mSGh"
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h

05' wdpd¾h wd¾' fiakdêrdcd ñh - mSGdêm;s" l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H mSGh"

fld<U úYajúoHd,h

06' wdpd¾h tka'ví,sõ'fla'ã'fla' - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" udkj iïm;a

ohdr;ak uhd l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh"
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

07' ã' jika; l=udr uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc yd

l<ukdlrK wOHhk mSGh"
le<Ksh úYajúoHd,h

08' tï' lukS fmf¾rd ñh - wOHdmk wOHlaI" jdKsc YdLdj

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

09' ;s,la f.dvudkak uhd - iNdm;s" cd;sl jdKsc uKav,h"

YS% ,xldj

10' ví,sõ'ta'fla'fla' úh;=x. ñh - .=re fiajh 1" r;akdj,S nd,sld úoHd,h"

.ïmy

11' ví'whs'tï'mS'ví' b,x.isxy ñh - .=re fiajh 1

isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl úÿy,"
fld<u 07

v
úIhud,d lñgq j (

fla'wd¾' m;auisß uhd - wOHlaI" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

tï'ta' bkaød m;añKS fmf¾rd ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd - lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

fla' m%Ndyrka uhd - lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

ã't,a'iS'wd¾' wcs;a l=udr uhd - lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

tia'wd¾' r;akcSj uhd - iyldr lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

uydpd¾h fkú,a j¾Kl=,iQßh uhd - uydpd¾h" wf,úlrK wOHhkdxYh"

l<ukdlrK wOHhk yd jdKsc úoHd
mSGh" YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h'

uydpd¾h tÉ' iqfka;%d iS' fmf¾rd ñh - uydpd¾h" l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H mSGh"

reyqKq úYajúoHd,h'

wdpd¾h à'fla' lr|leáh uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jHdmdr l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh"
jhU úYajúoHd,h'

wdpd¾h tï'tï'ã'wd¾' §.yj;=r uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jhU úYajúoHd,h'

fla'ta' ikaOH Ys%hdkss ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H mSGh"
reyqKq úYajúoHd,h'

t,a'ã' l,HdKss ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jHdmdr l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh"
inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h'

wd¾'ta'cS' nKavdr uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

.sKqïlrK wOHhkdxYh"
inr.uqj úYajúoHd,h'

vi
tï'cS'tia' moañKS ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"
l<ukdlrK wOHhk mSGh"
rcrg úYajúoHd,h'

wdpd¾h' tka' tka'fca' kjr;ak uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H mSGh"
fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

wd¾' fldämams,swdrÉÑ ñh - .=re WmfoaYl"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
;Uq;fa ;a.u'

ví,sõ'ta ohdr;ak uhd - .=re WmfoaYl"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
;x.,a,'

fla'ã' mqIamd rxckS ñh - .=re WmfoaYl"

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
u;=.u'

ã'tia' rdcmlaI uhd - úÿy,am;s"

r$wef,daishia úoHd,h"
r;akmqr'

fca'tÉ'tï'iqñ;%d l=udß chùr ñh - .=re fiajh 1"

nm$ch YS% rdyq, nd,sld úoHd,h"
ud,fò'

fla'tï'ví,sõ' l=udr uhd - .=re fiajh"

r$lr.ia;,dj uy úoHd,h"
fn,syq,aTh'

vii
ndysr iïm;a odhl;ajh (

² wd¾' fldâmams,swdrÉÑ ñh - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"

;Uq;fa ;a.u'

² ví'ta' ohdr;ak uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"

;x.,a,'

² fla'iS' mqIamd rxckS ñh - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"

u;=.u'

² ãS'tia' rdcmlaI uhd - úÿy,am;s" r$wef,daishia úoHd,h"

r;akmqr'

² ví,sõ'ta'fla'fla' úh;=x. ñh - .=re fiajh 1" r;akdj,S nd,sld úoHd,h

.ïmy'

² ví'whs'tï'mS'ví,sõ' b,x.isxy ñh - .=re fiajh 1

isßudfjda nKavdrkdhl úÿy,"
fld<U'

² fca'tÉ'tï' iqñ;%d l=udß chùr ñh - .=re fiajh 1" rdyq, nd,sld úoHd,h"
ud,fò'

² fca't,a' fidaur;ak uhd - .=re fiajh 1" w$uydkdu úoHd,h

;srmamfka'

² fcisld úchúl%u ñh - úÿy,am;s" Y+oaO jQ mjqf,a lkHdrduh"

udrú,'

² tï'tÉ'tï' nqydß uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" ^úY%dñl&

l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" lE.,a,'

² iS't,a'tï' kjdia uhd - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"

bínd.uqj'

ixia l drl uKa v ,h (

² tï'ta' bkaød m;añKS fmf¾rd ñh - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

² wdkkao uoaÿuf.a uhd - lÓldpd¾h"

jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

viii
² uydpd¾h ví' mS' .dñKS o w,aúia uhd - uydpd¾h" l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H
mSGh "
fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

² wdpd¾h wd¾' fiakdêrdcd ñh - mSGdêm;s"

l<ukdlrK yd uQ,H mSGh"
fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

² wdpd¾h ví,sõ'tï'iS'î' jkakskdhl uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" wf,ú

l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh"
jdKsc yd l<ukdlrK wOHhk
mSGh"
le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h'

² ã' jika; l=udr uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" jdKsc yd

l<ukdlrK wOHhk mSGh"
le<Ksh úYajúoHd,h'

² wdpd¾h tka'ví,sõ'fla'ã'fla' ohdr;ak uhd - fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h" udkj iïm;a

l<ukdlrK wOHhkdxYh"
YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h'

mß.Kl ieliqu -
f;acd fiamd,sld ueKsfla ñh

ix
.=r e ud¾f.da mfoaYh mßYS ,kh ls Íu i|yd Wmfoia

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYh" jir wglg jrla
ls%hd;aul jkakd jQ úIhud,d kùlrK m%;sm;a;shg wkqj kùlrKh lr 2017 j¾Ifha isg
ls%hd;aul fõ' m<uqjrg 2009 j¾Ifha § ksmqK;d mdol j y÷kajd fok ,o jHdmdr wOHhkh
úIh ks¾foaYh hdj;ald,Sk lr 12 yd 13 fY%aKs i|yd ksmqK;d 18 la hgf;a fm< .iajd we;' 12
fY%aKsh i|yd wod< jk" úIh ks¾foaYfha m<uqjk ksmqK;dfõ isg 11 jk ksmqK;dj olajd jk
ksmqK;d uÜgï 53 i|yd mka;sldurh ;=< ls%hd;aul l< yels m%dfhda.sl bf.kqï - b.ekaùï
ls%hdj,shla fuys fhdackd flf¾'

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYfha 12 fY%aKsh i|yd jk
ish,q u ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYh ilia lr we;' fuys § wod<
ksmqK;dj" ksmqK;d uÜgu" tu ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,Éfcao .Kk yd
ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha § ,Õd lr .; hq;= bf.kqï M, m<uq j oelafjk w;r" wk;=rej
mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd fhdackd flfrk Wmfoia yd úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug
w;aje,la o" wjidkfha ;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu i|yd fhdackd o bÈßm;a lr we;'

fuys fhdacs;" mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd jk Wmfoia wkqj" jHdmdr wOHhkh úIhg wod<
úIh lreKq ms<sn| oekqu muKla fkdj ta ms<sn| isiqkaf.a wdl,am" l=i,;d yd mqreÿ o
ixj¾Okh flfrk mßÈ mka;sldur bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ie,iqï lr .kq we;ehs
wfmalaId flf¾' ta i|yd wjYH uÕ fmkaùu fuu .=re ud¾f.damfoaYfhka ,efí hehs o
wfmalaId flf¾'

iEu ksmqK;d uÜgula hgf;a u oelafjk mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd jk Wmfoia ys oelafjk
ol=Kq mi fmkajk w;l ixfla;fhka ^


& wod< ls%hdldrlu wjidkfha § wjYH jk
úIh lreKq wkdjrKh lr .ekSug" .=rejrhd úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la
fj; fhduq flf¾' tys oelafjk úIh lreKq fuka u wdY%s; .%ka: hgf;a oelafjk .%ka:
mßYS,kfhka wod< ksmqK;d uÜgu i|yd wjYH jk úIh lreKq iïmdokh lr .ekSu
.=reNj;=kaf.ka wfmalaId flf¾' úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la hgf;a
oelafjk jï mi fmkajk w;l ixfla;fhka ^
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& kej; mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd
jk Wmfoia fj; hd hq;= njg .=rejrhdg u. fmkajhs'

fuf,i mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia ys yd úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la
ys i|yka lreKq mßYS,kfhka mka;sldur bf.kqï - b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd wjYH mdvï
ie,iqï ilia lr m%dfhda.sl bf.kqug isiqka fhduq lsÍu iEu .=reNjf;l= úiska l< hq;=
fõ'

jHdmdr wOHhkh m%dfhda.sl úIhhla jk neúka tÈfkod jHdmdr lafIa;%fha isÿjk fjkiaùï
ms<sn| wjOdkfhka isg úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< úIh lreKqj, we;s jk fjkiaùï ms<sn|
j ie,ls,su;a ù .=reNj;=ka úiska mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr.kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

jHdmD;s kdhl
x
 bf.kqï M,
yd
wdo¾Y ls%hdldrlï
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 ( jHdmdr ixl,amh ú.%y lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdr ixl,amh y÷kajhs'

 wjYH;d yd jqjukd ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï ksoiqka olajñka ii|hs'
 ksIamdÈ; hkak y÷kajhs'
 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .kqfha ksIamdÈ;j,ska nj ;yjqre lrhs'
 NdKav yd fiajd w;r fjkialï ii|hs'
 wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSu;a fjf<|fmd<;a w;r mj;sk
iïnkaO;dj fmkajd fohs'
 jHdmdrj, .;s ,laIK ksoiqka iys; j úia;r lrhs'
 jHdmdr lghq;= hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fok ,o jHdmdrhl jHdmdr lghq;= ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jHdmdr wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wd¾Ólhl meje;aug jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh w.hhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mdi,a YsIHfhl= f,i isiqkag wjYH jk oE isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

 ,efnk ms<s;=re yqKq mqjrefõ igyka lrkak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi" wOHdmkh" fi!LHh" ikaksfõokh"

wdrlaIdj wdÈh iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u Ôj;aùu i|yd w;HjYH fõ'
fuu ish¨ u foa iEu fofkl=g u fmdÿfõ wjYH jk neúka
tajd wjYH;d f,i y÷kajkak'
 yqKq mqjrefõ i|yka isiqkaf.a ms<s;=rej,ska wjYH;d y÷kd -
.ekSug isiqka fhduq lrkak'
 tu wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd isiqka fhdod .kakd foaj,a
úuikak'
 ,efnk ms<s;=re yqKq mqjrefõ i|yka l< wjYH;d bÈßfhka
olajkak'
 fuf,i tla tla mqoa.,hd ;u wjYH;d imqrd .kafka úúO
wdldrhg jk w;r" tu úúO iajrEm jqjukd f,i y÷kajkak'
 fuu wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd,Su i|yd jHdmdr ìys ù we;s nj
fmkajd fokak'
 jHdmdr hkak ks¾jpkh lrkak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 1
 wjYH;d yd jqjukd hkak ks¾jpkh lr tajd i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrkak'

 wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï fmkajd fokak'



isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka jkafka Tnf.a wjYH;d bgq lrkq ,nk jHdmdr ;=kls'
 fílß ksIamdok jHdmdrhla
 ksñ we÷ï ksIamdok jHdmdrhla
 rcfha frday,la

 Tng ,efnk jHdmdrh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 tu jHdmdrh u.ska bgq lrkq ,nk ñksia wjYH;dj l=ula o @
 tu wjYH;dj bgq lr .ekSu i|yd tu jHdmdrh u.ska Tng imhkq
,nk oE fudkjd o @

 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lr .kqfha NdKav yd fiajdj,ska nj ;yjqre

lrkak'
 tajd ksIamdÈ; f,i y÷kajk nj o meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 NdKav yd fiajd w;r fjkialï olajkak'


 fjf<|fmd< hkak meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lr .ekSug wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .kqfha
fjf<|fmd<ska nj ;yjqre lrkak'



jHdmdrhl .;s ,laIK isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrñka yqKq mqjrefõ igyka
lrkak'

 my; ±lafjk isoaëka isiqkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

 mqoa.,fhl=g whs;s j ;snQ bvula Tyq úiska fjk;a mqoa.,fhl=g úlsKSu
 ó lsß ksIamdolfhl= lsß yÜá is,a,r lvj,g úlsKSu
 mshd úiska ;u mq;dg bvula ;E.s Tmamqjlska mjrd §u
 ndn¾ idmamqjl lrKjEñhd úiska mdi,a YsIHfhl=f.a fldKavh lemSu
 uj úiska ;u ÈhKshf.a fldKavh lemSu
 uj úiska f.j;af;a j.d lrk ,o t<j¿ Èkm;d wdydrh i|yd .ekSu

 by; tla tla isoaêh jHdmdßl lghq;a;la o keoao hkak fya;= olajñka isiqka
iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 2
 jHdmdr .;s ,laIK tlsfkl isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 mj;sk jHdmdrhla ksoiqkla f,i f.k tys .;s ,laIK weiqfrka th

jHdmdrhla nj ;yjqre lrkak'



jHdmdrhl m%Odk jYfhka isÿ jk lghq;= fol meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 jHdmdr u.ska iïm;aj,g w.h tl;= lsÍula isÿ lrk nj ksoiqka weiqfrka
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

we÷ula ksIamdokh lsÍfï § kQ,a ,nd .ekSu" kQ,aj,ska frÈ úùu" frÈj,ska
we÷ï ueiSu jYfhka wjia:d lsysmhla miq lrk nj;a ta iEu wjia:djl § u
mj;sk jákdlug hï jákdlula tl;= jk nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 jHdmdrj,g úúO wruqKq we;s nj fmkajd §ug my; idlÉPdfõ fhfokak'

 m%foaYfha ls%hd;aul jk iñ;s ixúOdkhla" fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fjf<|

ie,la" rdcH wxYfha jHdmdrhla isiqkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la lr tu
jHdmdr l=uk wruqKlska tajdfha jHdmdr lghq;= isÿ lrkafka o hkak
idlÉPd lrkak' ta wkqj jHdmdrj,g úúO wruqKq we;s nj fmkajd
fokak'

 wd¾Ólhl meje;aug jHdmdr olajk odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka jkafka ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lrkq ,nk jHdmdr
;=kls'

1' fílß ksIamdok jHdmdrhlA

2' ksñ we÷ï ksIamdok jHdmdrhla
3' rcfha frday,la

 Tng ,enqKq jHdmdrh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 tu jHdmdr u.ska ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lrkq ,nk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 tu jHdmdrh u.ska iïm;aj,g w.h tl;= lsÍu lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 tu jHdmdrfha wruqK$wruqKq olajkak'
 tu jHdmdrfhka wd¾Ólhg w;ajk m%;s,dN ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 3
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 ,dN ,eîfï wruqKska mj;ajdf.k hk ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd,Su

i|yd wjYH NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh" fnodyeÍu" wf,úh yd wkqnoaO ish¨
lghq;= idudkHfhka jHdmdr f,i w¾: oelaúh yels h'
 ,dN wruqKska f;dr j ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lsÍu i|yd mj;ajdf.k
hk jHdmdr o mj;S'
 ta wkqj jHdmdr hkq ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lsÍu i|yd we;s ´kE u wd¾Ól
lghq;a;ls'



ñksid úiska wksjd¾hfhka u imqrd.; hq;= ldhsl yd udkisl ;;a;aj ñksia
wjYH;d f,i ye¢kafõ'
 wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi" wOHdmkh" fi!LHh" ikaksfõokh" m%jdykh" wdrlaIdj
wdÈh wjYH;d fõ'
 ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .kakd úúO wdldr jqjukd f,i ye¢kafõ'
 wdydr wjYH;dj imqrd .kakd úúO wdldr jk n;a" mdka" b¢ wdmam" f;a
jqjukdj,g ksoiqka fõ'
 wjYH;d yd jqjukd i|yd ksoiqka my; j.=fõ oelafõ'

wjYH;d jqjukd
 wdydr  n;a" mdka" b¢ wdmam" f;a
 we÷ï  idß" l,siï" .jqï" iru
 ksjdi  ;Ügq ksjdi" hq., ksjdi" ks, ksjdi" fkajdisld.dr
 wOHdmkh  mdi,a wOHdmkh" msßfjka wOHdmkh"
fm!oa.,sl mdi,a" mdGud,d" fmd;am;a
 fi!LHh  rcfha frday,a" fm!oa.,sl frday,a" fnfy;a"
ffjoH mÍlaIK
 ikaksfõokh  ÿrl:k" *elaia" úoHq;a ;emE," wka;¾cd, myiqlï
 wdrlaIdj  fmd,Sish" yuqodj" fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdrlaIl fiajh

 Ôj;aùu i|yd w;HjYHfhka imqrd .; hq;= ùu" iEu mqoa.,hdg u fmdÿ ùu" iSñ;
ùu wdÈh wjYH;dj, ,laIK lsysmhla fõ'
 wiSñ; ùu" mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg úúO ùu" jHdmdßlhskag ks¾udKh l< yels
ùu" mqoa.,noaO ùu" jqjukdj, ,laIK lsysmhla fõ'
 wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï my; j.=fõ oelafõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 4
 wjYH;d jqjukd

 iSñ; fõ'  wiSsñ; fõ'

 iEu mqoa.,hdg u fmdÿ h'
 cSj;aùu i|yd w;HjYHfhka u
imqrd.; hq;= fõ'
 jHdmdßlhskag ks¾udKh l<
fkdyels h'
 iudc n,fõ. u.ska fjkia
l< fkdyels h'
 mqoa.,hdf.ka mqoa.,hdg
úúO fõ'
 cSj;aùug w;HjYHfhka u
imqrd.; hq;= fkdfõ'
 jHdmdßlhskag ks¾udKh l<
yels h'
 iudc n,fõ. u.ska fjkia
l< yels h'


 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrk fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lrk ´kE u
fohla ksIamdÈ; fõ'
 ksIamdÈ; m%Odk jYfhka NdKav yd fiajd f,i j¾. l< yels h'

 NdKav yd fiajd w;r fjkialï my; j.=fõ oelafõ'

NdKav
 fN!;sl meje;aula we;'
^iam¾Y l< yels h &
 .nvd l< yels h'
 iucd;Sh jk mßÈ ksIamdokh
l< yels h'
 imhkakdf.ka fjka l< yels h'
fia j d
 fN!;sl meje;aula fkdue;'
^iam¾Y l< fkdyels h &

 .nvd l< fkdyels h'
 imhkakd wkqj fjkia fõ'
 imhkakdf.ka fjka l< fkdyels h'

 ksIamdÈ;j,ska ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd.kS'


 .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka uqK.efik fyda iïnkaO jk ´kE u
;;a;ajhla fjf<|fmd< f,i y|kajhs'
 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgq lr .ekSug fjf<|fmd< ;=<ska NdKav yd fiajd
imhd .kS'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 5
 jHdmdrj, my; .;s ,laIK mj;S'
 úl=Kqï fyda yqjudre ùï isÿ ùu
 NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq isÿ ùu
 .kqfokq wLKav j isÿ ùu
 ,dNfhka wNsfm%a%rKh ùu
 wjodkula ;sîu
 jqjukd ks¾udKh lsÍu
 wd¾Ól lghq;a;la ùu

jHdmdr .;s ,laIK

1' úl=Kqï fyda yqjudreùï isÿ ùu

iEu jHdmdrhla u NdKav yd fiajd uqo,a u h w.hla u; úlsKSu fyda yqjudre lsÍu isÿ
flf¾' NdKav yd fiajd ñ,la u; ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu jHdmdrj, w;HjYH
idOlhls' tjeks úlsKSula fyda yqjudrejla fyda fkdue;s ;ek jHdmdr lghq;a;la
isÿ fkdfõ' WodyrKhla jYfhka ksjil mjqf,a wh i|yd wdydr msiSu jHdmdrhla
f,i fkdi,lk w;r" ñ,lg wka whg úlsKSu i|yd wdydr msiSu yd úlsKSu
jHdmdrhla fõ'

2' NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq isÿ ùu

iEu jHdmdrhla u wka whg úlsKSu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu iy$fyda
ñ, § .ekSu isÿ lrhs' tajd mdßfNda.sl NdKav fyda ld¾ñl ^jHdmdßl& NdKav úh yels
h' mdßfNda.sl NdKav hkqfjka woyia jkafka wjidk m%fhdackh i|yd mdßfNda.slhska
ñ, § .kakd mdka" we÷ï" mdjyka wd§ foaj,a h' ld¾ñl NdKav$jHdmdßl NdKav hkq
mdßfNda.sl NdKav ksmoùu i|yd fhdod .kakd wuqøjH" hka;%iQ;% wd§ oE h' fiajd
hkakg wiamDIH úÿ,sn,h" rlaIKh" nexl= fiajh wdÈ h ksoiqka fõ'

3' .kqfokq wLKav j isÿ ùu

wLKav mokula u; È.ska È.g u NdKav yd fiajd .kqfokq isÿ lrhs kï th
jHdmdrhla f,i y÷kajhs' tla .kqfokqjla muKla isÿ lsÍu jHdmdr hg;g fkd.efka'
ksoiqkla f,i mqoa.,fhla ;uka mdúÉÑ lrk ,o mrK ial+grh úlsKSu jHdmdrhla
fkdfõ' kuq;a Tyq wLKav mokula u; ial+gr úlsKSu isÿ lrhs kï th jHdmdrhls'

4' ,dNfhka $m%;s,dNfhka wNsfm%arKh ùu

jHdmdrhl uQ,sl wruqK uqo,a bmehSu yd Okh w;am;a lr .ekSuhs' ta wkqj
idudkHfhka ,dNh hkafkys remsh,a Y;j,ska ,nk ,dNh" úhoug jvd jeä wdodhu"
jHdmdßl iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSu" jHdmdßl wjia:d Wodlr .ekSu yd iudc m%;s,dN
w;alr §u hkdÈh wka;¾.; fõ' ta wkqj jHdmdr lafIa;%fha ,dN wruqK lr .;a fuka u
,dN wruqK lr fkd.;a kuq;a by; i|yka wdldrfha m%;s,dN wruqKq lr .;a jHdmdr o
mj;S' tneúka jHdmdrhl j¾Okh iy m%idrKh i|yd ,dNh w;HjYH fõ'

5' wjodkula ;sîu

,dN ,eîug we;s wúksYaÑ;;dj yd w,dN isÿ ùug we;s yelshdj ksid jHdmdrj,g
wjodkï we;s fõ' wkd.;h wúksYaÑ; ksid;a" jHdmdr mßirfha we;sjk fjkia ùï
ksid;a" ,dNhg n,mdk my; i|yka lreKqq jHdmdrj,g m%dfhda.sl j md,kh l<
fkdyels ksid;a wjodku ke;fyd;a wúksYaÑ;;d we;s fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 6
 mdßfNda.sl reÑh fudaia;r iy b,a¨u fjkiaùu ksid
 hka;% WmlrK yd ksIamdok ;dlaIKh fjkiaùu ksid
 fjf<|fmd< ;rÕldß;ajh by< hdu ksid
 wuqøjH ysÕh " úÿ,sh ì|jeáu yd bkaOk ysÕh we;s ùu ksid
 Y%ñlhskaf.a .eg¨ " jev j¾ck wdÈh ksid
 .sks.ekSï" fidr i;=re Wmøj " wk;=re wd§ úm;a ksid
 jHdmdrfha iïm;a Ndú;h ms<sn| jerÈ l<ukdlrK ;SrK ksid

jHdmdr ksrka;rfhka wjodkïj,g uqyK

q foa' fujeks wjodkï ;sîu jHdmdrhl ,laIKhls'

6' jqjukd ks¾udKh lsÍu

ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu jHdmdr úiska isÿ lrhs'
iuyr jHdmdr wuqøjH ksñ NdKav njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu u.ska ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a
lrhs' iuyr jHdmdr hï NdKaavhla nyq, ia:dkhl isg tu NdKavh i|yd úYd,
b,a¨ula mj;sk fjk;a ia:dkhlg m%jdykh lsÍu u.ska ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrhs'
hï NdKavhla ysÕ ld,j, § ,nd §u i|yd iuyr jHdmdr tu NdKaavfha wiajekak
,efnk ld,j, § tajd /ia lr .nvd lr ;nd .ekSfuka ñksia jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lrhs'
fuf,i iEu jHdmdrhla u NdKav ksIamdokh yd fiajd iemhSu lsÍu ;=<ska ñksia jqjukd
ks¾udKh lrhs'

7' wd¾Ól lghq;a;la ùu

ysÕ iïm;a Ndú;fhkaa NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍfï yd fnodyeÍfï lghq;=j,

ksr; ùu fya;=fjka jHdmdr w;HjYHfhka u wd¾Ól lghq;a;la fõ' th uqo,a bmehSfï
mrud¾:fhka isÿjkakls' jHdmdr" NdKaav yd fiajd úlsKSu" ysÕ iïm;a Ndú; lsÍu lrk
neúka th wd¾Ól lghq;a;ls'


 jHdmdrhl m%Odk lghq;= folls'
 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd,Su
 iïm;aj,g w.h tl;= lsÍu

 NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla ksIamdokfha § fhdod .kakd iïm;aj, iajrEmh fjkia

lsÍu u.ska we;s jk w.h jeäùu tl;= l< w.h f,i ye¢kafõ' jHdmdr úiska
lrkqfha iïm;aj, iajrEmh fjkia lsÍuhs' tuÕska tu iïm;aj, w.h
jeä fõ' fuf,i iïm;aj,g w.h tl;= lsÍu jHdmdrhl isÿ jk m%Odk lghq;a;ls'

 jHdmdrj,g úúO wruqKq ;sìh yels w;r tajdhska lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 fjf<|fmdf<a /|S isàu

 ,dN Wmßu lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 7
  úl=Kqï Wmßu lsÍu
 fjf<|fmd< fldgi jeä lr .ekSu
 mdßfNda.sl ;Dma;sh by< kexùu
 fldgiaj, fjf<| w.h Wmßu lsÍu
 jHdmdßlhkaf.a mqoa.,sl ;Dma;sh
 iudc yd m%cdjf.a iqNidOkh
 fiajl iqN idOkh

 wd¾Ólhl meje;aug o jHdmdr odhl fõ'

ksoiqka -
 fjkia jk ixlS¾K jqjukd imqrd,Su
 kfjda;amdokh
 /lshd W;amdokh
 cd;sl wd¾Óslh ixj¾Okh

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 8
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'2 ( jHdmdr úldYkh yd m%jK;d wOHhkh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 jHdmdr úldYkfha wjia:d olajhss'
 iDcq ksIamdokh yd jl% ksIamdokh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 uqof,a úldYkh úia;r lrhs'
 fjf<|dfï w;S; iajrEmh yd j¾;udk iajrEmh ii|hs'
 jdKscHh yd fjf<|du w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jHdmdr i|yd mj;sk Wmldrl fiajd y÷kajd fohs'
 úoHq;a jdKscHh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 úoHq;a jdKscHh j¾;udkfha m%p,s; ùug fya;= wkdjrKh lrhs'
 jHdmdr f,dalfha j¾;udk m%jK;d iy tuÕska jHdmdrj, isÿ ù we;s
fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 wE; w;S;fha § iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uhla meje;s nj isiqka iu.
idlÉPd lrkak'
 iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh ;=< ;udg wjYH foa ;ud u ksIamdokh lrk
,o nj;a" th iDcq ksIamdokh f,i y÷kajk nj;a ;yjqre lrkak'
 fuu hq.fha § tla tla mqoa.,hd yd mqoa., lKavdhï Tjqkag iqúfYaIS
jQ ksIamdokhla isÿ lsÍu ksid tu ksIamdokh ms<sn| úfYaI{;djla we;s
jQ nj;a" th úfYaISlrKh f,i y÷kajk nj;a" fuu úfYaISlrKh ksid
w;sßla; ksIamdokhla we;s jQ nj;a isiqkag ;yjqre lrkak'
 miqld,Sk j w;sßla; ksIamdokh fjk;a NdKaav ksIamdokh lrk wh iu.
yqjudre lr .;a nj;a" ta ;=<ska fjf<|du mek ke.=k nj;a" ;yjqre lrkak'
 w;sßla; ksIamdokh fjk;a w;sßla; ksIamdok iu. yqjudre lr .ekSu
NdKaav yqjudrej f,i y÷kajk nj;a" NdKav yqjudre l%ufha úúO
ÿ¾j,;d mej;s nj;a" isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lrkak'
 jHdmdr úldYkfha uq,a u wjia:dj NdKav yqjudre l%uh;a iuÕ we;s jQ
nj isiqkag myokak'
 NdKav yqjudre l%uh ksid fjf<|du we;s jQ nj;a jl% ksIamdokh we;s
jQ nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 9
  iDcq ksIamdokh yd jl% ksIamdokh hkak isiqkag ;yjqre lsÍug my;
isoaê isiqkag ,nd fokak'
 .DyKsla ;u f.j;af;a j.d lrk m,d j¾. Èkm;d ksjfiaa
mßfNdackhg fhdod .kS'
 b;d l=vd l=l=¿ f.dúm,la mj;ajd f.k hk wfhl= bka ,efnk
ì;a;r wi, msysá is,a,r lvhg ,nd fohs'
 rileú,s j¾. ksIamdokhg olaI;djla olajk ñysß" W;aij i|yd
rileú,s iemhSug weKjqï Ndr .kS'
 ó .jhska lsysmfofkl= i;= .ï,;a ksjfia mßfNdackh i|yd
ólsß ksIamdokh lrhs'
 fyaka f.dú;eka lrk irKmd,f.a ìß| nv bß.= lr,a ;ïnd
ksji bÈßmsg m%Odk mdf¾ ;nd mdf¾ .uka lrkakkag wf,ú
lrhs'
 we÷ï ueiSug olaI lreKdj;S ;u orejka isõfokdf.a yd
iajdñhdf.a ish¨ u we÷ï weh úiska uid fokakSh'

 iDcq ksIamdokh yd jl% ksIamdokh isÿ jk wjia:d y÷kd .ekSug isiqka

fhduq lrkak'


 NdKav yqjudrefõ mej;s ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd yqjudre udOHh
f,i úúO øjH Ndú; l< nj;a" th uqo,a Ndú;fha uq,a u wÈhr nj;a"
myokak'

 ta wkqj uqof,a úldYkh wo olajd ixj¾Okh jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

 fï i|yd" w;S;fha § Ndú; jQ f,day ldis fyda f,day ldisj, mska;+r"

YS% ,xldfõ Ndú; flfrk ldis yd fkdaÜgq " fjk;a rgj, Ndú; lrk
ldis yd fkdaÜgq fyda tajdfha mska;+r" fplam;a fyda fplam;aj, mska;+r"
úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;a fyda tajdfha mska;+r isiqkag bÈßm;a lr w;S;fha isg
Ndú; jQ uqo,a kasÍlaIKhg fhduq lrkak'

 ld¾ñl úma,jh ms<sn|j;a" ta ksid fjf<|dfï we;s jQ ÈhqKqj ms<sn|j;a"
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 j¾;udkfha mj;skafka úoHq;a jdKscHh yd úoHq;a jHdmdr u; mokï jQ
hq.hla jk w;r fï hq.fha mj;sk úfYaI;ajh jkafka f;dr;=re u;
jHdmdr mokï j ;sîu nj isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'
 j¾;udkfha úoHq;a jdKsscHh m%p,s; ùug fya;= jQ lreKq isiqka iu.
idlÉPd lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 10
 tÈfkod cSú;fha § jHdmdr lghq;=j, § úoHq;a jdKscHh Ndú; jk wjia:d
fmkajd §ug my; isoaê isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

 úfoaY rglska fmd;la f.kajd .ekSug wjYH jQ úfgl www.amerson.com

jeks jQ fjí wvúhlg msúi wjYH fmd; fidhd" th ñ, § .ekSug wjYH
kï" fmdf;a ñ, iy wfkl=;a .dia;= Khm;la fyda yrm;la Ndú; lr
^úoHq;a f.ùï l%u Ndú; lr& wod< fjí wvúh ;=<ska f.ùfï myiqlï
i,id .; yels nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak' túg úl=Kqïlre úiska" .ekqïlre
weKjqï l< fmd; l=ßh¾ fiajh yryd weKjqï l< mqoa.,hdg u f.keú;a
Ndr foa'

 YS% ,xldj ;=< § ffjoHjrfhl= pek,a lsÍug wjYH kï" wod< frdayf,a
fjí wvúhg msúi" wod< frda.h yd iïnkaO ffjoHjrekaf.a kdu f,aLkh
yd tu ffjoHjre yuqúh yels fõ,djka mÍlaId lr" myiq fõ,djla fjka
lrjd .ekSu i|yd wjYH .dia;= f.ùu ;udf.a nexl= .sKqñka fyda Khm;ska
fyda yrm;ska fyda ^úoHq;a f.ùï l%u uÕska & lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 úfoaY rgj,ska jdyk wdkhkh lrk iud.ula úfoaY rfgys jdyk

ksIamdokh lrk wdh;kfha fjí wvúhg msúi tu wdh;kfha ksIamdÈ;
jdykj, ish¨ u wxf.damdx. fjí wvúh ;=<ska u mÍlaId lr wjYH
j¾.fha jdyk weKjqï lsÍu yd wod< f.ùï o úoHq;a uqo,a f.ùfï
l%uhla Ndú;fhka isÿ lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 f;dr;=re hq.fha § jHdmdrj, we;s jQ m%jK;d ksoiqka u.ska meyeÈ,s lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ<s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 wE; w;S;fha iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uhla mej;sk'

 iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%ufha § ;udg wjYH foa ;ud u ksIamdokh lr .kakd
,§'
 ;udg wjYH foa ;ud u ksIamdokh lr .ekSu iDcq ksIamdokh f,i
y÷kajhs'
 iDcq ksIamdokh ;=<ska úfYaISlrKh we;s úh'
 mqoa., úfYaISlrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i w;sßla; ksIamdokh we;s úh'
 w;sßla; ksIamdokh ksid NdKav yqjudrej isÿ úh'
 jHdmdr úldYkfha uq,a u wjia:dj NdKav yqjudre l%uh fõ'
 NdKav yqjudrej iuÕ fjf<|du mek ke.=Ks'
 fjf<|fmd< i|yd ksIamdokh lsÍu jl% ksIamdokh f,i y÷kajhs'

khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 11
 NdKav yqjudrefõ ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSug yqjudre udOH f,i úúO
øjH Ndú; lrk ,§'
 NdKav yqjudre l%ufha isg wo olajd uqo,a Ndú;fha we;s jQ l%ñl úldYkh
my; oelafjk mßÈ fm<.eiaúh yels h'

 øjH Ndú;h
ksoiqka ( ismamslgq" ÿxfld<

 f,day j¾. Ndú;h

ksoiqka ( rka" ߧ" jeks f,day j¾.

 f,day ldis uqo,a Ndú;h

úúO m%udKj,ska hq;a f,day len,sj, uqyqK; hï w.hla i|yka
lrk ,§' miq ld,Sk j we;s jQ wÉpq ldisj,g moku fuhhs'

 ldis yd fkdaÜgq Ndú;h

jákd f,day" uqo,a f,i Ndú;hg .ekSfï wmyiq;djg ms<shula
f,i fkdaÜgq uqo,a Ndú;hg .kakd ,§' rcfha n,h,;a wêldßh
úiska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ldis yd fkdaÜgq fuhg wh;a h'
ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldj - remsh,a
uyd ì%;dkH - mjqï
weußld tlai;a ckmoh - fvd,¾
hQfrdamd ix.ufha rgj,a - hQfrda

 nexl= uqo,a Ndú;h

nexl= cx.u .sKqu wdYs%; fplam;a Ndú;h

 úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;h

f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha yd äcsg,a ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj iu. y÷kajd
ÿka mß.Kl cd,hla uÕska .kqfokq isÿjk l%uhls'
ksoiqka ( Khm;a
yrm;a
fmr f.jqï ldâm;a
laIqøm;a ^Microchips ) / Mobilecash



uqo,a Ndú;h jHdmdr úldYkfha fojeks wjia:dj fõ'

l¾udka;"
 hqfrdamSh rgj, we;s jQ ld¾ñl m%fndaOh iu. fuf;la mej;s .Dy
uyd mßudK l¾udka; njg m;a jQ w;r ta iu. fjf<|dfï m%idrKhla
isÿ úh'
 ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iuÕ nexl=" m%jdykh" rlaIKh" ikaksfõokh"
.nvdlrKh jeks Wmldrl fiajdj, o j¾Okhla isÿ úh'
 ld¾ñl úma,jh jHdmdr úldYkfha ;=kajk wÈhr fõ'
 fjf<|du yd Wmldrl fiajdj, tl;=j jdKscHh f,i ye¢kafõ'
^jdKscH = fjf<|du + Wmldrl fiajd &
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 12
 jdKs c Hh

fjf<|du Wmldrl fiajd

^jHdmdr iydh fiajd&
nexl=
foaYSh úfoaYSh m%jdykh
rlaIKh
ikaksfõokh
.nvdlrKh
is,a,r f;d. wdkhk wmkhk
fjf<|du fjf<|du fjf<|du fjf<|du

 j¾;udkfha mj;skafka úoHq;a jdKscHh yd úoHq;a jHdmdr mokï jq hq.hls'

 wka;¾cd,h yryd ñ, § .ekSfï yd úlsKSfï lghq;= lsÍu úoHq;a jdKscHh
f,i ye¢kafõ'
 jHdmdrj,g wod< ish¨ u ld¾hhka wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿ lsÍu úoHq;a
jHdmdr f,i ye¢kafõ'
 f;dr;=re hq.h jHdmdr úldYkfha y;rjk wÈhr fõ'
fõ'
 úoHq;a jdKscHh j¾;udkfha m%p,s; ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla my;
 ,shlshú,sj,ska f;dr j jHdmdr f;dr;=re yqjudre lsÍug yels
ùu
 jHdmdr lghq;= fõ.j;a ùu
 fufyhqï msßjeh" f;d. msßjeh wvq ùu
 f.da,Sh jQ fjf<|fmd< wjldYhla ìys ùu
 NdKav yd fiajdj, .=K;ajh by< hdu
 .kqfokqlrejkaf.a ld,h yd Y%uh b;=re ùu
 mß.Kl idlaIr;dj jeä ùu
 há;, myiqlïj, j¾Okh

 fï wkqj jHdmdr úldYkfha jeo.;a wjia:d y;r my; ±lafõ'

 NdKav yqjudrej
 uqo,a Ndú;h
 ld¾ñl úma,jh
 f;dr;=re wd¾Ólh

 j¾;udkfha f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iuÕ jHdmdr lafIa;%fha

isÿ ù we;s m%jK;d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 f.da,ShlrKh jHdma; ùu
 úoHq;a jHdmdr ìys ùu
 úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;hg meñKSu
 mßirh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu
 jHdmdr iudc j.lSï ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 13
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'3 ( úúO ks¾Kdhl u; jHdmdr j¾. lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdr j¾. l< yels úúO ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

 mdi, msysá m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdr úúO ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. lrhs'
 tl u jHdmdrh úúO ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. lsysmhlg wh;a jk nj meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 fok ,o jHdmdrhla tla tla ks¾Kdhlh u; l=uk j¾.hlg wh;a jkafka oehs
olajhs'
 YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h j¾. lrk wdldrh olajhs'
 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tla tla ksIamdok wxYfha odhl;ajh bÈßm;a lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 m%foaYfha mj;sk jHdmdr lsysmhla ksoiqka f,i f.k my; i|yka m%Yak isiqkaf.ka
úuikak'
 tu jHdmdr rdcH wxYhg wh;a o @ fm!oa.,sl wxYhg wh;a o @
 tu jHdmdr fiajd imhk jHdmdr o @ NdKav ksIamdokh lrk jHdmdr
o@
 tu jHdmdr ,dN wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdr o @ ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a
jHdmdr o @
 tu jHdmdr iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr o @ uyd mßudK jHdmdr o @

 fï wkqj tl u jHdmdrh úúO l%uhg j¾. l< yels nj isiqkag meyeÈ,s

lrkak'
 jHdmdr j¾. l< yels úúO ks¾Kdhl olajd" ta wkqj jHdmdr j¾.SlrKh
isiqka iuÕ idlÉPd lrkak'

 m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdr yels;dla kï lr my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lsÍug

isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 14
 jHdmdrfha ks I a m dokfha ys ñ ldß;a j h wruq K mß u d Kh ks I a m dok
ku ia j Ndjh wkq j wkq j wkq j wxYh
wkq j wkq j

,dN wruq K q
,dN wruqKq

lr fkd.;a

lDIs l d¾ñl
iq¿ yd uOH
fm!oa . ,s l

mrs u dK
;D;S h s l
m% d :ñl

mßudK

ld¾ñl
oaù;Shl

lr.;a

fia j d
fmdÿ

uyd
s

wdikak u j¾Ifha YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha j¾.SlrKh
isiqkag mrsYS,kh lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd oS" o< foaYSh ksIamdokhg tla tla wxY odhl
jk wdldrh ikaikaokd;aul j isiqkag meyeos,s lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(

 jHdmdr my; i|yka ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. l< yels h'

 ksIAmdokfha iajNdjh wkqj
 ysñldß;ajh wkqj$whs;sh wkqj
 wruqK wkqj
 mßudKh wkqj
 ksIamdok wxYh wkqj $l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj

 jHdmdr j¾.SlrK mokï yd ta wkqj j¾. flfrk wdldrh my; oelafjk .e,Sï
igykska oelaúh yels h'

jHdmdr j¾.SlrK mokï

ksIm
a dokfha ysñldß;ajh wruqK mßudKh ksIamdok wxYh
iajNdjh wkqj wkqj wkqj wkqj wkqj

m%d:ñl oaú;Shsl ;D;Shsl fm!oa.,sl fmdÿ ,dN ,dN iq¿ yd uyd lDIssld¾ñl ld¾ñl fiajd
wruqKq wruqKq uOH mßudK
lr.;a lr mßudK
fkd.;a

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 15
 ksIamdokfha iajNdjh wkqj m%d:ñl" oaú;Shsl yd ;D;Shsl f,i jHdmdr j¾.SlrKh
l< yelss h'
 ta wkqj iajNdj O¾ufhka ,eî we;s foa ta wdldrfhka u m%fhdackhg .kakd
ksIamdok jHdmdr m%d:ñl wxYhg;a" tu ksIamdok kej; fjkia lsÍug Ndckh
lsÍfï jHdmdr oaú;Shsl wxYhg;a ish¨ u fiajd iemhSfï jHdmdr ;D;Shsl
wxYhg;a wh;a fõ'

ksIamdokfha iajNdjh wkqj m%d:ñl" oaú;Shsl" yd ;D;Shsl f,i j¾.SlrKh my;

f,i oelaúh yels h'

m%d:ñl wxYh -  lDIsl¾udka;h" jk j.dj yd ëjr l¾udka;h

 m;,aa yd leKSSï l¾udka;h

oaù;Shsl wxYh -  ksIamdok l¾udka;

 b¢ lsÍï l¾udka;

;D;Shsl wxYh -  úÿ,sh" .Eia" jdIam yd jdhq iólrK iemhSu

 c,h msßisÿ lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu
 u,dmjyk lghq;=" li, l<ukdlrKh iy tu
øjH m%;splS%hlrKh
 fjf<|du" m%jdyk fiajd" kjd;eka iemhSu yd
wdydrmdk iemhSu
 f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok lghq;=
 uQ,H" rlaIKh yd ksjdi whs;sh yd foam< fjf<|dï
 jD;a;Sh u h fiajd iy fjk;a fm!oa.,sl fiajd
 rdcH mßmd,k" cd;sl wdrlaIdj" wOHdmkh"
fi!LHh iy iudc wdrlaIK fiajd

 ysñldß;ajh wkqj fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr yd fmdÿ$rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr f,i

jHdmdr j¾. l< yels h'
 wruqK wkqj ,dN wruqKq lr.;a jHdmdr yd ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a jHdmdr
f,i jHdmdr j¾. l< yels fõ'
 mßudKh wkqj iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr f,i;a uyd mßudK jHdmdr f,i;a
jHdmdr j¾. l< yels fõ'
 ksIamdok wxY ke;skï l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd fiajd jHdmdr
f,i j¾. l< yels h'
 YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl ixhq;sh YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl
jd¾;dfõ m, flf¾'
 YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 2015 g wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha wdxYsl
ixhq;sh my; oelafõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 16
 l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h
wd¾:sl lghq;= ^2010 ia:djr ñ, wkqj & o'foa'ks'g
odhl;ajh ^]&
2015

lDIs l ¾udka ; h" jk j.dj yd ëjr l¾udka ; h 7'9

OdkH j.dj ^ù yer& 0'2
ù j.dj 0'9
t<j¿ j.dj 0'8
Wla j.dj" ÿïfld< j.dj iy fjk;a nyqjd¾Isl fkdjk fNda. 0'0
m<;=re j.dj 0'6
f;,a iys; m<;=re fNda. j.dj ^fmd,a";eô,s iy Ths,a *dï j.dj& 0'8
f;a j.dj 0'8
fjk;a mdkSh fNda. j.djka ^fldams" fldflajd" wd§& 0'0
l=¿nvq" iqj| fok fNda." fnfy;a iy T!Iëh me,Eá j.dj 0'7
rn¾ j.dj 0'3
fjk;a nyqjd¾Isl fNda. j.dj 0'2
lsß" ì;a;r" uia iy fjk;a i;a;aj ksIamdokhka 0'6
me, fnda lsÍu iy lDIsld¾ñl ^by;ska i|yka& lghq;= i|yd jk
wdOdrl ld¾hhka 0'1
jk j.dj" .ia lemSu" yd jkdka;r wdY%s; ksIamdok 0'6
ëjr l¾udka;h 1'4

l¾udka ; 26'2
m;,a yd leKSSï l¾udka;h 2'3
ksIamdok l¾udka; 15'7
úÿ,sh" .Eia" jdIam yd jdhq iólrK iemhSu 1'0
c,h msßisÿ lsÍu yd fnodyeÍu 0'1
u,dmjyk lghq;=" li, l<ukdlrKh iy tu øjH
m%;splS%hlrKh 0'3
b|slsÍï l¾udka;h iy tu fiajdjka 6'8

fia j djka 56'6

fjf<|du" m%jdyk fiajdjka" kjd;eka iemhSu iy wdydrmdk
iemhSfï fiajdjka 23'2
f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok lghq;= ms<sn| fiajdjka 0'6
uQ,H rlaaIKh yd ksjdi whs;sh iy foam< fjf<|du 12'3
jD;a;Shuh fiajdjka iy fjk;a fm!oa.,sl fiajdjka 11'8
rdcH mßmd,kh" cd;sl wdrlaIdj" wOHdmkh" fi!LH iy iudc
wdrlaIK fiajdjka 8'7

uQ , s l ñ,.Kka wkq j iuia ; tl;= l< w.h 90'7

NdKav yd fiajd u; wh flfrk nÿ - iykdOdr 9''3
fjf<|fmd< ñ, wkq j o< foa Y S h ks I a m dÈ;h ^o'foa ' ks & 1 00 ' 0

uq,dY%h ( YS% ,xld uy nexl=j - jd¾Isl jd¾;dj - 2015

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 17
 ksIamdokfha iajNdjh wkqj j¾. lsÍfï § m;,a yd leKSï l¾udka;h m%d:ñl
wxYhg wh;a jk w;r l¾udka; uQ,h wkqj j¾. lsÍfï § m;,aa yd lekSï
l¾udka;h ld¾ñl wxYhg ^l¾udka; wxYhg & wh;a fõ' tfia u ksIamdokfha
iajNdjh wkqj úÿ,sh" .Eia jdIam yd jdhq iólrK iemhSu" c,h msßisÿ lsÍu
iy fnodyeÍu" u,dmjyk lghq;=" li, l<ukdlrKh iy tu øjH
m%;splS%hlrKh ;D;Shsl wxYhg wh;a jqj o l¾udka; uQ,H wkqj tajd ld¾ñl
wxYhg wh;a fõ'

 o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tla tla wxYfhka jk odhl;ajh m%;sY;hla f,i bÈßm;a
l< yels h' ^wdikak u j¾Ifha uy nexl= jd¾;dj mßYS,kh lrkak' &

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 18
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜÜu 1'4 ( jHdmdr" fhojqï-ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla f,i ú.y% lrhs'

ld,ÉfPao ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdrj, fhojqï meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 jHdmdr ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jHdmdrj, ksuejqï ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jHdmdr" fhojqï - ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla f,i rEm igyklska olajhs'
 lsishï ksuejqulg wod< fhojqï" tla tla fhojqï j¾.h hgf;a fjka lr
olajhs'
 jHdmdr ld¾hhka jHdmdrj, iajNdjh wkqj fjkia jk nj ksoiqka iys;
j meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 m%foaYfha mj;sk ksIamdok jHdmdrhla ksoiqka f,i f.k tu jHdmdrh

i|yd fhdod we;s iïm;a isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 tu iïm;a yqKq mqjrefõ igyka lrkak'
 ksoiqkla f,i we.¨ï l¾udka; Yd,djla Wml,amkh lrkak' tu jHdmdrh
i|yd fhdod .kakd iïm;a f,i" l¾udka;Yd,d f.dvke.s,s" uyk ueIska"
we÷ï uikakka" iqmÍlaIlhska wd§ fiajlhska" jHdmdrh msysgd we;s bvu"
jev lrk fiajd uqr .Kk ^meh .Kk&" we÷ï fudaia;r ks¾udKh" mß.Kl
.; fudaia;r msßie,iqïlrKh" kj fjf<|fmd<j,a fidhd .ekSu"
kùlrKh jQ uyk hka;% ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Su" l<ukdlrejka i;= ±kqu"
wjYH kS;s Wmfoia ,nd.ekSu wdÈh igyka lrkak'
 
tajd m%Odk iïm;a j¾. y;g wkqj j¾. lrkak'

 tu ksIamdok jHdmdr úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk ld¾hhka isiqkaf.ka úuid

tajd yqKq mqjrefõ igyka lrkak'
 fiajlhskaf.a meñKSu msgùu ms<sn| f;dr;=re ;nd .ekSu" ksjdvq f,aLk
mj;ajd .ekSu" fiajlhska mqyqKq lsÍu" fiajl Wiiaùï ,nd §u" wjYH
j¾.fha frÈ f;d. ,nd.ekSu" tajdfha .=K;ajh mÍlaId lsÍu" wjYH wruqo,a
iïmdokh lr .ekSu" ksis mßÈ uqo,a fhoùu" msßjeh wju l< yels l%u
fidhd ne,Su" kj fudaia;r w;ayod ne,Su" ksIamdÈ; m%pdrKh lsÍu" wdÈh
ksoiqka f,i olajkak'


tajd m%Odk ld¾hhka yhg j¾. lr ta ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lsÍula lrkak'

 we.¨ï ksIamdok wdh;kfha ksuejqu$ksuejqï isiqkaf.ka úuid ´kE u

khj 3/4 folls jHdmdrhl ksuejqu NdKav fyda fiajd úh yels nj isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'
P-Tea G- 2017 19
  by; ksuejqu$ksuejqï ,nd .ekSu i|yd tu wdh;kfha isÿ jk jHdmdr
ls%hdj,sh isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 ,efnk ms<s;=r wkqj jHdmdr ls%hdj,sh ms<sfj,ska olajd bkamiq jHdmdr
lsh
% dj,sh" fhojqï ksuejqï lsh
% dj,shg wod< wx. rEm igykla u.ska meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 jHdmdrj, fhojqï - ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla isÿ jk nj ;yjqre lsÍug isiqka
my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhïj,g fnod my; ud;Dld ,nd fokak'

 fldkalS%Ü wdYs%; ksIamdok jevm<la
 .Dy NdKav ksIamdok wdh;khla
 Tn lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'


 tu ud;Dldjg wod< jHdmdr ls%hdj,sh rEm igyklska olajkak'

úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdr lghq;= i|yd N+ñh" Y%uh" m%d.aOkh" jHjidhl;ajh" f;dr;=re"
ld,h" oekqu wd§ fhojqï ^iïm;a& Ndú; lrhs'

 ksñ we÷ï ksIamdokh lrk wdh;khla ksoiqkla f,i .;aúg -

N+ñh -  f.dvke.s,a, msysgd we;s bvu
 f.dvke.s,a,g ,efnk jd;dY%h
 ysre t<sh ^iajdNdúl wdf,dalh &

Y%uh -  we\qï uikakdf.a ldhsl yd udkisl Y%uh

 iqmÍlaIljrekaf.a ldhsl yd udkisl Y%uh
 l<ukdlrejkaf.a udkisl Y%uh
 uqrlrejkaf.a Y%uh

m%d.aOkh -  f.dvke.s,a,
 uyk ueIska" WmlrK
 fnod yeÍfï r:
 frÈ" kQ,a" fnd;a;ï
 uqo,a

jHjidhl;ajh -  iïm;a ixl,kh ms<sn| ;SrK .kakd

^,dNh N=la;s ú¢kakd&
 wjodku orñka ;SrK .kakd
 mqoa.,hska fyda wdh;k

f;dr;=re -  mdßfNda.sl reÑh wkqj .e,fmk fudaia;r

 wuqøjH ms<sn| kj f;dr;=re
 kj ;dlaIKh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017
 fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| f;dr;=re
20
 ld,h -  fiajlhska fiajfha ksr; jk ld,h
 hka;% fiajfha fhdojd .kakd ld,h
 ;SrK .ekSu i|yd .; lrk ld,h

oekqu -  kj ksuejqï i|yd ,efnk fmagkaÜ n,m;% ,nd

.ekSu
 we.¨ï fiajlhskaf.a l=i,;d
 l<ukdlrejka i;= oekqu
 fudaia;r ks¾udK Ys,amSkaf.a oekqu

  kS;s Wmfoia

 mßmd,kh" ksIamdokh" wf,úlrKh" uQ,H lghq;=" udkj iïm;a lghq;="

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh hkdÈh uQ,sl jHdmdr ld¾hhka f,i y\qkajhs'

 jHdmdr ld¾hhka yd ta i|yd ksoiqka my; ±lafõ'

ld¾hhka ksoiqka
1' mßmd,kh  we.¿ï fiajl ,smsf.dkq ieliSu
 wod< Wmfoia iemhSu
 meñKSfï f,aLk mj;ajdf.k hdu

2' ksIamdokh  wuqøjH imhd .ekSu

 f;d. md,kh
 ;;a;aj md,kh

3' wf,úlrKh  we.¨ï fnod yeÍu

 m%pdrKh
 ñ, ;SrKh lsÍu

4' uQ,H lghq;=  wruqo,a imhd .ekSu

 jegqma f.ùu
 wruqo,a fhoùu

5' udkj iïm;a lghq;=  fiajlhska n|jd .ekSu

 mqyqKq lsÍu
 Wiia lsÍu

6' m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh  kj ks¾udK ms<sn| m¾fhaIK

meje;aùu
 ksIamdok jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
 wvq msßjeh l%u fidhd ne,Su

7' f;dr;=re l<ukdlrK  f;dr;=re moaO;s mj;ajdf.k hdu

lghq;=  kj f;dr;=re iïmdokh lr .ekSu
 f;dr;=re hdj;ald,Sk lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 21
  jHdmdr lghq;= yd iïnkaO jQ ,shlshú,s mj;ajdf.k hdu" ikaksfõok
lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdu hkdÈh jHdmdrhl mßmd,k ld¾hhkag we;=<;a
fõ'
 iïm;a" NdKav fyda fiajd njg m;alsÍfï ls%hdj,sh ksIamdokh ^fufyhqï&
fõ'
 .kqfokqlrejkaf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd y\qkdf.k tajd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu wf,úlrKh f,i y÷kajhs'
 wruqo,a iïmdokh yd fhoùu yd Bg wod< lghq;= uQ,H f,i y÷kajhs'
 wdl¾IKh" f;dard .ekSu" n|jd .ekSu" mqyqKq lsÍu" iqn idOkh hkdÈh
iïnkaOfhka jQ lghq;= udkj iïm;a lghq;= fõ'
 m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh hkakg ksuejqfï .=Kd;aul nj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu
yd kj ksuejqï fidhd .ekSu we;=<;a fõ'

 jHdmdr ls%hdj,sh fhojqï - ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla f,i my; ±lafjk mßÈ
rEm igyklska bÈßm;a l< yels h'
fhojqï$iïm;a jHdmdr ld¾hhka ksuejqï

N+ñh mßmd,kh NdKav

Y%uh fufyhqï ^ksIamdokh& fyda
m%d.aOkh wf,úlrKh fiajd
jHjidhl;ajh
f;dr;=re
 uQ,H
udkj iïm;a lghq;=

ld,h m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okh
oekqu f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKh

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 22
 fílßhl jHdmdr ls%hdj,sh fhojqï - ksuejqï ls%hdj,shla f,i my; rEm igykska
oelafõ'

fhojqï ^iïm;a& ls%hdj,sh ksuejqu

N+ñh  fílßh msysá bvu ksIamdokh  øjH imhd .ekSu
 øjH ñY% lsÍu
Y%uh  mdka mq¿iaikakkaf.a  mdka ieliSu
Y%uh
wf,úlrKh  m%pdrKh lsÍu
m%d.aOkh  f.dvke.s,a,  fnod yeÍu
fmdarKqj" ;eá  ñ, kshu lsÍu

jHjidhl;ajh 
 fílßh whs;slre$ mßmd,kh  fiajl ,smsf.dkq mdka"
idOl ixfhda. lrkakdf.a ieliSu nksia"
yelshdj  fiajl meñKSfï flala
 f,aLk mj;ajd  ^fílß
f;dr;=re  kj Ys,amSh l%u .ekSu whs;u&
fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re
uQ,H lghq;=  wjYH uqo,a imhd
ld,h   fiajlhska jev lrk .ekSu
ld,h  j;alï ñ,g .ekSu
w;sld, jev  úhoï f.ùï

oekqu  fiajl l=i,;d udkj iïm;a lghq;=

kj ksIamdok ms<sn|  Y%ñlhka n|jd
±kqu .ekSu
mqyqKq lsÍu
 Wiia lsÍu

m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok lghq;=

 iólaIK meje;aùu
 ksIamdokj, .=K;ajh
j¾Okh lsÍug
m¾fhaIK meje;aùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 23
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'5 ( jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj jHdmdr flfrys
Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= úuihs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 f;dard.;A jHdmdrhla weiqfrka jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj
,ehsia;.= ; lrhs'
 tla tla md¾Yajh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 tla tla md¾Yajh" jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿùug fya;= úúO jk nj wkdjrKh
lrhs'
 jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a jk wdldrh
fmkajd fohs'
 jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;au i|yd Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId
ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= nj fmkajd fohs'
 jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj" jHdmdr flfrys olajk we,au
iy Tjqka jHdmdrh flfrys n,mEï lsßug we;s yelshdj u; tu
md¾Yajhkaf.a m%uqL;dj ;SrKh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 YsIHhd ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj úuid my; rEm igyk iïmq¾K
lrkak'
foudmshka





 YsIHhd




 mdi, flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj isiqkaf.ka úuid my; rEm igyk
iïmq¾K lrkak'





YsIHhska


 mdi,





khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 24
  jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj y÷kd .ekSug my; i|yka
lreKqq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 foudmshka" .=rejreka" hy¨jka" ifydaor ifydaoßhka" kEoEhka" rch

wd§ md¾Yaj YsIHHd ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj lsysmhla nj
fmkajd fokak'

 YsIHhska" foudmshka" .=rejreka" wdÈ YsIHhska" rch" m%cdj mdi,

flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj lsysmhla nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 by; md¾Yaj w;=frka rch yd m%cdj jHdmdr flfrys o Wkkaÿjla

olajk md¾Yaj nj;a " Bg wu;r j jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk
md¾Yaj oelsh yels nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 isiqka iÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; oelafjk jHdmdr wdh;k w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk jHdmdrh
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 we÷ï uid wf,ú lrk wdh;khla
 fm!oa.,sl ffjoH uOHia:dkhla
 wdmkYd,djla
 fmd;a yd ,sms øjH wf,ú i,la


Tfí ud;Dldjg wod< j Tfí m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdrhla y\qkd.kak'

tu jHdmdrh flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj lKavdhï idlÉPdjla
;=<ska u;=lr .kak'
 tu md¾Yaj jHdmdrfhka wfmalaId lrkafka fudkjd oehs idlÉPd lrkak'
 tu md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq jk wdldrhg jHdmdr lghq;= l< hq;af;a
flfia oehs fmkajd fokak'
 jHdmdrh" tu md¾Yaj flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;af;a ukaoehs meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg ks¾udKYS,S j bÈßm;a lsÍug iqodkï
jkak'
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 whs;slrefjda $fldgia ysñfhda
 l<ukdlrefjda
 fiajlfhda
 Khysñfhda
 mdßfNda.slfhda
 iemhqïlrefjda
 úNj wdfhdaclfhda
 rch
 m%cdj
 fjk;a md¾Yaj

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 25
 ta tla tla md¾Yajh jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿ ùug fya;= my; oelafõ'

whs;slrefjda  ;uka wdfhdackh l< uqo,g m%udKj;a ,dNhla

,efí oehs oek .ekSug
 jHdmdrfha j¾Okh ms<sn| j oek .ekSug
 fjf<|fmd< fldgi oek .ekSug

l<ukdlrefjda  jHdmdrfha ,dNh Wmßu lsÍug

 jHdmdrfha j¾Okh ms<sn| j oek .ekSug
 l<ukdlrK ;SrKj, id¾:l wid¾:l nj oek .ekSug

fiajlfhda  by< jegqmla ,nd .ekSug

 m%ido §ukd ,efí oehs oek .ekSug
 /lshdfõ Wiiaùï ,nd .ekSug

Khysñfhda  imhk ,o Kh uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj oek .ekSug

 Kh uqof,a iqrlaIs; nj oek .ekSug
 wem iq/l=ïj, iqrlaIs; nj ;yjqre lr .ekSug

mdßfNda.slfhda  .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSug

 j.lSï ksis mßÈ bgq lrkafka oehs ne,Sug
 jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug

iemhqïlrefjda  wLKav j weKjqï ,nd .ekSug

 imhk ,o NdKav i|yd uqo,a wdmiq whlr .ekSug

úNj wdfhdaclfhda  ;uka i;= iïm;a wkd.;fha § tu jHdmdrfha wdfhdackh

lsÍug

rch  nÿ whlr .ekSug$nÿ iyk ,nd §ug

 fiajd kshqla;sh j¾Okh lsÍug
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ms<sn| uek ne,Sug

m%cdj  mßirh iq/lSu ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sug

 /lshd wjia:d ,nd .ekSug

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 26
  jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yaj" jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a ùug
fya;= lsysmhla my; i|yka fõ'

md¾Yajh jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a ùug fya;=

whs;slrefjda  wdfhdack jeä lr .ekSug

 jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSug

fiajlfhda  fiajl ld¾hlaIu;dj jeälr .ekSug

 fiajlhka r|jd .ekSug
 fiajl wdl¾Ykh ,nd .ekSug

Khysñfhda  wLKav j wjYH wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSug

 wvq msßjehlska wruqo,a iïmdokh lr .ekSug

rch  nÿ iyk ,nd .ekSug

 há;, myiqlï ,nd .ekSug
 ;dlaIKsl oekqu ,nd .ekSug

.kqfokqlrefjda  wod< NdKav fyda fiajd i|yd fjf<|fmd< iqrlaIs;

lr .ekSug
 mdßfNda.sl úYajdih f.dvk.d .ekSug
 .kqfokqlrejkaf.a mlaImd;s;ajh we;s lr .ekSug

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 27
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'6 ( jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk jHdmdr mßirh j¾. lrhs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 02

bf.kqï M, (
 jHdmdr mßirh y\qkajhs'
 jHdmdr mßirh wOHhkfhka jHdmdßlfhl=g ,efnk
m%fhdack ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jHdmdr mßirh j¾. lrhs'
 jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;slrk úúO mßir n,fõ.
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 fok ,o jHdmdrhl wNHka;r yd ndysr mßir n,fõ.
i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mdif,a lghq;=j,g hï hï n,mEï lrk n,fõ. isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

 úÿy,am;s" .=rejre" foudmshka" wdÈ YsIHhska" m%cdj" mdif,a iïm;a" rch"
mdif,a lghq;= i|yd n,mEï lrk n,fõ. jk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 fuu n,fõ. wNHka;r yd ndysr n,fõ. f,i fldgia l< yels nj
ksoiqka olajñka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 úÿy,am;s" .=rejreka" YsIHhka" wkOHhk ld¾h uKav,h" mdif,a iïm;a
wNHka;r n,fõ. jk nj;a" foudmshka" m%cdj" rch ndysr n,fõ. jk
nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 fuu n,fõ. wOHhkfhka mdi,g ,nd .; yels úúO m%fhdack isiqkaf.ka
úuiñka idlÉPd lrkak'
 jHdmdr i|yd o wNHka;r yd ndysr mßir n,fõ. we;s w;r tajd
wOHhkfhka úúO m%fhdack jHdmdrj,g w;alr .; yels nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk idOl ls%shd;aul jk mßirh

jHdmdr mßirh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
 jHdmdr mßir idOl m%Odk jYfhka fldgia follg j¾. l< yels h'
1' wNHka;r mßirh
2' ndysr mßirh
 ixúOdkh ;=< isák thg n,mEï lrk lKavdhï ^Forces & yd ;;a;aj
^condition& jHdmdrhl wNHka;r mßirh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 jHdmdrhg n,mEï lrk jHdmdr wdh;khg msg;ska we;s ish¨ u foa ndysr
mßirh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 jHdmdr ndysr mßirhg wh;a jHdmdrhg n,mEï we;s lrk iqúfYaIS ixúOdk
fyda lKaavdhï wdikak mßirh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 jHdmdrhl mq¿,a jgmsgdj iy ta yd ne÷Kq n,mEï lrk lKavdhï id¾j
mßirh fyj;a fmdÿ mßirh f,i y÷kajhs'
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 28
jHdmdr mßir idOl .e,Sï igyklska oelaúh yels h'

jHdmdr mßirh

wNHka;r mßirh ndysr mßirh

 whs;slrefjda
 l<ukdlrefjda
 fiajlfhda
 ixúOdk jHqyh
 ixúOdk u h ixialD;sh id¾j mßirh
 iïm;a wdika k mßirh
 wd¾Ól mßirh
mdßfNda.slfhda
 foaYmd,k mßirh
 iemhqïlrefjda
 ffk;sl mßirh
;rÕlrefjda
 m%cd mßirh
 wdfoaYk NdKav ksIamdolfhda
;dlaIKsl mßirh
 fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug
 iajdNdúl mßirh
wfmalaId lrk kj
 iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh
jHdmdßlfhda
 f.da,Sh mßirh

 jHdmdr mßir wOHhkfhka jHdmdßlfhl=g my; m%fhdack w;a fõ'

 Yla;Ska y\qkd.ekSu
 ÿ¾j,;d y\qkd.ekSu
 jHdmdr wjia;d y\qkd.ekSu
 ;¾ck y\qkd.ekSu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 29
  jHdmdr mßirh j¾. lsÍu my; rEm igykska o fmkaúh yels h '

id¾j mßirh

--------
wd¾Ól foaYmd,k
r m ß
ys i
nd r
--

.kqfokqlrefjda
-
--

^mdßfNda.slfhda& h
-

--
--

--
--
--
k m ß
i ka i
wd r
f.da,Sh  h

da
j
ref


whs;slrefjda  l<ukdlrefjda
Õl

iemhqïlrefjda



;r


-------- ffk;sl






--------



fiajlfhda ixúOdk
wNHka;r mßirh
iudc

jHqyh




yd i








fj


ixúOdkuh 
xial

wf f < iïm;a
mal |f ixialD;sh 
D;sl

aIs; md< 
k K av k

da
fh
Nd foaY

k gm  h
dol

j
jH súiSu wd i
wd

r
sI am

dm g ka k m ß i
dß ;dlaIKsl
--

lf
-
-

-
--

--

hd
--

a
-
--
- -

nd
ys r
------ ---

m r h m%cd
ß i
iajNdúl

id¾j mßirh

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 30
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'7 ( jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir n,fõ." jHdmdr flfrys we;s
lrk n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk wNHka;r mßir n,fõ.

,ehsia;.= ; lrhs'
 tla tla wNHka;r mßir n,fõ.h wdYs%; Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d i|yd
ksoiqka olajhs'
 jHdmdr wNHka;r mßirfha Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d" jHdmdr lghq;=
flfrys n,mEï lrk wdldrh ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
 Yla;Ska m%fhdackhg f.k jHdmdr id¾:l lr .; yels wdldrh;a"
ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSug .; yels ls%hdud¾.;a meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mdi,l tÈfkod bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh i|yd n,mEï lrk mdi,

;=< mj;sk n,fõ. isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 ,efnk ms<s;=re yqKq mqjrefõ i|yka lrkak'
 ta ta n,fõ. mdif,a lghq;=j,g Okd;aul j yd iDKd;aul j n,mdk
wdldrh ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
ksoiqka (

n,f õ. h Okd;a ul n,mEu iDKd;a ul n,mEu

1' isiqka  úkh.rel ùu  bf.kqug iDK wdl,am oeÍu
 l=i,;d mQ¾K ùu  miq.dó nj

2' .=rejre  by< wOHdmk iqÿiqlï  m%udKj;a .=rejre fkdue;s ùu

,nd ;sîu  j.lSu$j.ùu fkdoeÍu
 b.ekaùfï l=i,;d iys; ùu  lemùu uo nj
 udkj ys;jd§ ùu  mqyqKqj wvq ùu

3' mka;sldur  m%ikak mßirhla mej;Su  wn,ka ùu

bvlv  m%udKj;a bvlv mej;Su  bvlv m%udKj;a fkdùu
 myiqlï iys; ùu

4' YsIH kdhl$  ukd fm!reIhlska hqla; ùu  fkdie,ls,su;a ùu

kdhsldjka  l=i,;d mQ¾K ùu  j.lSï fkdoeÍu
 wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §fï
Yla;sh

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 31
  fufia mdi,l lghq;=j,g Okd;aul n,mEï yd iDKd;aul n,mEï we;s
lrk wNHka;r n,fõ. mj;sk w;r" tu n,fõ. uÕska we;s lrk
Okd;aul n,mEï Yla;Ska f,i o" iDKd;aul n,mEï ÿ¾j,;d f,i o
y\qkajk nj isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 ta wkqj jHdmdrj,g o n,mEï we;s lrk mßir n,fõ. jHdmdrh ;=<

we;s nj;a" tajd Okd;aul j yd iDKd;aul j n,mEï lrk nj;a" tu
Okd;aul n,mEï Yla;Ska f,i;a" iDKd;aul n,mEï ÿ¾j,;d f,i;a"
y÷kajk nj o meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 ta wkqj jHdmdrhl wNHka;r mßir n,fõ. yd ne£ Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d

y÷kd .ekSug jHdmdr wNHka;r mßirh wOHhkh l< hq;= nj fmkajd
fokak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; oelafjk ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; oelafjkafka jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg n,mEï we;s lrk jHdmdr

wNHka;r mßir n,fõ. hq., ;=kls'

 whs;slrejka - iïm;a
 l<ukdlrejka - ixúOdk jHqyh
 fiajlhska - ixúOdk ixialD;sh

 Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk wNHka;r mßir n,fõ. hq.,h flfrys wjodkh

fhduq lrkak'
 Tng yqremqreÿ jHdmdrhla flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka Tfí lKavdhug
,enqKq wNHka;r mßir n,fõ. y\qkd .kak'
 jHdmdrfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd ta ta n,fõ.h i;= úh hq;= Yla;Ska y÷kd
f.k f.dkq lrkak'
 jHdmdrhl id¾:l;ajhg wys;lr f,i n,mdk Tng ,enqKq n,fõ.h yd
ne÷qKq ÿ¾j,;d wkdjrKh lr.kak'
 Tn y÷kd.;a Yla;Ska jHdmdr ixj¾Okhg fhdod .ekSug;a" ÿ¾j,;d
u.yrjd .ekSug;a fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir idOl f,i

 whs;slrejka
 l<ukdlrejka
 fiajlhska
 ixúOdk ixialD;sh
 ixúOdk jHqyh
 iïm;a
hk mßir idOl oelaúh yels h'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 32
  jHdmdrhlg iïm;a iemhQ" ke;fyd;a wruqo,a wdfhdackh l<" ,dN fyda
mdvqq ú|ord .kakd md¾Yajh whs;slrejka fõ'

 jHdmdßl ie,iqï ilia lsÍu yd ;SrK .kq ,nk md¾Yajh l<ukdlrejka

fõ'

 by< l<ukdlrejka úiska .kq ,nk ie,iqï yd ;SrK wkqj my; uÜgïj,g
wod< ld¾hhkays ksr; md¾Yaj fiajlhska fõ'

 jHdmdrfha isák ish¨ u fokd w;r fnodyod .kakd yd B<Õ mrïmrdj

fj; mjrd fokq ,nk úYajdi" jákdlï" wdl,am" m%;sudk" mqreÿ" yeisÍï
rgd ixúOdk ixialD;sh fõ'

 ixúOdkfha wruqKq myiqfjka ,Õd lr .ekSug yels jk mßÈ" ixúOdkfha

lghq;= iïm;a yd wêldßh fn§ hk wdldrh ixúOdk jHqyh fõ'

 NdKav fyda fiajd ksmoùu i|yd fhojqï f,i Ndú; lrk N+ñh" Y%uh"
m%d.aOkh" jHjidhl;ajh" ld,h" f;dr;=re yd ±kqu hkd § ish,a, iïm;a
fõ'

ta ta mßir n,fõ.h yd ne÷Kq Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d my; wdldrhg j.=jlska oelaúh

yels h'
mßir idOlh Yla;Ska ÿ¾j,;d
whs;l
s rejka  jeä ixLHdjla isàu  ixLHd;aul j l=vd ùu
 Tjqkaf.a uQQ,H Yla;sh jeä ùu  uQ,H Yla;sh ySk ùu
 Tjqkf
a .a oekqu yd m<mqreoao  oekqu yd l=i,;d wvq ùu
jeä ùu

l<ukdlrejka  mqyqKqj yd m<mqreoao jeä ùu  mqyqKqj yd m<mqreoao wvq ùu

 ksjerÈ ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj ;SrK .ekSug miqng ùu
 jerÈ ;SrK .ekSu

fiajlhska  olaI"m<mqreÿ fiajlhska isaàu  kqmqyqKq fiajlhska isàu

 úúO yelshdjkaf.ka hq;= ùu
 hym;a wdl,am oeÍu
 wNsfm%arKh jQ fiajlhska isàu
 j.lSfuka yd j.ùfuka
f;dr fiajlhska isàu
 whym;a jevmqreÿ mej;Su
 iDK wdl,am oeÍu
 wld¾hlaIu fiajlhska isàu

ixúOdk  Okd;aul we.ehSï yd  ukd yr moaO;s" p¾hd O¾u

ixialD;sh yr moaO;shla mej;Su moaO;s ia:dms; fkdùu
 wdfõksl" ÈhqKq p¾hd O¾u  by< wëlaIKhla fkd;sîu
yd mqreÿ mej;Su

ixúOdk  WÑ; mßÈ jev fnod §u  N+ñld w;r .egqï we;s ùu

jHqyh  WÑ; mßÈ ixúOdkh  wxY w;r ukd iïnkaëlrKhla
f.dvk.d ;sîu fkdùu

iïm;a  m%udKd;aul nj  h,a mksk ,o iïm;a ;ssîu

.=Kd;aul nj  iïm;a W!k;dj
 m%udKj;a iïm;a fkd;sîu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 33
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'8 ( wdikak mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï
ú.%y lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk wdikak mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.;

lrhs'
 wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdY%s; j we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:d ,ehsia;=.;
lrhs'
 wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdYs%; j jHdmdrj,g we;s jk ;¾ck fmkajd fohs'
 f;dard.;a jHdmdrhl wdikak mßir n,fõ." tu jHdmdrhg lrk n,mEï
i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
 jHdmdr wjia:d y\qkdf.k tajdhska m%fhdack .ekSug;a" ;¾ckj,g uqyqK
§ug;a fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mdi,l lghq;= id¾:l j mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd mdi,g ióm j lghq;=

lrk md¾Yaj isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak

 mdi,a ixj¾Ok iñ;sh" foudmshka" wdÈ YsIH ix.uh hkdÈh mdi,g

ióm j$wdikak j isg lghq;= lrk mßir n,fõ. nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 tu wdikak mßir n,fõ. u.ska mdi,g we;s jk n,mEu úuikak'
 tajd mdi,g ys;lr yd wys;lr n,mEï jYfhka fjka lr olajkak'
 tu ys;lr n,mEï ;=<ska mdi,g wjia:d Wod lrk w;r" wys;lr
n,mEï ;=<ska mdi,g ;¾ck we;s jk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 jHdmdr flfrys o wdikak mßir n,fõ. n,mEï lrk w;r" ta
u.ska jHdmdr wjia:d yd ;¾ck we;s jk nj fmkajd fokak'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka jkafka jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrk wdikak mßir n,fõ.
myls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk mßir n,fõ.h flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrkak'
 mdßfNda.slfhda
 iemhqïlrefjda
 ;rÕlrefjda
 fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug wfmalaId lrk kj jHdmdßlfhda
 wdfoaYk NdKaav ksmojkafkda

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 34
  ud;Dldjg wod< n,fõ.h y\qkd .ekSug Tng yqremqreÿ jHdmdr wdh;khla
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 jHdmdrfha id¾:l;ajh i|yd tu n,fõ.fhka ,efnk iydh idlÉPdjla
u.ska y\qkd.kak'
 jHdmdrfha id¾:l;ajhg wys;lr f,i n,mEï lrk tu n,fõ.fha n,mEï
y÷kd.kak'
 by; ys;lr n,mEïj,ska m%fhdack .ekSu i|yd;a wys;lr n,mEï u.yrjd
.ekSu i|yd;a fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'

 ls%hdldrlu ;=<ska isiqka y\qkd.;a ys;lr n,mEï wjia:d f,i;a" wys;lr

n,mEï ;¾ck f,i;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdr wdikak mßir n,fõ. my; oelafõ'

 .kqqfokqlrefjda ^mdßfNda.slfhda &
 iemhqïlrefjda
 ;r.lrefjda
 wdfoaYk NdKav ksmojkafkda
 fj<|fmd<g msúiSug wfmalaId lrk kj jHdmdßlfhda

 jHdmdrfha NdKaav yd fiajd ñ,g .kakka" mdßfNda.slhska fõ'

 mdßfNda.slhska oekqj;a nj" mdßfNda.slhskaf.a wdodhu hkd § lreKq iuyr
jHdmdrj,g wjia:d Wod lrk w;r iuyr jHdmdrj,g ;¾ck o we;s lrhs'
 jHdmdrhlg wjYH iïm;a imhk mqoa.,hska yd wdh;k iemhqïlrejka
fõ'
 iemhqïlrejka l,g fõ,djg .=Kd;aul øjH iemhSu fyda fkdiemhSu"
jÜgï ,eîu fyda fkd,eîu hkd § lreKq jHdmdrj,g wjia:d fuka u
;¾ck o we;s lrhs'
 jHdmdr bÈßm;a lrk NdKav fyda fiajdj,g iudk ksIamdÈ; bÈßm;a
lrk fjk;a jHdmdr ;rÕlrejka fõ'
 kj ;rÕlrejka fjf<|fmd<g meñKSu" fjf<|fmdf<a isák
;rÕlrejka bj;a ùu" ;rÕlrejka Tjqkaf.a NdKav yd fiajd iu.
úúO myiqlï ie,iSu Hdmdrj,g wjia:d fuka u ;¾ck o Wod lrhs'
 jHdmdrh bÈßm;a lrk NdKavh fyda fiajdjg úl,am NdKav fyda fiajd
bÈßm;a lrkakka wdfoaYk NdKav ksmojkakka fõ'
 wdfoaYk NdKav fjf<|fmdf<a nyq, ùu" jHdmdrhg ;¾ckhla jk w;r
th fjk;a jHdmdßl wjia:djla Wod lsÍug o fya;= fõ'
 fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug wfmalaIdfjka isákakka o mj;sk jHdmdrhlg
wjia:d yd ;¾ck we;s lrhs'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 35
ksmqK;dj 1'0 ( jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk mßirh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'9 ( id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï
ú.%y lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk id¾j mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.;

lrhs'
 tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h jHdmdrj,g we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
 id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys w;s lrk n,mEï i|yd ksoiqka
olajhs'
 id¾j mßir n,fõ." wdikak mßir n,fõ. flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï
ú.%y lrhs'
 id¾j mßir n,fõ. w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj ksoiqka olajñka
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 '' rdcH wxYfha fiajl jegqm 10] lska jeä fõ '' i|yka jk mqj;am;a
oekaaùula mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
 fiajl jegqma by< oeóu ´kE u jHdmdrhlg n,mEï we;s lrk wd¾Ól
n,mEula jk nj idlÉPdjla ;=<ska u;= lr .kak'
 fiajl jegqma jeä ùu ;=<ska mqoa.,hskaf.a wdodhu jeä jk nj;a" ta ;=<ska
jHdmdr lafIa;%hg n,mEï we;s lrk wdldrh;a idlÉPd lrkak'
 jHdmdrj,g n,mEï we;s lrk id¾j mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=jla isiqka
iuÕ ilia lrkak'



isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; oelafjk ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka m%jD;a;s ldKav w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%jD;a;s

ldKav flfrys wjodkh fhduq lrkak'

m%jD;a;s ldKav 1
 Kh i|yd jk fmd<S wkqmd;h kej;;a my<g
 rfÜ jeo.;a jHdmdr rch hgf;a mj;ajdf.k hdug kj rch
;SrKh lrhs
m%jD;a;s ldKav 2
 iq<s iq<x wjodku YS% ,xldfjka neyer hhs
 iQ¾h n,Yla;sh fhdod .kakd r:jdyk y÷kajd §ug hhs

khj 3/4 folls

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 m%jD;a;s ldKav 3
 id¾la (SAARC) l,dmSh rgj,a tl u uqo,a tallhla Ndú; lsÍug
fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;
 VAT mk; md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; fõ

m%jD;a;s ldKav 4
 ck.ykfhka ;=fkka tlla ffoksl lghq;= i|yd wka;¾cd,h
Ndú; lrhs
 o<|d fmryer w;s W;al¾Yj;a wkaoñka meje;aùug ish¨ lghq;=
iïmdokh lr we;

 Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq m%jD;a;s ldKav u.ska úia;r jk id¾j mßir

n,fõ.h y\qkd.kak'
 Tng ,enqKq isÿùï ksid jHdmdrj,g we;s úh yels n,mEï meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 Tn y÷kd.;a id¾j mßirh ;=< isÿ úh yels jHdmdrj,g n,mEï lrk
fjk;a isÿùï i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrkak'
 Tn y\qkd.;a id¾j mßirj, isÿ jk isÿùï jHdmdrfha wdikak mßir
n,fõ. flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï fmkajd fokak'
 Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'
 id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu isiqka
iuÕ lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 jHdmdrj,g n,mEï lrk id¾j mßir n,fõ. my; oelafjk whqßka
,ehsia;=.; l< yels h'
 wd¾:sl mßirh
 foaYmd,k mßirh
 ffk;sl mßirh
 ;dlaIKsl mßirh
 m%cd mßirh
 iajdNdúl mßirh
 iudcSh yd ixialD;sl mßirh
 f.da,Sh mßirh



tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h jHdmdrj, meje;aug n,mEï we;s lrk
wdldrh my; oelafõ'
foaYmd,k mßirh
rdcH ksfhdað; wdh;k" mj;sk rcfha foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;s jHdmdrj,g
n,mEï lrhs'
ksoiqka (
 rcfha foaYmd,k o¾Ykh yd m%;sm;a;s
 újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s wkq.ukh lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

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 tu.ska we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ckj,g uqyqK§ug;a
jHdmdr W;aidy .; hq;= h'

ffk;sl mßirh (
rcfha wKmk;a yd mkjk kS;s Í;s tu rfÜ jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrhs'
ksoiqka (  mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldÍ mk;
 lïlre kS;s Í;s
 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s mk;

fuu kS;s Í;s yd wKmk;aj,g wkql+, j jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajdf.k hdug;a

tu.ska we;sjk wjia:d yd ;¾ckj,g uqyqK§ug;a jHdmdr W;aidy .; hq;= h'

wd¾Ól mßirh
jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd ck;djf.a l%h Yla;sh n,mdk w;r jHdmdr lghq;=
i|yd oeÍug isÿ jk msßjeh o wd¾Ósl idOl u; r|dmj;S'
ksoiqka (
ñ, WoaOukh" fmd<SS wkqmd;h" o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h" fiajd kshqla;sh" Ôjk úhou"
wdodhu fn§hdfï úIu;dj" b;sßlsÍï" wdfhdack

fuu idOl jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrk w;r bka we;s jk wjia:dj,ska
m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdr lghq;= l< hq;= h'

iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh

mqoa.,hska ;=< we;s úYajdi" iudc idrO¾u hkdÈh iudc yd ixialD;sl mßirh
;=< wka;¾.; fõ'
ksoiqka (

 mqoa.,hska ;=< mj;akd úYajdi

 mqoa.,hska ;=< mj;akd jákdlï
 isß;a úß;a
 is;=ï me;=ï
 wd.ñl úYajdi

fuu idOl jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï lrk w;r tajdg wkq.; fjñka jHdmdr
lr f.k hdug isÿ fõ'

;dlaIKsl mßirh
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha m%jK;d iy lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl" ffjoH yd wfkl=;a
lafIaa;%j, isÿ ù we;s ;dlaIKsl fjkialï ;dlaIKssl mßirhg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka (

 kj ;dlaIKsl fidhd .ekSï

 ;dlaIKh iS.%fhka fjkia ùu
 ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha fjkia ùï
 NdKav h,a mekSu

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 ;dlaIKsl mßirfha fjkia ùï fya;=fjka we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:dj,ska
m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdr W;aidy .; hq;= h'

m%cd mßirh
jHdmdr iu. iïnkaO jk m%Odk u idOlh ck.ykhhs' tkï fjf<|fmd<
iukaú; jkafka mqoa.,hkaf.ks'
ksoiqka (
 ck.ykfha m%udKh  ckjd¾.sl ñY%h
 ck.yk j¾Ok wkqmd;h  wOHdmk uÜgï
 ia;S% $mqreINdjh  mjqf,a ixhq;sh
 jhia jHqyh  .Dy rgdj
m%cd mßirfha we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ckj,g
uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdr W;aidy l< hq;= h'

iajdNdúl mßirh

iajNdúl iïm;aj,g isÿ jk ydksodhl ;;a;aj .ek wo f.da,Sh jYfhka wjOdkh

fhduq fjñka mj;S' f,dfõ fndfyda rgj, jHdmdr lghq;= ksid jd;h" c,h iy
mi ¥IKhg ,la j we;' iajdNdúl mßirfha hym;a ;;a;aj we;s lrñka jHdmdr
lghq;=j,g fhduq ùu ms<sn| j kS;sÍ;s o mkjd ;sfí'

iajdNdúl mßirfha we;sjk fjkialï jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys n,mEï we;s lrhs'
ksoiqka (

 iajdNdúl iïm;a fidhd .ekSu

 ld,.=Ksl yd foaY.=Ksl fjkiaùï
 N+ñfha msysàu
 iajdNdúl úm;a

iajdNdúl mßirfha we;s jk jHdmdßl wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a ;¾ckj,g

uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdßlhd W;aidy .; hq;= h'

f.da,Sh mßirh

f.da,ShlrKh fya;f = jka rgj,a w;r NdKav yd fiajd yqjudre ùug jeä wjia:djla
ie,iS ;sfí' tfia u mqoa.,hskaf.a ixialD;sh o fjkilg ,la j ;sfí' fï ksid
úúO NdKav yd fiajd f,dal fjf<|fmd<g tla ù we;' oeä ;rÕldß;ajhla
o olakg ,efí'
ksoiqka (
 fjf<| .súiqï we;s ùu
 fjf<| yjq,a we;s ùu
 f,dal ixúOdk ìys ùu
 wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka kS;s Í;s we;s lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 39
 f.da,Sh mßirh ;=<ska we;sjk jHdmdr wjia:dj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug;a
;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug;a jHdmdßlhd W;aidy .; hq;= h'

 id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk n,mEu ksoiqka lsysmhla
weiqfrka my; mßÈ meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
 m%cd mßirh hgf;aa ck.ykh jeä ùu ksid NdKav yd fiajd i|yd
we;s b,a¨u jeä ùfuka jHdmdrj,g wjia:dj Wodfõ'
 tfia u ck.ykh wvq ùu ksid NdKaav yd fiajd i|yd we;s b,a¨u
my< hdfuka jHdmdrj,g ;¾ck u;=fõ'
 wd¾Ól mßirh hgf;a fmd<S wkqmd;h wvq ùu ksid Kh .ekSï jeä
ù jHdmdr wjia:d Wodfõ' tfia u fmd<S wkqmd;h jeä ùfuka Kh
.ekSï iSud jk w;r jHdmdrj,g ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ'
 foaYmd,k yd ffk;sl mßirh hgf;a jHdmdßlhskag ys;lr kS;s
Í;s mekùfuka jHdmdr wjia:d Wodjk w;r jHdmdßlhskag wys;lr
kS;s Í;s mekùfuka jHdmdrj,g ;¾ckj,g uqyqK §ug isÿfõ'

 fndfyda úg id¾j mßir n,fõ." wdikak mßir n,fõ. flfrys n,mEï

we;s lsÍu ;=<ska jHdmdr flfrys wjia:d fyda ;¾ck u;= lrhs'

ksoiqka f,i"
 NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, uÜgu jeä ùu ksid iemhqïlrejka imhk
NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, o jeä fõ'

 tfia u jegqma uÜgu jeäùu ksid wdikak mßir n,fõ.hla jk

.kqfokqlrejkaf.a ^mdßfNda.slhskaf.a &wdodhu jeä ù NdKav yd
fiajdj,g we;s b,a¨u jeä fõ'

 tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ. w;r o wka;¾ iïnkaO;djhla mj;sk nj

my; ksoiqkaj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

 ueKsla b,a,ï iajdNdúl mßirhg wh;a fõ' kuq;a th jHdmdr

lghq;a;la njg m;a lsÍfï § kS;sfha wjirh ,nd .ekSug wjYH
fõ'

 jdKsc nexl= úiska .kqfokqlrejkaf.a myiqj i|yd kùk

;dlaIKsl WmlrKhla jk fg,¾ hka;h% la iú lsÍfï § uy nexl=fõ
wjirh ,nd .ekSu wjYH fõ'

 fï wkqj id¾j mßir n,fõ. fjka fjka j úia;r l< o fïjd w;r
wka;¾ iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 40
 ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( jHdmdr mßirhg wkq.; ùu i|yd jHdmdr" iudchSh j.lSï
yd wdpdrO¾u flfrys ie,ls,su;a jk wdldrh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'1 ( jHdmdr úiska iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï jeo.;alu w.hhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (

 ms<s.;a ks¾jpk weiqfrka jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSu y÷kajhs'

 jHdmdr úiska iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 jHdmdrj,ska iudchSh j.lSu bgqúh hq;= md¾Yaj ,ehsia;.
= ; lrhs'
 jHdmdrhla úiska tla tla md¾Yajh fj; bgq l< hq;= iudchSh
j.lSï fjk fjk u ksoiqka iys; j bÈßm;a lrhs'
 jHdmdr wdh;khla ksoiqkla f,i f.k th tla tla md¾Yajh
fj; iudchSh j.lSï bgq lrk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
 iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfuka jHdmdrhlg ysñ jk m%;s,dN ,ehsia;=
.; lrhs'
 ish¨ u md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq jk wdldrhg iudchSh j.lSï
bgq l< yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 jHdmdr lghq;= id¾:l j lr f.k hdu i|yd jHdmdr úiska bgq l< hq;=
j.lSï isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 jHdmdr úiska iudcfha úúO md¾Yajhkag j.lSï bgq l< hq;= nj
 tu j.lSï bgq l< hq;= md¾Yaj yd tu md¾Yajhkag bgq l< hq;=
j.lSï úúO jk nj
 jHdmdr bgq lrk j.lSï weiqfrka jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSï hkakg w¾:hla
f.dvk.kak'



isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

my; i|yka jkqfha jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSï bgq l< hq;= md¾Yaj y;rls'
tu md¾Yaj w;=frka Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq md¾Yajh flfrys wjOdkh
fhduq lrkak'

 whs;slrejka
 .kqfokqlrejka
 fiajlhska
 iudch

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P-Tea G- 2017 41
  Tnf.a m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdrhla weiqfrka Tng ,enqKq md¾Yajhg wod<
j tu jHdmdrh bgq lrk iudchSh j.lSï ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 tu jHdmdrh úiska Tng ,enqKq md¾Yajh fj; ;j ÿrg;a bgq l< hq;= hehs
Tn is;k iudchSh j.lSï ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 tu iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍu ;=<ska Tn f;dard.;a jHdmdrhg ,efnk
m%fhdack i|yka lrkak'
 jHdmdrh bgq lrk iudchSh j.lSï weiqfrka iudchSh j.lSï hkakg
w¾:hla f.dvk.kak'
 Tfí wkdjrK yd ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 ls%hdldrlu wjidkfha § jHdmdr úiska tla tla md¾Yajh fj; bgq l<
hq;= iudchSh j.lSï ms<sn| j idlÉPd lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdrh yd iïnkaO ish¨ u Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkag Wmßu whqßka

idOdrKhla bgq jk wdldrhg lghqq;= lsÍu iudchSh j.lSu fõ'
 jHdmdrhl iudc j.lSï ixl,amh ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;a ù we;'
ksoiqka (
iuia; iudcfha iy m%foaYfha ck;djf.a;a" fiajlhskaf.a yd Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj,;a
Ôjk ;;a;ajh kxjd,Sug iy rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl jk njg yd
iodpdrd;aul j yeisfrk njg jHdmdrj, wLKav lemùu jHdmdrhkays iudchSh
j.lSuhs'
World business council for sustainable development

'' iudch ;=< Okd;aul n,mEula cks; lsÍug jHdmdr ls%hdj,sh l<ukdlrKh
lrkafka flfia o @ hkak ms<sn| jQ woyils" iudchSh j.lSu''
Mallen Baker

.kqfokqlrejka" fiajlhska" iudch" rch yd mßirh wd§ ish¨ u Wkkaÿjla

olajk md¾Yajhkag idOdrK f,i lghq;= lrñka fldgia ysñhkag Wmßu w.hla
ìyslr §u iudchSh j.lSu fõ'
Narayan Murthy

 jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSu ms<sn| j úúO rgj,a úiska o ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;'

weußld tlai;a ckmoh ^USA&

'' ish jHdmdr ls%hdldrlï ms<sn|j;a" tu.ska iudchg we;s jk n,mEï ms<sn|j;a
fm!oa.,sl j u jHdmdr j.lSu iudchSh j.lSuhs'''

ms,smSkh
'' jHdmdr" iudchg wdmiq fok oE'' iudchSh j.lSuhs'

 jHdmdr iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<sn| oeä wjodkhla j¾;udkfha
j¾Okh ù we;'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 42
 

jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkag yd fmdÿfõ iudchg
n,mEï we;s lrk n,fõ. lsysmhla j¾Okh fjñka mj;S'
ksoiqka (
 jHdmdr ;rÕh
 f.da,ShlrKh
 úoHq;a jHdmdr
 mßir ¥IKh

 jHdmdrj,ska iudchSh j.lSï bgq úh hq;= m%Odk md¾Yaj lsysmhls'

ksoiqka -
 .kqfokqlrejka
 fiajlhska
 whs;slrejka
 iudch

 my; i|yka rEm igyfkys oelafjk mßÈ " tlA tla md¾Yajh fj; jHdmdr
iudchSh j.lSï bgqúh hq;= h'

 idOdrK ùu
 ydkss wju lsÍu
 whs;sjdislï
wdrlaId lsÍu

.kqfokqlrejka

w
 iudkd;au;dj fia hs  idOdrK bmehSula ,nd §u
 ukd fiajl iïnkaO;d j ;s  wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;alr §u
 jD;a;Suh wdrlaIdj l jHdmdrh l  ld¾hlaIu j yd wjxl f,i
 fi!LH myiqlï hs re  l<ukdlrK lghq;= fufyhùu
ka j
ka

iudch

 /lshd kshqla;shg
odhl ùu
 nÿ f.ùu fkdmsßfy,d
bgq lsÍu
 wmøjH l<ukdlrKh
 m%cd i;aldr fiajd
 yß; ksIamdÈ;
 mßir ys;ldó f,i lghq;= lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 43
  tu tla tla md¾Yajh fj; jHdmdr úiska bgq l< hq;= iudchSh j.lSï
fjka fjka jYfhka bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 ish¨ u md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq jk wdldrhg iudchSh j.lSï bgq
lsÍug fm<ôh hq;= h'
ksoiqka (
 .kqfokqlrejkag iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï § tkï ydks wju
jk .=Kd;aul NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla idOdrK ñ,g ,nd §fï §
fiajlhska g Tjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh whs;sjdislï yd wfkl=;a myiqlï
,nd §u" whs;slrejkag m%udKj;a wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;alr §u fuka
u iudchg mßir ys;ldó f,i lghq;= lsÍu u.ska wfkl=;a
md¾Yaj fj; o wjdisodhl ;;a;ajhla we;s fkdù iEu md¾Yajhl u
wfmalaId bgq l< hq;= h'

 whs;slrejkaf.a iudchSh j.lSï wdrlaId lsÍfï § tkï Tjqkag

idOdrK bmehSula $,dNhla w;alr §fï § wfkla md¾Yajj, tkï
.kqfokqlrejkag idOdrK ñ,g NdKaav ,nd §u" iudchg m%cd
i;aldr fiajd ,nd §u o fiajlhskaf.a jD;a;sh whs;sjdislï wdrlaId
lsÍu yd wfkl=;a myiqlï ie,iSu o u.ska ta ta md¾Yajfha iudchSh
j.lSï o wdrlaId úh hq;= h'

 iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfuka jHdmdrhlg úúO m%;s,dN w;a fõ'

ksoiqka (
 jHdmdrfha meje;au ;yjqre ùu
 jHdmdrfha m%;srEmh$lS¾;skduh j¾Okh ùu
 jHdmdrh ms<sn| úYajikSh;ajh ;yjqre ùu
 .kqfokqlrejka ;Dma;su;a l< yels ùu
 jHdmdrfha wruqKq yd mrud¾: lrd ,Õd ùug myiq ùu

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ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( jHdmdr mßirhg wkq.; ùu i|yd jHdmdr" iudchSh j.lSï
yd wdpdrO¾u flfrys ie,ls,su;a jk wdldrh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'2 ( mßir ys;ldó f,i lghq;= lrñka ;srir ixj¾Okhg
jHdmdr odhl jk wdldrh w.hhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 ;srir ixj¾Okh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 jHdmdrhlg ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl úh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 mj;sk jHdmdrhla ksoiqkla f,i f.k th ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl jk
wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
 mdßfNda.slhdg ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jHdmdr lghq;=j, wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍug fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 r;= bkaÈhdkq kdhlhl= jQ isheÜ,a úiska lrk ,o my; oelafjk m%ldYh

mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
'' ish¨ u jDlaI,;dfjda lmd oeuQ miq
ish¨ u .x.d is£ .sh miq
wka;su ud¿jd o w,a,d wdydrhg .;a miq
ñksid f;areï .kSú
uqo,a wdydrhg .; fkdyels nj ''

 ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSu yd mßirh iïnkaO by; m%ldYh

ms<sn| j isiqkaf.a woyia úuikak'
 j¾;udkfha f,dj we;s ish¨ u iïm;a wh:d f,i mßyrKh lsÍu ;=<ska
wkd.; mrïmrdj i|yd iïm;a fkdue;s jk nj isiqkag meyeÈ,s lr
fokak'
 j¾;udk mrïmrdj úiska ;u wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSfï §" wkd.;
mrïmrdfõ wjYH;d yd jqjukd flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 ;srir ixj¾Okh hkak w¾: olajkak'
 ;srir ixj¾Okhg wod< lafIa;% ;=k y÷kajd ta tlsfkl meyeÈ,s lrkak'


 mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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P-Tea G- 2017 45
 my; i|yka jkafka ;srir ixj¾Okh f.dvke.S we;s l=¿Kq ;=kls' tajdhska Tfí
lKavdhug wh;a ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 wd¾Ól ;srir nj
 mßir ;srir nj
 iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj
 Tng ,enqKq ud;Dldj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 Tng ,enqKq ud;Dldj i|yd jHdmdrj,g odhl úh yels
wdldrh ksoiqka iys; j fmkajd fokak'
 Tng ,enqKq ud;Dldj hgf;a ;srir ixj¾Okhg ndOd jk
jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd ksoiqka idlÉPd lrkak'
 tu wys;lr n,mEï wju lsÍug fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

;srir ixj¾Okh hkq "

'' Sustainable development is development which meet, the needs of the

present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs.''

world commission on Environment and Development

'' ;srir ixj¾Okh hkq " wkd.; mrïmrdfõ wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug we;s whs;sh
W,a,x>kh fkdlrñka j¾;udk wjYH;d ,Õd lr .kakd jQ ixj¾Okhhs '' '

;srir ixj¾Okh f.dvke.S we;af;a iudk jeo.;alula we;s l=¿Kq ;=kla u; h'
tajd kï "
1' wd¾Ól ;srir ixj¾Okh (Economic Sustainable Development)
2' mßir ;srir wdrlaIKh (Environment Sustainable Protection)
3' iudc ;srir ixj¾Okh (Social Sustainable Development)

wd¾Ól ;srir ixj¾Okh

idïm%odhsl j wd¾Ól j¾Okh hkq " o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Okhhs' ;srir
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfha § iïm;a mßfNdackh wvq lr" cSjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍu
uÕska udkj iqN idOkh by< kexùu wfmalaId flf¾' f,dalh mqrd isák
ck;djf.a ÿmam;alu ke;s lsÍu" Wiia cSjk ;;a;ajhla ;yjqre lsÍu uÕska
j¾;udk yd wkd.; mrïmrdfõ fi!Nd.H yd wdrlaIdj ie,iSu yd wd¾Ól
ls%hdldrlïj, fh§ Okh Wmhñka fyd| Ôjk ;;a;ajhla ,eîug ck;dj
n,jka; lsÍu fuys § jeo.;a fõ' ;r.ldÍ fjf<|fmd< fï i|yd jeo.;a
jk w;r iEu fokdg u oeßh yels ñ,lg mßir ys;ldó ksIamdok ìys lsÍu
;=<ska ;srir wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhla ,Õd lr .ekSu wfmalaId flf¾'

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P-Tea G- 2017 46
 mßir ;srir wdrlaIKh (

mDÓú f.da,h ;=< wmg we;af;a iSñ; iïm;a m%udKhls' mDÓú ;,fha Ôj;ajk
ish¨ fokdg u msßisÿ jd;h" c,h" jdih lsÍug iqÿiq N+ñhla fuka u m%udKj;a
wdydr ksmojd .ekSug idrj;a jQ fmd<jla o mej;sh hq;= h'

uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d jk jd;h" c,h" wdydr yd kssjdi hkdÈh .=Kd;aulNdjfhka

mej;Su yd tajd wdrlaId lr .ksñka mj;ajdf.k hdu uÕska uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;d
imqrd,Su mßir ;srir wdrlaIKfhka wfmalaId flf¾'

mßir ;srir wdrlaIKfha § iajNdúl mßirh fkdkid M,odhS fjkialï lsÍu

lrkqfha flfia o hkak ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ù wkd.; mrmqr fjkqfjka f.da,Sh
mßirh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jk udkj ls%hdldrlï wfmalaId flf¾' tkï
j¾;udkfha u;== j we;s f.da,Sh WIaK;ajh jeä ùu" jkdka;r úkdYh" id.rj,
iSudj blaujd uiqka ueÍu jeks wys;lr m%;sM, .ek wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= h'

ñksia wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd iajNdúl iïm;a mßirfhka Wlyd .; hq;= h' fuys
§ kej; m%;sia:dmkh l< fkdyels iajNdúl iïm;a kej; m%;sia:dmkh lsÍug
iajNdj O¾uhg we;s yelshdjg jvd wvq fõ.hlska ñksid úiska mdßfNdackh
lsÍu uÕska mdßißl ;srir nj wdrlaId l< yels fõ'

iudc ;srir ixj¾Okh

;srir wkd.;hla ;yjqre lsÍug kï ck;djf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd iudk

j$idOdrK j Tjqkag imqrd .; yels úh hq;= h' tkï ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd
by< m%ñ;shlska hq;= j ,Õd lr .; yels úh hq;= w;r u" wka whf.a tu whs;sh
ÿIH lsÍu fyda W,a,x>kh lsÍu fkdúh hq;= h' iudc ;srir ixj¾Okfha §
fuu ;;a;ajh ;yjqre lsÍug iudkd;au;dj" iudc m%d.aOkh" iudc taldnoaO;dj
m%cd iyNd.s;ajh yd ixj¾Okh udkj ysñlï " iudc j.lSï " iudc idOdrK;ajh
iudcfha iEu mqoa.,fhl=g u ,nd §u flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu wjOdrKh flf¾'

tys § wkd.; mrïmrdfõ wjYH;d W,a,x>kh fkdjk mßÈ j¾;udk ck;djf.a

wjYH;d imqrd,Su uÕska udkj ixj¾Okh we;s lsÍu iudc ;srir ixj¾Okfhka
wfmalaId flf¾'

iudc ;srir
ixj¾Okh
±ßh yels iudkd;au;dj
nj ;srir
nj
mdßißl ;srir cSj;a úh
wdrlaIKh wd¾Ól ;srir
yels nj ixj¾Okh

rEm igyk 2'2'1 ( ;srir ixj¾Ok ixl,amh


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 47
 ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd jHdmdrj,g odhl úh yels wdldrh

jHdmdr wdh;k o ;u jHdmdrfha yd tys md¾Yajlrejkaf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd

,Õd lr .ekSu i|yd Wmdh ud¾. yd ls%hdldrlï f;aÍfï § wkd.; wjYH;d
i|yd wjYH jk udkj yd iajNdúl iïm;a wdrlaId lrñka yd jeä ÈhqKq
lrñka lghq;= l< hq;= h' túg th ;srir jHdmdr Ndú;hla njg m;a fõ'

;srir ixj¾Okh h:d¾:hla njg m;alr .ekSu tla jHdmdr wdh;khlg muKla
yqol,dj lghq;= lrñka l< fkdyels jk w;r ta i|yd mdßfNda.slhka o
we;=¿ j iuia; f,dal wd¾Ól m%cdj u ls%hdldÍ j odhl úh hq;= h'

wd¾Ól ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh

 jHdmdrhla wd¾Ól ;srir nj fjkqfjka lghq;= lrk úg wjOdkh fhduq

l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd ia:dhS;dj
 ld¾hlaIu;dj ^iïm;a Ndú;h&
 ;rÕldß;ajh ^idOdrKj&
 ksIamdokh yd mßfNdackh
 fiajd kshqla;sh
 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du

 jHdmdrhlg wd¾Ól ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾.

lsysmhla fõ'
 /lshd ks¾udKh
 l=i,;d n,.ekaùu
 iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j Ndú;h
 m%d.aOkh ld¾hlaIu j Ndú;h
 wjodkï l<ukdlrKh
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh n,.ekaùu
 md¾Yajlrejkaf.a m%;s,dN j¾Okh
 foaYSh wd¾Ólh j¾Okh i|yd wdfhdackh
 kfjda;amdok y\qkajd §u
 ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq lsÍu
 wdh;kfha há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu
 fiajl iqNidOkh
 yqjudrej yd .kqqfokq ls%hdj,sh ÈhqKq lsÍu
 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh Èß.ekaùu

mdßißl ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh

 mdßißl ;srir ixj¾Okh idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd jHdmdr lghq;= lrk

úg úfYaaI wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'

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  iïm;a mßfNdackh
 wuqøjH yd wmøjH l<ukdlrKh
 wjodkï l<ukdlrKh
 iajNdúl yd ixialD;sl Wreuhka iq/lSu

 jHdmdrhlg mdßißl ;srir nj ;yjqre lsru

S g l< yels lsh
% dldrlï lsym
s hla
fõ'

 mßir ys;ldó oE ñ,g .ekSu

 ksIm
a dok lsh
% dj,sfha § wuqøjH" n, Yla;h
s " c,h jeks iïm;a iqrlñka
lghq;= lsÍu
 wmøjH l<ukdlrKfha § 3R , 4R, 5R ixl,am Ndú;h
 mßir ys;ldó m%jdyk l%u Ndú;h
 wka;rdldÍ øjH iqrlaIs; j Ndú; lsÍu
 c,h" jd;h yd mi ¥IKh wvq lsÍu
 ffcj úúO;ajh /lSug lghq;= lsÍu
 mdßißl kS;sÍ;sj,g wkq.; j lghq;= lsÍu
 mßirh ixrlaIKh$ mßir ys;ldó lghq;=j, § rch yd rdcH
fkdjk wdh;k iu. tla j lghq;= lsÍu
 iQ¾h Yla;sh jeks mßir ys;ldñ n,Yla;s Ndú;h

iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj i|yd jHdmdrj, odhl;ajh

`  jHdmdr wdh;k iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd lghq;=

lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhla fõ'
 ck;djf.a Ôjk ;;a;ajh Wiia lsÍu
 ck;djg iudk wjia:d iemhSu
 iudc tald.%;dj we;s lsÍu
 cd;Hka;r iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSu
 udkj m%d.aOkh kv;a;= lsÍu
 foaYSh ixialD;sh iïm%odhka yd isß;a úß;a wdrlaId lsÍu
 ixialD;sl mßirh iq/lSu
 ÿ.S nj wju lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu ^È<s÷ m%cdj&
 fiajl in|;d

 jHdmdrhlg iudc yd ixialD;sl ;srir nj ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd .; yels

ls%hdud¾. lsysmhla kï"
 udkj úúO;ajhg .re lrñka lghq;= lsÍu
 udkj whs;sjdislï iq/lSug odhl ùu
 iudkd;au;dfjka hq;= j lghq;= lsÍu yd iu wjia:d iemhSu
 wOHdmkh" fi!LHh" m%jdykh wd§ w;HdjYH myiqlï i|yd odhl
ùu
 iudc rlaIK lghq;=j,g odhl ùu
 ixialD;sl úúO;ajh .re lsÍu yd iq/lSug odhl ùu
 kS;sh yd iduh iq/lSug odhl ùu

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 ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd jHdmdrj, kQ;k Ndú; ( ;srir nj i|yd jQ 4R ixl,amh

kQ;k iudcfha ksIamdok yd mßfNdack ls%hdldrlï ksid Èklg oeßh fkdyels

m%udKhlska wmøjH tl;= ùu f.da,Sh m%Yakhla njg m;a j we;' tneúka
ksIamdokfha §
mdßfNdackfha § yd
wmøjH l<ukdlrKfha § 4R ixl,amh Ndú;h ;=<ska ;srir ixj¾Okhla idlaId;a
lr .ekSug W;aidy .ekSu f,dal uÜgñka wjOdkhg fhduq j we;' tu 4R
ksfhdackh lrkafka"
Recycle ^m%;splS%lrKh lsÍu&
Reuse ^kej; kej; Ndú; lsÍu&
Reduce ^ Ndú;h wvq lsÍu&
Replace ^kej; ia:dms; lsÍu& hk ixl,am h'

m%;splS%lrKh lsÍu ^Recycle)

fuys § wmøjH fjka fldg fjk;a NdKaavhla ksIamdokh l< yels øjHhla njg
m;a lsÍu isÿfõ' fuys § øjHj, mj;sk fN!;sl ;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍug ,la
flf¾' m%;splS%lrKh fowdldrhl ksuejqï ,efnk fia isÿ l< yels h'

 wvq jákdlula we;s wuq øjH by< jákdlula we;s ksIamdÈ; njg m;a lsÍu
^ upcycle )
ksoiqka ( msÿrej,ska lvodis ksIamdokh lsÍu

 by< jákdlula we;s ksIamdÈ; wvq jákdlula we;s wuqøjH njg m;a lsÍu
^Low cycle&
ksoiqka ( cmdkh Ndú;fhka bj;a lrk jdyk ;,d hlv njg m;a lsÍu

kej; kej; Ndú; lsÍu ^Reuse&

ksIamdok ld¾hfha § fyda mßfNdack ld¾hfha § kej; kej; Ndú; l< yels
foa fhdod .ekSu ñka woyia flf¾'
ksoiqka ( lEu T;k fmd,s;Ska ISÜ ^Lunch sheets& fjkqjg leu fmÜá
^Lunch Boxes& Ndú;h

Ndú;h wvqlasÍu ^Reduce)

ñka woyia lrkafka mßirhg uqod yßk wmøjH m%udKh wvq lsÍu hs' ksIamdokh
fyda mßfNdackh i|yd fhdod .kakd ø%jHj,ska bj; ,k øjH m%udKh wvq
lsÍfuka fuu ld¾h myiq fõ' tfiau mßirhg wys;lr foa Ndú;fhka bj;a lsßu"
Ndú;h m%;slafIam lsßu" Ndú; fkdlr isàu u.ska ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl úh
yels h'

ksoiqka ( NdKavhl weiqreu i|yd Èrdm;a fkdjk fmd,s;Ska Ndú; fkdlr

isàu'
mdkSh c,h ma,diaÜla weiq/ïj, fkdoeóu

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 kej; ia:dms; lsßu ^Replace)
ksIamdok lghq;= i|yd Ndú; lrk iajNdúl iïm;aj,ska kej; ia:dms; l< yels
iïm;a kej; mßirh ;=< ia:dms; lsßu fuhska woyia fõ'
ksoiqka ( jkfha oej wuqøjH f,i Ndú; lrk wdh;khla jk j.d jHdmD;s
weröu
u;aiH l¾udka;fha fhfok jHdmdr u;aiH ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

 jHdmdr lghq;=j, wys;lr n,mEï

 jeä ,dN wfmalaIdfjka .=K;ajfhka wvq NdKav wmkhkh lsÍu
 oeä ;rÕldß;ajh ;=< mdßfNda.slhska /jàu
 fiajl iqNidOkh ms<sn| keUqrej wvq ùu
 iajdNdúl iïm;a wmf;a hk mßÈ ksIamdok lghq;= lsÍu
 mßirh ¥IKh jk mßÈ wmøjH uqodyeÍu
 wm rfÜ iudc ixialD;shg fkd.e,fmk fjf<| oekaùï ks¾udKh
lsÍu
 iudc ixialD;shg fkd.e,fmk we\qï fudaia;r ks¾udKh lsÍu

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ksmqK;dj 2'0 ( jHdmdr mßirhg wkq.; ùu i|yd jHdmdr" iudchSh
j.lSï yd wdpdrO¾u flfrys ie,ls,su;a jk
wdldrh úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 2'3 ( jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd wdpdrO¾u moaO;shl

wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 jHdmdrj,ska isÿ jk fyd| yd krl oE i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§fï wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
 jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Sfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= idOl
,ehsia;.
= ; lrhs'
 tla tla idOlh i|yd iqÿiq jk jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ;u w;aoelSï weiqfrka
fhdackd lrhs'
 mj;akd jHdmdrhla ie,ls,a,g f.k tu wdh;kh ms<smÈk wdpdrO¾u
idlÉPd lrhs'
 Wml,amkh lrk ,o jHdmdrhlg .e,fmk jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla
f.dvk.hs'
 jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u yd iudchSh j.lSï w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 fyd| mqrjeishl= jYfhka ksjfia §" mdif,a §" wd.ñl ia:dkhl § yd

fjk;a fmdÿ ia:dkhl § l< hq;= yd fkdl< hq;= oE úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 jeäysáhkag ie,lSu" jeäysáhkag Wmldr lsÍu" ksjfia § l< hq;=
fyd| lghq;= nj isiqkag meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
 .=rejrekag wdpdr lsÍu" ksis fõ,djg mdi,g meñKSu" mdif,a §
isÿ l< hq;= fyd| mqreÿ nj fmkajd fokak'
 wd.ñl ia:dkj, § ysiajeiqï" mdjyka .,jd wd.ñl ia:dkhg
we;=,aùu" ksis mßÈ wd.ñl j;dj;aj, kshe,Su ms<smeÈh hq;= fyd|
mqreÿ nj fmkajd fokak'
 fmdÿ foam, iq/lSu" wkHhkag .re lsÍu" fmdÿ ia:dkj, § ms<smeÈh
hq;= nj;a fmkajd fokak'
 fuf,i hym;a foa lsÍu;a whym;a foa fkdlsÍu;a wdpdrO¾u nj
isiqkag meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 jHdmdr wdh;k o fuf,i mdßfNda.slhka iu. lghq;= lsÍfï §
jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<smeÈh hq;= nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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 my; i|yka jkafka NdKaav yd fiajd imhk wdh;k ;=kls'
 fudag¾ r: w¨;ajeähd lsÍfï wdh;khla
 fm!oa.,sl m%jdyk fiajd imhk wdh;khla
 weÕ¨ï ksIamdok l¾udka; Yd,djla
 Tng ,enqKq wdh;kfha lghq;= ms<sn| j idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 Tng ,enqKq wdh;kh u.ska isÿ úh yels fyd| yd krl ls%hdldrlï
,ehsia;.
= ; lrkak'
 tu wdh;kh i|yd iqÿiq wdpdrO¾u ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
 tjeks wdpdrO¾u ls%hd;aul lsÍfuka wdh;khg w;a jk jdis fmkajd
fokak'
 tu wdpdrO¾u f.dvke.Sfï § Tn úiska ie,ls,a,g .kq ,enQ idOl
fm<.iajkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdr ;uka iu. lgqh;

q = lrk ish¨ md¾Yajj,g hym;la isÿ jk wdldrhg
fyd| krl ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu" jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h'

 jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u ms<sme§u jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a fõ'

ksoiqka (
 .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd iemhSu ;=<k s a .kqfokqlrejkag idOdrKh
bgq jk w;r tu.ska jHdmdr ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a úYajdih by< hdu
 wf,úlrKhg wod< wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§u ;=<ska jHdmdrfha meje;au
;yjqre ùu iy ;rÕldß;ajhg id¾:l f,i uqyqK Èh yels ùu
 .sKqïlrK lghq;=j,g wod< wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§fuka jHdmdrh ;=<
isÿ úh yels uQ,H wl%ñl;d" úIudpdr msgq oelSu ;=<ska úYajdih
;yjqre ùu
 fiajH fiajl whs;Ska yd hq;=lï iqrlsk wdpdrO¾u ;=<k s a fiajlhskg
a
cd;s" l=," wd.ï fyda ia;S$mqreI wd§ jYfhka isÿ jk widOdrKlï
isÿ fkdùfuka ukd udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKhla isÿ ùu

 jHdmdr wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla f.dvke.Sfï È my; oelafjk lreKq ms<sn|

j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
 jHdmdrh
 .kqfokqlre
 fiajlhd
 ;rÕlrejka
 iudc ixialD;sh
 ixúOdk ixialD;sh
 m%dfhda.sl nj

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 ksoiqka (
jHdmdrh ( jHdmdrfha iajNdjh l=ula o @ NdKav ksIamdok
jHdmdrhla o @ fiajd imhk jHdmdrhla o @ l=vd
mßudK jHdmdrhla o @ uyd mßudK jHdmdrhla o@
wdÈh ie,ls,a,g .ekSu

.kqfokqlre ( .kqfokqlref.a b,a¨ï rgd" ikaksfõokh" wd.ñl

iudc yd ixialD;Skag wod< lreKq ms<sn| j
ie,ls,au;a ùu
fiajlhd ( l=uk uÜgfï fiajlfhla o @ Tjqkaf.a mßirh"
wjYH;d yd jqjukd ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu

;rÕlrejka ( ;rÕlrejka isà o @ Tjqka wkq.ukh lrk wdpdrO¾u

fudkjd o @ wdÈh mss<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu

iudc ixialD;sh ( ckj¾.h ;=< uq,a nei.;a ixialD;sl idrO¾u yd

w.kdlï Wm ixialD;Ska .ek ie,ls,su;a ù wdpdr
O¾u moaO;sh ieliSu

ixúOdk ixialD;sh ( jHdmdrh ;=< mj;sk pdß;% jdß;%" jákdlï" mqreÿ"

wdl,am hkdÈh ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu

m%dfhda.sl nj ( wdpdrO¾u moaO;s ilia lsÍfï § tu wdpdrO¾u

m%dfhda.sl j ls%hd;aul lsÍug yelshdj we;a o
hkak ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a ùu

 jHdmdrh i|yd ilia lrk ,o wdpdrO¾u ,sÅ; j oela jQ úg th wdpdrO¾u

moaO;sh $wdpdr O¾u ix.%yh f,i y÷kajhs'

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ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr
lrf.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'1 ( rch" jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh

lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (

 YS% ,xldfõ jHdmdrj,g rcfha n,mEu uOHu rch" m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a
md,k wdh;k yryd isÿ jk nj fmkajd fohs'
 f;dard.;a jHdmdr wdh;khla ksoiqkla f,i f.k thg uOHu rch" m<d;a
iNd yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k ueÈy;a jk wdldrh fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk úúO wdldr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk tla tla wdldrh i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 rcfhka jHdmdrj,g ,efnk iydh yd u. fmkaùu jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a
jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 wOHdmk lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSug rcfhka isiqkag ,efnk myiqlï

isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 rch isiqkag ks, we÷ï" fm< fmd;a" mdi,a f.dvke.s,s" YsIHdOdr"
iyk ñ,g jdr m%fõY m;%" lS%vd WmlrK" wmøjH bj;a lsÍu u.ska
iydh jk wdldrh myokak'

 ks, we÷ï ,nd §u" fm< fmd;a ,nd §u uOHu rcfhka isÿ flfrk
nj;a" f.dvke.s,s b¢lsÍu" lS%vd WmlrK ,nd §u wod< m<d;a
iNdfjka isÿ flfrk nj;a" mdif,a l=Kq bj;a lsÍu wod< m<d;a
md,k wdh;k u.ska isÿ flfrk nj;a myokak'

 óg wu;r j úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re w;afmd;a ,nd §u" lS%vd mqyqKq

lsÍu" .=rejre mqyqKq lsÍï" mdi,a f.dvke.s,s m%ñ;shlg wkqj
bÈlsÍu isÿjkjd oehs mÍlaId lsÍu jeks úúO u.fmkaùï rch
u.ska isÿ lrk nj isiqkag myod fokak'

 ta wkqj uOHu rch" m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k úiska

jHdmdr i|yd iydh yd u.fmkaùu ,nd fok nj ;yjqre lrkak'

 t f,i jHdmdr lghq;= id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd úúO iydh yd u.

fmkaùï rch úiska imhk wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'

 isiqka iqÿiqq mßÈ lKaavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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  my; oelafjk jHdmdrj,ska Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq jHdmdr wdh;kh
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 ù j.d lrk f.dúm<la

 we.¨ï wmkhkh lrk wdh;khla
 u.S m%jdyk fiajd imhk wdh;khla

 Tng ,enqKq jHdmdrh Tn úiska u mj;ajd f.k hk njg Wml,amkh

lrkak'
 wod< jHdmdrh mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd rcfhka ,nd.; yels iydhhka
i|yka lrkak'
 wod< jHdmdr wdh;kh ksjerÈ ud¾.fha .uka lrùu i|yd rch
,nd fokakd jQ u. fmkaùï olajkak'
 tu tla tla iydhhka yd u. fmkaùï ,nd fok rcfha wdh;k
,ehsia;.
= ; lrkak'
 tu wdh;k uOHu rch" m<d;a iNd" iy m<d;a md,k wdh;k hgf;a
j¾. lrkak'
 rch tu iydhhka iy u. fmkaùï iemhSu jeo.;a jkafka ukaoehs
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 Tfí wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lsÍug iQodkï
jkak'

 ls%hdldrlfuys fhoùfuka wk;=rej rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk wdldrh;a

th jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a jk wdldrh;a idlÉPd lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 YS% ,xldj ;=< jHdmdr flfrys rdcH n,mEu my; wdldrj,ska isÿ fõ'
 uOHu rch
 m<d;a iNd
 m<d;a md,k wdh;k ^uy k.r iNd$k.r iNd$m%dfoaYSh iNd&

 rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk wdldr i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 há;, myiqlï iemhSu
ksoiqka ( uOHu rch - úÿ,s n,h iemhSu
m<d;a iNd - ud¾. kv;a;=j
m<d;a md,k wdh;k - wmøjH bj;a lsÍu

 ;rÕlrefjl= ùu
ksoiqka ( uOHu rch - fm!oa.,sl wxYfha
rEmjdyskS kd,sld
iu. ;rÕldÍ j
rdcH wxYfha
rEmjdysks kd,sld
ls%hd;aul lsÍu

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 m<d;a iNd - ta ta m<d;a iNd hgf;a
fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd ;rÕldÍ
j jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hdu

m<d;a md,k wdh;k - fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd iudk j

fjf<|ie,a b¢lr l=,shg §u
 .kqfokqlrefjl= ùu
ksoiqka ( uOHu rch - ù ñ, § .ekSu" úúO
ld¾hd,Sh WmlrK ñ, §
.ekSu" ,la if;di
yryd NdKav úlsKSu
m<d;a iNd - wdrlaIl fiajd ,nd .ekSu
yd ,nd §u
m<d;a md,k wdh;k - wdodykd.dr mj;ajd f.k
hdu
 m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍu
ksoiqka ( uOHu rch - uQ,H m%;sm;a;s yd msial,a
m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu
m<d;a iNd - jHdmdr kdu m%{ma;sh
l%shd;aul lsÍu
m<d;a md,k wdh;k - mßir m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul
lsÍu

 kS;s Í;s mekùu

ksoiqka ( uOHu rch - mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn|
wêldÍ mk;" m%ñ;s mk;
m<d;a iNd - fm!oa.,sl nia r: i|yd
kS;sÍ;s mekùu
m<d;a md,k wdh;k - f.dvke.s,s ie,iqï wkqu;
lsÍu yd kS;s Í;s mekùu

 nÿ whlrkafkl= ùu
ksoiqka ( uOHu rch - foaYSh wdodhï
fomd¾;fïka;=j yryd
nÿ wh lsÍu
m<d;a iNd - m<d;awdodhï
fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska
nÿ wh lsÍu
m<d;a md,k wdh;k - jßmkï nÿ wh lsÍu

 rcfhka jHdmdrj,g ,efnk iydh yd u.fmkaùu jeo.;a jk

wdldrh
 jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑhg fhduq ùu
 lS¾;skduh j¾Okh ùu
 rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu
 rcfha yd uyckhdf.a ms<s.ekSu ,eîu

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ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr lr f.k
hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'2 ( rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd jHdmdr odhl
jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (

 rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq úia;r lrhs'

 rcfha wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lsÍug jHdmdr odhl jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 f;dard.;a jHdmdrhla ksoiqka f,i f.k th rcfha wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq
lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
 rch;a jHdmdr;a w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;dj ;=<ska fomd¾Yajfha u wruqKq
bgqlr .; yels nj fmkajd fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 jHdmdrhla bgq lr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wruqKq isik

q af.ka úuikak'
 fjf<|fmdf<a ?£ isàu
 ,dNh Wmßu lsÍu
 úl=Kqï Wmßu lsÍu
 fldgiaj, fjf<| w.h Wmßu lsÍu wdÈh jHdmdrhl wruqKq nj
idlÉPd lrkak'

 jHdmdrhlg fuka u rchg o úúO wruqKq mj;S' tu wruqKq meyeÈ,s

lrkak'


 tu wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug jHdmdr o úúOdldrfhka odhl jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'


 mka;sfha isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; i|yka lshùï øjH
imhd my; ls%hdldrlfï ksr; lrjkak'
 wod< wdikak u jr¾Ifha uy nexl= jd¾;dj
 wod< wdikak u j¾Ifha whjeh l;dfõ Wmqgk
 wod< igyk iÕrdj, Wmqgk

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  my; oelafjkafka rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq lsysmhls' tajdhska Tfí
lKavdhug ,enqKq wd¾Ól wruqKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh
 mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh yd idOdrK wdodhï jHdma;sh
 wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du yd wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj
 Tng ,enqKq lshùï øjH ^uy nexl= jd¾;dj" iÕrd" mqj;am;a &
fyd¢ka mßYS,kh lrkak'
 Tng ,enqKq wd¾Ósl wruqKq fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 Tn m%foaYfha mj;sk jHdmdrhla ksoiqka f,i f.k Tn lKavdhug
,enqKq wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lsÍug tu jHdmdrh odhl jk wdldrh
fmkajd fokak'
 Tn m%foaYfha mj;sk jHdmdrhla f;dard f.k rcfha wfkl=;a
wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq jk wdldrfhka tu jHdmdrh lghq;= lrk
wdldrh fmkajd fokak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 rchla my; oelafjk wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'

wd¾Ósl j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha wLKav j¾Okh ;=<ska wd¾Ól j¾Okhla isÿ jk w;r
Bg wu;r j udkj yd iudc o¾Ylj, È.=ld,Sk j¾Okh ixj¾Okh f,i y\qkajhs'

mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh

Y%uh iemhSug n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka isák ish¨ fokd hï fiajdjl kshqla; ù
isàu fuka u wd¾Ólh i;= ish¨ u ksIamdok iïm;a M,odhS ksIamdok lghq;a;l
fhdojd ;sîu

idOdrK wdodhï jHdma;sh

rgl iuia; ksIamdÈ;h t rfgys fjfik iuia; ck;dj w;r iudk j fnod
yeÍu

wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj
wd¾Ólfha foaYSh yd úfoaYh
S jYfhka w¾nqohla we;s fkdùug Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj
wd¾Ósl ia:dhs;djhs'
wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj fldgia follska hqla; fõ'
1' wNHka;r ñ, ia:dhs;dj
2' ndysr ñ, ia:dhs;dj

 wNHka;r ñ, ia:dhs;dj ;=<ska WoaOukh md,kh" ñ, uÜgu ia:djr j

mj;ajd .ekSu" fmd,S wkqmd;h md,kh lsÍu isÿ flfrk w;r"

 ndysr ñ, ia:dhs;dj ;=<ska úfoaY úksuh wkqmd;h ia:djr uÜgul mj;ajd

.ekSu isÿ flf¾'

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 hym;a wka;¾ cd;sl fjf<|du
úfoaY fjf<| lghq;= i;=gqodhl wkaoñka mj;ajd f.k hdu ;=<ska f.jqï fYaI
;;a;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSu ñka wfmalaId flf¾'


 rcfha wd¾Ósl wruqKq bgq lsÍug jHdmdr úúOdldrfhka odhl fõ'
 nÿ f.ùu
rchg f.úh hq;= nÿ meyer yeÍulska f;dr j ;ud Wmhd.;a ,dNh
yd wdodhï u; kshñ; mßÈ nÿ f.ùu
 foaYSh iïm;a Ndú;h
ye;s;dla Wmßufhka ;u ksIamdok i|yd foaYSh iïm;a fhdod .ekSu
 rch ls%hd;aul lrk m%;sm;a;s ms<sme§u
rch ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk uQ,H yd msial,a m%;sm;a;s ksis mßÈ
ls%hd;aul lsÍu yd ms<sme§u
 kS;s Í;s ms<sme§u
jHdmdr i|yd mkjd we;s kS;s Í;s ta wdldrfhka bgq lrñka hym;a
jHdmdßl mßirhla f.dvke.Sug odhl ùu
 fiajd kshqla;shg odhl ùu
M,odhS f,i ksIamdok lghq;= lsÍfï § ta i|yd wjYH udkj
iïm;a we;=¿ ish¨ iïm;a ld¾hlaIu j Ndú;hg .ekSu
 mßirhg jk ydksh wju lsÍu
ish¨ jHdmdr mßir ys;ldó f,i tajdfha jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd
f.k hdu


 rch yd jHdmdr w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
rch jHdmdrj,g wjYH myiqlï iemhSu ;=<ska jHdmdr Èßu;a fõ' jHdmdr
j¾Okh ;=<ska rcfha wruqKq bgq fõ' tfia u jHdmdr j¾Okh ksid
rchg nÿ wdodhula ,nd .; yels h' tu wdodhï há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh
i|yd yd wfkl=;a ld¾hhka i|yd fhdod.; yels h' fï ksid rch;a
jHdmdr;a w;r wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djhla f.dvk.d .ekSu wjYH fõ'

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ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr lr f.k
hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'3 ( rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k

hdfï jeo.;alu w.hhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;sh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍfï wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
 rcfha wdodhï yd úhoï jHqyh rEm igyklska olajhs'
 nÿ j¾. fldg tla tla nÿ j¾.h i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 rcfha nÿ fkdjk wdodhï i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
 wdikak u j¾Ifha wh jeh fhdackd ie,ls,a,g f.k tajd jHdmdr flfrys
we;s lrk n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 rcfha wdodhï yd úhoïj,g wod<j wdikaku j¾Ifha uy nexl= jd¾;dfõ

wod< f;dr;=re isiqkag mßYS,kh lsÍug ,nd § my; i|yka m%Yakj,g
ms<s;=re ,nd .kak'

 rchg wdodhï ,efnk ud¾. fudkjd o @

 rcfha úhoï j¾. fudkjd o @
 jeä u wdodhï ,efnk m%Njh l=ula o @
 úúO úhoï j¾. i|yd ksoiqka imhkak'
 rch mkjd we;s úúO nÿ j¾. fudkjd o @
 by; m%Yakj,g ,efnk ms<s;r
= e weiqfrka msial,a m%;sm;a;sh meyeÈ,s lrkak
 wdikak j¾Ihl uy nexl= jd¾;dj mßYS,kh lrñka wdodhï yd úhoï
j¾. lrk wdldrh rEm igykla weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 wdikak j¾Ifha whjeh fhdackd ie,ls,a,g f.k tajd jHdmdr flfrys
we;s lrk n,mEu idlÉPd lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 rcfha wdodhï yd úhoï iïnkaOj rch isÿ lrk lghq;= msial,a

m%;sm;a;sh f,i ye¢kafõ'
 rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;sfha wruqK" id¾j wd¾Ól ia:dhS;dj wdrlaId lr
.ekSu fõ'
 hï wd¾Ólhl uqo,a j¾Ihla ;=< nÿ yd nÿ fkdjk ud¾.j,ska ,efnk
wdodhu rdcH wdodhu fõ'
 rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd j¾;k úhoï yd m%d.aOk úhoï

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 61
 fjkqfjka j¾Ihla ;=< § lrkq ,nk uq¿ úhou rdcH úhou fõ'
 rdcH whjeh f,aLkh u.ska rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;sh ms<sìUq fõ'
 rdcH wdodhu my; mßÈ j¾. flf¾'

rdcH wdodhu

nÿ wdodhu nÿ fkdjk wdodhu

 rcfha nÿ wdodhu my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'

nÿ wdodhu

wdodhï tl;=l, w.h ksIamdok wdkhk wfkl=;a

nÿ u; nÿ nÿ nÿ nÿ

wdodhu nÿ ( mqoa.,hskaf.a yd wdh;kj, wdodhu u; wh lrkq ,nk

noaols'
ksoiqka ( iud.ï nÿ" Wmhk úg f.ùï nÿ

tl;= l< w.h ( NdKaav yd fiajd u; tl;= l< jákdlug wh lrk nÿ

tl;= l< u; nÿ w.h u; nÿ fõ'
ksoiqka ( f;d. yd is,a,r fjf<|du u; tl;= l< w.h u;
nÿ
wdkhk u; tl;= l< w.h u; nÿ

ksIamdok nÿ$ ( foaYSh jYfhka ksIamdokh lrk we;eï NdKav u; wh

lrk nÿ
iqrd nÿ ksIamdok nÿ fõ'
ksoiqka ( is.rÜ yd ÿïfld, ksIamdok u; nÿ

wdkhk u; nÿ ( úfoaYh
S rgj,aj,ska wdkhkh lrk NdKav i|yd f¾.=fõ §
wh lrk nÿ fõ'
ksoiqka ( fudag¾ r: wdkhk u; nÿ

wfkl=;a nÿ ( by; nÿ j¾.j,g wh;a fkdjk tfy;a wfkl=;a

md¾Yajj,ska whlrk nÿ j¾. h'
ksoiqka ( jrdh yd .=jka f;dgqm, ixj¾Ok nÿ
fiia noao" úÿ,s ixfoaY nÿ
'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 62
  nÿ wdodhu iDcq nÿ yd jl% nÿ f,i o j¾. l< yels h'

rcfha nÿ wdodhu


 
iDcq nÿ jl% nÿ

 
      
wdodhï iud.ï r|jd .ekSfï m%d.aOk ,dN tl;= l< w.h f¾.= ksaIm
a dok
nÿ nÿ nÿ u; nÿ u; nÿ nÿ nÿ

 rcfha nÿ fkdjk wdodhï my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

nÿ fkdjk wdodhu


   
,dN yd ,dNdxY .dia;= yd whlsÍï fmd,S fjk;a
ksoiqka ( rcfha ksoiqka ( fudag¾ r: wdodhï ksoiqka (
wdh;kj,ska i|yd wdodhï n,m;% f,d;/hs
,o ,dN yd ,dNdxY .dia;= yd whlsÍï wdodhu

 rdcH úhoï my; mßÈ j¾. flf¾'

rdcH úhou


 
j¾;k úhoï m%d.aOk úhoï

 j¾;k úhoï ( rdcH fiajd wLKav j mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd jirla

;=< kej; kej; isÿ l< hq;= úhoï h' fïjd
mqkrdj¾;k úhoï f,i o y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka ( jegqma yd fõ;k" fmd,S f.ùï

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 63
  m%d.aOk úhoï ( rchla úiska È.=ld,Sk wdfhdack i|yd ork úhoï m%d.aOk
úhoï fõ'
ksoiqka ( uydud¾. b¢lsÍu
md,ï b¢lsÍu
^rcfha wdodhï yd úhoï ixhq;sh whjeh fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu;a
iu. fjkia úh yels h '

 wdikak u j¾Ifha uy nexl= jd¾;dj mßYS,kh lrñka rcfha wdodhï yd

úhoï j¾.SlrKh lrkak'

 rch úúO wjia:dj, § úúO nÿ j¾. mkjk w;r úúO nÿ j¾. wfydais
lsÍu o lrkq ,efí' nÿj,ska ,nk wdodhu rcfha úúO jHdmD;s i|yd jeh
lrhs'
ksoiqka ( ud¾. bÈlsÍu" .=jka f;dgqfmd, bÈlsÍu yd ixj¾Okh" jrdh
ixj¾Okh

 rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;sh jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh i|yd WodyrK

lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 wdkhksl NdKav i|yd f¾.= nÿ wh lsÍfuka wdkhk iSud jk w;r

u foaYh
S ksIm
a dokh j¾Okh lr.; yels h' $foaYh
S l¾udka; wdrlaId
lr .; yels fõ'

 foaYSh ksIamdÈ; u; nÿ wh lsÍfuka NdKaav yd fiajdj, ñ, by<

hdu isÿ úh yels h'

 rch" há;, myiqlï u; úhoï oeÍu ksid jHdmdßl lghq;= myiq

flf¾'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 64
ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr lr f.k
hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'4 ( rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k
hdfï jeo.;alu w.hhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sj, wruqK úia;r lrhs'
 rgl uQ,H lghq;= md,kh i|yd rchlg wkq.ukh l< yels Wmdh ud¾.
fmkajd fohs'
 rch wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk tla tla uQ,H md,k WmlrKh ^Wml%uh&
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rch wkq.ukh lrk uQ,H md,k Wml%u jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh
ú.%y lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 my; i|yka j.ka;s we;=<;a ieKm;a lsysmhla ilia lr mka;sfha isiqkag
bÈßm;a lrkak'
 jdKsc nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;h my<g
 jdKsc nexl= úiska uy nexl=fõ ;ekam;a l< hq;= ixÑ; m%udKh
by< kxjhs
 uy nexl=j NdKavd.dr ì,am;a ksl=;a lrhs
 w, f.dùka i|yd jeämqr Kh myiqlï imhhs

 tla tla j.ka;sfhkaa oelafjk woyi isikq af.ka úuiñka idlÉPd lrkak'
ksoiqka ( jdKsc nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;h my<g hkak ie,ls,a,g .;a
úg" uyckhd úiska jdKsc nexl=j, ;ekam;a lrk uqo,a
i|yd f.jk fmd<sh wvq nj;a" jdKsc nexl=j,ska ,nd
.kakd Kh i|yd wh lrk fmd<sh wvq nj;a" fuhska woyia
fõ'

 tlS j.ka;s jdKsc nexl=j,g n,mdk wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'

ksoiqka ( jdKsc nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;h my<g hkak ie,ls,a,g .;a
úg" jdKsc nexl= ;ekam;a i|yd f.jk fmd<sh wvq l< úg
uyck;dj nexl=fõ ;ekam;a lrk uqo,a m%udKh wvq jk
w;r" jdKsc nexl= Kh §fï § wh lrk fmd<sh wvq jQ úg
Kh b,a¨ï lrk m%udKh jeä fõ'

 tu j.ka;s jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 65
 ksoiqka ( jdKsc nexl= fmd<S wkqmd;h my<g hkak ie,ls,a,g .;a
úg" jdKsc nexl= úiska Kh i|yd wh lrk fmd<sh wvq ùu
ksid jHdmdßlhska wvq fmd<shg myiqfjka Kh ,nd .ekSu
ksid jHdmdrj, wdfhdack jeä ù ksIamdokh jeä lr .;
yels ùfuka jHdmdr mqq¿,a lr .; yels fõ'

 by; wdldrhg wfkl=;a ieKm;aj, we;=<;a j.ka;sj, n,mEu o meyeÈ,s

lrkak'
 ta wkqidrfhka rgl uQ,H lghq;= md,kh i|yd rchla úúO Wmdh ud¾.
wkq.ukh lrk nj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
 ta wkqj" rgl uqo,a iemhqu flfrys n,mEï lsÍu i|yd rch uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh
wkq.ukh lrk nj;a" uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha wruqK;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 rgl uqo,a iemhqu md,kh lsÍu i|yd rch wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk m%;sm;a;s
 rch fjkqfjka uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nkafka YS% ,xld uy
nexl=jhs'

 rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sfha m%Odk wruqK foaYSh wd¾Ólh ;=< ñ, ia:dhs;dj

mj;ajd .ekSuhs' ke;fyd;a WoaOukh md,kh lsÍuhs' tys § È.= ld,hla
mqrd ñ, uÜgï ia:djr uÜgul mj;ajd f.k hdu wfmalaId flf¾'

 uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd my; WmlrK Ndú; flf¾'

 fmd,S wkqmd;slh
rcfha uqo,a md,kh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk m%Odk WmlrKh fmd,S
wkqmd;slh fõ' fuh ks;H myiqlï wkqmd;slh f,i o uy nexl=j
y÷kajhs' ks;H myiqlï wkqmd;slfha ^Standing Facility Rate & m%Odk
fldgia ;=kls'

 ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï wkqmd;h Standing Deposit Facility

Rate (SDFR)
 ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd;h Standing Lending Facility Rate
(SLFR)
 nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;slh

ks;H ;ekam;= myiqlï wkqmd;h

jdKsc nexl= iy m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka Tjqkaf.a w;sßla; wruqo,a
uy nexl=fõ we;s rcfha iqq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackh lsÍfï §
f.jkq ,nk fmd,S wkqmd;slhhs'

ks;H Kh myiqlï wkqmd;h

jdKsc nexl= iy m%d:ñl fjf<÷ka rcfha iq/l=ïm;a wemhg
;nd uy nexl=fjka wruqo,a ,nd .ekSfï § wh lrkq ,nk

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 66
 fmd,S wkqmd;hhs'

nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;slh

øjYS,;d ÿIalr;d j,g uqyqK fok jdKsc nexl=j,g YS% ,xld uy
nexl=j wjidk Kh fokakd f,i imhkq ,nk Kh i|yd wh
lrkq ,nk fmd,S wkqmd;hhs'

 ixÑ; wjYH;d fjkia lsÍu

jdKsc nexl=j, mj;sk ;ekam;=j,g wod< j uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd
.; hq;= ;ekam;= m%udKh jHjia:dms; ixÑ;h fõ' fuh fjkia
lsÍu ksid uqo,a iemhqfï wvq jeä ùï isÿ fõ' ixÑ; wjYH;d wvq
lsÍu uqo,a iemhqu jeä ùug fya;= fõ' ixÑ; wjYH;d jeä lsÍu
uqo,a iemhqï wvq ùug fya;= fõ'

 újD; fjf<|fmd< lghq;= ^újg fjf<|fmd< lghq;= &

uy nexl=j úiska rcfha iq/l=ïm;a ñ,g .ekSu yd úlsKSu újD;
fjf<|fmd< lghq;= fõ'
uy nexl=j ie/l=ïm;a ñ,g .ekSfï § uqo,a iemhqu m%idrKh jk
w;r úlsKSfï § uqo,a iemhqu ixfldapkh fõ'

 jÜgï wkqmd; fjkia lsÍu

uy nexl=j úiska ksl=;a lrk iq/l=ïm;a ñ, § .;a md¾Yaj tajd l,a
msÍug fmr jdKsc nexl=j,g bÈßm;a lr jÜgï lrjd .ekSfï §
wh lrk jÜgï wkqmd;slh fjkia lsÍu ;=<ska wd¾Óslfha uqo,a
iemhqu md,kh l< yels fõ'

 Kh iSud mekùu
Kh iSud mekùu fohdldrhlg isÿ fõ'
m%udKd;aul Kh iSud mekùu
rfÜ iuia: uqo,a iemhqug n,mEula we;s lrk nexl= Kh
m%udKh wvq yd jeä lrñka iuia: Kh m%udKh md,kh
lsaÍu m%udKd;aul Kh md,kh fõ'
ksoiqka (
 jdKsc nexl= úiska imhk Kh i|yd Wmßu mßk;
ld,hla kshu lsÍu
 w¨;ska ksl=;a lrk Kh i|yd Wmßu iSud mekùu
fyda Kh ksl=;a lsÍu k;r lsÍu
 jdKsc nexl=j, m%d.aOkh yd j;alï w;r wju wkqmd;
kshu lsÍu
 Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍfï § ;ekam;a l< hq;= wju
uqo,a m%udKh kshu lsÍu

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 .=Kd;aul Kh iSud mekùu
wd¾Ólhl Kh .,d hk ÈYdj md,kh lsßu ke;fyd;a
wd¾Ólfha Èß .ekaúh hq;= hhs f;dard .;a wxY i|yd Kh
.,d hdu Èßu;a lsÍu;a" wffO¾hu;a úh hq;= wxY flfrys
Kh .,d hdu iSud lsÍu;a wruqKq fldg f.k ls%hd;aul jk
l%uh .=Kd;aul Kh md,khhs'
ksoiqka (

 Kh ,nd fok lafIa;% ks¾foaY lsrSu

 lDIsl¾udka;h i|yd o @ l¾udka; i|yd o @
 jHdjidhlhka i|yd o @ wdoS jYfhka'

 Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍfï oS n,meje;afjk ldis wdka;sl

wkqmd; ks¾foaY lsrSu

 wlS%h Kh |yd wkq.ukh l, hqq;= ls%hdud¾. oelajSu'

 rcfha uq,H m%;sm;a;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍfï § tajd jHdmdrj,g

úúO iajrEmfhka n,mEï lrhs'
ksoiqka (
uy nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;slh wvq lsÍu;a iu. jdKsc nexl=
fmd,S wkqmd;slh o wvq fõ' túg wdfhdaclhska jdKsc
nexl= u.ska ,nd.kakd Kh m%udKh jeä ùu;a iuÕ
wdfhdack o jeä fõ' ta ;=<ska ksIamdokh jeä ù NdKav
ñ, wvq fõ' ñ, wvq ùu ksid jHdmdrj, msßjegqu jeä ù
,dN jeä fõ'

uy nexl= fmd,S wkqmd;slh jeä lsÍu;a iu. jdKsc nexl=

fmd,S wkqmd;slh o jeä fõ' túg wdfhdaclhska jdKsc
nexl= u.ska ,nd .kakd Kh m%udKh wvq ùu;a iu.
wdfhdackh o wvq fõ' túg ksIamdokh wvq ù NdKav ñ,
jeä fõ' ñ, jeä ùu ksid jHdmdrj, msßjegqu wvq ù ,dN
wvq fõ'

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P-Tea G- 2017 68
ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr lr f.k
hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'5 ( mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh i|yd rch .kakd ls%hdud¾.j,g

wkq.; fjñka jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj
fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 05

bf.kqï M, (

 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh hk ixl,amh myeÈ,s lrhs'

 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh jvd;a jeo.;a ùug fya;= olajhs'
 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfhka mdßfNda.slhdg yd jHdmdßlhdg we;s jk jdis
fjk fjk u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 mdßfNda.sl j.lSï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï u; ;d¾lsl mdßfNda.slfhl=f.a yeisÍu
úia;r lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isiqka ;sfofkl= ,jd my; oelafjk N+ñld

rx.kh mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

N+ñld rx.kh

mdßfNda.slhd ( uqo,d,s ug fyd| cEï fnda;,hla fokak'

fmdf;a .=re ( rdlalj, wiqrd ;snQ cEï fnda;,hla /f.k fmd,s;k
s a
nE.hlg oud fohs'
jHdmdßlhd ( wd fukak' re' 150$- la fokak'
fï ì,;a wr.kak'
fmdf;a .=re ( cEï fnda;,h oud.;a fmd,s;ska nE.h uyu. oud
cEï fnda;,h f.or /f.k wd úg orejd th mÍlaId
lr n,hs' l,a bl=;a ù we;s nj yd ñ, fjkia lr
we;s nj o orejd olshs'

mshd kej; cEï fnda;,h /f.k jHdmdrhg hhs'

mdßfNda.slhd ( fï cEï fnda;f,a ñ,;a fjkia lr,d' ld,h;a

bl=;a fj,d' fï cEï fnda;,h ug tmd' ug uqo,a
fokak ke;akï fjk tlla fokak'
jHdmdßlhd ( úl=KQ NdKav kej; Ndr .kak;a nE' uqo,a fokak;a
nE'

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  N+ñld rx.khg wkqj isÿj we;s my; i|yka fjf<| úIudpdr ms<sn|
idlÉPdjla lrkak'
ksoiqka (
 ñ, fjkia lr ;sîu
 l,a bl=;a jQ NdKav úlsKSu
 úl=KQ NdKav kej; Ndr fkd.kakd njg fldkafoais bÈßm;a lsÍu

 my; ±lafjkafka mqj;am;a lsysmhlska Wmqgd .;a m%ldY lsysmhls' tajdhska

Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldYh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

m%ldY wxl 1
mdka msá ñY% lrk ,o ;=kmy melÜ f;d.hla fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a
lsÍug iQodkï lrñka isá msßila mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh
úiska w;awvx.=jg f.k we;'

m%ldY wxl 2
NdKav ñ, § .ekSfuka miq b;sß uqo,a wdmiq fkd§ ta fjkqjg .sKsfmÜá"
fgd*S jeks fjk;a NdKavhla mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd fok njg meñKs,s ,eî
we;'

m%ldY wxl 3
SLS iy;slh fkdue;s j mdkSh c,h weiqreï lsÍug Ndú; lrkq ,nk
n÷ka yd fnda;,a fjf<|fmdf<a mj;sk njg isÿ lrk ,o úu¾Ykhl §
fidhd f.k we;'

m%ldY wxl 4
lDñkdYl yd ridhksl fmdfydr fhdod j.d lr wf,úh i|yd
fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lr ;snQ fodvï f.äj, w,jd ;snQ iaálrfha
wxlh jHdc f,i fjkia lr wf,ú l< mqoa.,fhla w;awvx.=jg f.k
we;'

 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,enqKq isoaêh ms<sn| j lKavdhï idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'

 tu isoaêj, we;=<;a" jHdmdßlhska úiska isÿ lrk ,o fjf<| úIudpdr

y÷kd.kak'

 tu úIudpdrj,g wu;r j Tn okakd fjk;a fjf<| úIudpdr fudkjd

o@

 tjeks úIudpdr ms<sn| j meñKs,s l< yels wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka kï

lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'
 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh yd tys wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 70
  my; ±lafjkafka mdi,a isiqka ;sfofkl= w;r we;s jQ l;dnyls'
iqf¾Ya - uu w¨;a nE.a tlla .;a;d'

iÑkao - flda n,kak' fyd|hs jf.a ' .dk lSh o @

iqf¾Ya - Th .y,d ;sfhkafka' remsh,a tlaoyia mkaiShla'

iÑkao - fïfl ñ, fjkia lr,fk' Wäka fjk ñ,la

w,j,dfk'
Thd uqo,d,sf.ka weyqfj keoao @

iqf¾Ya - wfka kE' uu nE.a f;darkfldg;a ug nekakd' úia;r

weyqjg lsõfj;a kE'

nqoaêl - uu kï Th jf.a NdKav .kafk kE'

wms f.jk ñ,g wmg ´kE NdKav f;dard .kak
wmsg whs;shla ;sfhkjd' wks;a tl wms .kak
NdKavh .ek úia;r oek.kak;a wmsg whs;shla
;sfhkjd'

 by; l;dny ;=<ska u;=jk mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï ms<sn| j úuikak'

 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 mdßfNda.slhd f.jk ñ,g m%udKj;a ;Dma;shla ,nd §u iy;sl
lsÍug mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï we;s nj
 tu whs;sjdislï cd;Hka;r j ms<s.;a whs;sjdislï nj
 mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï fuka u mdßfNda.sl j.lSï o we;s nj yd
 mdßfNda.slhd j.lSfuka lghq;= lsÍfuka whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lr
.; yels nj


úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 mdßfNda.slhd f.jk uqo,g m%udKj;a ;Dma;shla ,nd §u iy;sl lsÍu
msKsi i,id we;s kS;suh wdjrKh mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh fõ'

 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh uE; ld,fha w;S;hg;a jvd wjYH ùug n,md we;s
fya;= lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 fjf<|fmd< ;=< NdKav yd fiajd nyq, ùu
 ;rÕldß;ajh jeä ùu ksid fjf<|fmd< ;=< úIudpdr we;s ùug
bv jeä ùu
 ksoyia fjf<|du iuÕ fjf<|fmd< ixlS¾K ùu
 f.da,ShlrKh iu. we;s úh yels iudc yd ixialD;sl msßySu
 mßirh ¥IKh ùu je<elaùu i|yd mdßfNda.slhska ±kqj;a lsÍu
wjYH úu
 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfhka mdßfNda.slhdg yd jHdmdßlhdg we;s jk jdis
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

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 mdßfNda.slhdg -
 f.jk uqo,g iß,k jákdlula ,efnk NdKav mdßfNdackhg wjia:dj
,eîu
 fjf<| úIudpdrj,ska wdrlaId ùu
 .=Kd;aul NdKav yd fiajd mdßfNdackh ksid mdßfNda.sl fi!LHh yd
wdrlaIdj ;yjqre ùu
 wjYH wjia:dj, § mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ksid kS;suh /ljrK ,nd.;
yels ùu
 mdßfNda.slhdg cSj;a ùug iqÿiq mßir ;;a;ajhka Wod ùu

jHdmdßlhdg
 .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajfhka hqla; NdKav iemhSu ksid mdßfNda.sl úYajdih
Èkd .; yels ùu
 jHdßlhdf.a msßjegqu jeä ùu ;=<ska ,dNh by< hdu
 m%ñ;shlg wkqj ksIamdokh lsÍu ksid wm;h wvq ùu
 whym;a ;rÕ úfrdaë ls%hd fkdue;s ùfuka hym;a jHdmdr mßirhla
we;s ùu


 wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.;a mdrsfNda.sl whs;sjdislï lsym
s hla j¾;udkfha
ls%hd;aul fõ'

 weursld tlai;a ckmohfha ysgmq ckdêm;sjrfhl= jQ fcdaka t*a' flkä

úiska mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï y;rla m%ldYhg m;alr we;'

 wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSfï whs;sh

 f;dr;=re oek .ekSug we;s whs;sh
 f;dard .ekSug we;s whs;sh
 ijka fhduq lrjd .ekSug we;s whs;sh

 óg wu;r j mdßfNda.sl cd;Hka;rh úiska my; i|yka mdßfNda.sl

whs;sjdislï m%ldYhg m;alr we;'

 uQ,sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug we;s whs;sh

 jkaÈ ,nd .ekSug we;s whs;sh
 mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkhg we;s whs;sh
 fi!LH iïmkak mßirhl Ôj;a ùug we;s whs;sh

 by; i|yka mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï wg wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.;a

mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï fõ'

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  mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï fuka u mdßfNda.sl j.lSï o mdßfNda.slhd i;=
fõ'
 úpdrd;aul ±kqj;aNdjh
 ilS%h iyNd.s;ajh
 iudch .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu
 mßirh ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu
 iyfhda.h

 oekqj;aNdjlska hq;a mdßfNda.slhd f.jk uqo,g iß,k jákdlulska

hq;a" m%ñ;sfhka by< NdKav f;dard .ekSug fm<fò' tfia u fjf<|
úIudpdr yd mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï lvùï ms<sn| j wod< n,OdÍka
oekqj;a lr wod< ls%hdud¾. .ekSug lghq;= lrhs' ;j o" ;ud Ôj;ajk
mßirh wdrlaId lr .ksñka " iudch ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a fjñka"
iyfhda.hka lghq;= lrñka" ;d¾lsl mdßfNda.slfhl= f,i fjf<|fmdf<a
yeisfrhs'

ksmqK;dj 3'0 ( rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr lr f.k

hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

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ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'6 ( mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh i|yd lsh
% d;aul jk rdcH wdh;kj,
ld¾hNdrh úuid n,hs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 05

bf.kqï M, (

 YS% ,xldfõ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh i|yd lghq;= lrk rdcH wdh;k

,ehsia;.= ; lrhs'
 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßfha wruqKq yd ld¾h úia;r lrhs'
 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kfha wruqKq yd ld¾h úia;r lrhs'
 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh yd YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh jHdmdrj,g
jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh blaujd we;s$l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh i|yka fkdjk"
ñ, fjkia lrk ,o yd m%ñ;s ,dxck iys; ^SLS ,ISO& NdKav weiqreï
lsysmhla mka;sfha isiqkag ksÍlaIKh lsÍug ,nd fokak'
 tu weiqreïj,ska" tu NdKavh ms<sn| j mdßfNda.slhskag ,nd .; yels
f;dr;=re isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 tu weiqreïj, i|yka f;dr;=rej,ska W,a,x>kh ù we;s mdßfNda.sl
whs;sjdislï fudkjd oehs úuikak'
^f;dr;=re oek .ekSfï whs;sh" wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSfï whs;sh &
 ksIamdolhska$fjf<ka|ka úiska isÿ lr we;s fjf<| úIudpdr fudkjd
oehs úuikak'
^ñ, fjkia lr ;sîu" l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh blaujd we;s NdKav úlsKSu"
l,a bl=;a ùfï Èkh i|yka fkdùu&
 tjeks fjf<| úIudpdr ms<sn| j oekqï Èh yels wdh;k isiqka iu.
idlÉPd lrkak'
 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIdj i|yd lghq;= lrk wdh;k mj;sk nj idlÉPd
lrkak'
 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßfha wruqKq yd ld¾hhka y\qkajd fokak'
 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kfha wruqKq yd ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh yd YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh jHdmdrj,g
jeo.;a jk wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'

úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

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P-Tea G- 2017 74
  YS% ,xldfõ mdßfNda.l s wdrlaIKh i|yd lghq;= lrk rdcH wdh;k lsym
s hla
my; oelafõ'
 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh
 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh
 ñKqï tall yd m%ñ;s fiajd fomd¾;fïka;=j
 uOHu mßir wêldßh
 m%dfoaYSh fi!LHh ffjoH ks,OdÍ ld¾hd,h
 Èia;s%la f,alï ld¾hd,h

 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh my; i|yka wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd
msysgqjd we;'

 mdßfNda.slhskaf.a Ôú; yd foam<j,g Wmøjhla isÿ jk NdKav

wf,úh yd fiajd iemhSug tfrys j Tjqka wdrlaId lsÍu
 widOdrK fjf<| ms<sfj;aj,g úreoaOj mdßfNda.slhska wdrlaId
lsÍu iy mdßfNda.slhkaf.a whs;sjdislïj,g ksis ie,ls,a, oelaùu
iy;sl ùu
 yels ieu úg u mdßfNda.slhskag ;r.ldÍ ñ,g NdKav yd fiajdj,g
m%udKj;a m%fõYhla ,nd §ug iy;sl ùu
 widOdrK fjf<| ms<sfj;a" iSñ; fjf<| ms<sfj;a fyda fjf<ka|ka
úiska isÿ lrk fjk;a hï wdldrhl mdßfNda.sl iQrdlEïj,g
iykhla ,nd §u

 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßfha ld¾hhka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 jHjidhka w;r iSudldÍ .súiqï md,kh lsÍu fyda bj;a lsÍu
 fjf<|fmd< we;=<; fyda fjf<|fmdf<a ie,lsh hq;= fldgil
foaYhS fjf<|dfï fyda wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh ms<n s | wdêm;H ;;a;ajhla
wksis f,i fhdod .ekSu ke;s lsÍu
 foaYSh fyda cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug fyda wd¾Ósl ixj¾Okhg wys;lr
f,i n,mdk ;rÕldß;ajh ms<sn| wjysr;d ke;s lsÍu
 ;rÕ úfrdaë p¾hd yd wdêm;H ;;a;aj wksis f,i fhdod .ekSu
ms<sn| úu¾Yk fyda mÍlaId lsÍu
 NdKav yd fiajd imhk ;eke;a;ka w;r M,odhS ;rÕldß;ajh
mj;ajd .ekSu yd m%j¾Okh lsÍu
 NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ," tajd ,nd .ekSug yels ùu iy tajdfhys
;;ajh iïnkaOfhka mdßfNda.slhskaf.a whs;sjdislï yd
iïnkaO;d m%j¾Okh lsÍu yd wdrlaId lsÍu

 mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh jHdmdrj,g my; i|yka wdldrfhka

jeo.;a fõ'
 wêldßh úiska kshu lr we;s m%ñ;shg wkqj ksIamdokh" iemhSu"
.nvd lsÍu" m%jdykh yd úlsKSu isÿ lsÍu ksid kdia;sh wju ù
,dNh j¾Okh ùu

 mdßfNda.l
s whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍug fhduq ùu ksid mdßfNda.sl

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 úYajdih Èkd .ekSug yels ùu
 fjf<| úIudpdrj,ska je<lS lghq;= lsÍfuka wdh;kfha m%;srEmh
j¾Okh ùu
 jHdmdßlhdg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk ffk;sl ;;;ajhka wju ùu
 jHdmdr w;r we;s jk wkjYH ;rÕldß;ajh wju ùu
 taldêldÍ ;;a;ajhka we;s fkdùu ksid idOdrK j ;rÕ l< yels
ùu

 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kfha wruqKq (

 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh yd ieliSu mss<sn| j cd;sl yd wka;¾cd;sl

moku u; m%ñ;s ms<sfh, lsÍu
 ld¾ñl yd jdKsc lafIa;j% , m%ñ;slrK iy ;;a;j a md,kh m%j¾Okh
lsÍu yd ta i|yd ridhkd.dr yd mqi; a ld, fiajd msyg
s j
q d mj;ajdf.k
hdu
 foaYh
S ksIm
a dÈ; fuka u wdkhkh lrk ,o NdKav m%ñ;sj,g wkql, +
o hkak mÍlaId lsÍu
 m%ñ;slrKh yd ;;a;aj md,k lghq;= i|yd m¾fhaIK myiqlï
iemhSu
 m%ñ;s iy;sl i,l==Kq l%uhla ls%hd;aul lsÍu
 cd;Hka;r m%ñ;s wdh;k yd ta iudk lghq;=j, fhfok ixúOdk
iu. iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu
 wOHdmkh" WmfoaYkh yd fjk;a ud¾.j,ska m%ñ;slrKh iy
;;a;aj md,k lghq;= Èß.ekaùu

 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kfha ld¾hhka

 m%ñ;s ms<sfh, lsÍu
 m%ñ;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu
 iafõÉPdfjka
 SLS iy;sl ,dxck l%uh u.ska
 mQ¾j wmkhk mÍlaIdj u.ska
 wdkhk mÍlaIdj u.ska
 wmkhk ms<sn| ms<sfh, l< uqyqÿ wdydr mÍlaIdj u.ska
 ISO m%ñ;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu
 m%ñ;slrKh yd ;;a;aj md,kh ms<sn| mqyqKq mdGud,d ixúOdkh
lsÍu
 m%ñ;slrKh iy ;;a;aj md,k m%j¾Ok lghq;=
 WmlrK l%uxlk fiajd
 mdßfNda.sl wOHdmkh m%p,s; lsÍu
 mqia;ld, fiajdj" foaYSh úfoaYSh m%ñ;s wf,úh iy f;dr;=re fiajd
 ;;a;aj moaO;s ms<sn| wka;¾cd;sl m%ñ;Ska ls%hd;aul lsÍu

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 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh my; i|yka wdldrfhka jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a fõ'
 SLS ,l=K iys; ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lsÍu ;=<ska ;rÕldß;ajhg id¾:l j
uqyqK Èh yels ùu
 SLS ,l=K fkdue;s ksIamdok wdh;k wNsnjd kshu jYfhka jdisodhl
;;a;ajhla ,eìh yels ùu
 mdßfNda.sl meñKs,s wju lr .; yels ùu
 rdcH wxYh SLS i,l=K iys; NdKav ñ, § .ekSug m%uqL;ajhla fok
neúka fjf<|fmd< fldgi mq¿,a lr .; yels ùu
 úfoaY iy;sl lsÍfï i,l=Kq ^ISO& ,nd .ekSu ;=<ska úfoaY fjf<|fmdf<a
§ id¾:l ùug bv ,eîu
 m%ñ;Ska ;=< mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd ffk;sl wjYH;d we;=<;a jk neúka
ksIamdÈ; ms<sn| ms<s.; yels uÜgu by< hdu
 kdia;sh wju ù M,odhS;dj j¾Okh ùu
 wdh;kfha m%;srEmh j¾Okh ù fiajl Ñ;a; ffO¾h j¾Okh ùu

ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN lr

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 mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 ( ixúOdk ixl,amh y÷kajd" ysñldr;ajh wkqj jHdmdr

ixúOdk j¾. lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 02

bf.kqï M, (



ixúOdkhla hkak y÷kajd ksoiqka olajhs'
 úêu;a ixúOdkhl oelsh yels ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jHdmdr ixúOdk hkak w¾: olajhs'
 jHdmdr ixúOdk tajdfha ysñldr;ajh u; j¾. lrhs'
 fm!oa.,sl wxYhg wh;a jHdmdr ixúOdk ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 fmdÿ wxYhg wh;a jHdmdr ixúOdk ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'


ysñldr;ajh u; jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. fldg rEm igyklska olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 isiqka okakd ixúOdkj, kï úuikak'

 tajd ixúOdk f,i kï lsÍug fya;= wid oek .kak'
 ixúOdkhla hkq l=ula oehs ksjerÈ j ;yjqre lr fokak'

 
mdi, úêu;a ixúOdkhla jkafka ±hs isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 mdi, úêu;a ixúOdkhla jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
 mdi, wjg we;s jHdmdr weiqfrka ixúOdkhla hkq l=ula oehs ;j ÿrg;a
;yjqre lrkak'

 
isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tn mdi, wjg we;s" Tng yqre mqreÿ" Tn okakd jHdmdrj, kdu

yels;dla ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 tu jHdmdr fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd rdcH wxYh hgf;a j¾. lsÍug
W;aidy .kak'
 isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug w;aje,la

khj 3/4 folls

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  fmdÿ wruqKla bgqlr .ekSu i|yd talrdYS ù isák mqoa., lKavdhulska
ieÿï,;a iudc tallhla ixúOdkhla fõ'
ksoiqka ( mdi," mkai," m,a,sh" fjf<| ie,

 úêu;a ixúOdkhl oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 wruqKla ;sîu
 mqoa.,hska isàu
 ixúOdk jHqyhla mej;Su

 
,dN bmhSu fyda iudc iqNidOkh wruqKq lr f.k NdKav yd fiajd
ksIamdokh lsÍu" fnodyeÍu yd wf,ú lsÍfï ksr; jHjidhka jHdmdr
ixúOdk fõ'

 
ysñldr;ajh u; fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jHdmdr yd rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr
jYfhka jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
 ysñldr;ajh u; jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.SlrKh my; mßÈ .e,Sï igyklska
bÈßm;a l< yels h'

jHdmdr ixúOdk


fm!oa . ,s l wxYfha rdcH wxYfha

jHdmdr ixúOdk jHdmdr ixúOdk

      
flaj, yjq,a ixia:dms; iuqmldr uOHu m<d;a m<d;a
iajdñ jHdmdr iud.ï rch iNd md,k
jHdmdr hgf;a hgf;a wdh;k
mj;sk mj;sk hgf;a
jHdmdr jHdmdr mj;sk
jHdmdr

 fomd¾;fïka;=

 rdcH ixia:d

 rdcH iud.ï
ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN lr
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 79
 mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'2 ( flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, ,laIK úuiñka tu jHdmdr

ixúOdkj, jdis yd iSud úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M,

 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl iqúfYaI ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, jdis yd iSud ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï § n,mdk kS;s Í;s meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= lsh
% d mámdáh
úia;r lrhs'

bf.kqï wdOdrl (
 jHdmdr kdu ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï b,a¨ï m;%h
 jHdmdr kdu ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd jQ .%du ks,OdÍ b,a¨ï m;%h

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 ysñldr;ajh u; jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.SlrKh l< wdldrh ms<sn| j fmr
oekqu msßlaiñka mdvug msúfikak'
 wjg mßirfha jeä jYfhka olakg we;s jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. ms<sn|
úuikak'
 tu jHdmdr ixúOdkj,ska jeä m%udKhl whs;sh ;ks mqoa.,hl= i;= jk
nj jHdmdrfha kñka meyeÈ,s jk whqre fmkajd fokak'
 tu jHdmdrfha isiqka olsk ,laIK idlÉPd lrñka yqKq mqjrefõ
,ehsia;.= ; lrkak'
 yqKq mqjrefõ f.dvkÕk ,o ms<s;=re weiqfrka flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla
hkq l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIK fmkajd fokak'



isiqka ,jd my; f;dr;=re f.dkq lrjkak'
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl jdis
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl wjdis

 isiqkaf.a wkdjrK ie,ls,a,g f.k flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl jdis yd

iSud fmkajd fokak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 80
  flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hd mámdáh meyeÈ,s lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 ysñldr;ajh ;ks mqoa.,hl= i;= jk jHdmdr flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr fõ'

ksoiqka ( pkq,s iqm¾ fikag¾
oi; fmd;a y<
bu,ald ie¨ka

 my; i|yka úfYaI ,laIK flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, oelsh yels h'
 whs;slre úiska ;ks j m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSu
 l<ukdlrK ;SrK .kq ,nkqfha whs;slre úiska ùu
 whs;slref.a wiSñ; j.lSu
 jHdmdrhg ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;s ùu
 ,shdmÈxÑh wksjd¾h fkdùu
 ,dN fyda w,dN ;ks j N=la;s ú£u
 wjodkug ;ks j uqyqK §u
 wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu
 .sKqï ;eîu wksjd¾h fkdùu
 jHdmdrh kñka nÿ f.ùula isÿ fkdùu

 
flaj, iajdñ jHdmrj, oelsh yels jdis lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 myiqfjka wdrïN l< yels ùu
 ish¨ ,dN whs;slre i;= ùu
 iajdëk ;SrK .; yels ùu
 n,mj;ajkq ,nk kS;sÍ;s yd fr.=,dis wju ùu
 jHdmdßl f;dr;=rej, ryiHNdjh wdrlaId ùu
 jHdmdrh myiqfjka wjika l< yels ùu
 .kqfokqlrejka iu. iDcq iïnkaO;d mj;ajd.; yels ùu
 md,kh myiq ùu

 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, olakg we;s iSud lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 whs;slref.a wiSñ; j.lSu
 m%d.aOkh imhd .ekSfï § ÿIalr;d u;= ùu
 whs;slre úiska u ;SrK .kq ,nk ksid tajd wid¾:l úh yels ùu
 ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla fkdue;s ùu
 wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu
 jHdmdrh mq¿,a jk úg l<ukdlrKh wmyiq ùu
 w,dN ;ks j N=la;s ú£ug isÿ ùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 81
 

flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla tys whs;slref.a iïmq¾K kñka yer fjk;a
kulska mj;ajd f.k hkafka kï 1918 wxl 6 orK jHdmdr kdu wd{d
mk; mokï fldg f.k jHdmdrh wh;a m<d;a iNdfõ jHdmdr kdu m%{ma;h s
wkqj m<d;a jHdmdr kdu frðiag%d¾ fj; ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= h' m%dfhda.sl
j fuu ,shdmÈxÑh wod< m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh f,alï ld¾hd,fhka isÿ lr
.; yels h'

 tfia ,shdmÈxÑ lrkafka kï my; ls%hdmámdáh wkq.ukh l< hq;= h'

 jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug wfmalaId lrkq ,nk m%foaYfha m%dfoaYSh
f,alï ld¾hd,fhka flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr kduhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu
i|yd jQ b,a¨ï m;%h ,nd .ekSu

 wod< m%foaYfha ^.%du fiajd jifï& .%du ks,OdÍf.ka jHdmdr kdu

,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu i|yd jQ jd¾;dj ,nd .ekSu

 .%du ks,Odß iy;sl l< jd¾;dj iy iïmQ¾K lrk ,o wdlD;s

m;%h ,shdmÈxÑhg wod< .dia;= o iu. m%dfoaYSh f,alï fj; Ndr
§u

 m%dfoaYSsh f,alï úiska by; lreKq i,ld ne,Sfuka wk;=re j

jHdmdr kduh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï iy;slh ksl=;a lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 82
ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN lr
mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'3 ( yjq,a jHdmdrhl ,laIK úuiñka yjq,a jHdmdrj, jdis
yd iSud úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (

 yjq,a wd{d mk;g wkqj yjq,a jHdmdr w¾: olajhs'

 yjq,a jHdmdrhl iqúfYaIS ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 yjq,a .súiqu hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 yjq,a .súiqula we;s úh yels wdldr úia;r lrhs'
 yjq,a Tmamqjl jeo.;alu w.hhs'
 yjq,a Tmamqjl idudkHfhka we;=<;a jk lreKq wkdjrKh lrhs'
 1890 yjq,a wd{d mkf;a 24 jeks j.ka;sfha úêúOdk meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis yd iSud ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr yd yjq,a jHdmdr ;=,kd;aul j ii|hs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hdfï § Tjqka uqyqK fok .eg¨
ms<sn| isysm;a lrkak'
 ta i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾. isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 w,dN ;ks j N=la;s ú¢ug isÿùu" m%d.aOkh jeä lr .; fkdyels ùu hk
wjdis i|yd úi÷ï f,i ;j;a mqoa.,hska jHdmdrhg iïnkaO lr .;
yels nj fmkajd fokak'
 túg tu jHdmdrh yjq,a jHdmdrhla jk nj ;yjqre lrkak'


yjq,a jHdmdrhla hkq l=ula oehs yjq,a wd{dmk; wkqj ks¾jpkh lrkak'

 yjq,a jHdmdrhl wksjd¾hfhka u ;sìh hq;= ,laIK meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 yjq,a jHdmdrhl iqúfYaI jQ ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'


 yjq,a .súiqu yd yjq,a Tmamqj hkq l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 yjq,a Tmamqjl jeo.;alu fmkajd § idudkHfhka yjq,a Tmamqjl we;=<;a
jk lreKq fmkajd fokak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 83
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfï fhdojkak'

 Tfí lKaavdhu yjq,a jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug wfmalaId lrkafka

hehs is;kak'
 my; uQ,sl f;dr;=re we;=<;a jk fia tu yjq,a jHdmdrh i|yd
yjq,a Tmamqjla ilia lrkak'

 yjq,a jHdmdrh i|yd kduhla

 yjq,alrejkaf.a kï yd ,smskhka
 m%d.aOkh fh§u ms<sn| úia;r
 ,dNd,dN fnod .kakd wdldrh
 yjq,a jHdmdrfha mrud¾:
 yjq,alrejkaf.a .eks,s ms<sn| iSud
 m%d.aOk fmd<S yd .eks,s fmd<S ms<sn| f;dr;=re
 kj yjq,alrefjl= n|jd .ekSu
 isák yjq,alrefjla bj;a lsÍu
 wu;r m%d.aOkh fh§u iïnkaO fldkafoais
 yjq,a jHdmdrh wjika lsÍu ms<sn| fldkafoais

 isiq ks¾udK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 tla tla lKavdhfï wkdjrK we.ehSulg ,la lrkak'

 ,sÅ; .súiqula fkdue;s úgl fyda .súiqfï i|yka fkdjQ lreKla

iïnkaOfhka .eg¨jla u;= jQ wjia:djl 1890 yjq,a wd{d mkf;a 24 jeks
j.ka;shg wkqj lghq;= lrk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla

,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk ls%hdmámdáhg iudk nj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'


 by; idlÉPd lrk ,o yjq,a jHdmdrhl ,laIK weiqfrka isiqka my;
ls%hdldrlfï fhdojkak'

 È we;s ks¾Kdhl wkqj flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr yd yjq,a jHdmdr ;=,kd;aul

j ii|kak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 84
 ks¾Kdhlh flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr yjq,a jHdmdr
1' idudðl ixLHdj
2' m%d.aOkh fhoùu
3' mßmd,kh
4' j.lSu
5' ,dNd,dN N=la;s ú§u
6' ;SrK .ekSu
7' jHdmdrh wjika lsÍu

 yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis yd iSud meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhlg idfmalaIj yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis idlÉPd
lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

 1890 yjq,a jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a yjq,a jHdmdrhla my; mßÈ ks¾jpkh lr
we;'

 ,dN bmehSfï wruqKska jHdmdrhla mj;ajd f.k hk mqoa.,hska

w;r mj;akd iïnkaOh yjq,a jHdmdrhla fõ'



by; ks¾jpkhg wkqj yjq,a jHdmdrhl my; ,laIK wksjd¾hfhka u
;sìh hq;= fõ'
 ,dN ,eîfï wruqKla ;sîu
 jHdmdr lghq;a;la mej;Su
 mqoa.,hska isàu
 wfkHdkH iïnkaO;djla ^tlÕ;djla & ;sîu
ksoiqka ( .=Kj¾Ok iy mq;%fhda
fodka lfrda,sia iy mq;%fhda

 yjq,a jHdmdrhlg iqúfYaIS jQ ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 yjq,alrejka wju ixLHdj fofofkl= isáh hq;= w;r Wmßuh
20 g iSud ùu
 yjq,alrejka w;r .súiqula mej;sh hq;= ùu
 ,dN fnod .ekSu i|yd jQ hï tlÕ;djla oelsh yels ùu
 iEu yjq,l
a refjl= u ;udf.a yd fiiq yjq,l
a rejkaf.a ksfhdað;fhl=
yd m%Odksfhl= jYfhka ie,lSu ^wfkHdkH ksfhdac;ajh&
 lsishï jHdmdr lghq;a;la mej;Su

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 85
 

yjq,a jHdmdrfha lghq;= wdrïN fldg mj;ajd f.k hdu iïnkaOfhka
yjq,alrejka w;r we;s lr .kq ,nk tlÕ;dj yjq,a .súiqu f,i y÷kajhs'
 yjq,a .súiqula jdÑl j" ,sÅ; j fyda jHx.fhka we;s úh yels h'
 yjq,alrejka w;r we;s lr .kakd ,sÅ; .súiqu" yjq,a Tmamqj fyj;a yjq,a
jHjia:dj,sh f,i y÷kajhs'

 my; lreKq ksid yjq,a Tmamqjla jeo.;a fõ'

 yjq,alrejka w;r u;fNao yd wdrjq,a fndfyda ÿrg úi|d .; yels
ùu
 yjq,a jHdmdrfha lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hdfï § myiqjla ùu

 yjq,a Tmamqjl idudkHfhka we;=<;a lrk lreKq lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 jHdmdrh ms<sn| uQ,sl f;dr;=re
ksoiqka ( jHdmdrfha ku" yjq,alrejkaf.a kï yd ,smsk" jHdmdrfha
iajNdjh" yjq,a jHdmdrfha ld, iSudj
 m%d.aOkh fh§u ms<sn| úia;r
 ,dNd,dN fnod .kakd wdldrh ms<sn| f;dr;=re
 yjq,a jHdmdrfha mrud¾:
 yjq,alrejkaf.a .eks,s ms<sn| iSud
 m%d.aOk fmd<S yd .eks,s fmd<SS ms<sn| f;dr;=re
 yjq,a jHdmdrh wjika lsÍu ms<sn| fldkafoais
 wu;r m%d.aOkh fh§u iïnkaO fldkafoais
 kj yjq,alrefjl= n|jd .ekSfï §" isák yjq,alrefjl= bj;a j
hdfï §" yjq,alrefjl=f.a urKfha § lghq;= lrk wdldrh



yjq,a jHdmdrhl ,ssÅ; .súiqula fkdue;s úgl fyda .súiqfï i|yka
fkdjQ lreKlA iïnkaOfhka .eg¨jla u;= jQ wjia:djl 1890 yjq,a
jHdmdr wd{d mkf;a 24 jk j.ka;sh m%ldr j lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'

 yjq,a wd{d mkf;a 24 jk j.ka;sfha my; i|yka lreKq we;=<;a fõ'

 yjq,a jHdmdrfha ,dN yd w,dN yjq,alrejka iudk j fnod .; hq;=
w;r yjq,a jHdmdrh wjika lrk úg m%d.aOkh iudk j fnod
.ekSug yjq,alrejkag ysñlula we;'
 jHdmdrh fjkqfjka yjqlrejka fm!oa.,sl j ork ,o úhoï
jHdmdrh úiska Tjqkag wdmiq f.úh hq;= h'
 .súi.;a m%d.aOkhg wu;r j yjq,alrejka úiska imhd we;s uqo,a
i|yd 5] l jd¾Isl fmd<sshla ysñ fõ'
 m%d.aOkh fjkqfjka fmd<sshla lsis u yjq,alrefjl=g ysñ fkdfõ'
 jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrK lghq;= i|yd iyNd.S ùug iEu
yjq,alrefjl=g u whs;sh we;'
 lsis u yjq,alrefjl=g ;u fiajh fjkqfjka fõ;khla yjq,a
jHdmdrfhka ,eìh fkdyels h'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 86
  ish¨ u yjq,alrejkaf.a leue;a; ke;s j kj yjq,alrefjl= n|jd
.; fkdyels h'
 yjq,a jHdmdr lghq;= iïnkaOfhka mek k.sk idudkH .eg¨jl
§ yjq,alrejkaf.a jeä Pkaofhka ;SrKhla .; yels w;r" yjq,a
jHdmdr lghq;=j, iajNdjh fjkia flfrk lsisjla ish¨ u
yjq,alrejkaf.a leue;af;ka f;dr j l< fkdyels h'
 yjq,a jHdmdrfha .sKqï fmd;a m%Odk ld¾hd,fha ;eìh hq;= w;r"
´kE u wjia:djl § tajd mÍlaId lsÍug" msgm;a lr .ekSug ish¨
u yjq,alrejkag wjir ;sìh hq;= h'

 yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hd mámdáh flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla

,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk ls%hdmámdáhg iudk fõ'



yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 myiqfjka wdrïN l< yels ùu
 myiqfjka úiqrejd yeßh yels ùu
 jeä m%d.aOkhla /ia lr .; yels ùu
 lsysmfofkl=f.a yelshd yd olaI;d talrdYSS lr .; yels ùu
 j.lSu lsysmfofkl= w;r fn§ hdu
 iduQysl j.lSu ksid we;s jk Wkkaÿj yd ld¾hlaIu;dj

 yjq,a jHdmdrhl iSud lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 yjq,alrejkaf.a j.lSu wiSñ; ùu
 yjq,alrejka w;r we;súh yels u;fNao yjq,a jHdmdrhg wys;lr
f,i n,mEu
 tla yjq,l
a refjl=f.a lsh
% d l,dmh ksid ish¨ u yjq,l
a rejka j.lSug
ne£u
 wLKav meje;aula fkdue;s ùu

 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr yd yjq,a jHdmdr my; mßÈ ;=,kd;aul j ieie¢h yels h'
ks ¾ Kdhlh fla j , ia j dñ jHdmdr yjq , a jHdmdr

idudðl ixLHdj tla mqoa.,fhls wjuh 2 hs" Wmßuh 20

m%d.aOkh fhoùu whs;slre úiska fhdojhs yjq,alrejka úiska fhdojhs

mßmd,kh whs;slre úiska isÿ lrhs yjq,alrejka úiska isÿ lrhs

j.lSu ;ks j j.lshhs iduqysl j j.lshhs

,dNmdvq N=la;s ú§u ;ks j N=la;s ú|shs yjqf,a N=la;s úÈhs'

;SrK .ekSu iajdëk j isÿ lrhs iduqysl j ;SrK .kshs'

úiqrejd yeÍu úiqrejd yeÍula isÿ fkdfõ' iafõÉcdfjka fyda wêlrKh

wNsu; mßÈ jHdmdrh wjika u.ska úiqrejd yef¾'
l< yels h'
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 87
ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN lr
mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'4 ( úúO j¾.fha ixia:dms; iud.ï yd tajdfha iqúfYaI ,laIK
ikaikaokh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 10

bf.kqï M,

 ixia:dms; iud.ï w¾: olajhs'

 ixia:dms; iud.ïj, iqúfYaIS ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
 iSudiys; iud.ïj, jdis yd iSud ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iud.ula ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï § Ndú; jk ,shú,s meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. lrhs'
 tla tla iud.ï j¾.fha ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 tla tla iud.ï j¾.h i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. iei£fï ks¾Kdhl meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. ii|hs'
 fok ,o jHdmdrj, kduh wkqj th wh;a jk jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.h
ksjerÈ j m%ldY lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 ixia:dms; iud.ula hkak WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



ixia:dms; iud.ïj, iqúfYaIS ,laIK meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh yd ta i|yd wjYH jk ,shú,s
meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. lrk wdldrh .e,Sï igykla weiqfrka fmkajd
fokak'



tla tla iud.ï j¾.h y÷kajd" tajdfha iqúfYaIS ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'



iud.ï j¾. ieie£fï § Ndú; lrk ks¾Kdhl fmkajd fokak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 88
  isiqkag my; ud;Dld ,nd fokak'

 iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï

 iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ï
 iud.ï j¾. ieie|Sfï ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lr tu iud.ï j¾. fol ii|k
f,ig isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'
 ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ula yd iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ula
ikaikaokh l< yels wdldrh isiq ls%hdldrlï o ie,ls,a,g f.k meyeÈ,s
lr fokak'

 ixia:dms; iud.ïj, iqúfYaaI ,laIK weiqfrka isiqka my; ls%hdldrlfuys

fhdojkak'
 iafõÉPdfjka bÈßm;a jk isiqka 10 fofkl= lKavdhï follg
fnokak'
 '' ixia:dms; iud.ïj, wjdisj,g jvd we;af;a jdis fõ''' hk
ud;Dldj hgf;a újdohla meje;aùug Wmfoia fokak'
 tla isiqfjl=g úkdä foll ld,hla ,nd fokak'
 wfkla isiqka lKavdhï follg fjka lr" újdoh ;=<ska u;= jk
jdis yd wjdis ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug tu lKavdhï folg mjrkak'
 wyUq f,i ud;Dldj f;dard .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd § újdoh wdrïN
lrkak'
 újdoh wjidkfha ,ehsia;=.; l< jdis yd wjdis mka;shg bÈßm;a
lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'
 isiqkaf.a ls%hdldrlï we.ehSug ,la lr wvqmdvq iïmq¾K lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 2007 wxl 07 ork iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:d.; lrk ,o mqoa.,hskaf.a

tl;=jla iud.ula f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'
ksoiqka ( iS$i wr,sh iud.u
iS$i m%;sNd ^fm!oa& iud.u



ixia:dms; iud.ïj, iqúfYaIS ,laIK lsysmhla my; olajd we;'

 iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lrk ,o iajdëk wdh;khla ùu

 iud.ula tys idudðlhkaf.ka fjka jQ kS;suh tallhla ùu
 wLKav meje;aula fyj;a ks;H ika;;sl yelshdj ;sîu
 whs;slrejkaf.a j.lSu iSudiys; ùu
 fldgia ksl=;a lsÍfuka m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr .ekSu
 fldgia mejÍfï yelshdj
 l<ukdlrKh" wOHlaI uKav,hla u.ska isÿ ùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 89
 iSudiys; iud.ïj, jdis lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 úYd, m%d.aOkhla /ia lr.; yels ùu
 uyd mßudK jHdmdr wdrïN l< yels ùu
 olaI l<ukdlrejka n|jd f.k jHdmdr lghq;= lr f.k hd
yels ùu
 fldgialrejkaf.a j.lSu iSudiys; ùu ksid wdfhdaclhska
wdl¾Ykh lr .; yels ùu
 fldgialrejl=f.a urKh fyda bj;a ùu jHdmdrfha meje;aug ydkshla
fkdùu
 by< uÜgul udkj iïm;a talrdYS lr.; yels ùu
 jHdmdrhg kS;suh mqoa.,Ndjhla ;sîu

 iSudiys; iud.ïj, iSud lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 kS;suh n,mEu oeä ùu
 wdrïN lsÍug ixlS¾K ls%hdoduhla wkq.ukh l< hq;= ùu yd ta
i|yd msßjehla oßh hq;= ùu
 fldgia ixLHdj u; Pkao n,h ysñ ùu ^one vote for one share& ksid
iq¿ fldgialrejkag jeä n,hla ysñ fkdùu
 iud.fï ,dNh u; fuka u fldgialrejkag ysñ jk ,dNdxY u;
o nÿ f.ùug isÿ ùu ksid ,dN oaú;aj nÿ .Kkhlg yiq ùu
 úiqrejd yeÍul § jqj o ixlS¾K ls%hdoduhla wkq.ukh lsÍug
isÿ ùu


 iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍu wod< rfÜ iud.ï mk;g wkqj l< hq;= w;r
YS% ,xldfõ iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍu" 2007 wxl 07 orK iud.ï mk;g
wkqj iud.ï frðiag%d¾ fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd fj;
isÿ l< hq;= h'

 iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍfï § my; i|yka ls%hdmámdáh wkq.ukh l<

hq;= fõ'
 iud.fï kduh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu
 iud.fï fhdað; kduh oekg mj;akd iud.ul kduhg wkqrEm
fkdjk fyda iudk fkdjk njg ;SrKh jQ miq" my; ,shú,s
,shdmÈxÑh i|yd bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ'

 iud.u ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï b,a¨ï m;%h

 iud.fï idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh
 iud.fï wOHlaIjrfhl= f,i lsh% d lsÍug tla tla wdrïNl
wOHlaIjrhdf.a leue;a; oelafjk m%ldYh
 iud.fï f,alïjrhd f,i ls%hd lsÍug leu;s njg wdrïNl
f,alïjrhdf.a m%ldYh

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P-Tea G- 2017 90
  iud.fï mrud¾:" iud.fï fldgia ysñhkaf.a whs;sjdislï yd ne£ï"
iud.ï l<ukdlrKh yd mßmd,kh iïnkaO lreKq we;=<;a lr iud.u
ixia:d.; lsÍu i|yd iud.ï frðiag%d¾jhd fj; heúh hq;= jeo.;a u
,shú,a, idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sh fõ'

q  wod< ish¨ ,shú,s ksjerÈ njg ;yjqre jQ miq yd kshñ; .dia;= f.ùfuka
miq iud.ï frðiag%d¾jrhd ixia:dmk iy;slh ksl=;a lrhs'

 2007 wxl 07 orK iud.ï mk;g wkqj my; igyfka oelafjk iud.ï
j¾. ixia:d.; l< yels h'

ixia:dms; iud.ï

iSudiys; iud.ï iSudrys; iud.ï wemfhka iSsñ; iud.ï

iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iSñ; fmdÿ wlafjr<

iud.ï iud.ï iud.ï

,ehsia;=.; ,ehsia;=.;
fkdjQ


 by; tla tla iud.ï j¾.fha ,laIK my; mßÈ ,ehsia;=.; l< yels h'

iSud iys; iud.ï

fldgialrejka ñ, § .;a fldgia fjkqfjka f.jQ fyda f.ùug ne£ isák
jákdlug muKla Tjqkaf.a j.lSu iSud jk iud.ï iSudiys; iud.ï f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h' iSudiys; iud.ï j¾. ;=kls'

 iS$i fm!oa.,sl iud.ï

fldgia fyda fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a m%isoaêfha ksl=;a lsÍug wjir fkdue;s"
wju fldgialrejka ixLHdj tlla yd Wmßu ixLHdj 50 la jk iud.ï
iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 91
 iSsudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ul ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 wju fldgialrejka ixLHdj tlla jk w;r Wmßu ixLHdj 50

la fõ' fuu Wmßu m%udKhg iud.fï fiajlhska jk fldgialrejka
wh;a fkdfõ'
 wju wOHlaIjre ixLHdj tlls'
 iud.fï fldgia m%isoaêfha ksl=;a lsÍu l< fkdyels h'
 Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn| mßlaIKhlska f;dr j ish¨ u
fldgialrejkaf.a leue;a; u; ,dNdxY fnodyeßh yels h'

 iSudiys; fm!oa.,sl iud.ï i|yd ksoiqka

 iSud iys; uOHu ;ekam;= l%u ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u
 Lanka Clear (Pvt) LTD
 YS% ,xld úÿ,s ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

 isudiys; fmdÿ iud.ï

fldgia yd Khlr m%isoaêfha uyckhdg ksl=;a lsÍug wjir we;s" wju
fldgialrejka ixLHdj tlla yd Wmßuh iSudjla fkdue;s iud.ï iSñ;
fmdÿ iud.ï f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

 isudiys; fmdÿ iud.ul ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 wju fldgialrejka ixLHdj tla wfhl= ùu yd Wmßuh ms<sn|
iSudjla fkdue;s ùu
 wju wOHlaIjre ixLHdj fofofkl= ùu
 fldgia fyda fjk;a iq/l=ïm;a m%isoaêfha kssl=;a l< yels úu
 fldgialrejkag ,dNdxY f.ùug fmr Kh f.ùfï yelshdj ms<sn|
mÍlaIKhla l< hq;= ùu

,ehsia;=.; fmdÿ iud.ï ^ñ, l< iud.ï&

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ ,ehsia;=.; jQ fmdÿ iud.ï ñ, l<
^,ehsia;=.;& iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ'

ksoiqka ( DFCC bank PLC

fi,skaflda mS t,a iS

,ehsia;=.; fkdjq iud.ï ^ñ< fkdl< iud.ï&

fld<U fldgia yqjudrefõ ,ehsia;=.; fkdjQ iud.ï ñ,
,ehsia;=.; fkdjQ iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ'
ksoiqka ( isf,daka ìialÜ lïmeks ,sñgâ
isudiys; ue,snka ìialÜ iud.u

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 92
 hï rgl iud.ula f,i ixiA:dmkh lr" tu ráka msg; jHdmdßl lghq;=
isÿ lrk iud.ï wlafjr< iud.ï f,i ye¢kafõ' tu iud.ï jHdmdßl
lghq;= isÿ lrkq ,nk rfÜ iud.ï mk;g wkqj o ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= fõ'

tfia u" fjk;a rgl ixia:dmkh lrk ,o iSñ; iud.ula YS% ,xldfõ
,shdmÈxÑ lr fjk;a rgl jHdmdßl lghq;= isÿ lrhs kï" tajd o wlafjr<
iud.ï fõ'

ksoiqkla f,i YS% ,xldfõ iud.ula isx.mamQrefõ jHdmdßl lghq;= lsÍu

i|yd YS% ,xldfõ § ixia:dmkh lsÍu yd isx.mamQrefõ § ,shdmÈxÑ lr
jHdmdßl lghq;= l< hq;= h'

ksoiqka ( ikafrflda ueÍka iud.u

taIshd *eismsla iud.u

 iSudrys; iud.ï (
fldgialrejkaf.a j.lSu wiSñ; fõ' idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha i|yka
mßÈ fldgialrejkag ksl=;a lrk ,o fldgiaj, jákdlug Tjqkaf.a
j.lSu iSud fkdjk iud.ï iSud rys; iud.ï fõ'

 wemfhka iSñ; iud.ï

fldgia ksl=;a lsÍula isÿ fkdlrk" idudðlhskaf.a j.lSu idx.ñl
jHjia:dj,sfha i|yka lr we;s wem jákdlug iSud jk iud.ï fõ'

ksoiqka ( fld<U jHdmdr jia;= yqjudre ^wemldr iud.u&

 wemfhka iSñ; iud.ul my; i|yka ,laIK olakg we;'

 fldgia ksl=;a lsÍula isÿ fkdlsÍu
 idx.ñl jHjia:dj,sfha tla tla idudðlhd úiska iud.u wEjr
lsÍul § odhl úh hq;= m%udKh i|yka l< hq;= ùu
 wju jYfhka idudðlhska fofofkl=j;a isáh hq;= ùu yd
Wmßuh ms<sn| iSudjla fkdùu
 fmdÿ mrud¾: fmroeß lr f.k wdrïN lsÍu
 iud.fï ,dN fnodyeÍula fkdlsÍu

;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu (
 isiqka my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'
 mdi,g tk w;r;=r È yuq jk jHdmdrj, kdu yels;dla ,shk f,ig
isiqkag okajkak' ^fmr Èkl È okajd ;sîu myiqjla fõ' &
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017  jHdmdr kduh wkqj tu jHdmdr
93 wh;a jk jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.h
Wml,amkh lrk f,ig okajkak'
  úfoaYSh iud.ï
 YS% ,xldj ;=< jHdmdr ia:dkhla msysgqjd we;s kuq;a YS% ,xldfjka
msg; ixia:dmkh lr we;s iud.ula úfoaYSh iud.ula fõ'

 úfoaYSh iud.ula YS% ,xldj ;=< jHdmdßl ia:dkhla ia:dms; lr

uila ;=< § iud.u ms<sn| úia;rhla YS% ,xldfõ iud.ï
frcsiag%d¾jrhd fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;= h'

 iud.ï frðiagd% ¾jhd iud.u ms<sn| j mÍlaId lr n,d tu úfoaYSh

iud.u " ,shdmÈxÑ l< yels kï úfoaYSh iud.ula fia úfoaYSh
iud.ï f,aLkfha ku we;=<;a lrhs'

ksoiqka (



tlsfkl iud.ï j¾. iei£fï § my; oelafjk ks¾Kdhl fhdod .kS'
 idudðl ixLHdj
 j.lSu
 m%d.aOk iïmdokh
 mßmd,kh yd l<ukdlrKh

 ks¾Kdhl mokï lr f.k iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iud.ula " iSñ; fmdÿ iud.ula
iu. my; mßÈ iei|sh yels h'

ks¾Kdhlh iSñ; fm!oa.,sl iSñ; fmdÿ

iud.ï iud.ï
idudðl ixLHdj wjuh 01 Wmßuh 50 wjuh 01 Wmßuh iSudjla ke;

j.lSu ñ, § .;a fldgiaj, jákdlug ñ, § .;a fldgiaj, jákdlug

iSud fõ' iSud fõ'

m%d.aOk iïmdokh m%isoaêfha uyck;djg fldgia fyda m%isoaêfha uyckhdg fldgia fyda
iq/l=ïm;a ksl=;a l< fkdyels h' iq/l=ïm;a ksl=;a l< yels h'

mßmd,kh yd wOHlaI uKav,hla u.ska isÿfõ' wOHlaI uKav,hla u.ska isÿfõ'

l<ukdlrKh wju wOHlaIjre ixLHdj 01 ls' wju wOHlaIjre ixLHdj 02 ls'

;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu (
 isiqka my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'
 mdi,g tk w;r;=r È yuq jk jHdmdrj, kdu yels;dla ,shk f,ig
isiqkag okajkak' ^fmr Èkl È okajd ;sîu myiqjla fõ' &
 jHdmdr kduh wkqj tu jHdmdr wh;a jk jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.h
Wml,amkh lrk f,ig okajkak'
 jHdmdrj, kduh wkqj th wh;a jk jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾.h m%ldY l<
yels nj ksoiqka weiqfrka fmkajd fokak' 

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P-Tea G- 2017 94
ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN
lr mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'5 ( iuqqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaI ,laIK úuiñka tys

m%jK;d úYaf,aIKh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (
 iuqmldr jHdmdrh w¾: olajhs'
 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaI ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s wkdjrKh lrhs'
 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jdis yd iSud ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 iuqmldr iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%jK;d ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha Wkak;sh i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 fmr idlÉPd l< jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. ms<sn| oekqu msßlaiñka fm!oa.,sl
wxYfha fndfyda jHdmdrj, uQ,sl wruqK
úuikak'
 isiqkaf.aa ms<s;=re weiqfrka ,dN wruqKq lr fkd.;a jHdmdr o mj;sk nj
u;=lr f.k tajdg WodyrK úuikak'
 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re weiqfrka iuqmldr o fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ,dN wruqKq lr
fkd.;a jHdmdr ixúOdk nj u;= lr .kak'
 cd;Hka;r iuqmldr ixúOdkh úiska iuqmldr jHdmdrh y÷kajd È we;s
wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



iuqmldr jHmdrh i|yd m%foaYfha we;s iuqmldr iñ;s weiqfrka ksoiqka
lsym
s hla bÈßm;a lrkak'
 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaIS ,laIK meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



iuqmldr jHdmdrh ms<sn| fuf;la ,nd.;a oekqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k tys
jdis yd iSud isiqkaf.ka úuid tajd yqKq mqjrefõ ,shkak'



iuqmldr jHdmdrh ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hd mámdáh meyeÈ,s lr fokak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 95
  iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%jK;d idlÉPd lrkak'
 ta i|yd ksoiqka isiqkaf.ka úuikak'


 isiqka my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tn m%foaYfha úúO lafIa;%j, we;s iuqmldr jHdmdr ,ehsia;=jla

,shkak'
 tu iuqmldr jHdmdrj,ska iemfhk NdKav fyda fiajd y÷kdf.k
,shkak'
 tu jHdmdrj, Wkak;sh i|yd fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'

 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re we.ehSug ,la lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 cd;Hka;r iuqmldr ixúOdkh" iuqmldr jHdmdrh my; mßÈ y÷kajd §

we;'

'' ish wd¾Ól" idudÔh yd ixialD;sl u h wjYH;d yd wfmalaId bgq lr

.ekSu Wfoid iafõÉPdfjka tlai;a jQ mqoa.,hskaf.a iajdëk ix.uhla
fuka u" iduQysl whs;sh iys; m%cd;ka;%jd§ f,i md,kh jk
jHdmdrhls'''
ksoiqka (
 iSudiys; uyr.u úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sh
 iSudiys; fmaIld¾ñlhskaf.a iuqmldr iñ;sh
 iSudiys; ëjr iuqmldr iñ;sh


 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaIS ,laIK my; oelafõ'
 iajdëk ixúOdkhla ùu
 iafõPdfjka tla jQ mqoa., iuQyhla isàu
 idudðlhskaf.a iduQysl whs;sh
 fmdÿ wjYH;d yd wfmalaIdj,ska hq;= ùu
 m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,kh iys; jHdmdrhla ùu
 fldgiaj, w.h fjkia fkdù mej;Su ^fldgil w.h re' 100&
 tla idudðlfhl=g tla Pkaohla muKla ysñùu ^one man one
vote&
 Wmhk w;sßla;h idudðlhd iñ;sh iu. l< .kqfokqj,
jákdlu wkqj idudðlhskag ,nd §u
 ,dNh uQ,sl wruqK fkdùu


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 96
  1995 uekafpiag¾ iuq¿ ixúOdkh úiska iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s my; mßÈ
m%ldY lr ;sfí'
 iafõÉPd yd újD; idudðl;ajh
 m%cd;ka;%jd§ idudðl md,kh
 idudðl wd¾Ól iyNd.s;ajh
 iaffjÍNdjh yd ksoyi
 iuqmldr wOHdmkh mqyqKqj yd f;dr;=re ,nd §u
 m%dfoaYSh" cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka iuqmldr iñ;s w;r
iyfhda.S;dj
 iudch ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a ùu


 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jdis lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 iuqmldr iñ;shla weröu myiq ùu" 10 fofkl= tl;= ù myiqfjka
yd wvq uqo,lska werôh yels ùu
 m%cd;ka;%jd§ md,khla mej;Su
 w;HjYH NdKav yd fiajd idOdrK ñ,g iemhSu
 úúO lafIa;%j, jHdmdßl lghq;= l< yels ùu
 wfkHdkH iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍu
 iñ;sh Wmhk w;sßla;h idudðlhska i;= lsÍu fyj;a wkq.%dyl
m%;f
s .ùu

 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iSud lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 uQ,H iïmdok ud¾. iSñ; ùu
 iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s u; u msysgd lghq;= lsÍug isÿ ùu
 iSñ; ld,hla muKla újD; j mej;Su
 rdcH wxYfha ueÈy;a ùu isÿ ùu
 Khg NdKav wf,ú lsÍula isÿ fkdùu
 l<ukdlrK uKav,h Pkaofhka f;dard m;ajk ksid fndfyda
úg ld¾hlaIu fkdùu


 iuqmldr jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh my; oelafõ'

 YS% ,xldfõ iuqmldr iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu" 1972 wxl 5 orK

iuqmldr iñ;s mk; hgf;a iuqmldr ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ"
iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßiajrhd u.ska wod< m<d;a iNdfõ
iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßia hgf;a isÿ flf¾'

 iuqmldr iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï § jhi wjqreÿ 18 g jeä ´kE u

mqoa.,hska 10 fofkl= úiska my; oelafjk ,shú,s iuqmldr ixj¾Ok
flduidßia fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 97
  whÿï m;%h
 w;=re jHjia:dfõ msgm;a folla
 fhdað; wd¾Ósl lghq;=j, fhda.H;dj oelafjk jd¾;djla
 iuqmldr iñ;sh ,shdmÈxÑh i|yd jQ fhdackdj iïu; jQ
uy iNd /iaùfï jd¾;dj
 b,a¨ï m;%hg w;aika ;enQ idudðlhska idudðl .dia;=
f.jk ,o njg;a" tlS uqo,a ldrl iNdfõ Ndrldß;ajfhys
mj;sk njg;a ldrl iNdfõ iy;slhla
 iñ;sh msyá
s ,smskhg ,Õd úh yels ud¾.h olajk igykla

 b,a¨ï m;%h iu. bÈßm;a l< ,shú,s iuqmldr mk;g wkql+,

nj iuqmldr ixj¾Ok flduidßiajrhd mÍlaId lsÍfuka
wk;=re j ,shdmÈxÑ iy;slh ksl=;a flf¾'



iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%jK;d lsysmhla my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 iajhxfiajd fjf<|ie,a wröu yd fjf<| ie,a kùlrKh lsÍu

ksoiqka ( fldama isá" fldama iqm¾

 kj jHdmdr lafIa;%j,g msúiSu

ksoiqka ( iuqmldr rlaIKh" bkaOk msrjqïy,a

 cx.u fjf<|fmd<j,a weröu

 úoH;a f.ùfï l%u Ndú; lsÍu

 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha Wkak;sh i|yd fhdackd lsysmhla my; mßÈ oelaúh

yels h'

 iuqmldr újD; j ;nk fõ,djka §¾> lsÍu

 Khg NdKav wf,ú lsÍu iïnkaO j wjOdkh fhduq
lsÍu
 l<ukdlrK uKav,h i|yd olaI m<mqreÿ" ld¾hlaIu
msßila f;dard .ekSu
 úúO m%j¾Ok Wml%u Ndú; lsÍu
 iajhxfiajd fjf<|ie,a ;jÿrg;a jHdma; lsÍu
 mdßfNda.sl wdl¾IKh i|yd fjf<|ie, o¾YkSh f,i
ilia lsÍu
 idudcsl m%;s,dN jeä lsÍu
 kj idudcslhka n|jd .ekSug jevms<sfj,la ieliSu
 mdßfNda.sl fiajd iemhSu i|yd kùk ;dlaIKsl l%u
Ndú; lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 98
ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN
lr mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'6 ( úfYaIs; jHdmdrj, iqúfYaaI ,laIK úuiñka tajdfha

jdis yd iSud úu¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (

 jr,;a jHdmdr y÷kajhs'

 jr,;a jHdmdrhlg iïnkaO md¾Yaj fmkajd fohs'
 jr,;aysñhd yd jr,;a,dNshd w;r mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj úia;r
lrhs'
 jr,;aysñhd jr,;a,dNshdg imhk myiqlï ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jr,;a jHdmdr j¾. lrhs'
 jr,;a jHdmdrj, jdis yd iSud fmkajd fohs'
 jr,;a jHdmdr i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'


jHdmdr ixfhdackh jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (



jr,;a jHdmdr hkqq l=ula oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 jr,;a jHdmdrhlg iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj y÷kajd fokak'


úiska
 jr,;aysñhd yd jr,;a,dNshd w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj jr,;a .súiqu
weiqfrka fmkajkak'


 jr,;aysñhd úiska jr,;a,dNshdg imhk myiqlï yd jr,;a,dNshd


bgq l< hq;= ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 99
 

jr,;a jHdmdr j¾. lr WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 jr,;a jHdmdr l%ufha jdis yd iSud jr,;a,dNshdg yd jr,;aysñhdg f,i


fjka fjka j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 jHdmdr ixfhdack hkq fudkjd oehs y\qkajkak'

 jHdmdr ixfhdackh jk wdldr WodyrK iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

my; oelafjkafka jHdmdr ixfhdack iïnkaO isoaëka ;=kls'

isoaêh 1
 uQ,H lafIa;%fha m%uqL wdh;k folla jk " iSud iys; isxy *skEkaia
iud.u" iy " iSud iys; ldYHm *skEkaia iud.u " taldnoaO j "iSudiys;
ldYHm isxy *skEkaia "kñka kj; u iud.ula weröug ie,iqï lr we;'

isoaêh 2
 ''rkari iud.u'' cEï yd fldaäh,a ksIamdok lafIa;%fha m%uqL fmf<a
Yla;su;a wdh;khls' tu wdh;kh jHdmdr lafIa;%hg kjlhl= jQ ''
wcka; .a,dia uekq*elapÍia '' keu;s ùÿre fnda;,a ksIamdok wdh;kh
ñ, § .ekSug ie,iqï lr we;'

isoaêh 3
 jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wdh;khl iajhx /lshd mdGud,djla yeoErE iqrEmsld yd
jhksld ffO¾hu;a jHjidhsldjka fofofkls' iqrEmsld '' iqrEmd'' kduh
hgf;a ldka;d mdjyka ksIamdok wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hk w;r"
jhksld '' ñ,ald'' kñka fhda.Ü ksIamdok wdh;khla mj;ajdf.k hhs'
kqÿre wkd.;fha § fofokd tla j jvd;a Yla;su;a jHdmdrhla f,i ''
iu.s m%vlaÜia '' kñka kj jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍug ie,iqï lr we;'

 Tfí lKavdhug ,enqKq isoaêh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

 tu isoaêfha i|yka jHdmdr ixfhdack l%uh l=ulaoehs y\qkd .kak'
 Tn y\qkd.;a jHdmdr ixfhdack l%uh u.ska w;alr .; yels m%;s,dN
,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 100
úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 jr,;a jHdmdr - Franchises


lsishï NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla imhk jHdmdr wdh;khla" tu NdKaavh
fyda fiajdj ksYaÑ; fjf<|fmd< m%foaYhl wf,ú lsÍug ;j;a jHdmdr
wdh;khlg wjia:dj §ug fhdod .kakd jHdmdr ixúOdk l%uh jr,;a
jHdmdr (Franchises ) f,i y÷kajhs'

 jr,;a jHdmdrhlg iïnkaO m%Odk md¾Yaj folla oelsh yels h'

 jr,;aysñhd (Franchiser) - jr,;a iud.fï fjf<| kduh

hgf;a NdKav úlsKSug fjk;a
ksoiqka ( jHdmdrj,g wjir fok jr,;a
jr,;aysñhd iud.u
jr,;a,dNshd
Mc Donalds iS$i wndkaia friagqrkaia ^fm!oa'& iud.u
KFC jr,;a,dNshd (Franchisee)
ld¾.s,aia isf,da-kjr,;a
a ,sñgâiud.fuka wjir ,nd.;a
pitzza hut iS$i lS,aia friagwdh;kh
qrkaÜ ^fm!oa'& iud.u

 jr,;a jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍfï § jr,;a,dNshd yd jr,;aysñhd w;r we;s jk

.súiqu jr,;a .súiqu ^Franchise Agreement& fõ'



fuu .súiqu hgf;a jr,;aysñhdf.a jHdmdr kduh" fjf<| ,l=K iy
,dxPkh Ndú; lsÍug jr,;a,dNshdg wjir ,efnk w;r" .súiqu ;=<
jHdmdrh mj;ajd f.k hdug wod< kS;sÍ;s" jr,;aysñhd úiska imhk
fiajd iy uQ,H fldkafoais" jr,;a,dNshd úiska f.úh hq;= uQ,sl .dia;=j
yd udisl j f.úh hq;= mqrialdr i|yka fõ'

 jr,;a .súiqu wkqj jr,;aysñhd úiska jr,;a,dNshdg my; myiqlï imhhs'

 ish fjf<| kduh Ndú;hg wjir §u

 l<ukdlrK mqyqKqj ,nd §u
khj 3/4 folls  wf,úlrK iydh ,nd §u
P-Tea G- 2017 101
  uQ,H myiqlï ,nd §u
 fjf<|ief,a ksudj ilia lr §u
 ksIamdÈ;h fyj;a NdKav yd WmlrK iemhSu
 Ys,amSh {dkh ,nd §u

 jr,;a .súiqu wkqj jr,;a,dNshd úiska my; i|yka ld¾hhka bgq l<
hq;= fõ'

 jr,;aaysñhd mkjk fldkafoais wkqj lghq;= lsÍug tlÕ úu
m%d.aOkh wdfhdackh lsÍu
 jr,;aysñhdf.ka fyda Tyq úiska ks¾foaY lrk ,o
iemhqïlrejkaf.ka muKla NdKav ñ, § .ekSu
 jr,;aysñhdg .súi.;a mßÈ .dia;= f.ùu

 jr,;a jHdmdr my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'

 ksIamdÈ; jr,;a jHdmdr ( Product Franchises )

 ksIamdok jr,;a jHdmdr ( Manufacturing Franchises )
 jHdmdr l%uh i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdr (Business Format Franchises )

ksIamdÈ; jr,;a jHdmdr

jr,;aysñhdf.a fjf<| ,l=Kq iys; NdKav Tyqf.ka ñ,g f.k kej; úlsKSug
jr,;a,dNshdg whs;sh mejfrk jr,;a jHdmdr ksIamdÈ; jr,;a jHdmdr fõ'
ksoiqka ( LKsc f;,a úlsKSfï wf,úie,a
^ IOC bkaOk msrjqïy,a &

ksIamdok jr,;a jHdmdr

jr,;aysñhdf.a fjf<| ,l=Kq hgf;a NdKav ksIamdokh lr fnodyeÍug
jr,;a,dNshdg whs;sh mejfrk jr,;a jHdmdr ksIamdok jr,;a jHdmdr fõ'
ksoiqka ( fldld flda,d" fmmaisflda,d" jeks isis,a îu fnda;,a lsÍu yd
fnodyeÍu isÿ lrk wdh;k


jHdmdr l%uh i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdr
jr,;aysñhdf.a kñka yd l%uh hgf;a jHdmdrh mj;ajd f.k hdug jr,;aa,dNshdg
whs;sh mejfrk jr,;a jHdmdr" jHdmdr l%uh i|yd jQ jr,;a jHdmdr fõ'
ksoiqka ( Mc Donalds ' KFC, Pittza Hut jeks ksIamdÈ; wdydr imhk fjf<|
wdh;k

 jr,;a jHdmdr l%ufha jdis lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

jr,;ayñ
s hdg
 Tyqf.a u wdfhdackhlska f;dr j jHdmdrh mq¿,a lsÍug yelshdj
,eîu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 102
  m%pdrK úhoï jr,;a,dNshd iu. fnod.; yelss ùu
 jr,;a,dNshdf.a wdfhdackfhka m%;s,dN ,eìh yels ùu
 jr,;a,dNshdf.a ld¾hlaIu;dj u; ksrdhdifhka u m%;s,dN
,eìh yels ùu
 jr,;a,dNshd u.ska fmdaIKh ùu

jr,;a,dNshdg
 jr,;aysñhdf.a lS¾;skduh u; úYd, fjf<|fmd<la ,nd.; yels
ùu
 wid¾:l ùfï m%jK;dj wvq ùu
 ckms%h fjf<|kdu ksid m%pdrKh myiq ùu
 jr,;aysñhdf.a l<ukdlrK mqyqKqj ,eîu
 jr,;aysñhdf.a uQ,H myiqlï ,eîu
 wuqøjH wju ñ,lg ,nd.; yels ùu

 jr,;a jHdmdrj, iSud lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

jr,;ayñ
s hdg
 jr,;a,dNSka wid¾:l ùfuka fudyqg o ,dN wvq úh yels ùu
 jr,;a,dNshdf.a wys;lr ls%hdl,dm jr,;aysñhdf.a lS¾;skduh
flfrys n,mE yels ùu
 jr,;a,dNSka Wmhk ,dNfhka jeä fldgila Tjqka úiska u r|jd
.ekSu

jr,;a,dNshdg
 jr,;aysñhdf.a md,khla we;s ksid jr,;a,dNshdg mQ¾K
iajdëk;ajhla ysñ fkdùu



jr,;a jHdmdr l%uh ,nd .ekSug úYd, msßjehla oeÍug isÿ ùu
,dNh ms<sn| wúksYaÑ; ;;a;ajhla mej;sh yels ùu
 jr,;aysñhdf.a lS¾;skduh u; /f|k ksid wdfhdack ms<sn|
wjodkula mej;Su
 jr,;a .súiqug wkqj lghq;= lsÍug isÿ jk ksid jr,;a,dNshd oeä
mSvkhlg yiq ùu

 jHdmdr ixfhdack (Business Combinations )

 jHdmdr ixfhdackh ù lghq;= lsÍu jHmdr lafIa;%fha m%jK;djls'

 iud.ï folla fyda lsysmhla tlg tl;= ù lghq;= lsÍu jHdmdr
ixfhdackh f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

 jHdmdr ixfhdackh ùu fohdldrhlska isÿ l< yels h'

 taldnoaO ùu ^Mergers /Amalgamation)
 w;am;a lr .ekSu ^Acquisition &

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 103
 taldnoaO ùu
 taldnoaOùul § fjka fjka j mej;s iud.ï folla fyda lsysmhla
;ks jHdmdrhla njg mßj¾:kh fõ'
 th tla iud.ula wfkla iud.fï j;alï yd j.lSï ñ,g .ekSfuka
fyda ixfhdackh jk iud.ïj, mej;s jHdmdr lghq;= ksu lr ta
wkqj kj iud.ula msysgqùfuka l< yels h'

w;am;alr .ekSu
 w;am;alr .ekSul § tla iud.ula úiska wfkla iud.fï idudkH
fldgia m%d.aOkfhka jeä m%udKhla ñ,g .ekSu isÿ fõ' fldgia
ñ,g .kakd iud.ug md,k n,h ysñ fõ'

 taldnoaO ùï fyda w;am;a lr .ekSï u.ska isÿ jk ixfhdack m%Odk wdldr

;=kl g isÿ fõ'

 ;sria ixfhdack (Horizontal combination)

 isria ixfhdack (Vertical combination)
 úIu ixfhdack (Conglomerate combination)

 tl iudk jHdmdr lghq;=j, fh§ isák iud.ï folla fyda lsysmhla

taldnoaO ùu ;sria ixfhdack fõ'

ksoiqka (
 im;a;= ksIamdok wdh;k folla ixfhdackh ùu
 tïîtiat,a fiaúx.aia nEkala ,sñgâ" u¾pkaÜ nEkala T*a YS% ,xld
mSt,aaiS yd tïîtiat,a *hskEkaI,a i¾úia ,sñgâ taldnoaOj 2015'01'01
isg u¾pkaÜ nEkala T*a YS% ,xld wekaâ *hskEkaia mSt,aiS wdrïN
lsÍu
 uDÿldx. ixj¾Ok wdh;khla jk uhsl%fid*aÜ wdh;kh úiska
fkdlshd ^Nokia & iud.fï mß.Kl uDÿldx. tallh ñ, § .ekSu

 hQkshka weIqjrkaia fckr,a iud.u iy taIshka t,dhkaia fckr,a

a iud.u taldnoaO ù "f*hd*diaÜ bkaIqjrkaia iud.u" kñka 2017
fmnrjdß 28 Èk isg jHdmdr lghq;= isÿ lsÍu'
DFCC

 lsishï ksIamdÈ;hl fhfok jHdmdr odufha úúO wjia:dj, fh§ isák

iud.ï lsysmhla taldnoaO ùu isria ixfhdackh fõ'
ksoiqka (
 im;a;= ksIamdok iud.ula" yï ksIamdokh lrk iud.ula yd
im;a;= wf,úlrK iud.ula" iu. ixfhdackh ùu

 tl iudk fkdjk fjkia j¾.j, jHdmdr" ixfhdackh ùu úIu

ixfhdackh fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 104
 ksoiqka (
 ^1&
im;a;= ksIamdok iud.ula " ìialÜ ksIamdok iud.ula iu.
ixfhdackh ùu oej imhkakd

 jHdmdr ixfhdackh jk wdldrh my; igykska oelaúh yels h'


oej NdKav oej NdKav


oej NdKav


^2&
ksIamdolhd ksIamdolhd ksIamdolhd


 


^3& fílß oej NdKav


ksIamdolhd wf,úlrejd


^1& isria ixfhdackh

^2& ;sria ixfhdackh
^3& úIu ixfhdackh

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 105
ksmqK;dj 4 ( úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN lr
mj;ajd f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'7 ( rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdkj, ,laIK úuiñka

tu jHdmdrj, jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (
 jHdmdr lghq;= rch hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hdug fya;= úuihs'
 rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lrhs'
 rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdkj, ,laIK úuihs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 rch u.ska lrf.k hkq ,nk jHdmdr ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr hkq fudkjd oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 fmdÿ wxYh u.ska jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hdug fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. lr olajkak'
 tla tla rdcH wxYfha jHdmdrj, ,laIK fmkajd § ksoiqka bÈßm;a
lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la

 rch fyda m<d;a md,k wdh;khla úiska mj;ajd f.k hk yd md,kh
flfrk ish¨ u jHdmdr rdcH wxYfha ke;fyd;a fmdÿ wxYfha jHdmdr
f,i ie,fla'

 fmdÿ wxYh u.ska jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nkafka fmdÿ ck;djf.a
iqNisoaêh Wfoid h'

 my; i|yka fya;= u; rch jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hkq ,efí'

 fm!oa.,sl wxYh úiska wys;lr f,i ,dN bmhSu jeks fjf<|fmd<

;;a;aj md,kh lsÍug
 taldêldÍ wdh;k ìys ùu je<elaùug
 cd;sfha wdrlaIdj fjkqfjka mj;sk hï hï jHdmdr lafIa;% mj;ajd
f.k hdug
 fmdÿ ck;djg idOdrK ñ,lg w;HjYH NdKav yd fiajd iemhSug
 rcfha ie,eiaula yd md,khla hgf;a jHdmdr lghq;= isÿ jk
neúka iïm;a kdia;sh wju lr .ekSug
 ,dN fkdue;s" fm!oa.,sl wxYh w; fkd.ik jeo.;a uyd mßudK
ixj¾Ok fhdackd l%u mj;ajd f.k hdug

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 106
  rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. my; oelafõ'
 rdcH ixia:d $jHjia:dms; uKav,
 rcfha fomd¾;fïka;=
 rdcH iud.ï
 m<d;a iNd yd m<d;a md,k wdh;k hgf;a we;s jHdmdr

 rdcH ixia:djl my; ,laIK oelsh yels h '

 úfYaI fyda fmdÿ mk;la hgf;a ixia:dmkh lsÍu
 ffk;sl mqoa.,Ndjhla ysñ ùu
 mQ¾K whs;sh fyda jeä whs;shla rch i;= ùu
 rch úiska m;a lrk wOHlaI uKav,hlska md,kh lsÍu
 rdcH Kh" ,dNdxY m%;s wdfhdack" uyck;dj Kh m%d.aOkhg
odhl lr .ekSu wdÈfhka m%d.aOkh iïmdokh lr .ekSu
 wju ñ,lg ck;djg ld¾hlaIu fiajdjla iemhSu m%Odk
wruqK ùu

ksoiqka (
 YS% ,xld .ukd.uk uKav,h
 YS% ,xld uyje,s wêldßh
 YS% ,xld rEmjdyskS ixia:dj
 YS% ,xld LKsc f;,a kS;s.; ixia:dj

 rdcH ixia:d uKav," wêldßh" wdh;kh" iNdj" ld¾hdxYh wd§ úúO

kïj,ska ye¢kafõ'

 rdcH fomd¾;fïka;=jl my; ,laIK oelsh yels h'

 wud;HdxYhla hgf;a rcfha iDcq md,khg hg;a ùu
 wdh;k ix.%yh" uqo,a fr.=,dis wd§ rcfha m%;sm;a;sj,g wkqj u
lghq;= l< hq;= ùu
 fndfyda úg fiajd iemhSfï ksr; wdh;k ùu
 fomd¾;fïka;j = la kS;sh bÈßfha mqo.
a ,fhl= jYfhka ms<f
s kd.kakd
kuq;a fomd¾;fïka;= m%Odkshdf.a ks, kdufhka kS;sh bÈßfha fmkS
isáh hq;= ùu
 rcfha jd¾Issl whjeh f,aLkh u.ska wjYH wruqo,a m%;smdokh
lsÍu
ksoiqka (
 wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
 lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j
 fi!LHh fomd¾;fïka;=j
 ÿïßh fomd¾;fïka;=j

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P-Tea G- 2017 107
  rdcH iud.ul my; ,laIK oelsh yels h'

 iud.ï mk; hgf;a ixia:dmkh lr we;s iSñ; fmdoq iud.ula

ùu
 iud.fï uq¿ m%d.aOkfhka 51] g jvd jeä m%udKhla rch fyda
rcfha wdh;k i;= ùu

ksoiqka (
 YS% ,xld rlaIK iud.u
 iSudiys; ,xld fmdiafmaÜ iud.u
 YS% ,xld fg,sfldï iud.u
 iS$i ,sfg%da .Eia iud.u
 State Trading Company

 m<d;a md,k wdh;k hgf;a mj;sk jHdmdrj, my; ,laIK mj;S'

 m<d;a iNd" k.r iNd" m%dfoaYSh iNd hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hdu
 whs;sh ta ta m<d;a md,k wdh;khg ysñ ùu
 wjYH wruqo,a m<d;a md,k wdh;k úiska fyda uOHu rcfhka
imhkq ,eîu
 mßmd,kh m<d;a md,k wêldÍka úiska isÿ lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

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ksmqK;dj 5 ( iudc" wd¾Ól yd mqoa., ixj¾Okh i|yd jHjidhl;ajfhys
odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'1 ( jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu yd m%;s,dN wOHhkfhka

jHjidhlfhl= ùfï we,au m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 ms<s.;a ks¾jpk wOHhkfhka jHjidhl;ajh i|yd
w¾:l:khla f.dv k.hs'
 jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu w.hhs'
 jHjidhl;ajh yd jHdmdr w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jHjidhl;ajfhka ,efnk mqoa.," wdh;ksl" iudc yd
wd¾Ól m%;s,dN ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 f;dard.;a jHjidhla ie,ls,a,g f.k" bka jHjidhlhdg"
wdh;khg" iudchg yd wd¾Ólhg ,efnk m%;s,dN fjka
fjka j f.dkq lrhs'
 jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 my; i|yka m%ldY mka;sfha isiqkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

 '' .hdka ;u mshd úiska mj;ajd f.k .sh is,a,r fjf<|ie, iqmsß
fjf<|ie,la njg mßj¾;kh lr mj;ajd f.k hhs'''

 '' iqÔj fvx.= frda.h u¾Okh i|yd ;ukaf.a u jÜfgdarejla

wkqj YdLidr T!IOhla ksmojd fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lr we;'''

 '' kd,l mdvqmsg Odjkh l< nia r:hla noaog f.k kj wx.
tlalr tu ud¾.fha u Odjkh lrhs'

 by; m%ldYj, i|yka mqoa.,hska ;=< we;s úfYaI ,laIK isiqkaf.ka

úuikak'

 kùlrKh lsÍu" kjH;d iïmdokh lsÍu" wjodkï l<ukdlrKh lsÍu

hk ,laIK tu mqoa.,hska ;=< mj;sk nj idlÉPdjla ;=<ska u;=lr .kak'

 tjeks ,laIK jHjidhl;aj ixl,amh ;=< wka;¾.; úh hq;= nj;a "

jHjidhl;ajh iïnkaOj úúO mqoa.,hska úiska úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr
we;s nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 109
  tlS ks¾jpk weiqfrka isiqka ,jd fmdÿ w¾:l:khla f.dvkxjkak'



jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrkak'



jHjidhl;ajh yd jHdmdr w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'



Tn m%foaYfha isák jHjidhlfhl= ie,ls,a,g f.k Tyqf.ka
 jHjidhlhdg"
 iudchg
 wd¾Ólhg ,efnk m%;s,dN isiqkaf.ka úuiñka idlÉPd lrkak'
 jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 jHjidhl;ajfha m%jK;d meyeÈ,s lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHjidhl;ajh ms<sn| j bÈßm;a lr we;s ks¾jpk lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 ''wjia:djla Wodlr f.k bka m%fhdack .ekSug ixúOdkhla
ks¾udKh lrkakd jHjidhlfhls' wjia:d Wodlr f.k tajd
m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd ixúOdk ks¾udKh lsÍfï § iïnkaO
jk ish¨ lghq;= iy ld¾h jHjidhl;aj ls%hj,shg we;=<;a
fõ'''
ú,shï ã' nhsf.%aõ

 ''kj NdKav yd fiajd y\qkajd §fuka fyda kj ixúOdk l%u

ks¾udKh lsÍfuka fyda kj wuqøjH Ndú; lsÍfuka fyda mj;akd
w¾: l%uh fjkia lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh jHjidhl;ajhhs'''
fcdaIma Iqï mSg¾

 ''m%d.aOkh yd Y%uh w;r w;rueÈfhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍu

jHjidhl;ajhhs'
Tlaiam¾â YíofldaIh ''

 wúksYaÑ;;dj,g uqyqK §u jHjidhl;ajhhs'

ßpâ kekaákÜ

 ''kj jHdmdrhla Èh;a fldg id¾:l j mj;ajdf.k hdug we;s

yelshdj jHjidhl;ajhhs'''
wka;¾cd;sl lïlre ixúOdkh


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 110
  by; ks¾jpk weiqfrka jHjidhl;ajh ms<sn| j w¾:l:khla my; mßÈ
f.dvk.d .; yels h'
mßir wjia:d ks¾udKYS,S j Wlyd .ksñka" wjodkula ord kfjdaa;amdok
ìys lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh jHjidhl;ajhhs'
fyda
ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd y÷kd f.k tajd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd jHdmdr
wjia:d u;= lrñka wjodkï l<ukdlrKh lrñka flfrk kjH;d
iïmdok ls%hdj,sh jHjidhl;ajhhs'


jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu

 fõ.fhka fjkia jk f,dalfha fjkiaùïj,g m%;sls%hd oelaúh yels"

kjH;d fiúh yels jHjidhlhskaf.a oeä wjYH;djla mej;Su
 ;r.ldÍ jHdmdßl f,dalh ;=< /£ isàu i|yd kfjda;amdok ìys lsÍfï
wjYH;dj mej;Su
 fjkia jk f,dalhg kdhl;ajh Èh yelafla jHjidhlhskag neúka iEu
ixúOdkhlg u jHjidhlhska wjYH ùu
 mqoa., wjYH;d yd jqjukd Wiia uÜgñka ;Dma;su;a lsÍu ;=<ska Ôjk
;;ajh Wiia lsÍu i|yd kfjda;amdok ìys lsÍfï wjYH;dj mej;Su
 Èfkka Èk fjkia jk kj ;dlaIKh yuqfõ jHdmdr lghq;= ÈhqKq lr
.ekSfï wjYH;dj
 kj jHdmdr weröu yryd /lshd ks¾udKh l< yels ùu


jHjidhl;ajh yd jHdmdr w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd y\qkd f.k tajd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd wjodkï
l<ukdlrKh yd kjH;d iïmdokh lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh jHjidhl;ajh f,i
ye¢kafõ'

ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd ;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksIamdokh lsÍu"
fnod yeÍu yd Bg wkqnoaO lghq;= jHdmdr f,i mq¿,a j ú.%y l< yels h'

fï wkqj jHjidhl;ajh ;=<ska o" jHdmdr úiska o ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd

;Dma;su;a lsÍu i|yd NdKav yd fiajd ksmoùu yd ta wdYs%; fiajdj, ksr; fõ'
kuq;a jHdmdrj,g idfmalaIj jHjidhl;ajh úiska jHdmdr wjia:d y\qkd .ekSu"
wjodkï l<ukdlrKh yd kjH;d iïmdokh hk lghq;=j, o ksr; fõ'

fï wkqj ish¨ jHjidh jHdmdr jk w;r ish¨ jHdmdr jHjidhka fkdjk nj

o meyeÈ,s fõ'

tfia u jHjidhl;ajfha wjidk m%;sM,h jHdmdr f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 111
 jHjidhl;ajfha m%;s,dN
jHjidhl;ajh ;=<ska mqoa.," wdh;ksl" iudc yd wd¾Ól m%;s,dN w;a fõ'
ksoiqka (
 mqoa., m%;s,dN
 mqoa., yelshdj,ska m%fhdack .ekSug bv m%ia:d ,eîu
 by< lemùu u; by< m%;s,dN ,nd .; yels ùu
 iudc ;;ajh yd ms<s.ekSu we;s ùu
 wd;au ;Dma;sh ,eîu
 fm!oa.,sl uQ,Huh ,dN ,eîu

 wdh;ksl m%;s,dN
 ;rÕldß;ajhg uqyqK §ug myiq ùu
 jHdmdr lghq;= mq¿,a ùu
 wLKav j j¾Okh ùu
 fjf<|fmd< fldgi mq¿,a ùu
 l¾udka;h ;=< úYsIaGhska njg m;aùu

 iudÔh yd wd¾Ól m%;s,dN

 kj /lshd wjia:d W;amdokh ùu
 wdodhï wjia:d ìys ùu
 kj NdKav yd fiajd mßfNdackhg wjia:d Wod ùu
 ck;djf.a Ôjk uÜgu by< hdu
 m%dfoaYSh iïm;a ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSu
 kj fjf<|fmd<j,a ixj¾Okh ùu

jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh

 jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj my;
oelafjk lreKq u.ska meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

 jHjidhl;ajh ksid kjH;d ìys ùfuka cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h by<

hdu
 kj /lshd wjia:d ìys ùfuka fiajd kshqla;s uÜgu by< hdu
 kj /lshd iïmdokfhka wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a ùu

kj /lshd wjia:d  wdodhï uÜgu by< hdu  l%h Yla;sh by< hdu

ksIm
a dokh jeä ùu NdKav b,a¨u jeä ùu
  

 fjf<|fmd< lghq;= mq¿,aùu;a" kj ;rÕldÍ fjf<|fmd<j,a

ìysùu;a uÕska wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh by< hdu
 m%dfoaYSh iïm;a Ndú;hg .ekSfuka tajdg by< b,a¨ula we;s ùu
 kj jHdmdr ìys ùu ksid wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh we;s ùu

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 jHjidhl;ajfha m%jK;d
 wNHka;r jHjidhl;ajh - (Intra Entrepreneurship )
 f.da,Sh jHjidhl;ajh - (Global Entrepreneurship)
 iudchSh jHjidhl;ajh - (Social Entrepreneurship)
 yß; jHjidhl;ajh - (Green Entrepreneurship)

f.da,Sh jHjidhl;ajh
f.da,Sh jYfhka fjf<|dfï fh§uhs' tkï" f,dalfha l=uk ia:dkhl isáh o"
;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka f,dalfha fjk;a ´kE u rgla fyda ia:dkhla iuÕ
ikaksfõokfha fh§ foaY iSud udhsïj,ska neyer j lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdjhs'
tla ia:dkhl isg f,dalh mqrd ;udf.a ksIamdok id¾:l j fnod yeÍu i|yd ta
ta rgj, mdßfNda.slhskaf.a wjYH;d yd jqjukd y÷kdf.k tu wjYH;d yd
jqjukd imqrd,Sug ;u ksIamdÈ; ,nd §u f.da,Sh jYfhka jHjidhl;ajfha M,
fk,d .ekSu hs'

fuys § wfkl=;a ixialD;Ska ms<sn| j oek isàu b;d w;HjYH lreKla fõ'
fï i|yd fjk;a rgj,a iu." cd;Ska iu. fyd| iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSu wjYH
fõ' cd;Ska w;r" ixialD;Ska w;r mj;sk fjkialï y÷kd.ekSu uÕska wjia:d
iïmdokh lr .ekSu isÿ fõ'

iudÔh jHjidhl;ajh
iudcSh fufyjrla lsÍfï fÉ;kdfjka iudcSh .eg¨j,g ms<shï fh§ug
kfjda;amdokfha fh§u ñka woyia flf¾' udkisl ;Dma;sh" ms<s.ekSu" m%ixidj"
mfrdaldrh hkd § m%;s,dN iudÔh jHjidhl;ajh ;=<ska wfmalaId flf¾' iudcSh
jHjidhlhskaf.a wruqK jkafka f,dalh hym;a ia:dkhla njg m;a lsÍuhs'

yß; jHjidhl;ajh
yß; jHjidhl;ajh hkq mdßißl yd iudcSh .eg¨ fyda wjYH;d i|yd b;d by<
wjodkulska hq;= j iajNdúl mßirhg Okd;aul n,mEï we;s lsÍug jHdjidhl;aj
woyia u.ska oekqj;a Ndjhlska hq;= j lrkq ,nk ls%hdldrlï h'

yß; jHjidhlhska mßirh iq/lSu Tjqka f.a yr ixl,amh f,i i,lhs' mßir
.eg¨j,g b;d ixfõ§ wh fõ' fuu jHjidhlhskaf.a jHdmdr lghq;=j,ska
iajNdúl mßirhg Okd;aul n,mEï we;s lrhs'

wNHka;r jHjidhl;ajh
ixúOdkj, úúO ;k;=rej, lghq;= lrk ks¾udKYS,S mqoa.,hska tu
wdh;kj, ksIamdÈ; yd ksIamdok l%uj, fjkialï isÿ lrhs' by<
l<ukdlrejka tu ks¾udKYS,S lghq;= lsÍu i|yd tjeks mqoa.,hka
Èß.kajhs' fufia ixúOdkhl fjkialï y÷kajd fok" wdh;khla ;=<
ls%hd;aul jk jHjidhl;ajh wNHka;r jHjidhl;ajh f,i ye|skafõ'

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ksmqK;dj 5 ( iudc" wd¾Ól yd mqoa., ixj¾Okh i|yd jHjidhl;ajfhys
odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'2 ( jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh wOHhkh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 jHjidhl;ajh ls%hdj,shla nj ;yjqre lrhs'
 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh y÷kajhs'
 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha mshjr fm<.iajhs'
 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh rEm igyklska olajhs'
 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha tla tla mshjr úia;r lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mßir wOHhkh ;=<ska jHdmdßlfhl=g wjia:d u;= lr .; yels wdldrh
ms<sn| fmr ±kqu isysm;a lrkak'
 jHjidhlfhl= tu wjia:d h:d¾:hla njg m;a lr .ekSug mshjfrka
mshjr lghq;= lrk nj mjikak'
 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha mshjr ;yjqre lsÍug iafõÉpdfjka
bÈßm;a jk isiqfjl= ,jd my; l:dj mka;shg lshùug i,iajkak'

''mqxÑ ldf,a wfma wïud yeuod u wmg m,d j¾.hla lkak fokjd' ta;a ±ka bkak
wïu,df.a ld¾h nyq,;ajh ksid orejkag fokak m,d j¾. jjkak yokak
lmkak fõ,djla keye' uu fïlg úi÷ula iEfyk ld,hla ;siafia l,amkd
l<d' f;dr;=re tl;= l<d' m¾fhaIK l<d' ta lemùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ilia
l< m,d melÜ fjf<|fmd<g f.k tkak uu ie,iqï l<d' ldnksl fmdfydr
fhdod uf.a u bvul j.d l< m,d j¾. f.k tajd lm,d ilia lr,d
fi!LHdrlaIs; j melÜ lr,d fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a l<d' ug f.dvla ndOl
wdjd' kuq;a uu ie¨fka keye' wo uu b;d id¾:l j uf.a jHdmdrh lrkjd' "

 fuu l;dfõ we;=<;a jJd jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha mshjr u;= lrñka

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tfí lKavdhu kj ksIamdÈ;hla ksmoùug woyia lrkafka hehs
is;kak'
 Tn lKavdhu ksmoùug woyia l< ksIamdÈ;h y÷kajkak'
 tu ksIamdÈ;h ms<sn| woyi u;=lr .;a wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak
 Tng tu ksIamdÈ;h ksmoùug wjYH iïm;a ,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'
 tu iïm;a imhd .kakd wdldrh idlÉPd lrkak'
 Tn tu woyi i:d¾:hla njg m;alr .kakd wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 by; jHdmdr woyi ls%hdjg kexùfuka Tn wfmalaId lrk m%;s,dN
fudkjd o @

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  isiqks¾udK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 jHjidhl;aj lsh
% dj,sfha mshjr wkqm<
s f
s j,ska olajd tla tla mshjr fláfhka
meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jHdmdßl wjia:d Wodlr .ekSu;a" tajd m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd ixúOdk

ks¾udKh lsÍu;a hkd § lghq;=j, § isÿ lrkakg fhfok ish¨ u
ls%hdjka jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh f,i ye|skafõ'

 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha mshjr my; ±lafõ'

 kjH;d fidhd .ekSu (Discovery)

 ixl,am f.dvke.Su yd jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSu
(Concept development & preparing business plan )
 wjYH iïm;a iïmdokh (Resourcing )
 h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu (Actualization )
 m%;s,dN ,eîu ( Harvesting )

jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh my; rEm igykska o oelaúh yels h'

kjH;d fidhd .ekSu

Discovery

ixl,am f.dvke.Su yd jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSu
Concept development & preparing business plan


wjYH iïm;a iïmdokh
Resourcing

h:d¾:hla njg m;alr .ekSu
Actualization

m%;s,dN ,eîu
Harvesting

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 115
 1 mshjr - kjH;d iïmdokh
jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha m%:u wÈhf¾ § jHjidhlhd úiska woyia ckkh lr
.ekSu;a" mßir wOHhkh ;=<ska wjia:d y÷kd .ekSu;a" fjf<|fmd< wOHhkh
lsÍu;a isÿ lrhs'

2 mshjr - ixl,am f.dvke.Su yd jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSu

fuu wÈhf¾ § jHdmdr ie,eiaula ilia flf¾' tu.ska jHdmdr woyi meyeÈ,s
flfrk úia;rd;aul jevms<sfj,la bÈßm;a flf¾'

3 mshjr - wjYH iïm;a iïmdokh

fuu wÈhf¾ § jHjidhlhd úiska jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍu i|yd wjYH uQ,H" udkj
iy fN!;sl iïm;a y÷kd .kakd w;r" tajd w;alr .ekSug lghq;= lrhs'

4 mshjr - h:d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu

fuu wÈhf¾ § jHjidhlhd jHdmdrfha fufyhqï lghq;= isÿ lrk w;r"jHdmdr
wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd iïm;a Wmfhda.S lr.kS'

5 mshjr - m%;s,dN ,eîu

jHdmdrfha wkd.; j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu jHjidhlhd isÿ
lrkafka fuu wÈhf¾ § h'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 116
ksmqK;dj 5 ( iudc" wd¾Ól yd mqoa., ixj¾Okh i|yd jHjidhl;ajfhys
odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 5'3 ( jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lr

.ksñka jHjidhlfhl= f,i lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj
m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (
 jHjidhlhd hkak y\qkajhs'
 jHjidhlhd yd jHdmdßlhd w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jHjidhlhskaf.a pß; l;d wOHhkfhka Tjqka ;=< olakg we;s
jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d u;=lr olajhs'
 id¾:l jHjidhlfhl= ùu i|yd jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd
l=i,;dj, jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fok ,o ;;a;ajhlaa ;=< jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK m%o¾Ykh
lrhs'
 jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lr .; yels
ud¾. úuihs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 jHjidhlfhl= hkq ljfrl= oehs y÷kajd §ug my; m%ldY isiqkag bÈßm;a
lrkak'

m<uqjk m%ldYh (
rEmsld ;u uj mj;ajd f.k .sh rEm,djkHd.drh kùk myiqlïj,ska
hqla; kj f.dvke.s,a,l mj;ajd f.k hhs'

fojk m%ldYh
ixch jl=.vq frda.hg bjy,a jk c,fha mj;sk wys;lr øjH bj;a l<
yels wdldrfha úfYaIs; c, msßisÿ lsÍfï WmlrKhla ksmojd idOdrK
ñ,lg fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a lrhs'

 fuu m%ldY fol ms<sn| j isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lrjkak'

 fuu mqoa.,hska fofokdf.ka jHjidhlfhl= f,i kï l< yelafla
ljfrla oehs úuikak'
 Tyq jHjidhlfhl= f,i kï lsÍug fya;= úuikak'
 wfkla mqoa.,hd ye|skaúh yelafla ljfrl= f,i oehs úuid Bg fya;=
úuikak'
 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re weiqfrka jHjidhlhd hkq ljfrla oehs y÷kajd
jHjidhlhd yd jHdmdßlhd w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lr fokak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 117
  m%foaYfha fyda isiqka okakd jHjidhlfhl= ksoiqka jYfhka f.k" Tyq
i;= jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d ms<sn| j isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re weiqfrka jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd jHjidhl;aj
l=i,;d meyeÈ,s lr §" tu .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .;
yels wdldr o fmkajd fokak'


 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; lS%vdfjys fhdojkak'

 isiqka t<ssuyka ia:dkhlg /f.k hkak'

 lS%vdj lsÍug my; Wmfoia ,nd fokak'

 Tn bÈßfha we;af;a r;a jQ ,djd f.dvls'

 Tnf.a lKavdhu tu ,djd f.dv u;ska wfkla me;a;g udre úh
hq;= h'
 mdo ;eîu i|yd we;af;a ,E,s len,s lsysmhla muKs' ^isiqka
ixLHdjg jvd ,E,s len,s ixLHdj wvq úh hq;= h' ,E,s len,s
fjkqjg lvodis len,s Ndú; l< yels h &
 tu ,E,s len,s lsysmh lKavdhfï uq,a u isiqjd w;g § tl
ne.ska ,djd u; ;nñka lKavdhu wfkla me;a;g /f.k hdug
Wmfoia fokak' ^wä 10 lmuK ÿrla m%udKj;a fõ&
 isiqfjl=f.a mdohla iam¾Y fkdjQ ,E,s lene,a,la ^lvodis
lene,a,la & ,djd u; ;sìh fkdyels h'
 fï w;r wfkla lKavdhïj, idudcslhska úiska mdohla m;s;
fkd jQ ,E,s lene,a,la ,djd u; ;snqKfyd;a th laIKsl j bj;a
l< hq;= njg Wmfoia fokak'

 ish¨ u lKavdhïj,g fuu lS%vdj lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd § my; lreKq

u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 id¾:l j tf.dv jQ lKavdhïj, id¾:l;ajhg fya;= fudkjd oehs
isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 wid¾:l jQ lKavdhïj, wid¾:l;ajhg fya;= fudkjd oehs úuikak'
 lKaavdhu tf.dv ùug fmr ish¨ fokd idlÉPd fkdlsÍu" kdhlfhl=
m;alr fkd.ekSu" .uka lrk w;r;=r fyd| ikaksfõokhla fkd;sîu wd§
lreKq u;=lr .kak'
 tf.dv ùug oeä W;aidyhla .kakd wjia:dfõ ;ukag we;s jQ ndOd ms<sn|
j idlÉPd lrkak'
 fï wdldrhg u jHjidhlfhl=g o ;ukaf.a wruqKq lrd hk .uk b;d
ÿIalr" oeä lemùulska isÿ l< hq;= nj;a" tys § meñfKk ndOd
Wml%uYS,S j ch.%yKh l< hq;= nj;a ;yjqre lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 118
úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 mßir wjia:d ks¾udKYS,S j Wlyd f.k wjodkula orñka kfjda;amdok
ìys lsÍfï ksr; jkakd jHjidhlfhl= f,i ir, j ye|skaúh yels h'

 jHjidhlhd hkq ljfrla ±hs ye|skaùug ksYaÑ; j ms<s.;a ks¾jpkhla

fkdue;' jHjidhlhd iïnkaO j my; ks¾jpk bÈßm;a l< yels h'

 " fjf<|fmdf<ys we;s jk fjkialï jHdmdr i|yd we;s wjia:djla

f,i i,lk mqoa.,hd jHjidhlhd h' Tyqf.a whqOh jkafka
kjH;d iïmdokhhs' "

mSg¾ t*a' vl¾

jHjidhlhd yd jHdmdßlhd w;r fjki my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

jHjidhlhd jHdmdßlhd
 ;udf.a u woyila fyda kj  mj;sk woyila fyda ixl,amhla wkqj
ixl,amhla wkqj jHdmdrhla wrUhs' jHdmdrhla wrUhs'

 jHjidhlhdf.a jHdmdßl m%;sjdÈhd ;j;a jHdmdßl m%;sjd§ka we;'

jkafka ;ud u h'

 jHjidhlhd kj jHdmdr wjia:d

 jHdmdßlhd ks;r u ;ukaf.a jHdmdr
flfrys iQodkï fjhs'
lghq;=j, ksr; fjhs'
 kfjda;amdolfhls'
 idïm%odhslfhls'
 wjodkug uqyqK foa'
 wdrlaIdldÍ j lghq;= lrhs'
 .eg¨ we;sjq úg tajd msgq±lSug
ffO¾hu;a j lghq;= lrhs' .eg¨ we;s jQ úg wffO¾hg m;a fõ'


 jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

 wjodkï oeÍug we;s leue;a; (Willingness to take risk)

wjodkïj,ska u.yeÍug jvd wjodkïj,g uqyqK §ug leue;a;la
olajhs' kuq;a ´kE u wjodkulg uqyqK§ula ñka woyia fkdflf¾'

 ks¾udKYS,S nj (Creativity)
fjkia wdldrhlg oelSu" is;Su yd ls%hdlsÍu

 lemùu (Commitment)
;u wruqKq bgq jk f;la ;uka lrk ld¾h oeä Wkkaÿjlska hq;=
j isÿ lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

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  wd;au úYajdih (Self Confidence)
jHjidhlfhl=g úúO .eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug isÿ jk w;r" tajdg
id¾:l j uqyqK § tu .eg¨ msgq ±lSug yels h hk úYajdihhs

 iajdëk nj - (Self reliant)

fjk;a whf.a woyia u; hefmkakl= fkdù ;ukaf.a woyia yd
yelshd yels;rï ÿrg ls%hd;aul lsÍug we;s leue;a;hs

 jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

 kdhl;aj l=i,;d (Leadership Skills)

;udf.a jHdmdrfha kdhlhd ;ud h' ;u wkq.dñlhska ,jd ld¾h
bgq lrjd .ekSu i|yd Tjqka ffO¾hu;a lrñka úêu;a j fufyhjhs'

 wka;¾mqoa., yelshd (Interpersonal Skills)

ndysr yd wNHka;r md¾Yaj iu. ukd iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd f.k
hhs'

 ikaksfõok l=i,;d (Communication Skills)

f;dr;=re Tyqg iïm;ls' wruqKq bgqlr .ekSug ukd
iïnkaëlrKhla mj;ajd f.k hhs'

 uQ,sl l<ukdlrK l=i,;d (Basic Management Skills)

ie,iqïlrKh" ixúOdklrKh" fufyhùfï yd md,kh hk uQ,sl
l<ukdlrK l=i,;dj,ska hqla; ùu

 jHdjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .; yels wdldr

my; oelafõ'
 iajhx we.ehSu -
m<uq j jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;d ksYaÑ; j y÷kdf.k" tu ksmqK;d
;ud ;=< fldf;la ÿrg mj;S o @ ;ud ;=< ke;s ksmqK;d
fudkjd o @ ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lr .; hq;= ksmqK;d fudkjd
o @ hkak iajhx we.ehSula lsÍu

 mqyqKqj -
jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lr .ekSug we;s úúO mqyqKq
jevigykaj,g iyNd.S ùu

 wOHdmkh -
idudkH wOHdmkhg wu;r j" jHjidhl;ajh ms<sn| j ,nk
wOHdmkh

 w;a±lSïj,ska M, ,eîu -
fjk;a jHjidhj, lghq;= lsÍfuka fyda ;ud u jHjidhlfhl=
f,i lghq;= lsÍfuka ,nk w;a±lSï

khj 3/4 folls


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ksmqK;dj 6 ( iq¿ yd uOH mrsudK jHdmdr wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg olajk
odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'1 ( iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, ,laIK úuiñka tajdfha
jeo.;alu w.hhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (

 ms<s.;a ks¾Kdhl i,ld n,ñka iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr w¾: olajhs'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, iqúfYaIs ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,ska ,efnk
odhl;ajh i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd jHjidhl;ajh jeo.;a
jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍfï § yd mj;ajd f.k hdfï §
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr id¾:l ùug fyda wid¾:l ùug fya;= ú.%y
lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 m%foaYfha mj;sk iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g wod< jHdmdr lsysmhl
kï isiqkaf.ka wid yqKq mqjrefõ ,shkak'
 tu iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, /lshd ksr; m%udKh" m%fhdackhg
.kakd wuqøjH" fhdod .kakd ;dlaIKh" tu ksIamdokhg we;s fjf<|fmd<"
m%foaYhg imhk fiajd hkd § ,laIK idlÉPd lrkak'
 tu f;dr;=re weiqfrka iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, ,laIK meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 uyd mßudK jHdmdrhla ksoiqka f,i f.k th iq¿ yd uOH mßudK
jHdmdrj,ska fjkia jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr" uyd mßudK jHdmdrj,ska fjkia jk idOl
,ehsia;.= ; lrkak'
 tu idOl ^ks¾Kdhl& mokï lrf.k iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr fjka
lr y÷kd.; yels nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 by; ,laIK yd ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr
ms<sn| w¾:l:khla f.dvk.kak'



by; idlÉPd l< lreKq weiqfrka iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr wd¾Ósl
ixj¾Okhg odhl jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 121
  isiqka iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr wdrïN lrkafka kï tu jHdmdr
wdrïN lsÍug m%:ufhka wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug
i,iajkak'

 isiqka bÈßm;a lrk ,o lreKq mokï lr f.k iq¿ yd uOH mßudK

jHdmdrhla wdrïN lr mj;ajd f.k hdfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKqq
idlÉPd lrkak'



m%foaYfha wid¾:l;ajhg m;a jQ jHdmdrhla o isysm;a lrñka tu jHdmdrh
wid¾:l ùug fya;= idlÉPd lrkak'


úIh lrKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr ks¾jpkh lsÍu i|yd cd;sl fuka u cd;Hka;r
jYfhka úúO ks¾Kdhl Ndú; lrhs' tu ks¾Kdhl mokï ù we;af;a
m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul idOl u; h'

 m%udKd;aul idOl jYfhka woyia lrkafka ixLHd;aul j .Kkh l<

yels idOl h'
ksoiqka ( wdfhdað; m%d.aOk m%udKh" fhdod .kakd fiajl ixLHdj" Ndú;hg
.kakd n, Yla;sh" jd¾Isl msßjegqu

 .=Kd;aul idOl hkafkka woyia lrkafka ixLHd;aul jYfhka ueksh

fkdyels idOl h'
ksoiqka ( jHdmdr ixúOdk l%uh" Ndú; lrk ;dlaIKh" fjf<|fmd<
iajNdjh

 by; ks¾Kdhl mokï lr f.k foaYh S yd cd;Hka;r jYfhka iq¿ yd uOH

mßudK jHdmdr i|yd úúO ks¾jpk bÈßm;a lr we;'
ksoiqka (
iajdëk j whs;s yd iajdëk j ls%hd;aul jk tfia u lafIa;%h ;=<
n,hla ysñ fkdjQ jHdmdr l=vd jHdmdr fõ'
weußld tlai;a ckmofha iafuda,a ìiakia weâñksiafÜ%Ika wdh;kh
^Small Business Administration Institute - USA )

 l=vd jHdmdr y÷kd .ekSu i|yd YS% ,xldfõ o úúO wdh;k úúO ks¾Kdhl
Ndú; lrhs'

khj 3/4 folls

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ksoiqka ( ks¾Kdhlh
wdh;kh 1' fhdojd we;s m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 4
1' ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h fkdblaujk jHdmdr
2' fhdojd we;s m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 4
2' ld¾ñl ;dlaIKsl wdh;kh fkdblaujk jHdmdr
3' fhdojd we;s m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 4
3' l=vd l¾udka; fomd¾;fïka;=j fkdblaujk jHdmdr
4' wdfhdacs; m%d.aOkh remsh,a ñ,shk 20
4' l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh fkdblaujk jHdmdr
5' fiajl ixLHdj 25 g wvq jHdmdr
5' ck yd ixLHd f,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j
6' iaÒr fiajl ixLHdj 50 g wvq jHdmdr
6' .%dóh l¾udka; ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh
7' Ndú; lrk úÿ,sn, Odß;dj lsf,dafjdÜ
7' YS% ,xld uy nexl=j weïmsg¾ 50 g wvq jHdmdr

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, ,laIK my; oelafõ'

 fjf<|fmd< l=vd ùu
 wdfhdað; m%d.aOkh l=vd ùu
 fiajl ixLHdj wvq ùu
 mjqf,a Y%uh jeä jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu
 ;SrK .ekSu ;uka i;= f;dr;=re u; muKla isÿ ùu
 jHdmdrfha l<ukdlrKh iajdëk ùu yd fndfyda úg whs;slre
m%Odk l<ukdlre ùu
 fjf<|fmd< fndfyda úg foaYSh ùu ^kuq;a iuyr iq¿ yd uOH
mßudK jHdmdr úfoaYSh fjf<|fmd<g o ksIamdÈ; imhhs'&
 úYd, jHdmdrj,g idfmalaIj fïjdfha uq,H ne£ï wvq ùu
 kùk ;dlaIKh Ndú;h wvq ùu



rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr úúO wdldrfhka
odhl;ajh ,nd fohs'
ksoiqka (
 fuu jHdmdr Y%u iqlaIu l¾udka; ksid jeä /lshd m%udKhla
iemhsh yels ùu
 cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha j¾Okhg odhl ùu
 foaYSh iïm;a Ndú; lsÍu
 m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Okh ksid kd.ÍlrKh ksid we;s jk .eg¨ wju
ùu
 wdodhï jHdma;sfha úIu;d wju ùu
 uyd mßudK jHdmdrj,g wjYH wuqøjH yd ksñøjH ,nd §u
 uyd mßudK jHdmdr bgq fkdlrk jHdmdr lghq;=j, ksr; ùu


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 123
  iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍfï § yd mj;ajd f.k hdfï §
my; lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls<su;a úh hq;= h'
ksoiqka (
 ;u yelshd yd l=i,;d ms<sn| j wOHhkh lsÍu yd we.ehSu
 ksIamdÈ;hg we;s fjf<|fmd< yd tu fjf<|fmd<g <.dúh
yels o hkak
 wdrïNl m%d.aOkh yd wjYH ldrl m%d.aOkh ms<n
s | j wOHhkh
lsÍu
 jHdmdr ixúOdk l%uh ms<sn| j wOHhkh
 jHdmdr ixúOdk l%uh yd mj;sk kS;s Í;s
 mj;sk ;r.ldß;ajh



iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr id¾:l ùug fyda wid¾:l ùug úúO
fya;= n,md we;'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr id¾:l ùug n,md we;s fya;=

 m%udKj;a há;, myiqlï ;sîu

 uQ,H yd nÿ iyk jeks Èß.ekaùï
 mq¿,a fjf<|fmd<la mej;Su
 úúO wdh;ksl yd wf,ú myiqlï ,nd §u
 olaI l<ukdlrKhla ;sîu
 jHdmdßlhskaf.a Wkkaÿj yd lemùu

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr wid¾:l ùug n,mdk fya;=

 uQ,H .eg¨
 fjf<|fmd< ;r.ldß;ajhg uqyqK §ug wmyiq ùu
 l<ukdlrKfha ÿ¾j,;d
 jHjidhl;aj yelshd wvq ùu
 há;, myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu
 kj ;dlaIKsl oekqu wvqlu yd kj ;dlaIKh fhdod fkd.ekSu

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd jHjidhl;ajh jeo.;a

jk w;r Bg fya;= lsysmhls'
 jHdmdr weröu wjodkï iy.; ùu" tfy;a jHjidhlhd ;=< we;s
wjodkï l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï yelshdj ;=<ska th wju lr.;
yels h'
 jHjidhlhdf.a lemùu yd Wkkaÿj u; fndfyda ÿrg jHdmdrh
id¾:l fõ'
 jHjidhlhd ;=< we;s wd;au úYajdih yd wêIaGdkh o l=vd yd uOH
mßudK jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajhg n,mdhs'
 tfia u jHjidhlhd ;=< we;s jHjidhl;aj ksmqK;d j¾Ok lr
.ekSug lghq;= lsÍfuka jHdmdr id¾:l lr .; yels fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 124
ksmqK;dj 6 ( iq¿ yd uOH mrsudK jHdmdr wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg olajk
odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 6'2 ( iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd we;s
Èß.ekaùï fidhd n,hs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 07

bf.kqï M, (
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr Èß.ekaùug f.k we;s ls%hdud¾. ,ehsia;=.;
lrhs'
 rch ,nd fok Èß .ekaùï uQ,Huh yd uQ,Huh fkdjk jYfhka j¾. lr
olajhs'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok wdh;k yd tajdhska
,nd fok Èß.ekaùï j.= .; lrhs'
 f;dard .;a jHdmdrhla weiqfrka Bg ,nd § we;s Èß.ekaùï y÷kd f.k tajd
uQ,Huh yd uQ,Huh fkdjk f,i j¾. lrhs'
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajhg Èß .ekaùï ,nd fok
j¾;udkfha ls%hd;aul jk jHdmD;s ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 f;dard .;a jHdmdrhlg Èß .ekaùï ,nd fok jHdmD;s yd tajd u.ska
,nd fok Èß.ekaùï j.= .; lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 l=vd orefjl=g ke.sàug w; fok ujlf.a mska;+rhla mka;shg m%o¾Ykh
lrkak'

 my; lreKqq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjl ksr;jkak'

 <uhdg weú§ug yqre jk ;=re w; §u wjYH nj;a" ;ks j weú§ug
yels jQ úg w; §u wkjYH nj;a"
 tf,i u iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdßlhskag o ;ks j u ke.S isàu
wmyiq nj;a"
 ta i|yd úúOdldr w; §ï" Èß.ekaùï wjYH nj;a"
 jHdmdßlhska ke.S isáh miq w; §ï wkjYH nj;a" bkamiq Tjqka
jHdmdrh id¾:l lr .kakd nj;a'
 l=vd orejl=g w; §ug ujla Wkkaÿ jkakd fia u" iq¿ yd uOH
mßudK jHdmdr Èß .ekaùug rchla úúO mshjr .kakd nj;a" ta
i|yd rdcH wdh;k fuka u rdcH fkdjk fjk;a wdh;k o
mj;sk nj;a idlÉPd lrkak'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; oelafjkafka m<d;a jdKsc uKav, iïfï,khl § f;a úfõlh ;=<

uqK .eiqKq jHdmdßl ñ;=rka lsysmfofkl= w;r we;s jQ ;ld nyls' tu
l;dj weiqfrka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk jHdmdßlhdf.a m%ldYhg
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 125
Okj¾Ok - uf.a ìiakia tlg odkak ;j ,laI úismyla ;snqK kï m<df;
u ud¾lÜ tl w,a, .kak ;snqKd'

úmq,fiak - uf.a m%Yakh ´l fkdfõ' yod.;a; nvq ál úl=K .kak úÈhla

ke;s tl .ekhs' nvq ál úl=K .;a;d kï uu f.dv'

lS¾;sfiak - uu oekg Ndú; lrk hka;% iQ;% yd l%u tlal ud¾lÜ tl w,a,
.kak neye' w¨;a ueIska álla fydhd.;a; kï f*dßka ud¾lÜ
tlg;a hkak mq¨jka'

ld,sx. - uu ys;kjd uu fhdojk uqo,aj,g bmehqï uÈ lsh,' iuyr wh

fï ;rï i,a,s hg lrkafka ke;s j fyd|g ìiakia lrf.k hkjd'
uu ys;kafka uu ksjerÈ j uqo,a fhdoj,d keye'

 Tfí lKavdhug ,enqKq jHdmdßlhdf.a m%ldYh wOHhkh fldg Tyqf.a wjYH;dj

^.eg¨j& y\qkdf.k ,shkak'
 th uQ,Huh wjYH;djla o" uQ,Huh fkdjk wjYH;djla o hkak y÷kd .kak'
 tu wjYH;dj iemhSu i|yd wm rfÜ mj;sk wdh;k fyda mqoa.,hska ,ehsia;=jla
ilia lrkak'
 tu wdh;k rdcH wxYfha o" fjk;a wdh;khla o hkak y÷kd .kak'
 tu wdh;kj,ska ,nd fok fiajd ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'

 isiq wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lr idlÉPd lrkak'

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr Èß .ekaùug rch f.k we;s mshjr uQ,Huh
yd uQ,Huh fkdjk f,i j¾. lr olajkak'
 tlS Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok wdh;k rdcH wdh;k yd fjk;a wdh;;k f,i
j¾. lr olajkak'
 Tn m%foaYfha mj;sk Tn okakd jHdmdrhla f;dardf.k tu jHdmdrhg
Èß.ekaùï ,nd § we;s jHdmD;s yd ta u.ska ,nd fok Èß.ekaùï j.= .;
lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr Èß .ekaùug rch f.k we;s mshjr m%Odk
fldgia follg fnfoa'
 uQ,Huh Èß.ekaùï
 uq,Huh fkdjk Èß.ekaùï

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr Èß .ekaùug rch f.k we;s uQ,Huh oaß
s .ekaùï
i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 flá yd È.=ld,Sk Kh
 uQ,Huh wdOdr
 nÿ iyk
 m%;suQ,H myiqlï

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 126
  iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr Èß .ekaùug rch f.k we;s uQ,Huh fkdjk
Èß .ekaùï i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 WmfoaYk fiajd
 jHjidhl ixj¾Ok jev igyka
 m¾fhaIK yd ;dlaIKsl fiajd
 há;, myiqlï iemhSu
 fjf<|fmd< myiqlï ,nd §u$wf,ú myiqlï
 úYsIag;d yd iïudk ,nd §u

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok wdh;k fldgia

follg fnfoa'
 rdcH wdh;k
 fjk;a wdh;k

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok rdcH wdh;k

lsysmhlg ksoiqka my; oelafõ'

 ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h

 wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h
 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh
 cd;sl ixj¾Ok nexl=j
 ld¾ñl ;dlaIK wdh;kh

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok fjk;a wdh;k

yd ixúOdk lsysmhlg ksoiqka my; oelafõ'
 i¾fjdaoh
 chsld ^cmka wka;¾cd;sl iyfhda.s;d ixúOdkh &
 nÿ jd¾;d ilia lr fok fm!oa.,sl wdh;k
 iKi ^iliqrejï yd Kh fok iñ;s &
 fm!oa.,sl nexl= iy uQ,H wdh;k

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 127
 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok wdh;k yd tajdhska ,nd
fok Èß.ekaùï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

wdh;kh ,nd fok osrs .ekaùï

 cd;sl jHjidh ixj¾Ok  uQ,Huh myiqlï ,nd §u

wêldßh ^NEDA &  jHjidhl;aj ixj¾Ok mqyqKq jevigyka
meje;aùu

 l=vd yd uOH mßudK  úfoaY fjf<|fmd< myiqlï imhd §u

jHjidhl;aj uKav,h

 ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,h  WmfoaYk fiajd

 ;dlaIKsl oekqu ,nd §u
 há;, myiqlï

 wmkhk ixj¾Ok uKav,h  wf,ú myiqlï

 WmfoaYk fiajd

 YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh  WmfoaYk fiajd

 cd;sl ixj¾Ok nexl=j  uQ,H myiqlï ,nd §u

 ld¾ñl ;dlaIK wdh;kh  ;dlaIKsl oekqu ,nd §u

 WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu

 YS% ,xld iq¿ yd uOH mßudK  uQ,H myiqlï

l¾udka; uKav,h ^SLCSMI&  úYsIag;d iïudk ,nd §u

 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajhg oasß.ekaùï ,nd fok

j¾;udkfha ls%hd;aul jk jHdmD;s lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 ldka;d laIqø jHjidh Kh wem wdjrK fhdackd l%uh ^,sh biqr&

ldrl m%d.aOk iydh iemhSu i|yd m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok nexl= yryd
iq/l=ï wjYH fkdjk ldka;d laIQø jHjidh Kh wem wdjrK
fhdackd l%uh y\qkajd § we;'

^2014 uy nexl= jd¾;dj&

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 128
  iqjk
wka;¾cd;sl iyfhda.S;dj i|yd jq cmdk nexl=fõ ^JBIC& uQ,H
wkq.%dyl;ajfhka" cd;sl ixj¾Ok nexl=j m%;suQ,H myiqlï imhñka
iq¿ l¾udka; jHjidhlhska kxjd,Su i|yd ls%hd;aul jk fhdackd l%uhls'
fuh SMILE (Small & Micro Industries Leader & Entrepreneur promotion
project ) f,i o y÷kajhs' j¾;udkfha ls%hd;aul jkafka fuys III jk
wÈhr h'

 iykahd
iq¿ mßudK jHdmdßlhskag Kh iemhSu i|yd wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ
uQ,H wkq.%dyl;ajfhka ls%hd;aul jk Kh fhdackd l%uhls' fï i|yd
DFCC nexl=j yd wfkl=;a jdKsc nexl= iïnkaO ù we;'

 iKi Kh jHdmD;sh
lDIs" i;aj" l=vd l¾udka;" fjf<|du iy jdKsc lghq;= i|yd Kh imhk
fhdackd l%uhls' cd;sl ixj¾Ok Ndrldr wruqo, yd idudðl ;ekam;=
fï i|yd fhdojd .kakd w;r iKi uyd ixj¾Ok ix.uh mßmd,k
lghq;= isÿ lrhs'

 iuqmldr .%dóh nexl= Kh

lDIs" ëjr" i;aj md,kh" fjf<|du iy jdKsc lghq;= i|yd Kh iemhSu
fu u.ska isÿ lrhs' cd;sl ixj¾Ok Ndrldr wruqo, yd idudðl ;ekam;=
fï i|yd fhdod .efka' fï i|yd úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;s yd iuqmldr
ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j mßmd,k odhl;ajh ,nd fohs'

 iuDoaê$Èúke.=u ixj¾Ok Kh fhdackd l%uh

iuDoaêh$Èúke.=u nexl= ix.ï yryd iuDoaê,dNSka fj; Kh §u yd
wfkl=;a fiajd iemhSu isÿ lsÍu i|yd fuu fhdackd l%uh wdrïN lr
we;' fï i|yd wjYH uqo,a rcfha m%Odkhkaf.ka yd idudðlhskaf.a
;ekam;= u.ska /ia l< b;=reï uqo,a ;=<ska ,nd .kshs'

fuys md,kh Èúke.=u ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska isÿ lrkq

,efí' ^iuDoaê$Èúke.=u nexl= m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok nexl= iu. taldnoaO
lrkq ,nk nj rch ksfõokh lr we; &
^2014 YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj &

 f.dúck nexl= kshuq jHdmD;sh

^lDIsl¾u ixj¾Ok yd f.dúck fiajd wud;HxYh hgf;a we;s & f.dúck
ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ jHdmD;shls' j.d lghq;= i|yd f.dùkag
flá ld,Sk Kh yd È.=ld,Sk Kh ,nd fohs' lDIsl¾u wud;HdxYfha
msysgqjd we;s f.dùkaf.a Ndrldr wruqo, yd idudðl ;ekam;= fï i|yd
fhdod .efka'

^ld,Sk jHdmD;s .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrkak &

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 129
ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H
wdh;k olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmK;d uÜgu 7'1 ( .kqfokq myiqlr .ekSu i|yd uqo,a Ndú;fha

jeo.;alu ;yjqre lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (
 uqo,a hkak w¾: olajhs'
 yqjudrej i|yd uqof,a wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
 uqof,a ld¾hhka y÷kajd tajdfha jeo.;alu ksoiqka iys; j
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fyd| uqo,l ,laIK fmkajd fohs'
 yqjudrefõ § Ndú; jk úúO uqo,a j¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 iaj leue;af;ka bÈßm;a jk isiqka ,jd my; i|yka rx.k mka;shg
bÈßm;a lrjkak'

N+ñld rx.kh 1 - pß; 2 hs

 j<x ksmojkafkla iy ù j.d lrkafkla

pß;j, yeisÍu
 j<x ksmojkakd ù j.d lrkakd <.g meñfKhs'
 j<x § ù b,a,hs'
 yqjudrej isÿ fõ'
 fofokd ;Dma;su;a j msg j hhs'

N+ñld rx.kh 2 - pß; 2 hs

 j<x ksmojkafkla iy jvq ld¾ñlfhla

pß;j, yeisÍu
 j<x ksmojkakd j<x /f.k jvq ld¾ñlhd <.g hhs'
 j<x § mqgqjla b,a,hs'
 j<x wjYH ke;s nj;a" mqgqj §ug iy,a wjYH nj;a mjihs'
 .kqfokqj isÿ fkdfõ'
 fofokd w;Dma;su;a j msg j hhs'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 130
 N+ñld rx.kh 3 - pß; 2 hs
 is,a,r fjf<|ie,a ysñfhla yd .kqfokqlrefjla
pß;j, yeisÍu
 .kqfokqlre NdKav f;dard f.k uqo,a f.ùug uqo,a fkdaÜgqjla
bÈßm;a lrhs'
 uqo,a fkdaÜgqj ,dÉpqjg oud b;=re uqo,a ,nd fohs'
 .kqfokqlre ;Dma;su;a j msg j hhs'

N+ñld rx.kh 4 - pß; 2 hs

 iqmsß fjf<|ie,a ysñfhla yd .kqfokqlrefjla

pß;j, yeisÍu
 .kqfokqlre NdKav f;dard f.k uqo,a f.ùu i|yd fjf<|ie,a
ysñhdg ma,diaála ldâm;la bÈßm;a lrhs'
 ldâm; hka;%hlg we;=,a lrk nj yÕjd ì,la ksl=;a lrhs' th
.kqfokqlre w;aika lrhs'
 .kqfokqlre ;Dma;su;a j msg j hhs'

 N+ñld rx.k wjidkfha my; i|yka lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'
 m<uq N+ñld rx.kfhka NdKavhlg NdKavhla yqjudre jQ nj
 fojk N+ñld rx.kfhka NdKav yqjudrej iïmQ¾K fkdjQ nj yd
ta i|yd n,mE fya;= we;s nj
 ;=kafjks N+ñld rx.kfhka jHjydr uqo,a Ndú;fhka .kqfokqj
iïmQ¾K jQ nj
 y;rfjks N+ñld rx.kfhka .kqfokqj iïmQ¾K jQ whqre yd
f.ùï WmlrKh f,i Khm;$yrm; Ndú; l< nj
 j¾;udkfha .kqfokq mshùu i|yd úúO f.ùï WmlrK Ndú;
lrk nj

 yqjudrej i|yd uqof,a wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s j fmkajd fokak'



uqof,a ld¾hhka u;= lr .ekSug isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my;
ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

úrdÊ ;u fudag¾ r:h re' ñ,shk 3'0 lg <ysreg wf,ú lf<a h' <ysre tu
wjia:dfõ § re' ñ,shk 2'0 la úrdÊg f.jQ w;r" Tyq tu uqo,a nexl=fõ ;ekam;a
lf<a h' b;sß ñ,shkhl uqo, udi folska f.ùug ,ysre tlÕ úh'

 Tng ,enqKq isoaêh fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

 tu isoaêfha uqo,a Ndú; lr isÿ lr we;s ld¾hhka fudkjd oehs
y÷kd .kak'
 isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 131
  uqof,a ld¾hhka y\qkajd tajdfha jeo.;alu ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lr
fokak'
 fyd| uqo,l ,laIK fmkajd fokak'
 yqjudrefõ § Ndú; jk úúO uqo,a j¾. meyeÈ,s lr fokak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 NdKav yd fiajd yqjudrefõ § fmdÿfõ ms<s.kq ,nk ´kE u fohla

uqo,a jYfhka i,lhs'
 yqjudrej i|yd uqof,a wjYH;dj my; mßÈ fmkajd Èh yels h'

 w;S;fha uqo,a fkdue;s j isÿ jQ iDcq yqjudrej NdKav yqjudrej

kï úh'
 NdKav yqjudrefõ § úúO ÿIalr;d mej;sKs'
 tneúka NdKav yqjudrej fjkqjg iEu fokd u ms<s.kakd fmdÿ
udOHhl wjYH;dj oeKqqks'
 tu yqjudre udOH uqo,a f,i ye¢kaúh'
 ta wkqj yqjudrej i|yd uqo,a wjYH nj meyeÈ,s fõ'



uqof,a ld¾hhka my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 úksuh udOHhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu (A medium of exchange)

 jákdlu uekSfï ñkqï oKavla f,i lghq;= lsÍu (standard of

value)

 jákdlfï ikaksêhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu (store of value)

 ú,ïì; f.jqï udOHhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu (Defferred payments)

 úksuh udOHhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu

NdKav yd fiajd yqjudrefõ § w;rueÈfhl= jYfhka lghq;= lsÍuhs'
ke;fyd;a NdKav yd fiajdj, ñ, f.jkqfha uqo,a u.sks'
ksoiqka ( re' 30"000 l cx.u ÿrl:khla ñ, § .ekSu

 jákdlu uekSfï ñkqï oKavla f,i lghq;= lsÍu

NdKav yd fiajdjkays jákdlu fyj;a w.h uekSu i|yd uqo,a Ndú;
lsÍuhs' fuh ñ, ^ price& kï fõ' fu u.ska .sKqï ;eîu myiq ù we;s
ksid fuh .sKqï tallhla ^ unit of Account& f,i o y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka ( im;a;= fcdavqjla re' 1999'90 la f,i ñ, lsÍu

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  jákdlfï ikaksêhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu
uqo,a /ia lr ;nd .; yels h' ldis yd fkdaÜgq h,a mekSulska f;dr j laIh
ùulska f;dr j /ia lr ;nd .ksñka wkd.;fha È NdKav yd fiajd ñ,g
.ekSug Ndú; l< yels h'
ksoiqka ( re' 10"000 l uqo,la b;sß lsÍu

 ú,ïî; f.jqï udOHhla f,i lghq;= lsÍu

wkd.; uqo,a f.ùula i|yd j¾;udkfha .súi .; yels h'
tkï bÈß Èkhl § uqo,a f.ùfï fldkafoais hgf;a NdKav yd fiajd ñ,
§ .; yels úuhs'
ksoiqka ( 2016 ckjdß ui re'5000 lg ñ,g .;a NdKav f;d.hla i|yd
2016 ud¾;= ui uqo,a f.ùug .súi .ekSu'

 fyd| uqo,l ,laIK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 fmdÿ ms<s.ekSula ;sîu
 l,ameje;aula ;sîu
 wkqlrKfha ÿIalr;dj
 myiqfjka f.k hd yels ùu
 myiqfjka y\qkd.; yels ùu fyj;a iucd;Sh nj
 l=vd fldgiaj,g fnÈh yels ùu

 my; oelafjk mßÈ uqo,a j¾. l< yels h'

jHjydr uqo,a ^ currency&

uQ,H wêldßfha ksfhda. u; ksl=;a lrk ldis yd fkdaÜgq fuf,i y\qkajhs'
jHjydr uqo,a j,x.= uqo,a f,i o y÷kajk w;r fïjdfha øjYs,;dj 100] ls'
ksoiqka ( ldis yd fkdaÜgq

nexl= uqo,a ^Bank Money&

jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hk b,a¨ï ;ekam;= fyj;a cx.u .sKqïj, fYaI nexl=
uqo,a fõ' fuu uqo,a f.ùï lghq;= lrkafka fplam;a yryd h' jHjydr uqo,a fuka
øjYS,;dj 100] la u ke;;a wdikak uqo,aj,g jvd øjYS,;dfjka hqla; fõ'
ksoiqka ( jdKsc nexl=j, we;s cx.u .sKqï ;ekam;=

wdikak uqo,a ^Near Money&

jHjydr uqo,a fuka 100] la øjYS,;dfjka hqla; fkdjQ tfy;a jákdlfï ikakê s hl
ld¾h bgq lrkq ,nk myiqfjka uqo,a njg m;a l< yels j;alï h'
ksoiqka ( jdKsc nexl=j, we;s uyckhd i;= ld,Sk yd b;=reï ;ekam;=" NdKavd.dr
ì,am;aa " jdKsc m;s%ld

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 úoHq;a uqo,a ^E-money&
f;dr;=re yd äðg,a ;dlaIKfha m%;sM,hla f,i ìys ù we;s foaYSh fuka u
cd;Hka;r .kqfokqj, § f.ùï lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk uqo,a h'
ksoiqka (
yr ldâm;a ^debit card&
f.jkq ,nk uqo,a m%udKh úoHq;a f,i .sKqug yr jk" nexl= .sKqfï uqo,a
;sfnk whg muKla ,nd .; yels ldâm;a h'

Kh ldâm;a ^credit card &

nexl= .sKqula fkdue;s jqj o Kh jYfhka NdKav yd fiajd ,nd .ekSu
i|yd fuka u uqo,a ,nd .ekSu i|yd o Ndú; lrk ldâm;a úfYaIhls'

fmr f.jqï ldâm;a ^prepaid card &

l,ska uqo,a f.jd ,nd .; yels ldâm;a h'

 fuu ldâm;a u.ska f.ùï lsÍu myiq lsÍu i|yd my; fiajdjka ^myiqlï&
fhdod .kS'
 iajhxlS%h fg,¾ hka;% -(ATM hka;% - Automatic Teller Machines)
 iajhxlS%h ;ekam;= hka;% ( ADM hka;% - Automatic Deposits
Machines )
 fplam;a ;ekam;= hka;% ( CDM hka;% - Cheques Deposits
Machines )
 fjf<|ie,a f.ùï úoHq;a mejreï cd, - ( Electronic funds transfer
point of sales )
 fg,s nexl= myiqlï - Tele banking
 wka;¾cd, nexl= lghq;= - Internet banking / Online banking
 fg,súIka nexl= myiqlï - Televission banking

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ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H
wdh;k olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'2 ( YS% ,xldfõ jHdmdr j¾Okhg iydh jk uQ,H wdh;k
moaO;sh wOHhkh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (
 YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj mokï lr .ksñka YS% ,xldfõ
uQ,H wdh;k moaO;sh j¾. lrhs'
 fok ,o uQ,H wdh;k iuQyhla tla tla j¾.h hgf;a fjka lr
olajhs'
 tla tla j¾.hg wh;a uQ,H wdh;k ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 tla tla j¾.hg wh;a uQ,H wdh;k jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg odhl
jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 wdikak u j¾Ifha uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj mokï lr .ksñka
YS% ,xld fõ uQ,H wdh;k moaO;sh j¾. lrkak'
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; oelafjkafka uQ,H wdh;k iuQyhls'

uyck nexl=j" iSudiys; fi,skaflda *skEkaia iud.u" iSud iys; iïm;a

,Sisx iud.u" *iaÜ lemsg,a fg%IÍia ,sñgâ" YS% ,xld uy nexl=j" yegka
keIk,a nexl=j" cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=j" lemsg,a t,dhkaia ,sñgâ" kdu,a
iqrlaIs; wruqo," iS$i fikag%,a *skEkaia" m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok nexl=j" iS$i
t,a î *skEkaia" fÊ'î filshqßàia ^fm!oa & iud.u" iSnEkala iqrlaIs; wruqo,"
wdYd ms,smaia iq/l=ïm;a iud.u" DFCC PLC " ,xld Tßlaia ,Sisx iud.u

tajd my; YS¾I hgf;a ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'

 uy nexl=j
 n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=
 n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=
 n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ï
 úfYaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï
 m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka
 fldgia ;e/õlrejka
 tall Ndr
 tla tla j¾.hg wh;a uQ,H wdh;k" jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg
odhl jk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'

 tla tla j¾.hg wh;a uQ,H wdh;k ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrkak'

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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H wdh;k my; i|yka wdldrhg j¾. lrhs'

 nexl= wxYh
 YS% ,xld uy nexl=j
 n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=
 n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl=

 ;ekam;= Ndr.kakd wfkl=;a uQ,H wdh;k

 n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ï
 iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=
 iliqrejï yd Kh .kqqfokq iuQmldr iñ;s

 úfYaIs; uQ,H wdh;k

 úfYaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï
 m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka
 fldgia ;e/õlrejka
 tall Ndr$ tall Ndr l<ukdlrK iud.ï
 fjf<|fmd< w;rueÈhka
 jHjidhl m%d.aOk iud.ï

 .súiqï.; b;sß lsÍfï wdh;k

 rlaIK iud.ï
 fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,
 fiajd kshqla;slhskaf.a Ndrldr wruqo,
 wkqu; úY%du yd w¾idOl wruqo,a
 rdcH fiajd w¾:idOl wruqo,a
^2015 uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj wkqj &

 uQ,H wdh;k jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg odhl jk wdldrh

 YS% ,xld uy nexl=j ^Central Bank of Sri Lanka &
YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd rcfha
ksfhdað;hl= f,i lsh% d lrk flakøa h
S wdh;kh YS% ,xld uy nexl=jhs'
^YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ fiajdjka ms<sn| j 7'3 ksmqK;d uÜgfï §
idlÉPd flf¾'

 n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl= ^ Licensed Commercial Banks &

cx.u .sKqï we;=¿ wfkl=;a ;ekam;a .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hdu yd
uqo,a ueùug yelshdj we;s" úfoaY jHjydr uqo,a .sKqï mj;ajd f.k
hk uQ,H wdh;k úfYaIhhs'
YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ yd uqo,a uKav,fha ,shdmÈxÑ n,m;%,dNS
jdKsc nexl= rdYshla we;s w;r fïjdhska lsysmhla rdcH wxYhg o
nyq;rhla fm!oa.,sl wxYhg o wh;a fõ'

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 ksoiqka (
rdcH wxYfha jdKsc nexl= - ,xld nexl=j
uyck nexl=j

fm!oa.,sl wxYfha jdKsc nexl= - iïm;a nexl=j" fldu¾I,a nexl=j"

yegka keIk,a nexl=j" fi,dka nexl=j
^n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl=j, fiajd ms<sn| j 7'4 yd 7'5 ksmqK;d uÜgïj, §
idlÉPd flf¾' &

 n,m;%,dNS úfYaaIs; nexl= ^ Licensed Specialized Banks&

nexl= mk; hgf;a úfYaIs; nexl=jla f,i jHdmdr lghq;= lr f.k

hdug uy nexl=fjka n,m;%hla ,nd f.k we;s wdh;k úfYaIhls' fuys
we;s úfYaI;ajh kï cx.u .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hdug yd úfoaY úksuh
.kqfokqj, ksr; ùug wjir fkdue;s ùuhs' tfy;a b;sß lsÍfï .sKqï yd
ld,Sk ;ekam;a .sKqï jYfhka uyck;djf.ka uqo,a ;ekam;a Ndr .ekSug
wjir we;'

ksoiqka ( cd;sl b;sß lsÍfï nexl=j

YS% ,xld b;sß lsÍfï nexl=j
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok nexl=j
rdcH Wlia yd wdfhdack nexl=j

n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl= jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg odhl jk wdldrh

 ld,Sk yd b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;a Ndr .ekSu
 úúO lafIa;%j, jHjidhlhskag Kh iemhSu
 iud.ïj, fldgia m%drlaIK lghq;= lsÍu
 l,anÿ myiqlï iemhSu
 l<ukdlrK WmfoaYk fiajd iemhSu

 n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ï ^Finance Companies &

ld,Sk ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu yd tu uqo,a u; Kh §u iy wdfhdackhg
myiqlï i,ik" uqo,a kS;s mk; hgf;a YS% ,xld uy nexl=fjka n,m;%hla
,nd f.k we;s fmdÿ iud.ï úfYaIhls'

ksoiqka (
t,a'î' *skEkaia mS't,a'iS'
isxy mq;% *skEkaia mS't,a'iS'
o *skEkaia lïmeks mS't,a'iS'
isx.¾ *skEkaia mS't,a'iS'

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 n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ïj, ld¾hhka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 l=,Smsg .ekqï myiqlï iemhSu
 foam< yd bvï fjf<|dï lsÍu
 l,anÿ uQ,HlrKh
 fláld,Sk Kh iemhSu
 rcfha iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackh
 ld,Sk ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu

 iuqmldr .%dóh nexl= ^ Co-operative Rural Banks&

idudðl yd idudðl fkdjkakkaf.ka ld,Sk yd ia:djr ;ekam;a ,nd

.ekSu iy ish idudðlhskg
a Kh iemhSu m%Odk ld¾h fldg.;a wdh;khls'
fuh úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sj, nexl= jHdmdßl wxYhhs'
ksoiqka ( uyr.u úúO fiajd iuqmldr iñ;sfha iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=j

iuqmldr .%dóh nexl=j, ld¾hhka

 idudðl yd idudðl fkdjkakkaf.ka ;ekam;a ,nd .ekSu

 Wlia lghq;= lsÍu
 b;sß lsÍfï yd ia:djr ;ekam;a .sKqï mj;ajd .ekSu
 idudðlhskag lDIsl¾uh" ksIamdokh" l¾udka; yd wf,ú lghq;=
i|yd Kh myiqlï ie,iSu
 iuqmldr Ôjk l%uh .eñ ck;dj w;r m%p,s; lsÍu

 iliqrejï yd Kh .kqfokq iuqmldr iñ;sh ^iKi&

b;sß lsÍï Èßu;a lsasÍu;a" idudðlhskag Kh iemhSu;a wruqKq lr f.k

idudðlhskaf.a b;=reï f,i yd idudðl fldgia f,i uqo,a ,nd f.k
idudðlhskag muKla Kh imhk" iuqmldr mk; hgf;a iuqmldr
flduidßia fj; ,shdmÈxÑ l< hq;= wdh;k úfYaIhls'

ksoiqka ( fk¨ïl=<u iKi iñ;sh

w;a;k.,a, iKi iñ;sh

iKi iñ;s my; ld¾hhka bgq lrhs'

 idudðlhskaf.a ksIamdok wf,ú lsÍu i|yd wf,ú uOHia:dk

mj;ajd f.k hdu
 iñ;sh kshe,s lafIa;%fha WmlrK iyk ñ,g wf,ú lsÍu
ksoiqka ( ëjr iuqmldr iñ;s ëjr wdïmkak wf,ú lsÍu
 ;ekam;a Ndr .ekSu yd idudðlhskag Kh iemhSu

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  úfYaaIs; l,anÿ uQ,HlrK iud.ï ^Special Leasing Companies&
l,anÿlrKh i|yd u uy nexl=fõ ,shdmÈxÑ jQ iud.ï úfYaaIhls'
jHdmdßlhskag wjYH hkaf;%damlrK yd fjk;a j;alï mdúÉÑ lsÍu msKsi
jHdmdßlhskaf.a b,a,Su mßÈ noaog .ekSu i|yd uQ,H myiqlï iemhSu
m%Odk jHdmdßl lghq;a; lr.;a uQ,H wdh;k úfYaaIhls' wod< j;alï
noaog §fuka ,efnk l=,S wdodhu fuu wdh;kj, m%Odk wdodhu fõ'
ksoiqka ( wefiÜ,hska ,Sisx lïmeks ,sñgâ
t,a´taiS uhsfl%da fl%äÜ ,sñgâ
tia'tï'î',Sisx mSt,aiS
biqre ,Sisx lïmeks ,sñgâ

l,anÿ iud.ï u.ska jHdmdßlfhl=g w;ajk jdis

 úYd, jákdlulska hq;a j;alï" uq¿ uqo, u fkdf.jd Ndú;hg
bvlv ,eîu
 l,anÿ i|yd f.jk l=,sh wdodhï noafoka ksoyia ùu
 hka;% h,amekSu ksid isÿ jk mdvq yd m%d.aOk w,dN u.yeÍu
 úYd, uqo,la wdfhdackh fkdlr jeä wdodhula bmehSfï yelshdj

 m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka ^Primary Dealers &

rcfha iq/l=ïm;a m%:u j;djg wf,ú fldg uqo,a ,nd .kakd fjf<|fmd<
m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd<hs' fuu m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd<g iyNd.S ùu i|yd
YS% ,xld uy nexl=j úiska wjir ,nd § we;s wdh;k m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka
f,i ye¢kafõ'

m%d:ñl wf,úlrejkaf.a uQ,sl ld¾hNdrh jkafka rdcH Kh

fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mj;ajkq ,nk m%d:ñl fjkafoaisj,g iyNd.S
ùu;a" NdKavd.dr iqlï
= m;a iïnkaOfhka Èù;Shl s fjf<|fmdf<a .kqfokq
lsÍu;a h'
ksoiqka ( lemsg,a t,dhkaia iud.u
fi,skaflda Y%Srdï iq/l=ïm;a iud.u
,xld nexl=j
iïm;a iq/l=ïm;a iud.u

 fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ï ^Share Brokers &

ixia:dms; iud.ïj, fldgia fyda Khlr úlsKSu yd ñ,g .ekSu iïnkaO
lghq;= lsÍug w;rueÈhka f,i lghq;= lrk wdh;k ;e/õldr iud.ï
f,i ye¢kafõ' fldgia ;e/õlrejka f,i jHdmdßl lghq;= lsÍu i|yd
iq/l=ïm;a yd úksuh fldñIka iNdfjka n,m;%hla ,nd.; hq;= h'
ksoiqka ( wdYd mSm,aia iq/l=ïm;a iud.u
taIshd iq/l=ïm;a ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u
fcdaka lS,aia fldgia ;e/õldr ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

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 fÊ'î' filshqßàia ^fm!oa.,sl& iud.u

fldgia ;e/õldr iud.ïj, ld¾hhka

 wdfhdaclhskaf.a .ekqï weKjqï yd úl=Kqï weKjqï Ndr .ekSu
 wdfhdaclhska fjkqfjka uOHu ;ekam;= l%ufha .sKqï újD;
lsÍu
 fldgia yd Khlrj, wdfhdackh iïnkaO Wmfoia
wdfhdaclhskag iemhSu
 fldgia fjf<|fmd< úYaf,aIKh lsÍu yd fjf<|fmd<
iólaIK jd¾;d ielisu u.ska wdfhdaclhskaf.a m%;s,dN Wmßu
lsÍu iy;sl lsÍu
 iud.ï ,ehsia;=.; lsÍug wkq.%yh oelaùu
 isudiys; fmdÿ iud.ïj,g m%d.aOk iïmdokh i|yd iydh ùu

 tall Ndr $tallNdr l<ukdlrK iud.ï ^Unit Trust / Unit Trust

Management Companies&

tall Ndrhla hkq wdfhdaclhskag tall ^Units& úlsKSfuka /ia lr .kakd

uqo,aj,ska iukaú; wdfhdack wruqo,ls' fuys /ia lr .;a uqo,a jD;a;Sh
wruqo,a l<ukdlrejka úiska wdfhdack l<Ul fhdojkq ,efí' tys m%;,s dN
tall Ndrfha tall ñ, u.ska wdfhdaclhska w;f¾ fnod yßkq ,efí'

tall Ndrhla md¾YAj ;=klska iukaú; fõ'

1' tall Ndrlre
2' wruqo,a l<ukdlrK iud.u
3' tall ysñhka fyj;a wdfhdaclhska

tu md¾Yaj w;r iïnkaOh my; igyk u.ska oelaúh yels h'

^3& tall ysñhka

A B C D E

   
^1& tall wruqo, ^2& wruqo,a


tall Ndrlre l<ukdlrK

iud.u

   
fldgia Khlr rcfha jdKsc
iq/l=ïm;a m;s%ld
}

wdfhdack l<U

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P-Tea G- 2017 140
 wruqo,a l<ukdlrK iud.u
ksoiqka ( kEIk,A j;alï l<ukdlrK iud.u
tall Ndrlre o hqksÜg%iaÜ l<ukdlrK ^fm!oa'&iud.u
kdu,a tall Ndrh isf,daka j;alï uefkaÊukaÜ iud.u
iS nEkala tall Ndrh
isf,daka b;=reï wruqo,

tall Ndrj, wdfhdackfhka ,efnk m%;s,dN

 úúOdx.SlrKh jQ wdfhdackj, uqo,a fhoùu ksid wjodku wvq ùu
 wdfhdack l<ukdlrKh i|yd jD;a;Sh l<ukdlrejkaf.a fiajh
,nd .; yels ùu

 fjf<|fmd< w;rueÈhka ( ( Market Intermidieries)

m%drlaIlhska " wdfhdack l<ukdlrejka iy wdka;sl iemhqïlrejka fuhg
we;=<;a jk w;r uQ,H WmlrK fjf<|dï lsÍfï w;rueÈhka f,i fudjqka
lghq;= lrhs' uQ,H WmlrK úl=Kd §fï fiajh i|yd fiajd .dia;=" ñ, §
.kakkaf.ka iy úl=Kkakkaf.ka whlr .kS'

m%drlaIlhka (Underwriters)
iud.ula uyckhdg lrkq ,nk iq/l=ï ksl=;=jl § kshñ; ld,h ;=<
ie,iqï l< wruqo,a m%udKh imhd .; fkdyels jQ úg wdfhdaclhska
úiska ñ, § fkdf.k b;sß jQ iq/l=ï ñ, § .ekSug .súi .kakd wdh;khs'

wdfhdack l<ukdlrejka hkq uyckhdg lrkq ,nk iq/l=ï ksl=;=jl

§ ta i|yd úúO fiajd imhk wdh;k h' tu wdh;k imhk fiajd kï"
 ksl=;=j ms<sn| wdfhdack b,a¨ï m;% ksl=;a lsÍu
 wdfhdack b,a¨ï m;% Ndr .ekSu
 wdfhdaclhskag iq/l=ï fnod §u
 ksl=;=j ms<sn| uqo,a l<ukdlrKh
 m%pdrl lghq;=

wdka;sl iemhqïlrejka hkq fjf<| wdh;k .kqfokqlrejkag ,nd §

we;s fjf<| Kh wh lsÍu iy Kh ñ, § .ekSu ^factoring& isÿ lrkq ,nk
wdh;k h' idOHlrK wdh;k f,i o fïjd y÷kajhs'

 jHjidhl m%d.aOk iud.ï ^Venture Capital Companies &

kj jHjidhlhskaf.a jHdmdr i|yd m%d.aOk wjYH;d imqrd,Sfï wruqKska
lghq;= lrk wdh;k úfYaIhls' kj jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍu" mj;sk jHdmdr
jHdma; lsÍu" jHdmdr mjrd .ekSu yd ñ, § .ekSu jeks lghq;=j, § wruqo,a
imhhs' óg wu;r j fldgia m%drlaIKh yd Kh iïfï,h lsÍu wdÈfhys
o fhfoa'

ksoiqka ( fikag%,a *skEkaia fjkap¾ *kaâ ,sñgâ

,xld fjkap¾ia ,sñgâ
tkaãî fjkap¾ bkafjiaÜukaÜ ^fm!oa'& iud.u

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 141
  rlaIK iud.ï ^Insurance Companies&

rlaIK iud.ïj, úúO rlaIK Tmamq ksl=;a lsÍu u.ska f.dvkef.k

wruqo,a uQ,H fjf<|fmd< Kh §u yd wdfhdackh lsÍu u.ska uQ,H
w;rueÈlrKhl ksr; jk wdh;k fõ'

ksoiqka ( iSud iys; YS% ,xld rlaIK ixia:dj

iSudiys; fi,skaflda rlaIK iud.u
iSudiys; ckYla;s rlaIK iud.u

 w¾:idOl yd úY%du wruqo,a

rdcH l<ukdldß;ajfhka yd fm!oa.,sl l<ukdldß;ajfhka hq;a úY%du
wruqo,a yd w¾:idOl wruqo,a mj;S'

ksoiqka (  rdcH l<ukdldß;ajfhka hq;a wruqo,a

fiajd kshqla;slhskaf.a Ndr wruqo, - fuh m%;sm;a;s
iïmdok"wd¾Ól lghq;=" <ud yd ;reK yd
ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;HdxYh hgf;a we;s fiajd
kshqla;slhkaf.a Ndr wruqo,a uKav,h u.ska
mßmd,kh flf¾'

rdcH fiajd w¾:idOl wruqo,

fuu wruqo, úY%du jegqma fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska
l<ukdlrKh lrkq ,nhs'

fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,

YS% ,xldfõ fm!oa.,sl wxYh i|yd mj;sk
úYd,; u úY%du wruqo, jk fuh lïlre
flduidßiajrhd úiska mßmd,kh lrkq ,nhs'
wruqo, l<ukdlrKh lsÍfï j.lSu YS% ,xld
uy nexl=j i;= fõ'

 fm!oa.,sl l<ukdldß;ajfhka hq;a wruqo,a

wkqu; úY%du yd w¾:idOl wruqo,a lïlre
fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wëlaIKh hgf;a ls%hd;aul fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 142
ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H wdh;k
olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'3 ( YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hNdrh úuid n,hs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 02

bf.kqï M, (
 YS% ,xld uy nexl=j ms<sn| ye¢kaùula lrhs'
 YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka jHdmdr flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs'



mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (
YS% ,xld uy nexl=j ms<sn| j ye¢kaùula lrkak'



YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrkak'



YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrkak'



YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka jHdmdr flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; oelafjk m%jD;a;s ldKav flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

m%jD;a;s ldKavh - 1
uy nexl=j my; uqo,a w.hka m%ldYhg m;a lr we;'
weußlka fvd,rh re' 134
hqfrd re' 143
iag¾,Ska mjqu re' 208

m%jD;a;s ldKavh - 2
YS% ,xldfõ úúO m<d;a ksfhdackh jk mßÈ re' 10 ldis ksl=;a
lrhs'

m%jD;a;s ldKavh - 3
fjf<|fmdf<a w;sßla; øjYS,;dj wka;¾.%yKh lr .ekSu i|yd
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 YS% ,xld uy nexl=j NdKa
143vd.dr ì,am;a ksl=;a lrhs'
 m%jD;a;s ldKavh - 4
jdKsc nexl= úiska YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ mj;ajd .; hq;= ixÑ;
wkqmd; by< ouhs'

m%jD;a;s ldKavh - 5
fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajlhskaf.a w¾: idOl wruqo,a fYaIh u;
30] l uqo,la fiajlhdg ,nd fohs'

 by; tla tla m%jD;a;s ldKavh ;=< wka;¾.; ù we;s YS% ,xld uy
nexl=fõ ld¾h y÷kd.kak'
 by; tla tla ld¾hh jHdmdr flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 1949 wxl 58 orK uqo,a kS;s mk; hgf;a 1950 wf.daia;= ui 28 fjks Èk
wdrïN lrk ,o YS% ,xld uy nexl=j YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul
lsÍu i|yd rcfha ksfhdað;hl= f,i ls%hd lrkq ,nk flakaøSh wdh;kh
fõ' tys wdrïNl wêm;sjrhd jQfha fcdaka tlaiag¾ uy;d h'

 mia fofkl=f.ka iukaú; uqo,a uKav,hla u.ska uy nexl=fõ ixúOdk

lghq;= isÿ flfrk w;r" tu uqo,a uKav,h" uy nexl= wêm;s" uqo,a úIh

Ndr wud;HdxY f,alï yd m;al< idudðlhska ;sfofkl=f.ka iukaú;
fõ'

 YS% ,xld uy nexl=j m%Odk wruqKq folla fmroeß j lghq;= lrhs'

 wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhS;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu
 uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhS;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu

wd¾Ól yd ñ, ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu

foaYSh uqof,a w.h ia:djr j mj;ajd .ekSu fyj;a iqrlaIs; lsÍu ñ, ia:dhS;dj
fõ' fï ;=<ska WoaOuk yd wjOuk ;;a;ajhkaaf.ka f;dr j wd¾Ólh mj;ajd
.ekSu wfmalaId flf¾' WoaOukh wvq uÜgul mj;sk úg wd¾Ólh fyd¢ka
ls%hd;aul fõ' ;srir wd¾Ól j¾Okhla yd by< fiajd kshqla;shla we;s lsÍug
fuh bjy,a fõ'

uQ,H l%ufha ia:dhS;dj mj;ajd f.k hdu

wd¾Ólfha Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj uQ,H moaO;sfha ia:dhS;dj f,i ye¢kafõ'
tkï uQ,H moaO;sfha iqrlaIs;;dj we;s lsÍu" ia:dhS;djg t,a, úh yels ;¾ck
y÷kd .ekSu iy tajd wju lsÍu ;=<ska uQ,H l%uh Yla;su;a lsÍfï yelshdj we;'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 144
 fu u.ska ;ekam;alrejkag yd wdfhdaclhskag hk fomd¾Yajhg u ys;lr

jd;djrKhla Wod flf¾'

YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd my; ld¾hhkays kshef,a'

 uy nexl=fõ m%Odk ld¾hhka

 uqo,a m%;sm;a;s fufyh ùu
 úksuh wkqmd;sl m%;sm;a;s fufyh ùu
 YS% ,xldfõ ks, úfoaY ixÑ; l<ukdlrKh
 jHjydr uqo,a ksl=;a lsÍu yd fnod yeÍu
 nexl= yd nexl= fkdjk wdh;kj, wëlaIl f,i lghq;= lsÍu
 rcfha wd¾Ól WmfoaYl" nexl=lre iy uQ,H ksfhdað;hd jYfhka
lghq;= lsÍu
 uy nexl=fõ mshùï .sKqï mj;ajd f.k hk jdKsc nexl=j,g yd
m%d:ñl fjf<÷kag ksIaldYk iy mshùfï myiqlï iemhSu

 uy nexl=fõ ksfhdacHdh;k ld¾hhka

 rdcH Kh l<ukdlrKh
 úfoaY úksuh md,kh
 l=vd mßudK uQ,HlrK jevigyka i|yd .%dóh Kh fhdackd

 
l%u ms<sn| uQ,sl wdh;kh f,i lghq;= lsÍu
fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo, l<ukdlrKh

 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajhg uy nexl=fõ lghq;= bjy,a jk wdldrh my;

mßÈ meyeÈ,s l< yels h'
 YS% ,xld wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;sh - ia,smaia
(Sri Lanka Inter - Bank Payment System - SLIPS)

 mß.Kl Ndú; lrñka nexl= w;r isÿ jk .kqfokq mshùu

i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk l%uhls' YS% ,xld uy nexl=j úiska
mj;ajd f.k hkq ,enQ fuu wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;sh"
YS% ,xld uy nexl=jg yd jdKsc nexl=j,g yjq,a whs;shla
we;s iSud iys; ,xld la,sh¾ ^mqoa.,sl& iud.u fj; mjrd
fok ,§'

 iSudiys; ,xld la,sh¾ ^fm!oa'& iud.u úiska my; ksIaldYk

fiajd bgq lrhs'
 fplam;a yd wKlr yqjudrej yd Y=oaO fYaIh .Kkh
lsÍu
 tu Y=oaO fYaaI uy nexl=j yd wfkl=;a jdKsc nexl=
fj; oekqï §u
 ,xld la,sh¾ mqoa.,sl iud.u úiska '',xldfma ''

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 145
 ^Lankapay&hk ikakï kduh hgf;a .kqfokq i|yd fmdÿ
ldâm;la y÷kajd § we;'

 c.;a wka;¾nexl= uQ,H úoHq;a ikaksfõok cd,h -

iaú*aÜ ikaksfõok cd,h - (SWIFT - Sri Lanka Worldwide Inter
Bank Financial Telecommuncaition )

 kùk; u ;dlaIKh u; mokï jQ f,dj mqrd uQ,H fjf<|fmd<j,a

wdjrKh flfrk ikaksfõok cd,hls' fu u.ska cd;Hka;r
jYfhka nexl= w;r isÿ jk uqo,a mejreï ms<sn| j lghq;= lrhs'

 ;;ald,Sk o< mshùï moaO;sh - (RTGS - Real Time Gross Settlement

system)

YS% ,xldfõ nexl= w;r jákdlï wêl f.ùï ld, mudjlska

f;dr j Wiia ;dlaIKh yd m%ñ;Ska fhdod .ksñka mshùu i|yd
msysgqjd we;s mß.Kl f.jqï l%uhhs' b;d iq¿ ld,hlska mshúh
yels úu ksid fuu l%uh jeo.;a fõ' fuh rg ;=< we;s tl u úYd,
jákdlï iys; cd;sl f.ùï moaO;shhs'

 f,aLk rys; iq/l=ï ;ekam;= moaO;sh - (SSDS - Scriptless Securites

Depository System)

uqøKh lrk ,o iq/l=ïm;a iy;sl Ndú;h fjkqjg iq/l=ïm;a ñ,

§ .ekSug fyda úlsKSug wod< .kqfokqjla lsÍu i|yd f,aLk rys;
j Ndú; jk l%uhhs' fuh ,xld filHq (Secure) hk kñka o
y÷kajhs'
uqøs; iq/l=ïm;a ,Õ ;nd .ekSfï § yd úlsKSfï § wdfhdaclhdg
oeÍug isÿ jk wjodku fu u.ska wfydais fõ'

by; moaO;s fol tla j .;a úg ,xld fiÜ,a moaO;sh f,i y\qkajhs'
(RTGS + SSDS = Lanka settle system )

 fï wkqj jHdmdrj, wdfhdackh lsÍu ms<sn| j iqrlaIs;;dj we;s ùu" uQ,H


.kqfokq myiq ùu yd ld¾hlaIu ùu isÿ jk neúka jHdmdr lghq;=j,
id¾:l;ajh yd È.=ld,Sk meje;au i|yd uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka odhl fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 146
ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H wdh;k
olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 ( jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hk úúO ;ekam;= yd imhk
Kh jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg yd j¾Okhg lrk n,mEu
fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk úúO ;ekam;= j¾. y\qkajhs'
 jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hk úúO ;ekam;= w;r iudk wiudklï
ikaikaokh lrhs'
 jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hk úúO ;ekam;= j¾. jHdmdßlfhl=g jeo.;a
jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
 jdKsc nexl= imhk Kh j¾.SlrKh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 jdKsc nexl= imhk m%Odk fiajd isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 m%Odk fiajd jkafka ;ekam;= wdY%s; fiajd iy Kh wdYs%; fiajd nj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;= j¾. isiqkaf.ka úuid tu tla

 
tla ;ekam;= j¾.fha úfYaI ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'
úúO ;ekam;= j¾. jHdmdßlhskag jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'

 iqÿiq mßÈ isiqka lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; oelafjkafka jdKsc nexl= mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;= j¾.

hq., ;=k ls'
 cx.u .sKqï yd b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;=
 b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= yd ia:djr ;ekam;=
 cx.u .sKqï yd ia:djr ;ekam;=

 Tfí lKavdhug ,enqKq ;ekam;= j¾. hq.,h w;r iudklï yd

wiudklï ikaikaokh lrkak'

 isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 
jdKsc nexl= imhk Kh j¾. lr" tla tla j¾.h ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 147
 lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 jdKsc nexl= imhk m%Odk fiajdjka folls'

 ;ekam;= wdYs%s; fiajd
 Kh wdYs%; fiajd

;ekam;= wdYss%; fiajd (

cx.u .sKqï ^b,a¨ï ;ekam;=&" b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= yd ia:djr ;ekam;= mj;ajd
f.k hdu jdKsc nexl= úiska mj;ajd f.k hk ;ekam;= wdYs%; fiajd fõ'

 cx.u .sKqï ^b,a¨ï ;ekam;=&( (Current Accounts)

fplam;a u.ska .kqfokq lsÍfï myiqlï we;s" fYaIh u; fmd<S ysñ fkdjk
.sKqï j¾.hls' nexl= whsrd myiqlï ie,fik w;r fÜ,¾m;a Ndú;fhka
.kqfokq l< yels h'

 b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ( (Savings Accounts )

b;sß lsÍfï mrud¾:fhka y÷kajd § we;s fuu .sKqï j¾.hg fYaIh u;
fmd<shla ysñ fõ' ;ekam;alref.a wNsu;h mßÈ uqo,a ;ekam;a lsÍu yd
wdmiq .ekSu l< yels h' fg,¾m;a u.ska o .kqfokq l< yels h'

 ia:djr ;ekam;=( (Fixed Deposits )

ksYaÑ; ld,mßÉfÊohla i|yd ksYaÑ; uqo,a m%udKhla" ksYaÑ; fmd<shla
hgf;a ;ekam;a lsÍuls' b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;=j,g idfmalaI j by< fmd<shla
ysñ fõ'

 by; ;ekam;= j¾. w;=frka cx.u .sKï

q mj;ajd f.k hdfuka jHdmdßlhskg
a
,nd .; yels myiqlï lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'

 fplam;a u.ska f.ùï l< yels ùu

 fm%aIK myiqlï ,nd.; yels ùu
 ks;H ksfhda. u; f.ùï l< yels ùu
 whsrd myiqlï ,nd.; yels ùu


nexl=j iu. l< .kqfokqj, jd¾;djla ,nd .; yels ùu
^nexl= .sKqï m%ldYh &

Kh wdY%s; fiajd (
 whsrd myiqlï
 Kh
 jHdmdßl Kh
 mdßfNda.sl Kh

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 148
 whsrd myiqlï
 nexl= whsrd myiqlï hkq nexl= cx.u .sKqfï we;s fYaIh blaujd lsishï
ksYaÑ; uqo,a m%udKhla olajd fplam;a ksl=;a lsÍug jdKsc nexl= u.ska
,nd fok wkque;shls' fïjd ;djld,sl whsrd myiqlï yd ia:djr whsrd
myiqlï f,i j¾. folls'

 whsrd myiqlula § we;s úgl tu m%udKh olajd .kqfokqlrejkaf.a fplam;a

f.ùu nexl= úiska lrkq ,efí' tfia cx.u .sKqïysñhd ^.kqfokqlre &
cx.u .sKqfï fYaIh blaujd ksl=;a lrk ,o fplam;aj, jákdlu nexl=
whsrdj f,i ye|skafõ' whsrd i|yd idudkHfhka by< fmd<shla wh flf¾'

 ia:djr whsrd myiqlï hkq wLKav j lsishï whsrd myiqlula ,nd

§uhs' ia:djr whsrd ,nd .ekSfï § j;alï wem ;eîu wjYH fõ'

 ;djld,sl whsrd myiqlï hkq ia:djr whsrdjla fkdue;s j fYaIhg

jvd fplam;a ksl=;a ù we;s úg nexl=j ta i|yd uqo,a f.ùuhs'

 nexl= Kh hkq lsishï fmd<S m%;sY;hla hgf;a ,nd .kakd Kh uqo, yd Bg

wod< fmd<sh wdmiq f.ùug hg;a j .súi.;a fldkafoais hgf;a nexl=jla
úiska fokq ,nk uqo,ls'

 nexl= Kh j¾. folls'

 jHdmdßl Kh
 mdßfNda.sl Kh

 jHdmdßl Kh hkq mqoa.,fhl=g fyda wdh;khlg ;u jHdmdßl

lghq;= i|yd flá ld,Sk j" uOH ld,Sk j yd È.= ld,Sk j wjYH
Kh iemhSu fõ'

 mdßfNda.sl Kh hkq j;alï ñ,g .ekSug yd yÈis wdmodj, §

msßuid .ekSug mdßfNda.slhskag nexl=j úiska imhk Kh fõ'

 nexl= whsrd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug cx.u .sKqula w;HjYH jk w;r nexl=
Kh ,nd .ekSug cx.u .sKqula wjYH fkdfõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 149
ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H
wdh;k olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'5 ( jdKsc nexl= imhk fiajd jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg

we;s lrk n,mEu fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 jdKsc nexl= imhk fiajd ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 jdKsc nexl= imhk tla tla fiajdj fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 tu fiajd jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 f;dard.;a jHdmdr wdh;khla jdKsc nexl=j,ska ,nd f.k we;s
fiajd úuid ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 ;ekam;= mj;ajd f.k hdu yd Kh iemhSu hk m%Odk fiajdj,g
wu;r j jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg wod< j jdKsc nexl= imhk
wfkl=;a fiajd isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 isiqka ±lajQ m%;spdr lsysmhla idlÉPd lr isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï
lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tn m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdr wdh;khla f;dard .kak'

 tu wdh;kh jdKsc nexl=j,ska ,nd f.k we;s fiajd my;
YS¾I hgf;a ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 ;ekam;= j¾.
 Kh j¾.
 wfkla fiajd
 isiq wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'
 jdKsc nexl= imhk wfkl=;a fiajd jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys n,mdk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 ;ekam;= Ndr .ekSu yd Kh iemhSug wu;r j jdKsc nexl= úiska jHdmdrj,

ls%hdldß;ajhg n,mdk my; i|yka fiajd o imhkq ,nhs'

 ksfhdað; fiajd (
jdKsc nexl= úiska .kqfokqlrejkaf.a wjYH;dj, § .kqqfokqlrejka
fjkqfjka ksfhdað;fhl= f,i lghq;= lrhs'
ksoiqka (
 iq/l=ïm;a ñ,hg .ekSu yd úlsKSu
 ia:djr ksfhda. ls%hd;aul lsÍu
 Kh WmlrK /ia lsÍu yd f.ùu ^fplam;a yd úksuh ì,am;a &

khj 3/4 folls

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  úÿ,s ì,am;a yd c, ì,am;a f.ùu
 l,anÿ fiajd
^7'2 ksmqK;d uÜgfï § úia;r lr we;&

 úoHq;a nexl= fiajd ( E- Banking)

wka;¾cd,h yryd nexl= lghq;= isÿ lr .ekSu i|yd .kqfokqlrejkag
imhd we;s myiqlu úoHq;a nexl= fiajd f,i y÷kajhs' tjeks myiqlï
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 fydaï nExlska ( ( Home Banking)

;u fm!oa.,sl mß.Klh u.ska wka;¾cd,h yryd nexl=fõ fjí
wvúhg msúi ryia wxlh Ndú; fldg iajhxlS%h j nexl= myiqlï
,nd .ekSu fuys woyihs'

 ÿrl:k nexl= fiajd (Tele Banking)

.kqfokqlre nexl=j fj; fkdf.dia ;u ÿrl:kh Ndú; lsÍfuka
jdKsc nexl= lghq;= isÿ lr .ekSuhs'

 Wlia fiajd (
iaj¾KdNrK wemhg f.k yÈis uqo,a wjYH;d i|yd Kh ,nd §u jdKsc
nexl= úiska isÿ lrk jeo.;a fiajdjls'

 iqrlaIs;d.dr myiqlï (
mqoa.,hskaf.a rka" ߧ" uq;=" ueKsla wdNrK" Tmamq jeks jákd NdKav yd
jeo.;a ,shú,s wdrlaId lr §u jdKsc nexl= úiska isÿ lrhs' fï i|yd
jdKsc nexl=j, úfYaIs; fiamamq fjka lr we;'

 úfoaY úksuh ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSu

úksuh md,k kshuhka hgf;a .kqfokqlrejkaf.a úfoaY uqo,a ñ,g .ekSu;a"
Tjqkag wjYH úfoaY uqo,a úlsKSu;a jdKsc nexl= úiska isÿ lrhs'

 Khm;a fiajdj (
lsishï ksYaÑ; jákdlula olajd wkqu; wdh;kj,ska NdKaav yd fiajd
,nd .ekSug yels jk mßÈ jdKasc nexl= fyda n,h,;a wdh;k úiska ksl=;a
lrk ldâm;a úfYaaIhls' Khm;a u.ska hï iSudjla olajd iajhxlS%h
fg,¾ hka;% Ndú;fhka uqo,a ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj o we;'
ksoiqka (
 ùid ldâ
 udiag¾ ldâ
 weußlka tlaiam%ia ldâ

 uqo,a fm%aIK lghq;= (

.sKqï ysñhd fjkqfjka Tyqg ,eîug we;s uqo,a Tyqf.a .sKqug /ia lsÍu
ñka woyia fõ' úfoaYhl isák mqoa.,fhl=g uqo,a mejÍu fuka u" úfoaYhl
isák mqoa.,hskaf.ka ,efnk uqo,a /ia lsÍu o fï hgf;a isÿ flf¾'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 151
  ixpdrl fplam;a ksl=;a lsÍu (
foaYSh yd úfoaYSh ixpdrlhskaf.a .kqfokq myiqfjka yd wdrlaIdldÍ
j isÿ lsÍu i|yd Ndú; flfrk fplam;a úfYaIhls' ixpdrl fplam;a "
fmdÿfõ ms<s.kakd uqo,a j¾.j,ska" úúO jákdlï hgf;a ksl=;a lrhs'
;uka i;= uqo,a nexl=jg ,nd § tu jákdlug nexl=fjka ixpdrl fplam;a
,nd .kakd w;r" ixpdrfha fhfok w;r;=r § tu m%foaYfha jdKsc
nexl=jlg tu ixrpl fplam;a ,nd § kej; uqo,a ,nd .ekSug yelshdj
we;' ksl=;a lsÍfï § nexl=j úiska fiajd .dia;=jla wh lrhs'

 iajhxlS%h nexl= fiajd (

nexl= .sKqï ysñhkag ;u nexl=fjka ,nd § we;s myiqlï fndfyduhla
nexl=jg fkdf.dia ojfia ´kE u fõ,djl ,nd .ekSug yels jk fiaa
y÷kajd § we;s úoHq;a wruqo,a yqjudre l%uhls' fu u.ska .kqfokqlrejkag
nexl=j,ska my; fiajd ,nd.; yels h'

 iajhxlS%h nexl= fiajd ksid .kqfokqlrejkag w;ajk jdis (

 fg,¾ ldâm;a Ndú;fhka .sKqfuka uqo,a wdmiq .ekSu
 .sKqug uqo,a ;ekam;a lsÍu
 .sKqulska .sKqulg uqo,a udre lsÍu
 .sKqfï fYaIh oek .; yels ùu
 ì,am;a f.ùfï myiqlï ;sîu

 iajhxlS%h nexl= fiajd ksid nexl=j,g w;ajk jdis (

 msßjeh wvq ùu
 ;onoh wvq ùu
 ksrjoH;dj by< ùu
 ld¾h uKav,h wvq lr .; yels ùu
 nexl= fiajd mq¿,a ù nexl=j, ,dNodhs;ajh jeä ùu

 Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍu

wdkhklref.a b,a,Su u; wdkhklref.a nexl=j úiska wdkhklre
fjkqfjka uqo,a f.jk njg tl. fjñka wmkhklref.a nexl=j fj;
bÈßm;a lrk ,shú,a, Khjr ,smshhs'

 fjk;a fiajd (
Wod (  rlaIK fiajd -
jdKsc nexl= úiska rlaIK iud.ula iu. iïnkaO ù ;u
nexl=fõ .sKqï ysñhka rlaIKh lsÍu
 ffjoH fiajd iemhSu (E- channalling - E- Billing)
 ckdlS¾K ia:dkj, ATM hka;% ia:dms; lr ;sîu
 fplam;a yd uqo,a ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd u iqúfYaIS jq ATM
hka;% ia:dms; lr ;sîu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 152
ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H
wdh;k olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'6 ( fplam;a Ndú;fhka .kqfokq myiq lr .; yels

wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (
 fplam; hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'
 fplam;lg iïnkaO m%Odk md¾Yaj y÷kajhs'
 fplam;a wOHhkfhka fplam;l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fplam;a j¾. lrhs'
 Odrl fplam;a yd úOdk fplam;a w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fplam;a ,sùfï § ie,ls<su;a úh hq;= lreKqq bÈßm;a lrhs'
 fplam;a f¾Lkh y\qkajd tys wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fok ,o f¾Å; fplam;a wOHhkfhka tajdfha we;s f¾Lk j¾.
lrhs'
 idudkH f¾Lkh yd úfYaI f¾Lkh l< yels wdldr meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 fplam;a msgika lsÍu y\qkajhs'
 fplam;a w.re ùu y÷kajd" w.re jk wjia:d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 fok ,o f;dr;=re u; lsishï f.ùula i|yd fplam;l
wdlD;shla f.dvk.hs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 fplam;la isiqkag fmkajd ta ms<sn| j Tjqka okakd foa úuikak'
 isiq m%;spdr yqKq mqjrefõ igyka lr" fplam; hkak ks¾jpkh lrkak'


fplam;lg iïnkaO m%Odk md¾Yaj fmkajd fokak'

 fplam;l cdhd msgm;la ne.ska isiq lKavdhïj,g ,nd § my;

ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 fplam; fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

 fplamf;ys Tn y÷kd.;a f;dr;=re ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 fplam;l uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 fplam;l wdlD;shla we| tys fplam;l uQ,sldx. ,l=Kq lrjkak'

 fplam;a j¾. meyeÈ,s lrkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 153
 

fplam;la ,sùfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s lrkak'



fplam;a f¾Lkh y÷kajd tys wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrkak'



úúO f¾Lk iys; fplam;aj, cdhd msgm;a fyda wdlD;s mka;shg m%o¾Ykh
lr isiqka my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tng ,enqKq fplam;a fyd¢ka wOHhkh lrkak'

 tajdfha we;s f¾Lk flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 tu f¾Lkj,ska woyia flfrk foa meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 tu f¾Lkj, Tn ÿgq fjkialï ,ehsia;=.; lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 isiqkaf.a wkdjrK weiqfrka f¾Lk j¾. meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 idudkH f¾Lkh yd úfYaI f¾Lkh l< yels wdldr meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 fplam;a f¾Lkfha § fhdok mo ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lrkak'


 fplam;a msgika lsÍu y\qkajkak'
 w.re ksfõok lsysmhla isiqkag bÈßm;a lr" tys i|yka lreKq úuid
fplam;la w.re ùu hkak y÷kajd fplam;la w.re jk wjia:d meyeÈ,s
lrkak'

úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 cx.u .sKqï ysñhl= ^wKlre& úiska tys i|yka uqo, ku i|yka mqoa.,hdg
^wdodhlhdg& fyda /f.k tk wfhl=g f.jk f,i nexl=jg ^wK,ÿg&
lrkq ,nk ,ssÅ; ksfhda.h fplam;la f,i ye¢kafõ'

fplam;lg iïnkaO m%Odk md¾Yaj (

wKlre ^Drawer & - .sKqï ysñhd
wK,ÿ ^Drawee & - .sKqu mj;ajd f.k hk jdKsc nexl=j
wdodhlhd ^Payee & - fplamf;ys ku i|yka mqoa.,hd" fplamf;ys
i|yka uqo, ,eîug ysñlu ,nkakd

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 154
 fplam;l uQ,sl ,laIK

9 2
1

3
4
5
5

1' Èkh
2' nexl=fõ ku yd YdLdfõ ku
3' wdodhlhdf.a ku
4' fyda /f.k tkakdg hk fhÿu
5' fplamf;a jákdlu wl=frka yd b,alfuka
6' f.jkq hk moh
7' wKlref.a w;aik
8' pqïNl wlaIr ye÷kqï ;Srh ^fuys ms<sfj,ska fplam;a wxlh" nexl=fõ
wxlh" YdLdfõ wxlh yd .sKqï wxlh i|yka fõ &
9' fplamf;a ms<sm;



m%Odk jYfhka fplam;a j¾. folls'

Odrl fplam;a ^ydrl fplam;a & ^Bearer cheques&

fplamf;ys uqøs; j we;s ''fyda /f.k tkakdg'' hk moh lmd fkdyer we;s
fplam;ls' msgika lsÍulska f;dr j yqÿ Ndr §fuka Odrl fplam;
mejßh yels w;r fndfyda ÿrg uqo,a fkdaÜgqjlska .kqfokq lsÍu yd
iudk fõ'

úOdk fplam;a ^Order cheques &

fyda /f.k tkakdg hk moh lmd yer fyda ta fjkqjg ''úOdkhg'' hkak
,shd we;s fplam;a fõ' fujeks fplam;la mejÍfï § msgika lsÍu wjYH
fõ' Odrl fplam;lg jvd úOdk fplam;aj, wdrlaIdj jeä h'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 155
  fplam;la ,sùfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

 ,sùfï § fkdueflk ;Ska; j¾.hla Ndú; l< hq;= h'

 ms<smf;a wod< úia;r igyka l< hq;= h'
 ,sùfï § isÿ jk jerÈ ;ks brlska lmd wKlref.a iïmQ¾K w;aik
fhÈh hq;= h'
 tl u NdId udOHhla Ndú; l< hq;= h'
 wKlref.a w;aik kshudldrfhka fhÈh hq;= h'
 fplam;lg fhdok Èkh yd tys wdrlaIdj i|yd .kakd ls%hdud¾.
ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'
 ysia fplam;lg w;aika fkdfhÈh hq;= h'



fplam;a f¾Lkh ( ^Crossing the cheques&
fplam;l uqyK
q ; yryd iudka;r f¾Ld folla we£u fyda jdKsc nexl=jl
kula i|yka lsÍu fplam;a f¾Lkh lsÍu f,i y÷kajhs' fplam;lg
iïnkaO ´kE u md¾Yajhlg f¾Lkhla isÿ l< yels w;r fhdok ,o
f¾Lkhla wj,x.= l< yelafla fplamf;a wKlreg muKs'

 fpla m ;a f¾Lkfha wjYH;dj (

 fplam;g wu;r wdrlaIdjla ie,iSu
 fplamf;ys i|yka jákdlu tys wdodhlhdg ,eîu iy;sl lsÍu
 nexl= ljqkagrfhka uqo,a ,nd .ekSu je<elaùu


 f¾Lk j¾. folls'
 idudkH f¾Lkh
 úfYaI f¾Lkh

idudkH f¾Lkh ^General crossing &

j.ka;s iys; j fyda rys; j fplamf;a uqyqK; yryd ir, iudka;r f¾Ld
folla we£u idudkH f¾Lkh f,i ye¢kafõ'

^1& ^2& ^3& ^4&

.kqfokq l< fkdyel
re'5000 la olajd muKs
hs
K
mu
qug
.sK
.a
hd
hl
od
wd

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 156
 úfYaaI f¾Lkh ( ^Special crossing &
ir, iudka;r f¾Ld folla iys; j fyda rys; j fplam;l uqyqK; yryd
jdKsc nexl=jl kula i|yka lsÍu úfYaI f¾Lkh fõ' fujeks fplam;a"
f¾Lkfha ku i|yka nexl=fõ .sKqul ;ekam;a l< hq;= h'

^1& ^2& ^3& ^4&

=j

sh
exl
re' 5000 la olajd muKs

el

hs
K
dy
dn

,xld nexl=j - uyr.u

mu
xl fk
l
,x

qug
ne l<
=j

=j sK
q
ck ok

xl a .
ne df.
uy kfq

ck lh
.

uy dodh
w

 fplam;l f¾Lkh ;=< ''.kqfokq l< fkdyel '' hk moh fh§fuka woyia
jkafka fujeks fplam;la msgika lr mejßh yels nj;a" tu fplam;
mejÍfï § mejreïlreg ;snQ whs;shg jvd jeä whs;shla mejreï,dNshdg
ysñ fkdjk nj;a h' tu ksid fujeks f¾Lkhla fh¥ fplam;la ,nd
.ekSfï § mejreï,dNshd tu fplam;g fmr ;snQ whs;Ska ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= nj weÕfõ'

 fplam;l f¾Lkh ;=< '' wdodhlhdf.a .sKqug muKhs '' hk moh fh§fukaa
woyia jkafka fplamf;ys ku i|yka wdodhlhdf.a .sKu
q g ;ekam;a lsÍfuka
muKla uqo,a lr .; yels njhs' fuh mejÍu iSud flfrk f¾Lkhls'

 fplam;l f¾Lkh ;=< '' re' 5000 la olajd muKhs '' hkqfjka uqo,a iSudjla
fh§fuka woyia jkafka i|yka j we;s uqo,a m%udKhg jvd jeäfhka
fplamf;a jákdlu i|yka fkdúh hq;= njhs'


fplam; msgika lsßu ^Endorsement&
fplamf;ys uqyqK; i|yka jk wdldrhg u wdodhlhd ish ku fplamf;ys
msgqmi ,sùu fplam; msgika lsÍu f,i ye|skafõ' ^fplam; ork ´kE u
wfhl= fplam; mejÍfï § Tyqf.a ku ,súh hq;= h' & fplam;
kS;Hdkql+, j mejrE nj ikd: lsÍu msgik u.ska isÿfõ'

 msgik fh§u wjYH jk wjia:d

 wdodhlhd úiska fplam; nexl=fjys ;ekam;a lsÍfï §
 úOdk fplam;la kï wka wfhl=g mjrk wjia:dfõ §
 f¾Lkh fkdlrk ,o fplam;a nexl= ljqkagrhg § uqo,a ,nd
.ekSfï §

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 157
  fplam;a w.re ùu ^Dishonour of cheques &
f.ùu i|yd nexl=jg bÈßm;a l< fplam;lg uqo,a f.ùu nexl=j úiska
m%;slafIam lsÍu fplam;la w.re ùu f,i ye¢kafõ'

 fplam;la w.re jk wjia:d (

 .sKqfï m%udKj;a uqo,a fkdue;s ùu
 wKlre úiska f.ùu k;r lr ;sîu
 wKlre nqkaj;a ùu
 wKlre urKhg m;aùu yd ta nj nexl=jg ±kqï § ;sîu
 .dksIs ksfhda.hla ,eîu ^Widú ksfhda.hla &
 ,sÅ; jerÈ
 .sKqu jid ;sîu

;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu (
my; § we;s f;dr;=re fyd¢ka lshjkak

p;=r nKavdr hk whg re' 10 000 l uqo,la Tn úiska f.úh hq;= j we;ehs
Wml,amkh lrkak' Tnf.a cx.u .sKqu uyr.u ,xld nexl= YdLdfõ o" p;=r
nKavdrf.a cx.u .sKqu wkqrdOmqr uyck nexl= YdLdfõ o mj;ajd f.k hhs' by;
uqo, wo Èk fplam;lska f.ùug woyia lrhs' fplam;l wdlD;shla we| Wmßu
wdrlaIdj ie,fik mßÈ wod< fplam; ,shd olajkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 158
ksmqK;dj 7 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd uQ,H
wdh;k olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'7 ( úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;fhka .kqfokq myiq lr .;

yels wdldrh fmkajd fohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 úoHq;a uqo,a hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Ndú;fha mj;akd úoHq;a uqo,a j¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;l ,laIK yd tu ldâm;lg iïnkaO md¾Yaj
y÷kajhs'
 úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;fha jdis yd wjdis ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 Ndú; jk tla tla úoHq;a uqo,a j¾.j, iqúfYaIs;d j.=.; lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;a lsysmhla mka;shg m%o¾Ykh lr tu ldâm;a ms<sn|
j isiqka okakd f;dr;=re úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;=lr .ksñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
ldâm;a j¾." ldâm;aj, ,laIK" ksl=;a lrk wdh;k
 úoHq;a uqo,a hkq fudkjd oehs meyeÈ,s lrkak'


 Ndú;fha mj;ajd úoHq;a uqo,a j¾. meyeÈ,s lrkak'



úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;l ,laIK y÷kd .ekSug isiq lKavdhïj,g úoHq;a
uqo,a ldâm; ne.ska ,nd § my; i|yka ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tng ,enqKq ldâm; fyd|ska ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

 th wh;ajk ldâm;a j¾.h
 tu ldâm; ksl=;a lr we;s wdh;kh
 tu ldâmf;a wxlh
 ldâm;a ysñhdf.a ku
 ldâm; l,a bl=;a jk Èkh yd
 wfkl=;a jeo.;a ,laIK y÷kdf.k ,shkak'

 úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;l ,laIK fmkajd fokak'



úoHq;a uqo,a yd iïnkaO md¾Yaj y÷kajkak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 159
 úoHq;a uqo,ska .kqqfokq lsÍfï jdis yd wjdis fmkajd fokak'


úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

úoHq;a uqo,a (E - money)

úoHq;a l%uhg ke;fyd;a mß.Kl cd,hla yryd yqjudre jk uqo,a úoHq;a uqo,a
f,i ie,fla' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tla md¾Yajhlska ;j;a md¾Yajhlg wruqo,a
udreùula isÿfõ' (Electronic Fund Transfer )


úoHq;a uqo,a j¾.
 Khm;a - Credit cards
 yrm;a - Debit cards
 fmr f.jqï ldâm;a - Pre - paid cards
 iaud¾Ü ldâm;a - Smart cards
 laIqø m;a - Micro chips

 Khm;a
lsishï ksYaÑ; jákdlula olajd wkqu; fjf<| wdh;kj,ska NdKav yd fiajd
,nd .ekSug yels jk mßÈ jdKsc nexl=jla fyda n,h,;a wdh;khla úiska ksl=;a
lrkq ,nk ldâm;a úfYaIh Khm;a f,i y÷kajhs'

jHdmdßlfhl=g Khm;la bÈßm;a l< úg tys j,x.=Ndjh iy Kh iSudj mÍlaId

lsÍug úoHq;a i;Hdmk l%u ( Electronic verification systems ) fhdod .efka' jHdmdrfha
we;s hka;%hg Khm; we;=<;a l< úg tu f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels h'

kuq;a úoHq;a jdKscHfha § Khm; bÈßm;a lsÍu wjYH fkdjk w;r wka;¾cd,h
yryd Khmf;ys f;dr;=re muKla bÈßm;a lsÍfuka .Kqfokqj isÿl< yels h'
Wod ( iS nEkala ùid - ,xld nexl=j
mSm,aia ùid - uyck nexl=j
udiag¾ ldâ - iïm;a nexl=j
fi,dka ùid - fi,dka nexl=j

 Khm;a u.ska .kqqfokq lsÍfï jdis yd wjdis

.kqqfokqlrejkag w;ajk jdis

 Khm;la ,nd .ekSu i|yd .sKqula ;sîu wjYH fkdùu
 hï ld,iSudjla olajd fmd,S rys; Khla ùu
 wkqu; iSudj ;=< ATM hka;% u.ska uqo,a ,nd .; yels ùu
 jÜgï yd m%ido ,l=Kq ysñ ùu

.kqqfokqlrejkag w;ajk wjdis

 Khm; i|yd uqo,a f.ùu m%udo ùfuka ov uqo,la f.ùug isÿ ùu
 iEu wf,úie,lska u .kqqfokq isÿ l< fkdyels ùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 160
 jHdmdßlhdg w;ajk jdis
 Khg úl=Kqï i|yd uqo,a ,eîu iaÒr ùu
 msßjegqu jeä ùu ksid ,dNh jeä ùu
 fkdñf,a m%pdrKhla ,eîu

jHdmdßlhdg w;ajk wjdis

 nexl=jg fldñia uqo,la f.ùug isÿ ùu
 úfYaIs; hka;%hla ia:dms; lsÍug isÿ ùu

 yrm;a
nexl= .sKqï ysñfhl=g" ;u .sKqfï we;s uqo,a fjf<|ie,a f.ùï mshùug mejÍu
i|yd;a" fg,¾ hka;% Ndú;fhka uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .ekSu i|yd;a nexl=j úiska
ksl=;a lrkq ,nk ma,diaála ldâm;a úfYaIhls' .sKqfï we;s fYaIh i|yd muKla
yrm;a ysñhdg .kqfokq isÿ l< yels h'
ksoiqka (
SET iïm;a nexl=j
PET uyck nexl=j
Catsuper fldu¾I,a nexl=j

yrm;a u.ska .kqfokq lsÍfuka .kqqfokqlrejkag w;ajk jdis

 .sKqfï we;s uqo,a Ndú; lrk ksid fmd<shla f.úh hq;= fkdùu
 .kqfokqj tjf,au ksu ùu
 ATM hka;% yryd uqo,a ,nd .ekSu o l< yels ùu

yrm;a u.ska .kqfokq lsÍfuka .kqqfokqlrejkag w;ajk wjdis

 .sKqula ;sîu wksjd¾h ùu
 .sKqfï we;s fYaIh olajd muKla .kqqfokq isÿ l< yels ùu

 fmr f.jqï ldâm;a

l,ska uqo,a f.jd ,nd .; yels ldâm;a úfYaIhls' uqo,a fyda fplam;a fjkqjg
wdrlaIdldÍ fuka u myiq úoHq;a f.ùï l%uhls' nexl= .sKqï fkdue;s whg mjd
fmr f.jqï ldâm;a Ndú;h u.ska úoHq;a l%uhg f.ùï l< yels h'
ksoiqka ( ÿrl:k ldâm;a
Travell pass

 iaud¾Ü ldâm;a
fuh integrated circuit card tlls' fuys uqo,a jákdlula iys; chip tlla wka;¾.;
h' fuh Ndú; lr .kqfokqjla isÿ l< úg tu .kqqfokqfõ jákdlu yr ù fYaIh
wvq fõ' wod< ksl=;= wdh;khg uqo,a f.jd jßka jr uqo,a .nvd lr ^Re-Loard &
.; yels h' iaud¾Ü ldâm; u.ska Khm;l" yrm;l" ATM ldâm;l ld¾hhka o
isÿ l< yels w;r fuh úoHq;a uqo,a miqïìhla ^E-purse& f,i Ndú; l< yels h'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 161
  úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;aj, my; i|yka ,laIK oelsh yels h'

uqyqK;

msgqmi

 ksl=;a lrk wdh;kfha ku yd ,dxckh

 ldâm;a j¾.h
ksoiqka ( (Debit card, Credit card , ATM card )
 ldâm;a wxlh
 ikakï ,dxckh (Brand Lago )
ksoiqka ( VISA , Master
 l,a bl=;a jk Èkh
 ldâm;a ysñhdf.a ku
 ldkaoï máh (Magnetic stripe)
 w;aika máh (Signature stripe)
 ldâm;a wdrlaIs; ixfla;h ( card security code )
 ;S%udk Ñ;%h (Holo gram)
 ksl=;= wdh;kfha ku " ,smskh yd fldkafoais
 .kqqfokqlre fiajd ÿrl:k wxlh ( (customer service hotline)

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 162
  úoHq;a uqo,ska .kqqfokq mshùfï § my; i|yka md¾Yaj iïnkaO fõ'

 ldâm;a ysñhd
 ldâm;a ksl=;a lrk wdh;kh
 fjf<kaod fyj;a úl=Kqïlre
 Khm;a ix.uh
ksoiqka (
ùid" udiag¾" weußlka tlaiam%ia (AMEX)


 úoHq;a uqo,ska .kqqfokq lsÍfï jdis yd wjdis lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
jdis (
 .kqqfokq lsÍfï § msßjeh wvq ùu
 uqof,a wdrlaIdj ;yjqre ùu
 ojfia meh 24 mqrd u .kqfokq l< yels ùu
 f.ùï lghq;= myiq ùu
 úúO m%;s,dN ysñ ùu
 úfoaY .kqqfokq i|yd o Ndú; l< yels ùu

wjdis (
 fmd<S" m%udo .dia;= jeks msßjeh ±Íug isÿ ùu
 jxpksl ls%hd isÿ ùu
 wkjYH mßfNdack rgdjlg yqre ùu
 ;dlaIKsl fodaI ksid .kqqfokqj,g ndOd isÿ ùu
 ish¨ u .kqqfokqlrejkag .kqfokq lsÍug yelshdjla yd Yla;shla
fkdue;s ùu

;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu (
 '' úoHq;a uqo,ska .kqfokq lsÍfuka .kqfokqlreg;a fjf<kaodg;a iEu úg
u jdis w;afõ '' hk ud;Dldj hgf;a mka;sh lKavdhï follg fjka
lr újdohla mj;ajkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 163
ksmqK;dj 8 ( jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd rlaIKfha wjYH;dj
;yjqre lrhs'
ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'1 ( jHdmdrj, meje;aug fya;= jk rlaIK fiajdfõ
jeo.;alu úuihs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (

 wjodku hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

 jHdmdrj,g uqyqK §ug isÿ úh yels wjodkï ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh,
lrhs'
 rlaIKh hkak y÷kajhs'
 rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï yd rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï
f,i wjodkï j¾. lrhs'
 rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï hkak meyeÈ,s lr ksoiqka olajhs'
 rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï hkak meyeÈ,s lr ksoiqka olajhs'
 jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd rlaIKfha wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
 rlaIK .súiqu hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rlaIK .súiqug iïnkaO md¾Yaj y÷kajhs'
 rlaIK .súiqul we;=<;a jk lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 Ôú;j,g yd foam<j,g isÿúh yels wjodkï isiqkaf.ka úuikak'

 tu wjodkï wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd úúO rlaIK l%u yd ta yd iïnkaO
jk rlaIK wdh;k mj;sk nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 wjodkula wdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd rlaIKhg Ndckh jk md¾Yaj"
rlaIK wdh;kh iu. tlÕ;djla we;s lr .kakd nj meyeÈ,s lrñka
rlaIKh hkakg ks¾jpkhla f.dvk.kak'



my; i|yka wjodkï isiqkag bÈßm;a lrkak' tajd rlaIKh l< yels
wjodkï yd rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï f,i fjka lr ±laùug
Wmfoia fokak'
 ksjig fidre we;=¿ ù rka NdKav /f.k hdu
 YsIHfhl= w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h wiu;a ùu
 Tn i;= fudag¾ r:h wk;=rlg m;aùu
 Tnf.a fudag¾ r:h laIh ùu
 Kh.e;sfhl=f.ka ,eìh hq;= Kh uqo, fkd,eî hdu
 ñ, § .;a f,d;/hs m; i|yd Èkqula fkdue;s ùu
 Tng .=rejrekaf.a wdorh fkd,eî hdu
 j,a w,s m%ydrhlska Tfí ksji úkdY ù hdu
 bÈß j¾Ifha § jHdmdrhg w,dN ,eîu
 jHdmdrfha mß.Klh ;dlaIKsl jYfhka h,a mekSu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 164
  isÿ jk ish¨ u wjodkï rlaIKh u.ska wdjrKh lr .; fkdyels nj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'



jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg rlaIKh odhl jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrkak'



rlaIKhg iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj meyeÈ,s lrñka tu md¾Yaj w;r we;s lr
.kakd tlÕ;d .súiqu meyeÈ,s lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 rlaIKfha § uQ,Huh jYfhka weia;fïka;= l< yels ydkshla isÿ ùug

we;s bvlv wjodkula f,i w¾: ±laúh yels h'

 jHdmdr lghq;= lrf.k hdfï § úúOdldr wjodkï isÿ úh yels h'

ksoiqka  jHdmdrh .sks .ekSu
 fidri;=re Wjÿre
 jHdmdrh mdvq ,eîu
 jHdmdrfha foam<j,g isÿ úh yels ydks
 rlaIs;hd úiska jdßl f.ùug;a" rlaIs; Wmøj fya;=fjka rlaIs;hdg isÿ
úh yels w,dN i|yd rlaIlhd úiska jkaÈ f.ùug;a" rlaIs;fhl= yd
rlaIlfhl= w;r we;s lr .kakd tlÕ;dj rlaIKh f,i ye¢kaúh yels
h'



wjodkï" rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï yd rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï
f,i j¾. l< yels h'
 rlaIKh l< yels wjodkïj, ;sìh hq;= ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 wjodku mqfrdal:kh l< yels ùu
 wkd.;fha isÿ úh yels wjodku uQ,Huh jYfhka ;lafiare l<
yels ùu
 wjodku ksh; fkdúh hq;= ùu' tkï w,dNh isÿ úh hq;af;a wyUq
f,i ùu
 iïnkaO;dj,ska f;dr ùu' tkï isÿ jQ mdvqj fjk;a rlaIs;
w,dN yd iïnkaO fkdúh hq;= h'
 i;Hdmkh l< yels ùu' tkï w,dNh isÿ ùfï fya;=j" ia:dkh"
fõ,dj yd m%udKh úYaaf,aIKh l< yels úh hq;= h'
 rlaIKh l< yels wjodkula ùu i|yd by; lreKq bgq ùu wjYH fõ'
 by; lreKq bgq fkdjkafka kï tajeks wjodkï rlaIKh l< fkdyels
wjodkï fõ'
 rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï i|yd WodyrK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 f.dvke.s,s .sks .ekSu u.ska isÿ jk wjodkï
 r:jdyk wk;=re wjodkï
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 165
  ud¾.ia: uqo,aj,g isÿ jk ydks
 Kh.e;shl=f.ka ,eìh hq;= uqo,a fkd,eîfï wjodku

 rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï i|yd WodyrK lsysmh;a my; ±lafõ'

 jHdmdrh mdvq ,eîu
 iajNdúl fya;+ka ksid we;s jk wjodkï
^laIhùï" h,amekSï" jdIamùï &
 ;u yelshd yd Yla;sh u; ;SrKh jk wjodkï
^úNd. wiu;a ùu" wdorh wysñ ùu &
 fudaia;r fjkiaùï ksid isÿ jk wjodkï



jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd rlaIKh b;d jeo.;a fõ'
 rlaIKh u.ska jHdmdr wjodkï wdjrKh lrk ksid jHdmdr wdrïN
lsÍug wdfhdaclhska fm<öu
 wdndê; ;;a;ajhl § fyda urKhl § uQ,Huh wdrlaIdj ,eîu
^fiajlhkag&
 rlaIK iud.ï ;uka i;= wruqo,a kej; wdfhdackh lsÍfuka rfÜ
wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg wjYH m%d.aOkh iemhSu
 uqyqÿ Wjÿre rlaIKh ksid cd;Hka;r fjf<|u ÈhqKq ùuhs



rlaIK .súiqula hkq rlaIK wdjrKhla ,nd .ekSug wfmalI a d lrk mqo.
a ,hd
bÈßm;a lrk rlaIK fhdackd m;%hla" rlaIK wdh;kh úiska ms<s.ekSfuka
miq tu fomd¾Yajh w;r we;s lr .kakd ,sÅ; tlÕ;djhs'
 rlaIK Tmamqj hkq lsih s ï Ôú;hlg fyda foam<lg wod< j rlaIK .súiqula
we;s jQ miq j Bg wod< j rlaIK iud.u úiska rlaIs;hdg fokq ,nk ,ssÅ;
iy;slhhs'

 rlaIK .súiqulg iïnkaO md¾Yaj folls'

 m<uq mlaIh ^rlaIs;hd &
rlaIK fhdackdj bÈßm;a lrkakd fyj;a rlaIK wdjrKh ,nd
.kakd mqoa.,hd
 fojk mlaIh - ^rlaIlhd &
rlaIK fhdackdj ms<s.kakd md¾Yajh fyj;a rlaIK iud.u
 fuhg wu;r j f;jk mlaIh kñka md¾Yajhla o isáh yels h' f;jk
mlaIh hkq .súiqfï ls%hdldß;ajh ;=<ska we;s jk ndysr mlaI ms<sn|
iïnkaO;djhs'

 rlaIK .súiqula j,x.= ùu i|yd my; uQ,sldx. mej;sh hq;= h'

 ffk;sl ne£ula we;ss lr .ekSfï woyi
 w¾mkh fyj;a fhdackdj
 m%;s.%ykh fyj;a ms<s.ekSu
 ffk;sl nj - kS;shg tlÕ nj
 ta ta md¾Yajhkag ffk;sl ne£ula we;s lr .ekSug we;s yelshdj
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 166
ksmqK;dj 8 ( ( jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd rlaIKfha wjYH;dj
;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'2 ( rlaIKfha m%dfhda.l

s Ndú;h i|yd bjy,a jk rlaIK
uQ,O¾u úuihs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 rlaIK uQ,O¾u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 rlaIH ysñlu ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 rlaIK .súiqul § Wmßu ioaNdjfhka hq;= j lghq;= lsÍfï wjYH;dj
;yjqre lrhs'
 rlaI;s foam<lg isÿ jQ ydkshla iïnkaO j jkaÈ f.ùfï § ydksm¾
Q K
uQ,O¾ufha n,mEu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uh y÷kajd ta i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
 odhl;aj uQ,O¾uh y÷kajd ta i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
 jkaÈ f.jk wjia:djl § wdikak u fya;j = n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
 rlaIKhg" rlaIK uQ,O¾u jeo.;a jk wdldrh w.h lrhs'
 fok ,o isoaê weiqfrka rlaIK uQ,O¾u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 m%;srlaIKh yd m%drlaIKh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 úYd, jDlaIhl mska;+rhla mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 ta ms<sn| isiq woyia úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKqq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 .fia meje;au Yla;su;a Ndjh .fia uq,a u; r|d mj;sk nj
 uq,aj,g ydkshla jqjfyd;a .fia meje;aula fkeue;s nj
 rlaIK jHdmdrfha meje;au i|yd o rlaIK uQ,O¾u odhl jk
nj
 ta wkqj rlaIK Tmamqjla ,nd .ekSfï oS" mj;ajd f.k hdfï §"
m%;s,dN f.ùfï oS" wj,x.= lsÍul oS rlaIK uQ,O¾u WmldrS jk
nj


 isiqka iqoqiq mrsos lKavdhï lr my; i|yka ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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  my; i|yka jkafka rlaIK wdh;k úiska lr we;s m%ldY lsysmhls'
fïjdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk m%ldY hq.,h flfrys wjodkh fhduq
lrkak'

m%ldY hq.,h 1
 iykaaf.a tl u kEhd jeäysá fidfydhqrd jqj;a Tyqf.a cSú;h iykag
rlaIKh l< fkdyels h'

 rlaIK Tmamqj ,nd .kakd úg rxckS ish frda.S ;;a;ajh jika lr we;s
ksid jkaos f.úh fkdyels h'

m%ldY hq.,h 2
 re' ,laI 15 lg rlaIKh lr ;snqKq foajlf.a fudag¾ r:hg remsh,a
,laI 2 l ydkshla isÿ ùfuka" ydksh wkqj §ug yels jkafka re' ,laI 2
la muKs'

 nkaÿ, ish l¾udka; Yd,dj re' ,laI 10 ne.ska wdh;k y;rl rlaIKh
lr we;;a isÿ jQ re' ,laI 5 ydksh i|yd rlaIK wdh;k y;frka u
,efnk uq¿ jkaÈ uqo, re' ,laI 5 la muKs'

m%ldY hq.,h 3
 jkaÈ f.ùSug fmr wk;=frka ydkshg m;a jQ ÈfkaIaf.a f,dßfha iqkanqka
rlaIK wdh;khg NdrÈh hq;= h'

 .skak hk Wmøjh muKla wdjrKh jk mßÈ .sks rlaIK Tmamqjla ,nd

f.k ;snqKq iqf¾Iaf.a jHdmdrh ;%ia;jd§ ls%hd ksid úkdYhg m;aúh' ler,s
flda,dy,hlska w,dNh isÿ jQ ksid jkaÈ f.úh fkdyelss h'

 Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq isoaëka y÷kd .ekSu i|yd lKavdhï

idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 isoaêj, wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn| j Tn lKavdhfï woyi meyeÈ,s

lrkak'

 tu m%ldYj,g wod< rlaIlhd Tn kï fuu ;SrK ms<sn| j Tfí

woyi bÈßm;a lrkak'

 m%ldYj, i|yka rlaIlhd f.k we;s ;SrK ms<sn| j Tn iEySulg

m;ajkafka o @ fya;= meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 isiq wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

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 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak

 iykag Tyqf.a jeäysá fidfydhqrd rlaIKh l< fkdyels nj;a"

thg fya;=j flfkl=g ;j;a whl= iu. we;s {d;s iïnkaOh ksid
u rlaIH ysñlula fkd,efnk nj;a" thg wod< jkafka rlaIH
ysñlu hk uQ,O¾uh nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 rxckS ish frda.S ;;a;ajh jika lsÍu ksid úYajdih ì| jeà we;s
fyhska" .súiqu wfydais jk nj;a" thg wod< jkafka Wmßu úYajdih
nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 re'1 500 000 lg rlaIKh lr ;snK

q o ydksfha jákdlu re'200 000
la muKla neúka foajlf.a fudag¾ r:hg isÿ jQ ydkshg jkaÈ
jYfhka ,efnkafka re' 200 000 la muKla nj;a thg wod<
jkafka ydksmQ¾K uQ,O¾uh nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 nkaÿ, f.a l¾udka; Yd,djg isÿ jQ ydksh fjkqfjka jkaÈ f,i

,efnkafka re' ,laI 5 la muKla nj;a" tu uqo, rlaIK wdh;k
y;r u iudkqmd;sl j odhl ùfuka f.jk nj;a" thg wod<
jkafka odhl;aj uQ,O¾uh nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 jkaÈ f.ùug fmr ÈfkaIaf.a f,dßfha iqkanqka jkaÈh f.jQ rlaIK

iud.ug Ndr Èh hq;= nj;a" thg wod< jkafka wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uh
nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 .sks rlaIK Tmamqjla ,nd ;snK

q q iqf¾Iaaf.a jHdmdrh ;%i;
a jd§ lsh
% djla
fya;=fjka úkdY ùu ksid jkaÈ ,nd .; fkdyels nj;a" thg wod<
jkafka wdikak u fya;=j hk uQ,O¾uh nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'
tfuka u flfkl=g wjYH kï ;%ia;jd§ ls%hd jeks fjk;a Wmøjhka
o we;=<;a lr wu;r jdßl uqo,la f.jd .sks rlaIK Tmamqj §¾> lr
.; yels nj o meyeÈ,s lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 rlaIK jHdmdrh l%uj;a j mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd rlaIK uq,O¾u wkq.ukh
l< hq;= h'
 rlaIK uq,O¾u my; ±lafjk wdldrhg ,ehsia;=.; l< yels h'
 rlaIH ysñlu
 Wmßu úYajdih
 ydksm¾Q Kh
 wdfoaYkh
 odhl;ajh
 wdikak u fya;=j

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  hï úIh jia;j = la mej;Sfuka wd¾Óluh jdishl=;"a th wysñ ùfuka wd¾Óluh
wjdishl=;a we;s jk ´kE u fohla iïnkaOj we;s ysñlu" rlaIH ysñlu
fõ'

ksoiqka (
 iajdñmqreIhdf.a Ôú;h ms<sn| Nd¾hdjg;a" Nd¾hdjf.a Ôú;h ms<sn|
j iajdñhdg;a rlaIH ysñlu;a we;'

 hï foam<l kS;Hdkql+, whs;slreg tu foam< ms<sn| j rlaIH

ysñlula we;' ^;udf.a fudag¾ r:h" bvï jeks&

 Kh ysñfhl=g Kh .e;sfhl=f.a Ôú;h ;u Kh m%udKh olajd

rlaIKh lsÍug ysñlula we;'

 rlaIKh lrkq ,nk úIh jia;=j iïnkaOfhka rlaIlhd iy rlaIs;hd

úiska fy<sorõ l< hq;= rlaIK .súiqug wod< ish¨ f;dr;=re ioaNdjfhka
hq;= j fy<sorõ lsÍu Wmßu úYajdih fõ'

 hï rlaIs; foam<lg ydkshla jQ úg tu foam< h:d ;;a;ajhg m;alr

.ekSug m%udKj;a jkaÈ uqo,la muKla f.ùu ydks mQ¾Kh f,i
y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka (
remsh,a ,laI 40 la jákd fudag¾ r:h tu uqo,g u rlaIKh lr we;s
wjia:djl re' ,laI 2'5 l w,dNhla isÿjqj fyd;a jkaÈ jYfhka re' ,laI
2'5 la muKla ,eîu

 hï foam<la rlaIK wdh;k lsysmhl rlaIKh lr we;s úgl tu foam<g

hï ydkshla isÿ jQ úgl ta i|yd ish¨ u rlaIK iud.ï wkqmd;sl j odhl
ù jkaÈ f.ùu odhl;ajh uQ,O¾uh f,i y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka (
remsh,a ,laI 10 l foam<la A, B yd C hk rlaIK iud.ï ;=kl
wkqms<sfj,ska ,laI 5" ,laI 3 yd ,laI 2 ne.ska rlaIKh lr we;s úgl
tu foam<g re' 100 000 l ydkshla isÿjqfha kï 5( 3( 2 wkqmd;hg A
re' 50 000 la o B re' 30 000 la o C re' 20 000 la o jYfhka jkaÈhg odhl
fõ'

 rlaIs; foam<lg isÿ jQ ydkshl § rlaIK iud.u jkaÈ f.ùfuka miq j

ndysr md¾Yajhkaf.ka rlaIs;hdg ,nd .; yels fjk;a jdis yd whs;Ska
rlaIlhd mjrd .ekSu wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uh f,i y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka (
remsh,a ,laI 50 lg rlaIKh l< fudag¾ r:hlg isÿ jQ wk;=rlska tu
r:h uq¿ukska u úkdY jqfha kï" rlaIK iud.u re' ,laI 50 u jkaÈ
jYfhka f.jk w;r fudag¾ r:fha iqkanqka jákdlu mjrd .kS'

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  rlaIs; foam<lg fyda cSú;hlg isÿ jQ ydkshl § tu ydksh isÿ ùug fya;=
lsysmhla n,md we;s úfgl" ydksh isÿ ùug n,mE wdikak u fya;=j
rlaIK Tmamqfjka wdjrKh ù we;akï muKla jkaÈ f.jk nj wdikak
u fya;=j f,i y÷kajhs'
ksoiqka (
fidrìh rlaIK Tmamqjla ysñ mqoa.,fhl=g ;u ksjig .skaklska ydkshla
isÿjqj fyd;a jkaÈ ,nd .; fkdyels h' thg fya;=j ydksh isÿ ùug
n,mE fya;=j jk .skak fidrìh rlaIK Tmamqfjka wdjrKh ù
fkd;sîuhs'

 cSú; rlaIKh iïnkaOfhka rlaIH ysñlu" Wmßu úYajdih yd wdikak u

fya;=j hk uQ,O¾u muKla wod< fõ' ydksmQ¾K uq,O¾uh yd thg wh;a
WmuQ,O¾u jk odhl;ajh yd wdfoaYkh hk uQ,O¾u cSú; rlaIKhg
wod< fkdfõ' thg fya;=j cSú;h ydks ùfuka fyda wk;=rg m;a ùfuka
jk ydksh uqo,ska ueksh fkdyels ùuhs' cSú; rlaIKfha § Tmamqfõ i|yka
hï ksYaÑ; jákdlula jkaÈ jYfhka m%odkh flf¾'


 rlaIK iud.ula úiska Ndr .kakd ,o rlaIK wjodkula tu wdh;kh
úiska ;j;a rlaIK iud.ul fyda lsysmhl rlaIKh lsÍu m%;srlaIKh
f,i y÷kajhs' m%;srlaIKh u.ska rlaIK iud.ïj, j.lSu ú;eka l<
yels ksid rlaIs;hdf.ka wh lrkq ,nk jdßl wvq uÜgul mj;S'

 úYd, jákdlula we;s j;alula iïnkaOfhka we;s wjodkula fldgia

jYfhka fjka lr rlaIK iud.ï lsysmhlg Ndr §u yd wk;=rla isÿ jQ úg
;uka Ndr.;a wjodkfï m%udKhg ta ta rlaIK iud.ï jkaÈ f.ùu
m%drlaIKh f,i y÷kajhs'

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ksmqK;dj 8 ( ( jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd rlaIKfha wjYH;dj
;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 8'3 ( jHdmdrj, úúO wjodkï wdjrKh flfrk rlaIK

Tmamq j¾. mrSlaId lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 05

bf.kqï M, (
 jHdmdrhlg ,nd .; yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
 ta tla tla rlaIK Tmamqfjka wdjrKh jk wjodkï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 Ôú; rlaIKh yd fiiq rlaIK w;r fjkialï olajhs'
 .sks rlaIKh hgf;a wdjrKh flfrk yd wdjrKh fkdflfrk
wjodkï fjka lr olajhs'
 fudag¾ r: rlaIKfha § ,nd .; yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. úia;r
lrhs'
 iuqøSh rlaIKfha § ,nd .; yels úúO rlaIK Tmamq j¾. úia;r
lrhs'
 fok ,o isoaêhla weiqfrka ,nd .; yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. fmkajd
fohs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 my; i|yka o¾Yk ±lafjk mska;+r mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'
 f.dvke.s,a,la .sks .kakd o¾Ykhla
 fudag¾ r: folla tlg .eà we;s o¾Ykhla
 wvla uqyqfoa .s,S we;s kejl o¾Ykhla
 jHdmdrhlg fidre we;=,a jk o¾Ykhla

 mska;+rj,ska ±lafjk isoaê ms<sn| j isiq woyia úuikak

 tjeks isoaê i|yd .; yels ls%hdud¾. isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 úúOdldr iajrEmfha wjodkï we;s nj

 fuu wjodkï i|yd wdjrKh" rlaIK Tmamq u.ska ,nd .; yels nj
 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; i|yka ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka jkafka iudcfha ms<s.;a prs; ;=kla ms<sn|

f;dr;=re h' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk pß;h
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

uys,d - ,smsldßksfhls' jhi wjqreÿ 10 g wvq orejka ;sfofkla isà'

iajdñhd ñh f.disks' iajdñhdf.ka Wreu jQ ksji iy
foam< we;'

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 Okmd, - .Dy NdKav ksIamdokd.drhla iy wf,úie,a lsysmhla
mj;ajd f.k hhs' le<Ks .Õ wdikakfha u l¾udka; Yd,dj
msyg
s d we;' ;u ksIamdok ;ukag u wh;a f,dß folla u.ska
rg mqrd fjf<÷kag fnod yÍ'

Okj¾Ok - f;a iy rn¾ j;= lsysmhl ysñlrefjls' f;a l¾udka;

Yd,d folla o ysñ h' fiajlhskag jegqma f.ùu i|yd
j;=j,g yd l¾udka; Yd,dj,g hdu mqreoaols' Tyqf.a
ksIamdok Tyq u wmkhkh lrhs'

 Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq pß;fha lghq;= yd Ôjk rgdj wOHhkh lrñka

my; lreKq wkdjrKh lrkak'

 Tnf.a lKavdhug ,enqKq mqoa.,hdg uqyqK mEug isÿ úh yels

wjodkï fjk fjk u ,shd olajkak'

 tu wjodkï wdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd rlaIK fjf<|fmdf<ka

,nd .; yels Tmamq j¾. fmkajd fokak'

 isiq wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 tla tla isoaêhg wkqj mqoa.,hskag uqyqK §ug isÿ jk wjodkï yd tu

wjodkï wdjrKh i|yd ,nd .; yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. my; mßÈ
fmkajd fokak'

 uys,dg ;u cSú;hg we;s wjodku fjkqfjka cSú; rlaIKhla ,nd .;

yels nj;a" hefmkakka f,i ;u orejka kï l< yels nj;a" ksji
fjkqfjka .sks rlaIKhla o ;u foam< fjkqfjka foam< rlaIKhla o
,nd .; yels nj;a meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 Okmd,g ;u Ôú;hg we;s wjodku fjkqfjka cSú; rlaIKhla o" fiajlhka

fjkqfjka fiajl j.lSï rlaIKhla o " ;ud ksIamdokh lrk .Dy NdKav
i|yd ksIamdok j.lSï rlaIKhla o" l¾udka; Yd,dj fjkqfjka .sks
rlaIKh" fudag¾ r:h i|yd fudag¾ r: rlaIKh jeks foam< rlaIK o ,nd
.; yels nj fmkajd fokak' tfuka u le,Ks .Õ wdikakfha u l¾udka;
Yd,dj msysàu ksid .sks rlaIK Tmamqjg wkqnoaO j .xj;=r hk Wmøjh o
we;=<;a l< yels nj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 Okj¾Okg ;u Ôú;hg we;s wjodku fjkqfjka Ôú; rlaIKhla o"

;u l¾udka; Yd,dj i|yd .sks" fidrìh jeks rlaIK o ,nd .; yels
nj fmkajd fokak' óg wu;r j Tyqg ud¾.ia: uqo,a rlaIKh" ud¾.ia:
nvq f;d. rlaIKh jeks rlaIK o ,nd .; yels nj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

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úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 rlaIKh j¾. follg j¾. lrhs'

 Ôú; rlaIKh$È.=ld,Sk rlaIKh
 idudkH rlaIKh

 cSú; rlaIKh $È.=ld,Sk rlaIKh ^Life Insurance&

rlaIs;hdf.a urKh iy fjk;a YdÍßl Wmøj fya;=fjka wjodkïj,g
uqyqK mEúg rlaIs;hdg fyda Tyqf.a hefmkakkag uQ,Huh m%;s,dN ,nd §u
Ôú; rlaIKfha § isÿfõ'

 Ôú; rlaIKfha wruqKq jkafka urKh" wl¾ukH;dj fyda uy¨úhg

m;aùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka hï mqoa.,fhl=g isÿ úh yels ydks fjkqfjka
wdrlaIdj i,id .ekSuhs'

 Ôú; rlaIKh hï ksYaÑ; ld,iSudjla i|yd ,nd .kakd w;r" rlaIs;hd

tlS ld, iSudj ;=< ñh .sh fyd;a tlÕ jQ uq¿ rlaIs; jákdlu hefmkakdg
fyda kï l< mqoa.,hdg ysñ jk w;r" rlaIs;hd tlS ld, iSudj wjika jk
f;la Ôj;a j isáh fyd;a ld,iSudj wjidkfha rlaIK Tmamqfõ jáklu
yd m%;s,dN rlaIs;hdg ,nd .; yels h'

 Ôú; rlaIKh fiiq rlaIKj,ska fjkia jk wdldrh my; mßÈ ±laúh

yels h '
ksoiqka -
 Ôú; rlaIKfha wjodku ksYaÑ; w;r fiiq rlaIKj, wjodku
ksYaÑ; fkdue;'

 Ôú; rlaIKh iïnkaO j ydksmQ¾K uQ,O¾uh wod< fkdjk w;r"

fiiq rlaIK i|yd fuu uQ,O¾u wdod< fõ'

 Ôú; rlaIKh b;sß lsÍulg iudk jk w;r" fiiq rlaIK i|yd

jkaÈ ,nd .; yels jkafka ydkshla isÿ jqjfyd;a muKs'

 Ôú; rlaIK Tmamqj mejßh fkdyels w;r" fiiq rlaIK Tmamq

mejreh yels h'

 idudkH rlaIKh ^General Insurance&

 idudkH rlaIK" my; mßÈ j¾. l< yels h'
 .sks rlaIKh
 fidrìh rlaIKh
 iajdNdúl úm;a rlaIKh
 iuqøSh rlaIKh
 fudag¾ r: rlaIKh
 j.lSï rlaIKh
 ud¾.ia: NdKav rlaIKh

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  ud¾.ia: uqo,a rlaIKh
 .sks rlaIKh ^Fire Insurance&
lsishï mqoa.,fhl=g" f.dvke.s,s fyda fjk;a j;alïj,g .skafkka isÿ
úh yels ydks wdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd ,nd .; yels rlaIKh .sks
rlaIKh fõ'

 .sks rlaIKh hgf;a .sks ydksj,g wu;r j w;sf¾l jdßl uqo,a f.ùfuka
.sks rlaIK Tmqmaj §¾> lr" my; wjodkï o wdjrKh lr .ekSug yelshdj
,efí'
 ler,s flda,dy,$jev j¾ck ydks
 msmsÍï ydks
 úÿ,suh wdmod ydks
 N+ñ lïmd $iqkdñ
 c, .e,Sï" iq<s iq<x$ l=Kdgq jeks
 .=jkahdkd wk;=re
 .eàï ydks
 wdkqYx.sl w,dN ydks

 fidrìh rlaIKh ^Theft Insurance&

jHdmdßl ia:dkj, fyda ksjdij, isÿ úh yels fidrìh wjodku
wdjrKh lr .ekSu i|yd fidrìh rlaIK Tmamq ,nd .; yels h'

 iajNdúl úm;a rlaIKh ^Natural Disaster Insurance&

l=Kdgq jeks foaj,ska foam,j,g isÿ jk ydks wdjrKh i|yd iajNdúl
úm;a rlaIKdjrKhla ,nd .ekSug yels h'

 iuq§%h rlaIKh ^Marine Insurance&

uqyqÿ ud¾. m%jdykfha § kejg yd keõ nvqj,g isÿ úh yels ydks iuqøSh
rlaIKh u.ska wdjrKh fõ'
 iuqøSh rlaIKh uQ,sl fldgia folls'
 keõl| rlaIKh ^Hull&
 keõ nvq rlaIKh ^Cargo&

 keõl| rlaIKh hgf;a úúO rlaIK Tmamq j¾. ,nd .ekSug yelshdj
;sfí'
 ish¨ wjodkï Tmamqj
 mQ¾K w,dNh muKla f.jk Tmamqj
 f;dgqm, Tmamqj
 w¨;ajeähd Tmamqj
 ;ekSï ydks Tmamqj

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  keõnvq rlaIKh hgf;a úúO Tmamq j¾. ,nd .ekSug yelshdj ;sfí'
 we.hq Tmamqj
 újD; Tmamqj$p, Tmamqj
 wkd.; wdjrK Tmamqj

 fudag¾ r: rlaIKh hkq - ^Motor Traffic Insurance&

r:jdyk wk;=rej,ska fudag¾ r:j,g" fudag¾ r:j, .uka .kakd whg yd
ndysr md¾Yajhkag isÿ úh yels ydks i|yd jkaÈ ,nd .ekSu msKsi r:jdyk
ysñfhl= yd rlaIK iud.ula w;r we;s lr .kakd tlÕ;dj h'

 fudag¾ r: jdyk rlaIKh hgf;a ,nd .; yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. lsym
s hls'

 iïmq¾K j.lSï iys; rlaIK Tmamqj$úia;S¾K rlaIK Tmamqj

 f;jk md¾Yaj .sks yd fidrìh rlaIKh
 wju f;jk md¾Yaj rlaIKh

 iïmq¾K j.lSï iys; rlaIK Tmamqj u.ska wod< jdykhg" jdykfha .uka
.kakd mqoa.,hskag yd foam<j,g isÿ jk ydks wdjrKh fõ'

 f;jk md¾Yaj .sks yd fidrìh rlaIKh u.ska wod< jdykhg .skafkka yd

fidrlï lsÍïj,ska isÿ jk ydksj,g wu;r j ndysr mqoa.,hskag yd
foam<j,g" isÿ jk ydks wdjrKh fõ'

 wju f;jk mlaI rlaIKh u.ska f;jk md¾Yajhkag" foam,j,g isÿ jk

ydks muKla wdjrKh fõ' fudag¾ r:hla uyd ud¾.fha Odjk lsÍu i|yd
wju jYfhkaa wju f;jk mlaI rlaIK Tmamqj fyda ,nd .; hq;= h'

 j.lsï rlaIKh ^The Liability Insurance&

j.lsï rlaIKh hkq fjk;a md¾Yajhkag isÿ jk mdvq ms<sn| j we;s jk
j.lSu rlaIKh lsÍuhs' fuu rlaIKh ksid jHdmdßlhskag Tjqka ksid
fjk;a md¾Yajhkag isÿ jk ydks ms<sn| j.lSfuka wdrlaId ùug yels fõ'

 j.lSï rlaIKh hgf;a ,nd .; yels j.lSï rlaIK Tmamq j¾. lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'

 fmdÿ ^uyck& j.lSï rlaIKh ^General Liability Insurance&

foam< fyda jHdmdr lghq;=j,ska mek ke.sh yels wyUq isoaëka ksid
;=kajk md¾Yajhlg isÿ úh yels ydks fjkqfjka tu foam< whs;slre úiska
fyda jHdmdßlhska úiska ,nd .kakd rlaIKdjrKhhs'

 ksIamdok j.lSï rlaIKh ^ Product Liability Insurance&

jHdmdrhla wf,ú lrk ksIamdÈ; mdßfNdackh lsÍfuka mdßfNda.slhskag
isÿ úh yels ydks wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd jHdmdßlhska úiska ,nd .kakd
rlaIKdjrKhhs'
khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 176
  fiajH j.lSï rlaIKh ^ Employer Liability Insurance&
fiajfha fh§ isáh § fiajlhskag isÿ jk wk;=re fjkqfjka jkaÈ f.ùu
fiajHdf.a j.lSuhs' tjeks wjia:djl jkaÈ f.ùfï j.lSu rlaIK
wdh;khlg mejßh yels h'

;uka hgf;a fiajh lrk whg fiajfhys fh§ isáh §" fiajfha fh§u
ksidu we;sjkakd jQ ;=jd, yd wikSm fjkqfjka jkaÈ f.ùu i|yd fiajHhka
úiska ,nd .kakd rlaIKh fiajd fhdacl j.lSï rlaIKh fõ'

 ud¾.ia: NdKav rlaIKh

ud¾.ia: NdKav rlaIKfha § f.dvìñka NdKav m%jdykh lsÍu i|yd m%jdyk
udOHhg NdKav meg jQ wjia:dfõ isg tu NdKav f.dvnEu olajd jQ
wjia:dj olajd isÿ úh yels ydks wdjrKh i|yd ,nd.kakd rlaIKh
ud¾.ia: NdKav rlaIKh fõ'

 ud¾.ia: uqo,a rlaIKh

tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg uqo,a /f.k hdfï oS isÿúh yels ydks
wdjrKh i|yd ,nd .kakd rlaIKh ud¾.ia: uqo,a rlaIKhhs'

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ksmqK;dj 9 ( jHdmdr lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajh i|yd ikaksfõokh
M,odhS j fhdod .ekSfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'1 ( ikaksfõok ls%hdj,shl id¾:l;ajhg ;=vq fok

idOl úuihs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 05

bf.kqï M, (
 ikaksfõokh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 jHdmdßl lghq;=j, § ikaksfõokfha we;s jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
 iudchSh lghq;= i|yd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh rEm igyklska olajhs'
 ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sfha uQ,sldx. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 M,odhS ikaksfõokhl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. ,ehsia;=jla ilihs'
 mKsjqvhla ilia lsÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= lreKq flfrys
ie,ls,su;a fjñka wjia:djg WÑ; mKsjqvhla ilia lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mka;sfha uq,ska isák isiqjd le|jd lsishï mKsjqvhla ryiska Tyqg mjikak'
 th ,Õ isák isiqjdg okajk f,ig Wmfoia fokak'
 t f,i ish¨ <uqkag mKsjqvh ,nd ÿka miq wjidk isiqjd ,jd mKsjqvh
,E,af,a ,shjkak'
 uq,ska isá isiqjdg ÿka mKsjqvh u wjidk isiqjdg ,enqKd o hkak úuikak'
 mKsjqvh fjkia jqfha kï thg n,mE yels fya;= wkdjrKh lr .ekSug
idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 mKsjqvh ÿka ;eke;a;d mKsjqvh meyeÈ,s j fkd§u

 mKsjqvh ,nd.;a ;eke;a;d meyeÈ,s j wid fkd.ekSu
 mKsjqvh wmeyeÈ,s ùu
 mKsjqvh ;=< ;snQ jpk wjfndaO lr .; fkdyels ùu

 M,odhS ikaksfõokhla i|yd ksjerÈ j mKsjqv yqjudre lr .; hq;= nj

meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 ikaksfõokh hkak y÷kajd" jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd yd iudchSh lghq;=

i|yd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu fmkajd fokak'


 ikakf
s õok lsh
% dj,sfha uQ,l
s dx. meyeÈ,s lr §ug isik
q a my; lsh
% dldrlfuys
fhdojkak'

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  my; isoaêh isiqkag ,eîug i,iajkak'
wdh;kh úiska 20xx foieïn¾ ui 02 Èk mj;ajkq ,nk fiajl mqyqKq
jevigyk i|yd ta ta wxYj, ish¨ u fiajlhska iyNd.S lrjk f,i
m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ úiska ish¨ u l<ukdlrejka fj; ksfõok
,smshla u.ska ±kqï ÿka w;r" ;u wxYj, ish¨ u fiajlhska ta ms<sn|
j ±kqj;a lr wjYH lghq;= iQodkï l< nj" ish¨ u l<ukdlrejka úiska
m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ fj; E - mail mKsjqv u.ska oekqï fok ,§'

 fuu isoaêh fyd|ska wOHhkh lrkak'

fuu isoaêfha i|yka "
 mKsjqvh hejQ mqoa.,hd
 hjk ,o mKsjqvh
 mKsjqvh hejQ ikaksfõok udOH
 tu mKsjqvh ,enQQ mqoa.,hska
 mKsjqvh iïnkaOfhka Tjqka ls%hd l< wdldrh yd
 Tjqka .;a ls%hdud¾. kej; mKsjqvh ÿka mqoa.,hdg ±kqï ÿka wdldrh
mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re weiqfrka tla tla ikaksfõok uQ,sldx.h meyeÈ,s lr

fokak'
 mKsjqvh hjkakd - m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ nj;a"
 mKsjqvh - 20 xx foieïn¾ 02 Èk meje;afjk
fiajl mqyqKq jev igykg ish¨ u
fiajlhska iyNd.S lrjkak hkak
nj;a"
 udOH - ,sÅ; nj;a "
 ,nkakd - ish¨ u l<ukdlrejka nj;a
 m%;spdrh - mKsjqvh ,eîfuka miq
l<ukdlrejka ta ms<sn| j
fiajlhskag oekqï § wjYH lghq;=
iQodkï lsÍu nj;a
 m%;sfmdaIKh - wjYH lghq;= iQodkï l< nj
E - mail mKsjqvhla ,nd §u u.ska
m%Odk úOdhl ks,OdÍ oekqj;a lsrSu
nj;a meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh rEm igyklska olajd tla tla ikaksfõok

uQ,sldx.h meyeÈ,s lrkak'



iM,odhS ikaksfõokhl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. yd mKsjqvhla ilia
lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug isiqka my;
ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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  my; ±lafjkafka ikaksfõokhla isÿ l< hq;= wjia:d lsysmhls'
tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk wjia:dj flfrys wjOdkh fhduq
lrkak'

 mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq j ish¨ u wxY m%OdkSkaf.a /iaùula

úÿy,am;s;=ud úiska mj;ajk nj wod< wxY m%OdkSkag ±kqï §u

 yÈisfha wikSm jQ wdh;kfha fiajlhl= fiajhg jd¾;d l< fkdyels

nj wdh;khg ±kqï §u

 wdh;kh úiska ;SrKh l< úfYaIs; ksjdvq Èkhla ms<sn| j rgmqrd

msysá ish¨ YdLdjkag ±kqï §u

 Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq mKsjqvh hjkakd yd ,nkakd lKavdhï idlÉPdjla

u.ska y÷kd .kak'
 hjkakd úiska heúh hq;= mKsjqvh lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska ilia
lrkak'
 tu mKsjqvh heúh yels wdldr fhdackd lrkak'
 Tn ilia l< mKsjqvh hjkakdf.a isg ,nkakd olajd heùfï § isÿ jQ
ls%hdoduh rEm igyklska fmkajkak'
 by; Tn lKavdhu úiska ilia l< mKsjqvh ilia lsÍfï § wjOdkh
fhduq l< lreKq fm<.iajkak'
 ikaksfõokh my; i|yka ld¾h i|yd jeo.;a jk wdldrh fmkajd fokak'
 jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd
 iudÔh lghq;= i|yd
 isiq wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 tla md¾Yajhlska ;j;a md¾Yajhlg fyda md¾Yaj lsym

s hlg f;dr;=re heùu"
,eîu" f;dr;=re f;areï .ekSu yd fnod .ekSu ikakfs õokh f,i ye¢kaúh
yels h'

 ikaksfõokh jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd fuka u idudchSh lghq;= i|yd o

jeo.;a fõ'

 jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd ikaksfõokfha we;s jeo.;alu

 fjf<| .kqfokqj, § wod< md¾Yaj w;r woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu
i|yd
 fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd
 udkj yd fN!;sl iïm;a ukdj l<ukdlrKh lsÍu i|yd
 wf,ú m%j¾Ok lghq;= i|yd

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 idudchSh lghq;= i|yd ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu
 idudchSh jYfhka woyia yd mKsjqv yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd
 cd;Hka;r jYfhka isÿ jk isÿ ùï ms<sn| j laIKsl j ±k .ekSu
i|yd
 wOHdmksl lghq;= i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSu i|yd
 ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu. we;s jk kj fidhd.ekSï ±k.ekSu
i|yd
 foaYSh yd úfoaYSh jYfhka iudc iïnkaO;d f.dvk.d .ekSu
i|yd



ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh my; i|yka rEm igyk u.ska ±laúh yels h'

hjkakd



mKsjqvh udOHh ,nkakd
 


m%;sfmdaIKh m%;p
s drh

 ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sfha uQ,sldx.

 hjkakd ^sender&
mKsjqvh hjk md¾Yajh fõ' jdÑl j kï l:lhd" foaYlhd wd§
jYfhka o ,sÅ; j kï tys w;aik fhdokakd fyda wdh;kh
ye|skaúh yels h'
 mKsjqvh ^Message &
mKsjqvh hjkakd" mKasjqvh ,nkakdg imhk f;dr;=re fõ'
 uOHh ^Media&
f;dr;=re ,nd fokafka flfia o @ f;dr;=re ,nd §u i|yd fhdod
.kakd ikaksfõok udOH
ksoiqka ( jdÑl udOH" ,sÅ; udOH
 ,nkakd ^Receiver &
mKsjv q h .%yKh lr .kakd mqo.
a ,hd fõ' Tyq mdGlfhla" Y%djlfhla"
fm%alaIlfhka úh yels h'
 m%;spdrh ^ Respond&
mKsjqvh ,nkakd úiska weiqK fyda lsh jQ mKsjqvh ms<sn| j ls%hd
lrk wdldrh
 m%;sfmdaIKh ^Feedback&
mKsjqvh ,enqK nj" th f;areï .;a nj ;yjqre lrñka mKsjqvh
,nkakdf.ka mKsjqvh hjkakdg ,efnk m%;spdrhhs'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 181
  iM,odhS ikaksfõokhl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.
 ksjerÈ nj
 ixlaIsma; nj
 mQ¾K nj
 meyeÈ,s nj
 wdpdrYS,S nj
 ksYaÑ; nj
 ie,ls,su;a nj
 msßjeh wju nj
 fõ.j;a nj

 mKsjqvhla ilia lsÍfï § my; ±lafjk lreKq flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh

hq;= h'

 mKsjqvfha iajNdjh
 mQ¾K;ajh
 ksjerÈ nj
 wdpdrYS,S nj
 .%dylhdg f;areï .ekSfï yelshdj
 ixlaIsma; nj
 ksYaÑ; nj

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ksmqK;dj 9 ( jHdmdr lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajh i|yd ikaksfõokh
M,odhS j fhdod .ekSfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 9'2 ( úúO ikaksfõok l%u úuiñka M,odhS j

ikaksfõokfha fhfohs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 05

bf.kqï M, (
 ikaksfõok udOH y÷kajhs'
 tla tla ikaksfõok udOH i|yd ikaksfõok l%u bÈßm;a lrhs'
 kùk úoHq;a ikaksfõok l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 úoHq;a fkdjk ikaksfõok l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs
 jHdmdr wdh;k fhdod .kakd wNHka;r yd ndysr ikaksfõok
l%u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 M,odhS ikaksfõokhg we;s ndOd fmkajd fohs'
 ikaksfõokhg we;s ndOd msgq ±lSug l%fudamdh fhdackd lrhs'
 úúO ikaksfõok udOHj, jdis wjdis idlÉPd lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mdif,a úÿy,am;s;=ud Wfoa /iaùu weu;Su" ld,ÉfÊo fjkiaùu ±laùu"

isiqkaf.a m%.;sh fouõmshkag ±kaùu i|yd fhdod .kakd ikaksfõok
l%u isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
 úÿy,am;s;=ud Wfoa /iaùu weu;Su jdÑl j isÿ lrk nj
 ld,ÉfÊo fjkiaùu ±laùug ix{djla Ndú; lrk nj
 isiq m%.;sh fouõmshkag ±kaùug ,sÅ; udOH Ndú; lrk nj

 fu f,i jHdmdr o ikaksfõokh i|yd úúO udOH Ndú; lrk nj;a

tu ikaksfõok udOH hgf;a úúO ikaksfõok l%u Ndú; lrk nj;a
myokak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka ud;Dld w;=frka Tn lKavdhug ,efnk ud;Dldj ms<sn|

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 jdÑl ikaksfõok udOHh
 ,sÅ; ikaksfõok udOHh
 ix{d ikaksfõok udOHh

 Tn lKavdhug ,enqKq ud;Dldjg wod< ikaksfõok l%u yels;dla ,shkak'

 tu ikaksfõok l%u wNHka;r ikaksfõok l%u yd ndysr ikaksfõok
l%u jYfhka fjka lr olajkak'

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  Tng ,enqKq ud;Dldjg wod< ikaksfõok l%u fhdod .ekSfï jdis yd
wjdis olajkak'
 tu ikaksfõok l%u m%dfhda.sl j Ndú;fha § we;s jk ndOd fmkajd
fokak'
 tu ndOd wju lsÍug Tnf.a fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

úIh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 ikaksfõok udOH my; mßÈ j¾. flf¾'
 jdÑl udOHh
 ,sÅ; udOHh
 ix{d yd ixfla; udOH

 jHdmdr wdh;khl ikaksfõokh isÿ jk wdldrh wkqj my; wdldrhg

o j¾. l< yels h'
 wNHka;r ikaksfõokh
 ndysr ikaksfõokh

 wNHka;r ikaksfõokh hkq jHdmdr wdh;kh ;=< úúO md¾Yaj w;r

f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSuh'
 wNHka;r ikaksfõokfha § "
 whs;slrejka - l<ukdlrejka w;r
 fiajlhska - fiajlhska w;r
 fomd¾;fïka;= - fomd¾;fïka;= w;r úúO f;dr;=re
yqjudre ùu isÿ fõ'

 ndysr ikaksfõokh hkafkka woyia jkafka jHdmdr wdh;khla jHdmdr

wdh;kfhka ndysr md¾Yaj yd wdh;k iu. f;dr;=re yqjudre lr
.ekSuhs'

 ndysr ikaksfõokfha §
 jHdmdrh - .kqfokqlrejka iu.
 jHdmdrh - fjk;a jHdmdr" iemhqïlrejka w;r f;dr;=re
yqjudre ùu isÿ fõ'

 úúO ikakf s õok udOHh u.ska ikaksfõokh isÿ lrk wdldrj,g ksoiqka
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

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 úoHq;a bkag¾fldï
wNHka;r
úoHq;a fkdjk iïuqL idlÉPd" iïuka;%K" wNHka;r /iaùï

úoHq;a ÿrl:k" cx.u ÿrl:k" Yío úldY hka;%

jdÑl yv ;emE,
udOH ndysr
úoHq;a fkdjk wvfnrh" uyck /iaùï

úoHqq;a úoHq;a ±kaùï mqjre" E-mail

wNHka;r
úoHq;a fkdjk fufuda m;%" ksfõok" ±kaùï mqjre "jd¾;d

,sÅ; úoHq;a Fax" E-mail ,úoHq;a ±kaùï mqjre" SMS fiajdj

udOH ndysr
úoHq;a fkdjk ,smsh" mqj;am;a" iÕrd" nek¾" fmdaiag¾" .eiÜ m;%

úoHq;a úÿ,s iSkqj" wNHka;r wk;=re weÕùfï ix{d

wNHka;r úoHq;a fkdjk iSkqj" uÕ i,l=Kq " wdh;kfha msysàu ±lafjk

ie,eiau" ju ol=K y|qkd .ekSfï md i,l=Kq

úoHq;a wk;=re y.jk k,d" úÿ,s ix{d ^colour light &

.s,ka r: ix{d
ix{d
yd ndysr
ixfla; úoHq;a fkdjk weiqreï ixfla;" ÿïßh yd uydud¾. ix{d"
ìysß wh i|yd Ndú; jk ix{d"
lS%vd úksiqrejdf.a ;SrK ,nd §u" r: jdyk
yiqrejkakkaf.a wx. p,k

 úoHq;a ikaksfõokh
 f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha ixj¾Okh iuÕ ìys jQ
ikaksfõokh úoHq;a ikaksfõokh fõ'
 kùk úoHq;a ikakf
s õok l%u lsym
s hla my; ±lafjk whqßka meyeÈ,s
l< yels h'

wka;¾cd,h - (Internet )
mq¿,a mrdihla wdjrKh lrk mß.Kl cd,hla fyj;a wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka
we;s mß.Kl cd,hls' cd,hkaf.a cd,h f,i o wka;¾cd,h úia;r l< yels h'
fuys § úúO ia:dkj,ska we;=<;a flfrk f;dr;=re fm!oa.,sl mß.Kl wdY%fhka
,nd .; yels h'

úoHq;a ;emE, - (E- Mail )

mß.Klhlska mß.Klhlg wka;¾cd,h u.ska mKsjqv yqjudre lsÍu úoHq;a ;emE,
f,i y÷kajhs' úoHq;a j ilik ,o mKsjqvh fjk;a whl=g heùug kï hjkakdg
yd ,nkakdg wka;¾cd, myiqlï fuka u E- Mail ,smsk o ;sìh hq;= h'

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P-Tea G- 2017 185
 bkag%dfkÜ- (Intranet )
wka;¾cd,h mokï lr .ksñka jHdmdr wdh;kh ;=< we;s o;a;j,g <.dùug
i,id we;s wdh;kuh cd,hls' fuh mqoa.,fhl= fyda wdh;khl md,kh
hgf;a mj;sk cd,hla jk w;r fu u.ska imhk fiajd wjir,;a whg muKla
,nd Èh yels h'

yv ;emE, - ( Voice mail )

hjkakd úiska ÿrl:k ud¾.fhka jdÑl j fokq ,nk mKsjqvh" cd, ud¾.fhka
mrdj¾:kh ù miq j ,nd.ekSu msKsi ;eáhl .nvd lsÍfï fyj;a má.; lsÍfï
ls%hd moaO;shls'

*elaia hka;% - ( Fax)

idudkH ÿrl:k moaO;shla u.ska ,sms yd Ñ;% wvx.= ,shú,s laIKsl j heùug
yelshdj we;s úoHq;a WmlrKh *elaia hka;%h fõ' *elaia l%ufha § mKsjqvh
hjkq ,nk *elaia hka;%h u.ska wod< ,shú,sj, Pdhd msgm;a äcsg,a ;dlaIKh
u.ska ,nd f.k tajd ,nd .kakd *elaia hka;%h fj; mßj¾;kh lrhs'

cx.u ÿrl:k - ( Mobile phones )

j¾;udkfha ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj ksid pkaÈ%ld ;dlaIKh weiqfrka
úúO jHdmdr lghq;= isÿ lSÍu i|yd cx.u ÿrl:k Wmfhda.S lr .efka'

bkag¾fldï - (Intercom )
ÿrl:k cd,hla wdY%fhka wdh;kh ;=< f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSug fm!oa.,sl
jYfhka ia:dmkh lr .kq ,nk ÿrl:k cd,hls'

 M,odhS ikaksfõokhg we;s ndOd lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

 kj ;dlaIK l%u Ndú;h ms<sn| we;s ±kqu ÿ¾j, ùu
 ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú;fha § isÿ jk ndysr ndOd
 merKs ikaksfõok l%u Ndú;hg .ekSu
 ikaksfõok .,dhdfï ud¾.fha § we;s jk ndOd
 ikaksfõok ie,iqïj, we;s ÿ¾j,;d
 NdId m%Yak" ±kqu" wdl,am jeks oE
 ndysr mßirfha we;sjk ndOd

 ikaksfõokhg we;s jk ndOd msgq ±lSug .; yels úúO l%u Wmdh

lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 kj ikaksfõok WmlrK Ndú; lsÍu
 ikaksfõokh ms<sn| úúO kS;s Í;s mekùu
 ikaksfõok l=¿Kq msysgqùu
 äcsg,a ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍu
 ikaksfõok l%u wjNdú;h ms<sn| kj kS;s Í;s iïmdokh lsÍu

 úúO ikaksfõok udOHj, jdis yd wjdis lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

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P-Tea G- 2017 186
 jdÑl ikaksfõok udOHfha jdis (
 .eg¨jla jvd;a úia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a fldg" idlÉPd fldg bÈßm;a l<
yels ùu
 f;dr;=re fokakd yd ,nkakd iïuqL ùu
 f;dr;=re b;d blauKska yd ryis.; j bÈßm;a l< yels ùu

jdÑl ikaksfõok udOHfha wjdis (

 NdIduh .eg¨ we;s ùu
 jdÑluh ÿ¾j,;d we;s md¾Yaj iu. f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSfï .eg¨
we;s ùu
 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh l< njg idlaIshla fkdue;s ùu

,sÅ; ikaksfõok udOHfha jdis (

 jvd;a úia;rd;aul j f;dr;=re bÈßm;a l< yels ùu
 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh l< njg;a" ,enqKq njg;a idlaIshla f,i Ndú;
l< yels ùu
 o;a;" igyka" j.= hkdÈh myiqfjka ikaksfõokh l< yels ùu

,sÅ; ikaksfõok udOHfha wjdis (

 f;dr;=re wjfndaO lr .ekSfï § .eg¨ we;s ùu
 lshùfï yelshdj fkdue;s kï f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍu wmyiq ùu
 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh lsÍfï § úlD;s ùu

ix{d yd ixfla; udOHfha jdis (

 f;dr;=re fláfhka meyeÈ,s j bÈßm;a l< yels ùu
 f;dr;=rej, ksrjoH;dj by< uÜgul mej;Su
 f;dr;=re myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yels ùu

ix{d yd ixfla; udOHfha wjdis (

 oDIaÀ .eg¨ yd W!K;d we;s md¾Yaj iu. f;dr;=re yqjudre lr .ekSfï
.eg¨ we;s ùu
 ix{d yd ixfla; úlD;s ù hdfuka f;dr;=re ikaksfõokhg ndOd we;s ùu
 iuyr ix{d yd ixfla; wjfndaO lr .ekSug wmyiq ùu
 ix{d yd ixfla; wjfndaO lr .ekSug fmr tajd ms<sn| oekqu wjYH ùu

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P-Tea G- 2017 187
ksmqK;dj 10 ( m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ^Logistics& jHdmdrj,
id¾:l;ajh i|yd odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh
lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'1 ( jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd m%jdykh iM,odhS j

odhl lr .kakd wdldrh úuihs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (
 jHdmdr lghq;j= , id¾:l;ajhg wjYH fiajdjla f,i m%jdykh
y÷kajhs'
 m%jdyk uQ,sldx. úia;r lrhs'
 tla tla m%jdyk uQ,sldx.h i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
 úl,am m%jdyk l%u úia;r lrhs'
 tla tla m%jdyk l%uh wkqj Bg wod< m%jdyk uQ,sldx. i|yd ksoiqka
j.= .; lrhs'
 tla tla m%jdyk l%ufha idfmalaI jdis yd wjdis ii|hs'
 m%jdyk fiajdfõ jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
 m%jdyk fiajdj ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSug fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

mdvu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 fld<U k.rfha isg hdmkhg .uka l< yels wdldr isiqkaf.ka
úuikak'
 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'
fld<U isg hdmkhg nifhka" jEka r:hlska" ÿïßfhka" .=jka
hdkhlska" kejlska" fndaÜgqjlska" wd§ úúO l%u u.ska .uka l<
yels nj fmkajd fokak'
 ta wkqj m%jdykh i|yd my; l%u fhdod .kakd nj meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 uyd ud¾. m%jdykh
 ÿïßh ud¾. m%jdykh
 .=jka ud¾. m%jdykh
 c, ud¾. m%jdykh

 m%jdykfha uQ,sldx. y÷kd .ekSug" isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr

my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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  my; i|yka jkafka m%jdyk l%u y;rls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug
,efnk m%jdyk l%uh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 uyd ud¾. m%jdykh
 ÿïßh ud¾. m%jdykh
 .=jka ud¾. m%jdykh
 c, ud¾. m%jdykh

 ud;Dldj fláfhka y÷kajkak'

 ud;Dldjg wod< j Ndú; jk ud¾. lKavdhï idlÉPdjla ;=<ska y÷kd
.kak'
 tu ud¾.j, Odjkh jk jdyk ,ehsia;=jla ilia lrkak'
 tu jdyk Odjkh i|yd fhdod .; yels bkaOk j¾.h fjka fjka
jYfhka olajkak'
 tu jdyk kj;d ;nk kej;=ïfmd<j,a lKavdhï idlÉPdjla ;=<ska
u;=lr .kak'
 tu m%jdyk l%uh my; i|yka tla tla md¾Yajhg jeo.;a jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 mqoa.,hskag
 jHdmdßlhskag

 Tng ,enqKq m%jdyk l%uh" m%jdyk lghq;= i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka
l=uk wjia:dj, § ±hs meyeÈ,s lrkak'
 wod< m%jdyk l%ufha jdis yd wjdis lKavdhï idlÉPdjla ;=<ska u;=lr
.kak'
 tu m%jdyk l%uh ld¾hlaIu lsÍug Tnf.a fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkak'
 isiq wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 isiq wkdjrK weiqfrka m%jdyk uQ,sldx. ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lr

fokak'


 tla tla m%jdyk l%ufha mj;sk jdis yd wjdis ikaikaokd;aul j fmkajd
§ tu tla tla m%jdyk l%ufha ld¾hlaIu;dj i|yd isiqka fhdackd l<
fhdackd o ie,ls,a,g f.k idlÉPd lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 tla ia:dkhl isg ;j;a ia:dkhlg úúO udOH Ndú; lrñka mqoa.,hska
fyda øjH f.k hdfï ls%hdj,sh m%jdykhhs'
 jHdmdr lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajhg m%jdykh w;HjYH Wmldrl fiajdjls'
 m%jdykh yqfola udOHhla muKla fkdj uQ,sldx. lsysmhlska iunr j
ixj¾Okh ùfuka ieliqkq moaO;shls'

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P-Tea G- 2017 189
  m%jdykfha ;=,s; ixj¾Okhla i|yd m%jdyk uQ,sldx.j, j¾Okhla fyj;a
iq,N;djla wjYH fõ'

 m%jdyk moaO;shl uQ,sldx. my; i|yka f,i úia;r l< yels h'

 ud¾.h ^Way& - m%jdykh i|yd Ndú; lrk úúO ud¾. fõ'

ksoiqka - uyd ud¾." ÿïßh ud¾." c, ud¾."
.=jka ud¾.

 udOHh ^Mode & - úúO ud¾.j, Odjkh jk jdyk fõ'

ksoiqka - fudag¾ r:" ÿïßh" keõ" .=jka hdkd

 n,h ^Power & - tla tla udOH ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd fhdod
.kakd bkaOk j¾.h fyda Yla;sh fõ'
ksoiqka - .,a wÕ=re" LKsc f;,a" úÿ,sh" .Eia

 m¾hka;h - m%jdyk udOH" m%jdyk ld¾hfha § kj;d

^Terminal & ;nk kej;=ïfmd<j,a fõ'
ksoiqka - nia kej;=ïfmd<" ÿïßh ia:dkh"
;S% frdao r: kej;=ïfmd<

 m%jdyk uQ,sldx. yd ksoiqka my; igyk u.ska o oelaúh yels h'

ud¾.h udOH n,h m¾hka;h

Way Mode Power Terminal
uyd ud¾. lr;a;" fudag¾ r:" ñksia Y%uh" nia kej;=ïfmd<
High Ways nhsisll,a" f,dß" i;aj Y%uh" Bus Stand
nia r: ãi,a" fmg%,a"
.Eia" úÿ,sh

ÿïßh ud¾. ÿïßh .,a wÕ=re ÿïßh ia:dkh

Rail Ways vlal=j ãi,a" úÿ,sh Railway Station

.=jka hdkd fmg%,a .=jka f;dgqfmd<

.=jka ud¾.
fy,sfldmag¾ Airport
Air Ways

c, ud¾. keõ iq<Õ jrdh

Water Ways ãi,a Harbour
fndaÜgq
ñksia Y%uh f;dgqfmd<
Tre
port


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 190
  tla tla m%jdyk l%ufha jdis yd wjdis my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

 uyd ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufha jdis

 wjYH;djg .e,fmk fia udOHhla f;dard.; yels ùu
 rg mqrd jHdma; j mej;Su
 wjYH ´kE u úgl uyd ud¾. Ndú; l< yels ùu
 fndfyda úg .ukdka;h olajd u tl u m%jdyk udOHhla
fhdod .; yels ùu

 uyd ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufha wjdis

 úYd, f;d. tljr m%jdykhg wmyiq ùu
 uydud¾. kv;a;= msßjeh wêl ùu
 m%udoh yd wk;=re by< ùu
 ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajh u; ndOd we;s ùu

 ÿïßh m%jdyk l%ufha jdis

 úYd, NdKav f;d. yd u.Ska úYd, ixLHdjla tljr
m%jdykh l< yels ùu
 uydud¾. m%jdykhg jvd wdrlaIdldÍ ùu
 NdKavj, iajNdjh wkqj ueÈß fhdod .; yels ùu
 fiiq m%jdyk udOH yd ii|k l, .dia;= wvq ùu
 wdmkYd,d" ksok ueÈß" ksÍlaIK ueÈß wd§ úúO myiqlï
,nd .; yels ùu

 ÿïßh m%jdyk l%ufha wjdis

 ÿïßh ud¾. Èjhsk mqrd jHdma; j fkd;sîu
 wjYH ´kE u fõ,djl § fiajh ,nd .; fkdyels ùu
 .ukdka;h olajd fhdod .; fkdyels ksid fjk;a m%jdyk
l%u o fhdod .ekSug isÿ ùu
 úÿ,s ix{d weK ysàu" ÿïßh ud¾. wn,ka ùu wdÈh ksid
m%udo we;s ùu

 c,ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufha jdis

 wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|dug iydh ùu
 NdKaav úYd, m%udKhla tljr /f.k hd yels ùu
 NdKav j¾.j, iajNdjh wkqj hd;%d f;dard.; yels ùu

 c,ud¾. m%jdyk l%ufha wjdis

 keõ fiajdj iq,N fkdùu
 jeä ld,hla .; ùu

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  .=jka m%jdyk l%ufha jdis
 fõ.j;a nj w;ska by< ùu
 blauKska kIH jk NdKav i|yd fhda.H ùu
 ud¾. kv;a;= msßjehla fkdue;s ùu

 .=jka m%jdyk l%ufha wjdis

 úYd, yd nßka wêl NdKav m%jdykh i|yd fhda.H fkdùu
 m%jdyk msßjeh wêl ùu
 wk;=re ùug we;s m%jK;dj jeä ùu
 wjYH fõ,djg imhd .ekSug fkdyels ùu

 wd¾Ól yd iudc ixj¾Okfha iy f.da,ShlrKfha m%Odk u Wmdx.h

jkqfha m%jdykhhs' ksIamdÈ;j, ksIamdokh yd mdßfNdackh fjkia
ia:dkhkays isÿ jkafka m%jdykh ksid h' m%jdykh fjf<|dfï jHdma;h
s g;a"
mqoa.,hskaf.a me;sÍug;a úYd, jYfhka fya;= fõ' fï wkqj úúO
md¾Yaajj,g m%jdykh jeo.;a jk wdldrh my; mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

 m%jdykh jHdmdßlhdg jeo.;a jk wdldrh

 wuq øjH l,g fõ,djg imhd .ekSug
 ksñ øjH l,g fõ,djg bÈßm;a lsÍug
 fiajlhska fõ,djg f.kajd .ekSug
 jHdmdßl in|;d meje;aùug
 fjf<|fmd< jHdma;shg

 m%jdykh mqoa.,hskag jeo.;a jk wdldrh

 iudc in|;d we;s lr .ekSug yd mj;ajd f.k hdug
 /lSrlaId yd ixprKh i|yd
 úfkdaodiajdoh i|yd
 m¾fhaIK" .fõIK yd wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd

 m%jdykh wd¾:slhg jeo.;a jk wdldrh

 fiajd kshqla;sh j¾Okh ùu
 cd;Hka;r in|;d j¾Okh ùu
 úfoaY fjf<|du j¾Okh ùu

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ksmqK;dj 10 ( m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ^Logistics& jHdmdrj,
id¾:l;ajh i|yd odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh
lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'2 ( wjia:djg WÑ; m%jdyk l%uhla yd udOHhla f;darhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (
 m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;=
lreKq ,ehsia;.
= ; lrhs'
 m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;=
lreKq wOHhkfhka WÑ; m%jdyk udOHhla f;darhs'
 ld¾hlaIu m%jdyk l%uhl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx. úia;r lrhs'
 m%jdykfha kj m%jK;d fmkajd fohs'
 m%jdyk lafIa;%fha wkd.;h mqfrdal:kh lrhs'

mdvu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 ;u m%foaYhg LKsc f;,a ,efnk wdldrh isiqkaf.ka úuikak'
 my; i|yka lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 m%foaYhg LKsc f;,a ,efnkafka LKsc f;,a m%jdykh i|yd u

fhdod .kakd úfYaIs; njqi¾ u.ska nj
 th uyd ud¾.j, iy ÿïßh ud¾.j, Odjkh jk udOHhla nj
 tu udOH b;d wdrlaIdldÍ jk w;r YS% ,xldfõ iEu m%foaYhlg
u ,Õd úh yels m%jdyk ud¾. Tiafia Odjkh jk nj
 LKsc f;,a m%jdykh i|yd tu udOH f;dard .ekSfï § Odß;dj"
wdrlaIdldÍ nj hkd § idOl i,ld n,d we;s nj

 idlÉPdfjka ,o f;dr;=re fhdod .ksñka m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard

.ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq tlska tl ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s
lr fokak'


 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; i|yka jkafka m%jdyk fiajdj Wmldr lr .ekSug isÿ jk

wjia:d y;rls' tajdhska Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk wjia:dj flfrys
wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

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P-Tea G- 2017 193
  wkqrdOmqr frdayf,a isg fld<U cd;sl frday,g frda.shl=
/f.k hdu

 nKavdrfj, u,aj;a;l isg fld<U k.rfha msysá u,a

Yd,djlg iajNdúl u,a /f.k tau

 fld<U isg lkalika;=f¾g iy,a f;d.hla m%jdykh lsÍu

 yïnkaf;dg isg nÿ,a, k.rfha fjf<| ie,lg ólsß

m%jdykh lsÍu

 wod< ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .; yels ish¨ u m%jdyk l%u ^ud¾.&

lKavdhï idlÉPdjla ;=<ska u;= lr .kak'

 ta tla tla ud¾.fha Odjkh jk udOHj,ska Tng wod< ld¾hh

i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq udOH lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska ;SrKh lrkak'

 tu ud¾.h udOH f;dard .ekSu i|yd Tn lKavdhu úiska i,ld

neÆ lreKq fm<.iajkak'

 Tn f;dard.;a ud¾.fha yd udOHhfha kj m%jK;d y÷kajd fokak'

 m%jdyk lafIa;%fha wkd.;h ms<sn| j Tng bÈßm;a l< yels

mqfrdal:k lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska ;SrKh lrkak'

 isiq wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j mka;shg bÈßm;a lrjkak'

 isiq wkdjrK ie,ls,a,g .ksñka" tla tla wjia:dj wkqj jvd;a WÑ;
m%jdyk l%uh yd udOHh fya;= iys; j fmkajd fokak'

 ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj" ±ä ;rÕldß;ajh wd§ fya;= ksid m%jdyk lafIa;%h

iS.%fhka j¾Okh jk nj;a ta wkqj fuu lafIaa;%fha wkd.;h flfia
fõ oehs isiqka bÈßm;a l< mqfrdal:k o weiqre lrf.k idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 WÑ; m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard .ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla
my; ±lafõ'

 NdKavfha iajNdjh -
fuys § NdKaavfha iajrEmh" l,ameje;au" nr" jákdlu wd§ idOl u;

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 f;dard .kakd m%jdyk udOHh fjkia fõ'
ksoiqka (
 LKsc f;,a m%jdykh i|yd njqi¾ fhdod .ekSu
 ±j m%jdykh i|yd f,dß r: fhdod .ekSu
 ud¿ m%jdykh i|yd YS;d.dr iys; f,dß r: fhdod .ekSu

 msßjeh -
m%jdykh i|yd oeÍug isÿ jk uq¿ úhou msßjeh fõ' m%jdyk msßjeh jeä
ùu NdKavfha ñ, jeä ùug o fya;= jk ksid ta ms<sn| j jvd;a ie,ls,su;a
úh hq;= fõ'

 fõ.h -
iuyr wuqøjH yd NdKav blauKska m%jdykh lsÍu wjYH fõ' kIH ùu"
.=K;ajh wvq ùu thg fya;=jhs' fõ.j;a m%jdykh ;=<ska jeh jk ld,h
wju fõ' ta ;=<ska m%jdyk lghq;= ld¾hlaIu lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,efí'
ksoiqka - ud¨" t<j¿" m<;=re" ó lsß

 ÿr m%udKh -
ÿr m%udKh wkqj o f;dard .kakd udOH fjkia fõ' ÿr m%udKh wkqj udOH
i|yd jeh jk msßjeh o fjkia fõ'

 Odß;dj -
m%jdyk udOHhla u.ska jrlg f.k hd yels NdKaav yd u.Ska m%udKh
Odß;dj fõ' m%jdykh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%udKh wkqj iqÿiq
udOHhlaa f;dard .; hq;= h'
ksoiqka -
úYd, f;d. f,dß r: u.ska o l=vd NdKav f;d.hla fnodyeÍfï jEka r:
uÕska o m%jdykh lsÍu

 iqrlaIs; nj -
m%jdykh lrk NdKavh fyda u.Ska wdrlaIdldÍ j .ukd;a;h olajd u
f.k hdug yels úh hq;= h'
ksoiqka -
 wem,a" ñÈ jeks m<;=re wdkhk - wmkhk ld¾hfha § .=jka
hdkd fhdod .ekSu
 frda.Ska m%jdykh i|yd .s,ka r: fhdod .ekSu

 m%jdyk lafIa;%fha m%jK;d j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk w;r tajdg my; ksoiqka
bÈßm;a l< yels h
 Wux ud¾. m%%jdyh
 .=jka md,ï bÈ lsÍu
 wêfõ.S ud¾. bÈ lsÍu
 úÿ,s fudag¾ r: fhdod .ekSu
 mßir ys;ldó Yla;s m%fNao Ndú; lsÍug fm<Uùu
ksoiqka -
t<j¿ " m,;=rej,ska bkaOk ksmoùu

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  ;uka isák ia:dkhg m%jdyk udOHh f.kajd .; yels ùu
 m%jdyk lafIa;%fha wkd.;h mqfrdal:kh lsÍug ksoiqka lsysmhla my; mßÈ
bÈßm;a l< yels h'
 yhsm¾Æma ixl,amh
wkd.; f,dj m%jdyk moaO;sh f,i y÷kd .kakd fuu ì%;dkH
cd;sl b*,dka uhsla f.a ixl,amhls' m%Odk jYfhka nghla Èf.a
we;s lrk ßla;hla fhdod f.k NdKav yd ñksiqka m%jdyh lrhs'

 Walkcar, Air Wheel

mhska .uka lsÍug úl,amhla f,i fhdod .; yels b;d u l=vd
WmlrKhls'

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ksmqK;dj 10 ( m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ^Logistics& jHdmdr j,
id¾:l;ajh i|yd odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh
lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'3 ( jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd .nvdlrKh M,odhS

j odhl lr .kakd wdldrh úuihs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (
 .nvdlrKh hkak y÷kajhs'
 .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq
,ehsia;.
= ; lrhs'
 .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq fjk
fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍu ms<sn| ;SrKh ksjerÈ j .; hq;= nj
;yjqre lrhs'
 .nvdjl NdKav weisÍu l< hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 wiqrkq ,nk NdKavfha iajNdjh wkqj .nvdjl NdKav wiqrk
wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
 .nvdjl NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍu l< hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 mdif,a úoHd.drfha WmlrK" ridhk øjH wdÈh ;nd we;s wdldrh
ms<sn| j isiqka ,jd wOHhkh lrjkak'
 idlÉPdjla ;=<ska my; lreKq u;=lr .kak'
 úoHd.drfha úúO j¾.fha WmlrK we;s nj"
 úúO kïj,ska y÷kajk ridhksl øjH we;s nj" tajd fjk
fjk u ia:dkj, úúO weiqreïj," úúO wdldrfhka wiqrd we;s
nj"
 weisÍfï § m%udKh" wdrlaIdj myiqfjka wdmiq ,nd .; yels ùu
wd§ lreKq ms<sn| j ie,ls<su;a ù we;s nj
 tfia úúO øjH" úúO ia:dkj," úúO wdldrfhka .nvd lr .nd
.ekSug úúO fya;= n,md we;s nj

 idlÉPdfjka ,nd.;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka .nvdlrKh hkq l=ula oehs

y÷kajd fokak'

 .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq rdYsshla we;s nj;a"
.nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍu ms<sn| ;SrKh wdh;khg b;d jeo.;a nj;a
meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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  my; oelafjk NdKav j¾. y;r w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk
NdKav j¾.h i|yd .nvdjla ia:dmkh lsÍug wjYH j we;ehs is;kak'
 fmdfydr
 ud¿
 T!IO j¾.
 ù

 Tng ,enqKq NdKavh wkqj wjYH jk .nvdfõ m%udKh ;SrKh lsÍfï

oS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq idlÉPd lrkak'

 .nvdj ia:dk.; lsÍfï § Tfí iemhqïlrejka ms<sn| j wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'

 .nvdj ia:dk.; lsÍfï § Tfí mdßfNda.slhska ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq

l< hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'

 .nvdj ia:dk.; lsÍfï § Tnf.a NdKavfha iajNdjh wkqj wjOdkh

fhduq l< hq;= fjk;a lreKq fudkjd o @

 Tn i,ld neÆ lreKq wkqj .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍug jvd;a WÑ; hhs
Tn ;SrKh l< ia:dkh fláfhka i|yka lrkak'

 .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfuka miq tu .nvdfõ NdKav weisÍu o

l%udkql+, j isÿ l< hq;= nj;a th isÿ l< hq;= wdldrh;a isiqka iu.
idlÉPd lrkak'

 NdKavh iajNdjh wkqj

 NdKav j¾. wkqj
 wdmiq ,nd .ekSug we;s myiqj wd§ jYfhka

 .nvdjl NdKav tyd fuyd lsßu isÿ jk nj;a tys § fndfyda úg ta

i|yd úfYaIs; jQ WmlrK Ndú; lrk nj;a fmkajd fokak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 .nvdlrKh ^Warehousing & hkq f;d.hla ñ, § .;a wjia:dfõ
fyda ksIamdokh l< wjia:dfõ isg tajd wf,ú lrk f;la fyda
Ndú;hg .kakd f;la fyda fnodyßk f;la /ialr .nd .ekSfï
^ Storing & fyda l,a;nd .ekSfï ^preserving& ls%hdj,shls'

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 fuu ls%hdj,sh "
 f;d. ,eîu ^receipt&
 y÷kd .ekSu ^identification&
 mÍlaId lsÍu ^inspection&
 ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lr .ekSu ^verification&
 .=K;ajh wdrlaId lsÍu ^ensuring quality&
 bj;a lsÍu ^putting away&
 ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd kej; ,nd .ekSu ^retrieving for issue&
hkdÈfhka iukaú; fõ'

 tfia f;d. /ialr ;nd .ekSu fyda l,a;nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú;
lrk ia:dkh .nvdj ^warehouse& f,i ye|skafõ'

 .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § my; lreKq i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'

 f.dvke.s,af,a msßh; ie,eiau yd bvlv ^Layout and flow of the

building&
.nvdj i|yd Ndú; lrk f.dvke.s,af,a m%Yia; jQ msßh; ie,eiau
^fodrj,aj, msysàu" j¾. m%udKh" isú,sfï Wi" øjH weisÍfï
ms<sfj;a wdÈh& tu f.dvke.s,a, ;=< flfrk fufyhqï ld¾hh
^øjH .nvd lr ;eîu" fnodyeÍu" melÜ lsÍu" f,an,a lsÍu wd§ &
flfrys oeä n,mEula we;s lrhs' NdKaav wiqrd ;eìh yels ;Sre
.Kk" NdKav ;eîug we;s bvlv isú,sfï Wi hkdÈh tu
f.dvke.s,a, ;=< NdKav wiqrd ;eîu i|yd Ndú; lrk WmlrK
yd NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍfï WmlrK Ndú;fha § iSud mkjhs'
tfia u .nvdj ;=<g wuq øjH fyda ksñ NdKav ,nd .ekSu fuka
u bka msg;g tu øjH ksl=;a lsÍu flfrys o n,mEï we;s lrhs'

tneúka f;dard .kakd f.dvke.s,, a ;=< we;s bvlv jHdmdßlhd

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk øjH tyd fuyd lsÍfï ie,iqug wkqj
.e,fma o hkak .eUqßka mÍlaId lr n,d .nvdj i|yd iqÿiq
f.dvke.s,a,la f;dard .; hq;= h'

 øjH Ndú;fha fõ.j;a nj yd .nvdj ;=< l,dm fjka lsÍfï

wjYH;dj ^Zoning and intensity of use&

.nvdj ;=< flfrk fufyhqï ld¾hh fld;rï fõ.j;a o

hkak tkï" .nvdfõ NdKav weisÍu yd wdmiq ,nd .ekSu fld;rï
fõ.fhka isÿ jkafka o hkak yd bÈßfha § lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;=
jk ld¾hhka fudkjd o hkak .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï §
i,ld ne,sh hq;= h' .nvdj ;=< flfrk ld¾hh iukaú;
jkafka .nvd lr ld,hla iqrlaIs; j ;nd .ekSu kï fyda ir,
tl,ia lsÍfï ld¾hhla kï wvq fõ.j;a njlska hqla; j øjH tyd
fuyd lsÍu isÿ l< yels ia:dkhla WÑ; fõ'

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 ojfia meh 24 mqrd u fufyhqï ls%hd;aul jkafka kï" b;d
fõ.fhka øjH ,nd .ekSu yd fnod yeÍu i|yd myiqlï iys;
ia:dkhla f;dard .; hq;= fõ'

;j o" msgjk Yíoh" msg lrk øjHh yd t<suyka .nvd lsÍïj,

wjYH;dj hk lreKq o ie,ls,a,g f.k l=uk m%foaYj,
.nvdj ia:dms; l< hq;= o hkak ;SrKh l< hq;= h'

 m%Odk iïnkaO;dj,g wdikak nj ^Proximity to major linkages)

.nvd lr we;s NdKav m%jdykh i|yd fhdod .kakd m%Odk u

m%jdyk l%uh l=ula o hkak tkï ÿïßh ud¾." .=jka ud¾. fyda c,
ud¾. o" hkak u; .nvdj ia:dk.; l< hq;= h'

wêfõ.S ud¾.hlska msgùug fyda .=jka f;dgqm,lg blauKska

,Õd ùug fyda yels ia:dkhl .nvdj ia:dk.; lsÍu jvd;a
fhda.H fõ'

Bg wu;r j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= jeo.;a idOlhla jkafka

mdßfNda.slhdg wdikak ùuhs' tkï ksIm a dÈ;fhka jeä fldgila
wmkhkh lrkafka kï" yd b;sßh rg ;=< is,a,r fjf<÷kag
fnodyßkafka kï" .nvdj ia:dk.; lsÍfï ;SrKh .ekSfï §
jrdhg fuka u" wêfõ.S ud¾.j,g yd ÿïßh ud¾.j,g myiqfjka
<.d úh yels ia:dkhla f;dard .; hq;= h'

NdKavhl msßjefhka ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla iukaú; jkafka

m%jdyk úhoïj,sks' tneúka wuqøjH fyda ksñ NdKav fyda
m%jdykh i|yd oeÍug isÿ jk msßjeh ms<sn| j ±ä ie,ls,a,la
fhduq lrñka .nvdj ia:dk.; l< hq;= ia:dkh ;SrKh l< hq;=
h'

 øjH tyd fuyd lsÍfï yelshdj (Material handling capabilities)

øjH weisÍfï myiqlï yd øjH tyd fuyd lsÍfï WmlrK yeisrùfï
myiqlï iys; ùu o .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh
hq;= lreKls' NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍfï g%la r:" NdKav tiùfï
WmlrK ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd NdKav megùfï yd nEfï fõÈld
iys; ùu wjYH fõ' NdKav fnodyeÍu b;d fõ.fhka isÿ jkafka
kï fujeks myiqlï iys; ùu w;HjYH h'

 .nvd lrk øjHfha iajNdjh (

mqmqrK øjH" .sks weúf,k iq¿ øjH" wdydr øjH" blauKska kIH
jk øjH" ridhksl øjH hkd § jYfhka .nvd lrk øjHfha
iajNdjh wkqj jvd;a iqÿiq .nvdjla f;dard .; hq;= h' fuys §
mdßißl idOl o ie,ls,a,g f.k kshñ; WIaK;ajh" f;;ukh
/flk mßÈ yd .skafkka j¾Idfjka wdÈfhka ydks fkdjk mßÈ
øjHhkaf.a iajNdjh wkqj iqÿiq .nvdjla f;dard .; hq;= fõ'

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 ksoiqka ( .nvd lrkqfha .sks weúf,k iq¿ øjHhla kï c,dYhla
fyda c,h myiqfjka imhd .ekSug yelshdjla wdikakfha
mj;S o hkak ms<sn| ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

 msßjeh -
l¾udka;Yd,dj fj; wuqøjH m%jdykh i|yd msßjeh fuka u" ksIamdÈ;
NdKav wjidk mdßfNda.slhdg fnod yeÍu olajd jk m%jdyk .dia;='
nEfï yd megùfï .dia;= .Kkh lr m%jdyk msßjeh wju jk ia:dkhl
.nvdj ia:dk.; l< hq;= h'
fuys §"
 .nvd l=,sh ^ Rent &
 wem ;ekam;= ^Security deposits &
 rlaIK .dia;= ^Insurance rates&
 jdyk kj;d ;eîfï bvlv yd úhoï
^Parking location related expences&
hkd § úhoï ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

 .nvdjl NdKav weisÍu l< hq;= wdldr lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

 ;Ügq weiqreï l%uh - Pallet racking

myiq yd ,dNodhS NdKav weisÍfï l%uhls' tyd fuyd l< yels NdKav
wiqrk ,o ;Ügq ^pallets& .Kkdjla rduqjla ;=< tl u; tl ;eîfuka
NdKav wiqrkq ,efí' ´kE u wjia:djl ´kE u ;Ügqjla fj; ,.d ùfï
yelshdj we;' mqoa.,hskag bksu.l wdOdrfhka fyda f*dala,s*aÜ g%laj,g
^forklift truck & fyda .nvdfõ ´kE u ;ekl NdKav wiqrd we;s ;Ügqjla
fj; ,.d úh yels h'

 NdKav f.dvj,a jYfhka weisÍu

Block Stacking / Bulk Storage
tl u j¾.fha NdKav .nvdfõ ìu tla ia:dkhl tl u; tl weisÍu
fuys § isÿfõ' fï wkqj úúO NdKav j¾. .nvdfõ úúO ia:dkj,
f.dvj,a jYfhka wiqrd ;eîu isÿ flf¾' fuu l%uhg NdKaav weisÍug
rdlalhla fyda Ndckhla jeks fN!;sl udOHhla wjYH fkdfõ'
ksoiqka ( iy,a" iSks" msá" l¨.;a" .fvd,a

 tyd fuyd l< yels ;Ügq iys; rduq Pallet flow

fuu weiqreï udOH ;Ügq ^ pallet racks& .Kkdjlska ieÿï,;a
mS,s fyda tyd fuyd lsÍfï máj,ska iukaú; fõ' fuys § ksIamdÈ;
.nvd lsÍu;a kej; ,nd .ekSu;a tl u me;a;lska isÿ flfrk mßÈ
^Drive - in & fyda ksIamdÈ; .nvd lsÍu tla me;a;lska o tajd wdmiq ,nd
.ekSu Bg úreoaO me;a;lska o isÿ flfrk mßÈ ^Drive- Thru & iú l<
yels h' fuu l%uhg NdKav weisÍfï § .K;ajh b;d by<ksid bvlv
b;d m%iia; j Ndú; l< yels h' msßjeh b;d by< YS;d.dr iys;
.nvdj, NdKav weisÍu i|yd fuu l%uh fhda.H fõ' NdKavj,g isÿ
jk ydksùï je,elaùu i|yd tyd fuyd ùfï fõ.h md,kh lrk
WmlrK iúl< yels h'

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  miqmig ;,a¨ lrk rdlal ^Push - Back Racks)
;Ügq iys; rdlalj,g l=vd l+v iú lr we;s l%uhls' l+v
tlla u; tlla jk mßÈ ;Ügq lsysmhla wvqlal< yels h' tl
;Ügqjla u; ksIamdÈ; ;ekam;a l< miq th miq mig ;,a¨ lr
th bÈßfhka B,Õ ;Ügqj ia:dk.; flf¾'

 ;Ügq folla w;r we;s wu;r ;Ügqj ^ Mezzanine &

.nvdjl we;s ;Ügq folla w;r wu;r ;Ügqjla ks¾udKh lr øjH
.nvd lsÍu fuys § isÿ flf¾' fuu wu;r ;Ügqj u; weisÍu
i|yd by; úia;r l< ´kE u l%uhla wkq.ukh l< yels h'
fu u.ska b|s lrk ,o f.dvke.s,af,a mj;sk bvlv fo.=K lrhs'

 iajhxlS%h weiqreï l%uh ^Automated Storage System)

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh u.ska md,kh lrkq ,nk hdka;%sl w;l
wdldrfha Wmdx.hlska ^Mechanical Arm Divice& .nvdfõ øjH .nvd
lsÍu fuka u wdmiq ,nd .ekSu isÿ flf¾' fuu l%uh .nvd lr
we;s b;d l=vd whs;u myiqfjka wdmiq ,nd .ekSu i|yd b;d
fhda.H fõ' tfuka u oyia .Kkla jQ fmd;am;a yd ,sms f,aLk
.nvd lrk f,aLKd.drhl wod< whs;u weisÍu yd wdmiq ,nd
.ekSu i|yd fuu l%uh fhda.H fõ'

 .nvdjl NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍfï § úúO WmlrK fhdod .kshs'

ksoiqka (
 f*ala,s*aÜ - Forklift
 me,Ü celaia - Pallet jacks
 NdKaav tyd fuyd lsÍfï má - Conveyor belts
 f*ala,s*aÜ g%la - Forkfilt Truck

 úêu;a j NdKav weisÍfuka iy .nvdj ;=< NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍfï

WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfukaa ,nd.; yels m%fhdack lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 .nvdj jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul ùu

.nvdjl úêu;a j NdKav weisÍu u.ska yd NdKav tyd fuyd
lsÍu i|yd WÑ; l%ufõo yd WmlrK Ndú; lsÍfuka .nvdj
jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul fõ' fu u.ska fiajlhkag yd .nvdfõ
whs;slreg .nvdj kv;a;= lsÍu yd l<ukdlrKh myiq fõ'

 wiqrk ,o ksIamdÈ;j,g yd fiajlhkag wdrlaIdldÍ ùu

fiajlhka fiajh lrk w;r;=r § Tjqkaf.a wdrlaIdj ms<sn|
;¾ckhla we;s fkdjk w;r" .nvdj ;=< wjq,aiy.; njla o
we;s fkdfõ' tfuka u úêu;a j NdKav weisÍu ksid ksIamdÈ;
tajdg kshñ; ia:dkj, ia:dk.; flfrk neúka tu ksIamdÈ;
wdrlaId fõ'

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  oeßh hq;= mßY%uh yd ld,h b;sß ùu
úfYaIfhka u NdKav weisÍu yd wdmiq .ekSu w;ayqre l%uhg
^manual system& isÿ lrkafka kï .nvdjla kv;a;= lsÍu ld,h
.; jk lghq;a;ls' kuq;a úêu;a l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrñka
.nvdfõ NdKaav wiqrd ;sfí kï th NdKav weisÍu yd wdmiq
.ekSu i|yd orK mßY%uh yd ld,h b;sß lrhs'

 .nvdfõ bvlv b;sß ùu

úêu;a j NdKav wiqrd ;sîu ksid .nvdj úêu;a j ixjúOdk ù
mj;S' tu.ska tla ia:dkhl ish,a, u f.dv .id .nvdj ;=<
;onohla we;s lsÍu fjkqjg NdKaav by<g by<g ;ekam;a
flfrk neúka ^stack& .nvdfõ bvlv b;sß fõ'

 ;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu (
m%foaYfha we;s .nvdjla ksÍlaIKh lr my; lreKq we;=<;a jk fia jd¾;djla
iemhSug Wmfoia fokak'
 Tn ksÍlaIKh l< .nvdfõ .nvd lr we;s NdKav j¾.
 tu tla tla NdKav j¾.h wiqrd ;snQ wdldrh
 NdKav weisÍu i|yd Ndú; lr ;snQ ia:dk" WmlrK yd øjH
 weisÍfï § wjOdkh fhduq lr ;snQ úfYaI lreKq
 NdKav tyd fuyd lrk wdldrh
 NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍu i|yd Ndú; l< WmlrK

 isiqkaf.a jd¾;d mka;shg bÈßm;a iqÿiq mßÈ we.ehSug ,la lrkak'

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P-Tea G- 2017 203
ksmqK;dj 10 ( m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ^Logistics& jHdmdrj,
id¾:l;ajh i|yd odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh
lrhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 10'4 ( m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ms<sn| j wOHhkh lrhs'

ld,ÉfÊo ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (
 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd y÷kajhs'
 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdj, wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdfõ m%fhdack ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

mdvu ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 m%foaYfha we;s l¾udka;Yd,djla u;lhg k.d .kakd f,i isiqkag
mjikak'
 my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 l¾udka; Yd,djla ;=< NdKav ksIamdokh lsÍu" ta i|yd wjYH

wuqøjH ,nd .ekSu" tajd ksis mßÈ .nvd lsÍu" nEfï yd megùfï
lghq;=" ksñ NdKav .nvd lsÍu hkd § lghq;= rdYshla isÿjk nj"

 wuq øjH l¾udka; Yd,djg f.k taug;a" ksñ NdKav

fjf<|fmd<g fnod yeÍug;a" úúO jdyk fhdod .kakd nj"

ksoiqka ( f,dß r:" lkafÜk¾" g%la r:" w;ag%elag¾

 wuq øjH yd ksñ NdKav ksis mßÈ .nvd lrk nj

 ksñ NdKav fjf<|fmd<g wLKav j fnod yeÍu isÿ lrk nj

 wuqøjH yd ksñ NdKav nEug" megùug" tyd fuyd lsÍug

ñksiqka yd Bg WÑ; WmlrK fhdod .kakd nj'
ksoiqka ( Fork-lift , Crane ^fodUlr&" Pallet jacks, Bins

 fufia wdh;khlg wjYH wuq øjH ,nd .ekSu" ksIamdokh isÿ lsÍu"
.nvd lsÍu" fnodyeÍu jeks tlsfkl iïnkaO lghq;= ie,iqï
iy.; j isÿ l< hq;= nj;a" Bg wod< ls%hdj,sh m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd
f,i y|qkajk nj;a fmkajd fokak'

 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd hkak ks¾jpkh lr Bg wh;a ld¾hhka

ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

 iqÿiq mßÈ isiqka lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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  my; oelafjkafka ksIamdÈ; j¾. y;r ls'
 cEï
 mdkSh c, fnda;,a
 .fvd,a
 m,;=re îu

 Tng ,efnk ksIamdÈ;h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska Tnf.a ksIamdÈ;hg wod< j my; lreKq

/ia lrkak'

 wuqøjH ñ, § .kakd wdldrh yd m%jdykh lrk wdldrh

 fhojqï ksuejqï ls%hdj,sh
 wuq øjH yd ksñ øjH f;d. .nvd lrk wdldrh yd ta i|yd
wjYH WmlrK
 ksIamdÈ; fjf<|fmd<g fnodyeÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd
udOHh yd fnodyeÍu isÿ lrk wdldrh
 wmøjH l<ukdlrKh lrk wdldrh yd wjYH WmlrK

 Tnf.a wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,S j iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 Tng ,efnk wdh;kh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 cEï ksIamdok wdh;khla
 is,a,r fjf<|ie,la
 iqj| ú,jqka ksIamdok wdh;khla
 .Eia ksfhdacs; wdh;khla

 lKavdhï idlÉPdjla u.ska my; f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'

 wuq øjH$ksñ øjH iemhqïlrejkaf.ka ñ, § .ekSfï isg

ksIamdok wjia:dj olajd l< hq;= ld¾hhka ,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'

 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh wjika jQ wjia:dfõ isg wjika ksIamdÈ;

fyda f;d. wjidk mdßfNda.slhd olajd iemhSfï § l< hq;=
ld¾hhka ,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'

 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd úêu;a j ie,iqï lsÍfuka ,nd .;

yels m%fhdack ,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'

 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 wdh;khl m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdj, wjYH;dj yd m%fhdack

ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

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P-Tea G- 2017 205
úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ^Logistics& hkq mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd
jqjukd imqrd,Su ;yjqre lsÍfï wruqKska NdKav" fiajd yd wod<
f;dr;=re bÈßhg yd miqmig .,d hdu" tajdfha wdrïNl wjia:dfõ
^point of origin& isg mßfNdack wjia:dj ^point of consumption& olajd
ld¾hlaIu j yd iM,odhS j ie,iqï lsÍfï yd ls%hd;aul lsÍfï
ls%hdj,shls'

 wdh;khl fufyhqï lghq;= iqug j .,d hdu i|yd ie,iqïlrk ,o

m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd moaO;shla w;HjYH fõ' tjeks m%jdyk yd
iemhqï fiajd moaO;shl uQ,sl ls%hdj,s folla we;'

 wuq øjH fyda ksñ NdKav iemhqïlrejkaf.ka ñ, § .ekSfï isg

ksIamdok wjia:dj olajd jQ p,khka ^Inbound Logistics&

 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh wjidk jQ wjia:dfõ isg ksIamdÈ; fyda

wod< f;dr;=re wjidk mdßfNda.slhd f;la iemhSu olajd jQ
p,khka ^Outbound Logistics&

Vender  Manufacturer  Wholesaler

  Retailer Custormer
úl=Kqïlre ksIamdolhd f;d. is,a,r mdßfNda.slhd
^iemhqïlre& fjf<kaod fjf<ka|d

 inbound   outbound 
logistics logistics

 wdh;kj, iajrEmh" ksIamdÈ;j, iajrEmh wkqj úúO wdldrfha m%jdyk

yd iemhqï fiajd moaO;s mej;sh yels h' tajd my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 iunr jQ m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd moaO;s Balanced Logistics

Systems
tkï ksIamdÈ; wdh;k f;la m%jdyh yd ksIamdokfhka
miq mdßfNda.slhd olajd m%jdyh iudk moaO;s
ksoiqka ( fkiaf,a" hqks,sj¾ jeks mdßfNda.sl NdKav imhk
wdh;k

 ksIamdok ls%hdj,sh olajd m%jdyh ixlS¾K jQ moaO;s

Heavy Inbound Logistics Systems
ksoiqka (
.=jka hdkd ksIamdok wdh;k
.=jkahdkd ksmoùug wjYH øjH yd fiajd imhd .ekSug úúO
wdh;k yd rgj,a iïnkaO ùu ksid ls%hdj,sh ixlS¾K jk
kuq;a .=jkahdkd wf,ú lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh t;rï ixlS¾K fkdfõ'

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  ksIamdokfhka miq wjika mdßfNda.slhd w;g m;a lsÍu ixlS¾K
jQ moaO;s'
Heavy Outbound Logistics Systems
ksoiqka ( ridhksl øjH iud.ï
ridhksl øjH .nvd lsÍu" weisÍu yd m%jdykh úfYaI
wjOdkhlska isÿ l< hq;= neúka fuu ls%hdj,sh
ixlS¾K fõ'

 ksIamdÈ; wf,úfhka miq wdmiq m%jdyh iys; moaO;s

Reverse Logistics Systems
ksoiqka ( .Eia is,skav¾ jeks wdmiq Nd fok weiqreï
Ndú; l< øjH bj; ,Eu
mßirhg isÿ jk n,mEï

 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdj, wjYH;dj my; mßÈ fmkajd Èh yels h'

 ksjerÈ ksIamdÈ;h" ksjerÈ m%udKfhka" ksjerÈ fõ,djg"

ksjerÈ ia:dkfha §" ksjerÈ ñ,g" fyd| ;;a;ajfhka" ksjerÈ
mdßfNda.slhdg iemhSug m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd wjYH fõ'

 f;d. md,kh" ksIamdok ie,iqïlrKh" øjH ñ, § .ekSu"

m%jdykh" .nvdlrKh wd§ ld¾hhka úêu;a j isÿ lsÍug
m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd wjYH fõ'

 iEu hka;%hlg u" iEu jev uOHia:dkhlg u" kshñ; øjH"

kshñ; m%udKfhka" kshñ; .=K;ajfhka" kshñ; fõ,djg
,efnkafka o hkak iy;sl lr .ekSug m%jdyk yd iemhqï
fiajd wjYH fõ'

 fjf<|fmd< m¾fhaIK" wjYH;d ie,iqï lsÍu" ksmojkafka o

ñ,§ .kafka o ^make-or-buy& ;SrKh lsÍu wdÈh ;=<ska msßjeh
wju lr .ekSug;a ie,iqï oduh wLKav j mj;ajd .ekSug;a
m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd wjYH fõ'

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P-Tea G- 2017 207
  m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajfha m%fhdack my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 ksIamdÈ; wLKav j fjf<|fmd<g iemhSu ;=<ska mdßfNda.sl

úYajdih Èkd.; yels ùu
 ish¨ u ld¾hhka ie,iqï iy.; j isÿ lsÍu ksid kdia;sh yd
wm;h wju ùu ;=<ska msßjeh wju lr .; yels ùu
 ;r.ldß;ajhg Yla;su;a j uqyqK §ug yels ùu
 hka;% iQ;%" fiajlhka fjkqfjka oeÍug isÿ jk wlS%h msßjeh wju
lr.; yels ùu
 ksIamdÈ;j, .=K;ajh wdrlaId lr .; yels ùu
 wmøjH l<ukdlrKh ksis mßÈ isÿùfuka .eg¨ u;= fkdùu
 l¾udka;h ;=< kdhlhd njg m;a úh yels ùu

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ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'1 ( fjf<|dfï m%fNao ms<sn| j úuihs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (
 fjf<|du hkak y÷kajhs'
 fjf<|du m%fNao fldg olajhs'
 fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,sh isÿ jk úúO wdldr úia;r lrhs'
 fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,sh isÿ jk úúO wdldr rEm igyklska
olajhs'
 fok ,o NdKavhl fnod yeÍfï ls%hdj,sh rEm igyklska
olajhs'
 fjf<| w;rueÈhka y÷kajhs'
 fjf<| w;rueÈhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh w.hhs'
 ksfhdacs;hka Tjqka imhk fiajd wkqj j¾. lrhs'
 fjf<|du i|yd w;rueÈhka fhdod .ekSfï jdis yd wjdis i|yka
lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 my; ±lafjk wdldrfha fjf<| ±kaùula isiqkag bÈßm;a lrkak'

.ïmy k.r iSudj ;=< l=vd ksjila iys; m¾pia 10 l bvula

,laI 25 lg úlsKSug ;sfí' jdyk udrejlg o i,ld nef,a'
úuiSï ( 03322 --- ---

 my; lreKq u;= lr .ksñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 bvu i|yd jdykhla yqjudre lr .ekSug fyda ,laI 25 lg bvu

úlsKSug fyda yels nj fmkajkak'

 bvu jdykhlg yqjudre lsÍfï § fomd¾Yajh w;r tu NdKavj,

whs;sh yqjudre jqj o .eKqïlre iy úl=Kqïlre meyeÈ,s j fjka
lr y÷kd .; fkdyels nj;a uqo,g fjf<|dfï § úl=Kqïlre yd
.ekqïlre fjka lr y÷kd.; yels nj;a myokak'

 by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka fjf<|du w¾: olajkak'



fjf<|du úúO wdldrfhka isÿ jk w;r tfia fjf<|du m%fNao l< yels
wdldrh .e,Sï igykla weiqfrka bÈßm;a lrkak'

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P-Tea G- 2017 209
  fjf<|du foaYSh jYfhka fuka u úfoaYSh jYfhka o isÿ jk nj isiqkag
meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 foaYSh fjf<|du" is,a,r fjf<|du yd f;d. fjf<|du jYfhka o" úfoaYSh

fjf<|du wdkhk fjf<|du yd wmkhk fjf<|du jYfhka o isÿ jk nj
meyeÈ,s lrkak'


 ksIamdÈ; mdßfNda.slhd w;g m;a lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh úúOdldrfhka isÿ jk
nj ;yjqre lrñka igykla w|skak'



iqÿiq mßÈ isiqka lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 my; ±lafjk wdh;k w;=frka Tfí lKavdhug ,enqKq wdh;kh flfrys

wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'
 fudag¾ r: ksIamdok wdh;khla
 fílß ksIamdok wdh;khla
 iy,a ksIamdok wdh;khla

 Tfí lKavdhug ,enqKq wdh;kh uÕska fnod fnodyßkq ,nk NKavh

ksIamdolhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd fnodyeßh yels wdldr yels;dla
y÷kd .kak'

 tu NdKav fnodyeÍfï wdldr w;=frka jvd;a u iqÿiq hehs Tn ;SrKh lrk

wdldrh l=ula o @ Bg fya;= fudkjd o @

 tu l%uh i|yd w;rueÈhka iïnkaO jQfha kï Tjqka ljqreka o @

 tu w;rueÈhka iïnkaO lr .ekSfuka w;ajk jdis yd wjdis fudkjd o @

 Tfí wkdjrK iuia; mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO jk w;rueÈhka y÷kajd fokak'



fjf<|du i|yd w;rueÈhka fhdod .ekSfï jdis yd wjdis meyeÈ,s lr
fokak'


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 210
 úIhh lreKqq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la(

 .eKqïlrefjl= yd úl=Kqïlrefjl= w;r lsishï m%;sIaGdjlg ksIamdÈ;

NdKav yd fiajdj, whs;sh yqjudre ùfï ls%hdj,sh fjf<|du f,i w¾:
±laúh yels h'


fjf<|du m%fNao lrk wdldrh my; ±lafjk .e,Sï igyk u.ska bÈßm;aa
l< yels h'
fjf<|du

foaYSh fjf<|du úfoaY fjf<|du

is,a,r fjf<|du f;d. fjf<|du wdkhk fjf<|du wmkhk fjf<|du

 foaYSh fjf<|du ^Home Trade& hkq hï rgl foaY iSudj ;=< isÿ jk
fjf<|du fõ'

 foaYSh fjf<|du m%fNao follska hqla; fõ'

 f;d. fjf<|du
 is,a,r fjf<|du

 úfoaY fjf<|du ^Foreign Trade& hkq hï rgla fjk;a rgla fyda rgj,a
iu. isÿ lrk fjf<|du fõ'

 úfoaY fjf<|du m%fNao follska hqla; fõ'

 wdkhk fjf<|du
 wmkhk fjf<|du


 mdßfNda.sl NdKav fnodyeßfï ud¾.

^1& ksIamdolhd
mdßfNda.slhd
^2& ksIamdolhd
 is ,a,r
fjf<kaod
 mdßfNda.slhd

^3& ksIamdolhd  f;d.  is,a,r  mdßfNda.slhd

fjf<ka|d fjf<ka|d

^4& ksIamdolhd  ksfhdac;

s hska f;d.  is,a,r  mdßfNda.slhd
fjf<ka|d fjf<ka|d

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P-Tea G- 2017 211
 ksIamdolhdf.a isg mdßfNda.slhd olajd NdKav fnod yeÍfï ud¾. rdYsshla we;s nj
by; igykska meyeÈ,s fõ'

 wxl ^1& ka fmkakqï lrkafka ksIamdolhd fl<ska u mdßfNda.slhd fj; NdKav

fnod yeÍuhs' ^iDcq fnodyeÍu &

 wxl ^2& ^3& ^4& fnod yeÍfï ls%hdj,Skays § w;rueÈhka iïnkaO ù we;'


 w;rueÈhka hkq ksIamdÈ; fndodyeÍfï ud¾.fha ksIamdolhd yd mdßfNda.slhd w;r
isák fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,shg iïnkaO jk md¾Yaj fõ'

 w;rueÈhka f,i my; md¾Yaj ye|skaúh yels h'

f;d. fjf<ka|d
is,a,r fjf<ka|d
ksfhdacs;hska

 kej; úlsKSu i|yd ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lrkakka f;d. fjf<÷ka f,i ye|skafõ'

 wjidk mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav yd fiajd wf,ú lrkakka is,a,r fjf<÷ka

f,i ye|skafõ'

 lsishï m%Odkshl=f.a n,h mssg hï ld¾hhl ksr; jkakka ksfhdacs;hska f,i

ye|skafõ' ksfhdacs;hd ;udf.a m%Odkshd fjkqfjka j.lSï Ndr.kS' ta fjkqfjka
Tyqg fldñia uqo,la ysñ fõ'

 ksfhdacs;hska Tjqka imhk fiajd wkqj my; ±lafjk wdldrhg j¾. l< yels h'

ks f hda c s ; hs k a

fldñia fn%dal¾jre$ idOHlhd lemlre fjkafoaislre

ksfhdacs;hd ;e/õlre ksfhdacs;hs

 m%Odkshdg jdisodhl jk f,i ;u wNsu;h mßÈ m%Odkshd fjkqfjka NdKav ñ,g

.ekSula fyda úlsKSula isÿ lrñka ta u; fldñia uqo,la ,nd .kakd ksfhdacs;hd
fldñia ksfhdacs;hd fõ'

 .kqfokqjg wod< .ekqïlre yd úl=Kqïlre iïuqL lrñka .kqfokqj isÿ ùug

wjYH f;dr;=re imhd iuyr úg úl=Kqïlref.ka o iuyr úg .ekqïlref.ka o
iuyr úg fomd¾Yajfhka u o ;u fiajh fjkqfjka ;e/õ .dia;=jla ,nd
.kakd ksfhdacs;hd ;e/õlre fõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 212
 m%Odkshd fjkqfjka NdKav ñ, § .ekSfï § fyda úlsKSfï § tu .kqfokq ;u
fm!oa.,sl kñka u isÿ lrkq ,nk ksfhdacs;hd idOHlhd fõ'

 m%Odkshd fjkqfjka Khg NdKav úlsKu

S isÿ lr" tu Kh uqo,a wod< md¾Yajhkaf.ka
tl;= lr §ug o lem fjñka lghq;= lrk ksfhdacs;hd lemlre ksfhdacs;hd fõ'
Tyqg idudkH fldñia uqo,aj,g wu;r j lemlre fldñia uqo,a o ysñ fõ'

 úl=Kkq ,nk NdKav fjkqfjka újD; j yd jdÑlj by< .Kka bÈßm;a l<
.ekqïlrejkag m%Odkshdf.a NdKav wf,ú lrñka tu lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh lrkq
,nk md¾Yajh fjkafoaislre fõ' fï i|yd Tyqqg fjkafoais .dia;=jla ysñ fõ'


 fjf<|du i|yd w;rueÈhka fhdod .ekSfï jdis yd wjdis my; ±lafõ'

jdis (
 úúO ksIamdolhska ksmojk NdKav yd fiajd ,nd f.k wjYH
fõ,djg myiq ia:dkhl § mdßfNda.slhdg ,nd §ug lghq;= lsÍu
 kj NdKav yd fiajd y÷kajd §u myiq ùu
 fjf<|fmd< f;dr;=re wod< md¾Yajhkag myiqfjka ,nd .; yels
ùu
 yqjudre ls%hdj,sh ir, ùu

wjdis (
 fjf<|fmdf<a wkjYH NdKav ysÕhla we;s úh yels ùu
 NdKavj, ñ, .Kka by< hd yels ùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 213
ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'2 ( is,a,r fjf<|du isÿ jk wdldrh úuihs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, (

 is,a,r fjf<|du w¾: olajhs

 is,a,r fjf<|dfï ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
 m%foaYfha we;s is,a,r fjf<|ie,a ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 is,a,r fjf<÷kaf.ka ksIamdolhdg" f;d. fjf<ka|dg yd mdßfNda.slhdg
bgq jk fiajd fjk fjk u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 is,a,r fjf<|dfï m%jK;d wkdjrKh lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 is,,
a r fjf<|du w¾: olajd" is,,
a r fjf<|dfï ,laIK meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



m%foaYfha we;s is,a,r fjf<|ie,a lsysmhl kï úuid tu kï yqKq
mqqjrefõ ,shkak'

 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re ie,ls,a,g .ksñka my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla

fufyhjkak'

 tu fjf<|ie,a is,a,r fjf<|ie,a f,i kï lsÍug fya;=

 tu fjf<|ie,aj,ska fiajd iemhk md¾Yaj
 tu tla tla md¾Yjhg bgq jk fiajd

 is,a,r fjf<÷kaf.ka ksIamdolhdg" f;d. fjf<ka|dg yd mdßfNda.slhdg

bgq jk fiajd meyeÈ,s lrkak'

 is,a,r fjf<|dfï m%jK;d ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrfokak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 wjidk mdßfNda.slhdg NdKaav úlsKSu is,a,r fjf<|du f,i ye|skafjk
w;r tfia úl=Kkakd is,a,r fjf<kaod f,i ye|skafõ'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 214
  is,a,r fjf<|dfï ,laIK lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
 wjidk mßfNdackh i|yd NdKav fyda fiajd wf,ú lsÍu
 úúO j¾.fha NdKav /ila wf,úh i|yd bÈßm;a lrhs
 mdßfNda.slhdg wjYH øjH" wjYH m%udKfhka" wjYH ia:dkfha §
,nd .ekSug bvlv i,id ;sîu
 fndfyda úg Kh moku u; NdKav wf,ú lsÍu'
 mdßfNda.slhd iu. ióm iïnkaO;djla mj;ajd f.k hdu


is,a,r fjf<÷kaf.ka bgqjk fiajd (

 ksIamdolhdg
 ksIamdolhdf.a kj ksIamdÈ; mdßfNda.slhdg y÷kajd §u
 m%o¾Yk mqjre fyda fmdaiag¾ m%o¾Ykh" idïm,a fnod §u hkdÈh
u.ska NdKav m%j¾Okhg iydh ùu
 NdKAv wf,úfhka miq ksIamdÈ; ms<sn| mdßfNda.sl woyia yd
wfkl=;a wod< f;dr;=re ksIamdolhdg iemhSu

 f;d. fjf<kaodg
 f;d. fjf<kaod /ia lr .;a NdKav mdßfNda.slhd fj; fnod
yeÍu
 mdßfNda.sl reÑ wreÑlï" fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| f;dr;=re iemhSu
 f;d. fjf<| lghq;= m%j¾Okh i|yd odhl ùu

 mdßfNda.slhdg (
 wjYH øjH wjYH m%udKfhka wjYH fõ,djg iemhSu
 Kh moku u; NdKav iemhSu
 kj NdKav y÷kajd §u yd wjYH wjia:dj, § Wmfoia ,nd §u
 mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d wkqj úúO j¾.fha NdKav iemhSu
 mdßfNda.slhdg úúO myiqlï iemhSu ^kso ( m%jdyk myiqlï" úoHq;a
f.ùï l%u &

 is,a,r fjf<|dfï m%jK;d (

 iqmsß fjf<|ie,a rgmqrd jHdma; ùu
w;S;fha k.rno m%foaYj,g muKla iSud jQ iqmsß fjf<|ie,a
j¾:udkfha .ïno m%foaYj, o jHdma; ùu
 kj ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrñka is,a,r fjf<|ie,a ls%hd;aul ùu

kso ( ñ, igyka lsÍu -

;Sre ixfla; l%u - Bar code
lsreï ñKqï l%u - úoHq;a ;rdÈ$Digital scale
f.ùï l%u - Khm;a $ yrm;a Ndú;h
ksÍlaIK l%u - CCTV Camera system

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 215
  újD; j ;nk ld, iSudj §¾> lsÍu
ksoiqka ( rd;S% ld,h yd ksjdvq Èkj, ´kE u wjia:djl .kqfokq
l< yels ùu

 fiajd iemhqï iu. is,a,r fjf<|ie,a ixfhda. ùu

ksoiqka ( ,d*a bkaOk msrjqïy,a iu. iqmsß fjf<|ie,a
- Commercial mini Bank iu. Cargils iqmsß fjf<|ie,a

 fjf<|ie,a rys; is,,a r fj<|du ^Non store Retailing)

NdKav ñ, § .ekSug mdßfNda.slhd fjf<|ie, fj; fkdf.dia
ÿrl:k" *elaia" wka;¾cd,h" legf,d.a Ndú;fhka NdKav weKjqï
lr ,nd .ekSuhs' fuys wdldr folls'

 wka;¾cd, fjí wvú yryd isÿ jk úoHq;a is,a,r fjf<|du

Online Retailing
 iDcq wf,úlrKh - Direct Marketing
w;rueÈhka fkdue;s j ksIamdÈ; fl,ska u mdßfNda.slhd
w;g m;a lsÍu
kso ( iDcq ;emE, - direct mail
legf,d.a - Catalogues
ÿrl:k yd rEmjdysksh u.ska

 iajhxlS%h úl=Kqï hka;%

rileú,s - fpdla,Ü - isis,aîu

 kj l<ukdlrK Ys,am l%u Ndú; lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 216
ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'3 ( f;d. fjf<|du isÿ jk wdldrh úuihs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 04

bf.kqï M, -
 f;d. fjf<|du w¾: olajhs'
 f;d. fjf<|dfï ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
 m%foaYfha we;sa f;d. fjf<|ie,a ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 f;d. fjf<÷kaf.ka ksIamdolhdg yd is,a,r fjf<ka|dg bgq jk fiajd
fjk fjk u olajhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 f;d. fjf<|du w¾: olajd f;d. fjf<|dfï ,laIK meyeÈ,s lr fokak'



Tn m%foaYfha we;s f;d. fjf<|ie,aj, kï ,ehsia;=jla yqKq mqjrefõ
f.dvk.kak'
 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re ie,ls,a,g .ksñka my; lreKq u;= lrñka idlÉPdjla
fufyhjkak'

 tu fjf<|ie,a f;d. fjf<|ie,a f,i kï lsÍug fya;=

 tu fjf<|ie,aj,ska fiajd iemfhk md¾Yaj
 tu tla tla md¾Yajhg bgq jk fiajd


úIhh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
 kej; úlsKSfï fÉ;kdfjka ñ, § .kakd .eKqïlrejka fj; ksIamdÈ;
wf,ú lsÍu yd kej; úlsKSfï mrud¾:fhka ksIamdÈ; ñ, § .ekSu
f;d. fjf<|du f,i ye|skafõ' tfia ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lrkakd f;d.
fjf<kaod fõ'

f;d. fjf<|dfï my; ,laIK oelsh yels h'

 kej; úlsKSfï wruqKska NdKav ñ,g .ekSu
 NdKav f;d. jYfhka wf,ú lsÍu
 fjf<| jÜgï ,nd §u
 NdKav f;d. jYfhka .nvd fldg ;sîu
 NdKaav m%j¾Ok lghq;= isÿ lsÍu
 fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lsÍu
 f;d. m%jdykh lr §u


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 217
f;d. fjf<kaodf.ka bgqjk fiajd
ksIamdolhdg

 ksIamdolhdf.a ksIamdÈ; f;d. jYfhka ,nd .ekSu

 fjf<|fmd< ms<sn| f;dr;=re ,nd §u
 ksIamdolhdg úúO fiajdjka iemhSu
kso ( uQ,H myiqlï" wuqøjH ,nd §u

is,a,r fjf<kaodg
 NdKav f;d. jYfhka iemhSu
 is,a,r fjf<|ie,g u NdKav f.keú;a §u
 Kh myiqlï iemhSu
 NdKav f;aÍu" weisÍu" ñY% lsÍu wd§ fiajdjkays ksr; ùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 218
ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

kasmqK;d uÜgu 11'4 ( úfoaY fjf<|du yd ta wdYs%s; m%;s,dN yd ndOl úuihs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 úfoaY fjf<|du y÷kajhs'

 úfoaY fjf<|dug mokï jQ idOl úia;r lrhs'
 úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%fNao fjk fjk u úia;r lrhs'
 úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%;s,dN w.hhs'
 ksoyia fjf<|du hkak w¾: olajhs'
 ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s ndOl ;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk f,i j¾. lr"
tajd meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 isiqka WoEik wjÈ jQ wjia:dfõ isg mdi,g meñfKk f;la mßyrKh

l< øjH ms<sn| úuid tu øjH ,ehsia;=jla yqKq mqjrefõ f.dvk.kak'

 yqKq mqjrefõ i|yka l< øjH" foaYSh ksIamdÈ; yd úfoaYSh ksIamdÈ; jYfhka
fldgia follg fjka lsÍug Wmfoia fokak'

 úfoaYSh ksIamdÈ; jYfhka kï l< ksIamdÈ; furgg f.kajQ rgj,a ms<sn|

úuiñka rglg wjYH ish¨ u foa ksIamdokh lsÍug iEu rglg u
fkdyels ksid úfoaY rgj,a iu. .kqfokq lsÍug isÿ jk nj ;yjqre
lrkak'

 by; f;dr;=re weiqfrka úfoaY fj<|du w¾: olajd úfoaY fjf<|du ìys
ùug mokï jQ idOl ksoiqka weiqfrka meyeÈ,s lrkak'



úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%fNao fjk fjk u úia;r lrkak'



iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

 ''rglg úfoaY fjf<|du wjYH fõ''' hk ud;Dldjg mlaI j yd

úmlaI j lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍug újdohla ixúOdkh lrkak'

 újdohg iïnkaO fkdjk isiqka ,jd újdofha § úfoaY fjf<|du

rglg wjYHh hkakg mlaI j yd úmlaI j bÈßm;a jk jeo.;aa
lreKq igyka lrjkak'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 219
  igyka l< lreKq weiqfrka idlÉPdjla fufyhjd úfoaY fjf<|dfï
m%;s,dN fmkajd fokak'

 ksoyia fjf<|du w¾: olajd ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s ndOl ;Srenÿ yd

;Srenÿ fkdjk f,i j¾. lr tajd meyeÈ,s lrkak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 hï rgla fjk;a rgla fyda rgj,a iu. isÿ lrk fjf<|du úfoaY
fjf<|du fõ'

 úfoaY fjf<|du i|yd mokï ù we;s idOl lsysmhls'

 iajNdúl iïm;a fn§ hdfï úIu;dj
hï hï rgj,g iuyr iajNdúl iïm;a Wreu ù we;s wdldrh úIu
ùu ksid ta wdYs%; ksIamdÈ; isÿ l< yelafla tu rgj,g muKs

kso ( ueo fmrÈ. - LKsc f;,a

o' wms%ldj - r;a;rka
YS% ,xldj - f;a

 idfmalaI msßjeh jdish

rgla NdKav wdkhkh lsÍug idfmalaI j wvq msßjehlska
ksmoúh yels kï tu NdKaav ksmojd wmkhkh l< hq;= nj;a"
NdKavh ksmoùug idfmalaIj wvq msßjehlska wdkhkh l<
yels kï tu NdKav wdkhkh l< hq;= nj;a ñka woyia fõ'
kso ( YS% ,xldj - we.¿ï ksIamdokh

 iuyr ksIamdÈ; iïnkaO j iuyr rgj, kS;suh taldêldrhla

;sîu
( patant & copyright )
iuyr ksIamdok i|yd wjYH ksmqK;dj yd ;dlaIKh iEu rglg
u fkdue;s ùu fyda iSud ùu
kso ( frdfnda ;dlaIKh
fudag¾ r: ;dlaIKh

 NdKav m%j¾Okh
;u ksIamdos; f,dj mqrd wf,ú lr .ekSu i|yd úúO m%j¾Ok
Wml%u Ndú; lsÍu

 fjf<| ndOl wju ùu

fjf<|du i|yd ;snQ ;Sre noq iy ;Sre noq fkdjk iïndOl
fndfyduhla bj;a ùSu


khj 3/4 folls
P-Tea G- 2017 220
  úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%fNaao lSmhls'

 wdkhk fjf<|du - Imports

 wmkhk fjf<|du - Exports
 m%;s wmkhk - Re Exports
 wka;rd, fjf<|du - Entrepot Trade

 lsishï rgla úfoaY rglska fyda rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd f.kaùu wdkhk
fjf<|du fõ'
ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldjg cmdkfhka fudag¾r: f.kaùu

 lsishï rgla úfoaY rglg fyda rgj,g NdKav yd fiajd heùu wmkhk
fjf<|du fõ'
kso ( YS% ,xldfjka brdlhg f;a heùu

 lsishï rglska wdkhkh lrk ,o øjH rg ;=<g f.keú;a fjkilg

Ndckh lr fyda fkdlr kej; fjk;a rglg fyda rgj,g heùu m%;s
wmkhk fjf<|du fõ' fuys § wdkhk wjia:dfõ § f.jQ ;Sre nÿ wmkhkh
lrk úg wdmiq wh lr .; yels h'
ksoiqka ( frÈms<s iy wfkl=;a øjH wdkhkh lr we.¿ï ilia lr
fjk;a rglg wmkhkh lsÍu

 úfoaY rglska wdkhkh lrk ,o øjH rg ;=<g fkdf.k jrdh ;=< kej;
ilid fyda ieliSulska f;dr j kej; fjk;a rglg fyda
rgj,g wmkhkh lsÍu wka;rd, fjf<|du f,i ye|skf a õ' fuu lsh
% dj,sh
jrdh ;=< isÿ jk ksid ;Sre .dia;= wh lsÍula isÿ fkdfõ'
ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldjg bkaÈhdfjka f;a wdkhkh lr brdkhg wmkhkh
lsÍu


 rgla úfoaY fjf<|dfï ksr; ùfuka m%;s,dN w;a lr .; yels h'

 w;sßla; ksIamdÈ; wmkhkh l< yels ùu

 rfÜ ksmoúh fkdyels ksIamdÈ; wdkhkh l< yels ùu
 úfoaY úksuh Wmhd .; yels ùu
 wd¾Ól msßueiqï w;a lr .; yels ùu
úfoaY fjf<|du ksid foaYSh fjf<|fmd<g muKla fkdj
f.da,Sh fjf<|fmd< i|yd o ksIamdokh flf¾' fufia
mq¿,a fjf<|fmd<la i|yd ksIamdokh uyd mßudK j isÿ
lsÍu ksid wd¾Ól msßueiqï we;s lr .; yels fõ'
 cd;Hka;r fjf<| in|;d yd cd;Hka;r iyfhda.S;dj
j¾Okh ùu
 kj ;dlaIKsl yd l<ukdlrK ksmqK;d j¾Okh ùu
 wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg msgqjy,la ùu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 221
 ksoiqka (
 /lshd W;amdokh
 ck;djf.a cSjk uÜgu Wiia ùu
 iïm;aj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu

 lsis÷ ndOdjlska f;dr j úúO md¾Yajhkag ksoyfia NdKav wdkhkh yd

wmkhkh lsÍug wjldYhla mej;Su ksoyia fjf<|du fõ'

 ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s ndOl ;Srenÿ yd ;Srenÿ fkdjk ndOl f,i j¾.
flf¾'

 rgj,a w;r fjf<|dfï § ;Sre nÿ mekùu ksoyia fjf<|dug ndOdjla

fõ'

 ;Sre nÿ wh lsÍug wu;r j ksoyia fjf<|dug n,mdk wfkl=;a ndOd ;Sre

fkdjk ndOd f,i ye|skafõ'
ksoiqka (
wdkhk iSud lsÍï $ mx.= lsÍï
wmkhk iSud lsÍï $ mx.= lsÍï
wdkhk$wmkhk ;ykï lsßï
fjf<| .súiqï
±ä úksuh m%;sm;a;s

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 222
ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'5 ( wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hd mámdáh úuiñka úfoaY

fjf<|dug m%fõY ùfï iQodku m%o¾Ykh lrhs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hd mámdáh úia;r lrhs'

 wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<|dfï § Ndú; jk ,shú,s ,ehsia;=.; lrhss
 wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<|dfï § iïnkaO jk wdh;k ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
 wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hd mámdáfha tla tla wjia:dfõ § iïnkaO jk
wdh;k" tys § Ndú; flfrk ,shú,s iy tu ,shú,sj, wjYH;dj hk
f;dr;=re j.=.; lrhs'
 úfoaY fjf<|dfï § uqo,a f.ùu isÿ jk wdldr fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hdmámdáh úia;r lr fokak'



wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<|dfï § Ndú; jk ,shlshú,s tu ,shú,sj,
wjYH;dj yd tajd ksl=;a lrk wdh;k meyeÈ,s lr fokak'


úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (
wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<| .kqfokq fndfyda úg isÿ jkafka ksfhdacs;hl=
ud¾.fhks' kuq;a iDcqj u weKjqï lr .kqfokq isÿ jk wjia:d o olakg ,efí'
l=uk l%uh wkq.ukh l< o wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hdmámdáfha § wjYH jk
,shú,sj, fjkila isÿ fkdfõ'

 wdkhk ls%hdmámdáh
 úfoaY iemhqïlrefjl= f;dard .ekSu
iemhqïlrejka ms<sn| f;dr;=re" jdKsc uKav, iÕrd yd m%ldYk"
;dkdm;s ld¾hd," fjf<| m%o¾Yk yd wka;¾ cd, fjí wvú ;=<ska
,nd f.k iqÿiq úfoaYSh iemhqïlrefjl= f;dard .ekSu

 ñ, úuiqula heùu
iemhqïlrefjl= f;dard .ekSfuka wk;=rej ;uka wdkhkh lsÍug
woyia lrk NdKavj, ñ, .kka úuiSu isÿ flf¾' ta i|yd f;dard
.;a iemhqïlre fj; ñ, úuiqula hefõ'

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  ñ, lshqula ,eîu
iemhqïlre ^wmkhklre & NdKav iemhSug tlÕ jk ñ, .Kka yd
fldkafoais we;=<;a lr ñ, úuiqug ms<s;=re f,i ñ, lshqula
wdkhklre fj; tjkq ,nhs'

 wdkhk n,m;% ,nd .ekSu

iuyr ksIamdÈ; wdkhkh lsÍfï § wdkhk n,m;%hla ,nd .; hq;=
fõ' fuh wdkhk yd wmkhk md,l fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ksl=;a
lrkq ,efí' wdkhk n,m;% wjYH NdKav ;SrKh lrkq ,nkafka
wdkhk yd wmkhk md,l úisks'

 weKjqu ^bkafvkagqj& bÈßm;a lsÍu

iemhqïlref.a ñ, lshqug wdkhklre tlÕ jkafka kï
weKjqula bÈßm;a l< hq;= fõ' fuu weKjqu bkafvkagqj kñka o
y÷kajhs'

 wmkhklreg f.ùu ms<sn| lghq;= lsÍu

fndfyda úg wmkhklreg f.ùu i|yd Khjr ,sms iy Khm;a
fhdod .kS'

 NdKav ksoyia lr .ekSu

wod< f.ùï lsÍfuka miq j" kshñ; ,shú,s bÈßm;a lr NdKaav
ksoyia lr .; yels h'

ie'hq' wjYH jk ,shú,s miq j úia;r flf¾'

 wmkhk ls%hdmámdáh
 wmkhklrefjl= f,i ,shdmosxÑ ùu
 úfoaY .ekqïlrejd fidhd .ekSu
 wjYH jkafka kï wmkhk n,m;% ,nd .ekSu
 wdkhklref.ka ,enqKq ñs, úsuiqug m%;p
s drhla jYfhka ñs, lshu
q la
heùu
 wdkhklref.ka bkafvkagqj ,nd .ekSu
 NdKav f;d.h keõ.; lsÍu i|yd wjYH bv fjkalr .ekSu yd
wjYH ,shús,s ilia lr .ekSu
 keõ.; lsÍug iqoqiq jk wdldrhg NdKav weiqreï lsÍu
 wmkhk NdKav f;d.h rlaIKh lsÍu
 NdKav keõ.; lr fk!Ndrm; ,nd .ekSu
 uqo,a ,nd .ekSug wod< lghq;= lsÍu



wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<|dfï § Ndú; jk ,shlshú,s my; mßÈ
fláfhka ye|skaúh yels h'

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  wdkhk $wmkhk n,m;% (
wdkhkfha È yd wmkhkfha § n,m;% wjYH jk NdKav wdkhk yd
wmkhk md,l úiska m%isoaêhg m;a lrhs' fï i|yd iïnkaO jk wdh;k
lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
ksoiqka (
f;a - YS% ,xld f;a uKav,h
ueKsla yd iaj¾KdNrK - rdcH ueKsla yd iaj¾KdNrK wÈldßh
t<j¿ " l=¿nvq yd nq,;a - wdkhk wmkhk md,l fomd¾;fïka;=j

 bkafvkagj
q $weKjqu (Indent /Order)
iemhqïlrefjl=f.a ñ, lshqu wkqj" Tyqf.ka NdKav ,nd .ekSug
wdkhklrefjl= tlÕ jkafka kï" ta i|yd weKjqula wod< iemhqïlre
fj; heúh hq;= h' úfoaY fjf<|dfï § fuu weKjqu ye|skafjkafka
bkafvkagqj kñks' fuu weKjqï lsÍu wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿ l< yels h'
wdkhklrefjl= úiska úfoaYSh iemhqïlrefjl= fj; hjkq ,nk fuu
weKjqfuys wdkhklreg wjYH NdKav ms<sn| úia;r" ñ," keõ.; lsÍug
wod< f;dr;=re we;=<;a flf¾'

 fk!Ndrm; ( Bill of Lading (B/L)

keõ iud.ula fjkqfjka keõm;s fyda Tyqf.a ksfhdacs;hl= úiska
wmkhklre fj; ksl=;a flf¾' fk!Ndrm;%fha i|yka NdKav f;d.h
kejg Ndr.;a njg;a" tu NdKav wod< rfÜ jrdhg f.k f.dia Ndr fok
njg;a keõ iud.u fuhska fmdfrdkaÿ fõ' wmkhklre úiska wdkhklreg
fuys msgm;laa hjk w;r NdKav /.;a kej kshñ; jrdhg ,Õd jQ úg
wdkhklreg tu NdKavj, whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍug fuh wjYH fõ'
NdKav ms<sn| úia;r" wmkhklref.a ku" wdkhklref.a ku" kefõ ku"
NdKav hjk jrdh hkd§ úia;r fuys we;=<;a fõ'

 bkafjdhsih
s ^Invoice &
wmkhkh lrkq ,nk NdKavj, úia;r" ñ< .Kka" f.ùï fldkafoais"
.uka ud¾.h" m%;slafIam lsÍfï fldkafoais wd§ úia;r we;=<;a f,aLkhls'

 m%Njia:dk iy;slh ^ Letter of Origin&

keõ.; lrk NdKav wmkhkh lrk rfÜ ksmojd we;s nj iy;sl lrñka
ms<s.;a fjf<| uKav,hlska fyda rdcH wdh;khlska ksl=;a lrkq ,nk
,shú,a,ls' ;Srenÿ iyk ,nd .ekSfï § fuu ,shú,a, jeo.;a fõ'
ksoiqka ( YS% ,xldfjka hqfrdamd ix.uhg NdKav wmkhkh lrk úg
tu NdKav YS% ,xldfõ ksmo jQ njg wdfhdack uKav,h
fyda l¾udka; wud;HdxYh m%Njia:dk iy;slh ksl=;a lrhs'

 Khjr ,smsh - ^Letter of Credit (L/C&

wdkhk wmkhk fjf<|dfï § wmkhklreg uqo,a f.ùu i|yd nyq, j
Ndú; flfrk udOHhls' wdkhklref.a b,a,u s u;" wdkhklre fjkqfjka"
Tyqf.a nexl=j úiska wmkhklref.a nexl=j fj; Khjr ,smsh ksl=;a
flf¾' wmkhklre úiska wdkhklrejl= fj; wmkhkh lrkq ,nk
NdKavj,g uqo,a f.ùSu ;yjqre lsÍu i|yd wdkhklref.a nexl=j ksl=;a
lrk ,shú,a,ls'

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  wdkhk igykalrh ^Import entry&
wdkhklre fjkqfjka jrdhg ,eî we;s NdKav ms<sn| whs;sh m%ldY lsÍu
i|yd wdkhklre fyda Tyqf.a ksfhdacs;hl= úiska f¾.=j fj; bÈßm;a
l< hq;= ,shú,a, hss' fk!Ndrm; fyda bkafjdhsish weiqfrka fuh ms<sfh,
flf¾'

 wmkhk igykalrh ^export entry&

wmkhklre wmkhkh lsÍug wfmalaId lrk NdKav ms<sn| iïmq¾K
úia;r we;=<;a lr wmkhklre úiska wmkhk rfÜ f¾.=j fj; bÈßm;a
lrk ,shú,a, hs'

 rlaIK iy;slh ^ Insurance Certificate&

wmkhkhg wod< NdKav f;d.h wmkhkh lsÍfï § " tu NdKav f;d.h
rlaIKh lr wmkhklre fyda wdkhklre ,nd .kakd rlaIK iy;slhhs'
úl=Kqï .súiqu wkqj rlaIK iy;slh ,nd .ekSu wmkhklre fyda
wdkhklre úiska isÿ lrhs'

 fõÈld l=ú;dkaish $jdmamqldr l=ú;dkaish ^Wharfinger's Receipt&

f¾.=jg NdKav Ndrÿka miq tu NdKv Ndr.;a nj i|yka lrñka f¾.=j
úiska wmkhklreg ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs'

 ydksrlaIK ,smsh ^Letter of Indemnity&

¥IH fk!Ndrm;%hla ksl=;a lsÍfï ;;a;ajhla we;s wjia:djl § leã ì|Sï
fyda m¨ÿ ùï we;s tu NdKav f;d.fha wkd.; ish¨ wjodkï wmkhklre
Ndr .kakd nj i|yka lrñka mdßY=oaO fk!Ndrm;la ,nd .ekSu i|yd
wmkhklrejl= úiska kefõ lms;dka fj; ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs'

kejg mgjk ,o NdKav fyd| ;;a;ajfha mj;sk úg ksl=;a lrk

fk!Ndrm; mdßY=oaO fk!Ndrm; fõ' kejg mgjk hï hï NdKav fyda
uq¿ f;d.h u fyda leãï ì|Sï fyda m¨ÿ iys; fõ hehs i|yka lr ksl=;a
lrk ,shú,a, ¥IH fk!Ndrm; fõ'

 ikSmdrlaIl iy;slh $fi!LHh iy;slh ^Sanitary Cerlificate/Health

Certificate &
wdkhk rfÜ wjYH;dj u; hï rgla wmkhkh lrk we;eï lDIs
ksIamdÈ;j, mdßfNdack fhda.H;dj ;yjqre lrñka tu rfÜ ms<s.;a
wdh;khla uÕska ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,ls'

ksoiqka ( lDIss ksIamdok i|yd lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=j

u;aiH ksIamdok i|yd ëjr yd c,c iïm;a ixj¾Ok
wud;HdxYh

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  .=oï n,m;%h (
jrdh wdYs%; .nvd .=oï ^Warehouse& f,i ye|skafõ' .=oul NdKav
;ekam;a l< úg .=oï wêldrSka ta nj iy;sl lrñka wdkhklre fj;
ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a, .=oï n,m;%h fõ'

.=ofï ;sìh § u NdKavj, whs;sh fjk;a flfkl=g mjrkafka kï" .=oï

n,m;%h mejÍfuka th l< yels h' tu ksid .=oï n,m;%h mejßh yels
,shú,a,ls'

 úfoaY fjf<|dfï § uqo,a f.ùu i|yd fhdod .kakd l%u my; i|yka
wdldrhg meyeÈ,s l< yels h'

 Khjr ,smsh
 nexl= wKlrh

hï mqoa.,hl= úiska ish nexl=jg wod< uqo, yd kshñ; .dia;=

f.jd" fok ,o Wmfoia mßÈ kï lrkq ,enQ uqo,a ,eìh hq;=
;eke;a;dg tu uqo, f.jk f,i i|yka lrñka uqo,a hjkakdf.a
nexl=j úiska uqo,a ,eìh hq;= ;eke;a;df.a nexl=jg fyda ksfhdacs;
nexl=jg ksl=;a lrk ,shú,a,hs' fuh foaaYSh yd úfoaYSh f.ùï
i|yd o Ndú; lrhs'

 úoHq;a f.ùï l%u (

j¾;udkfha wka;¾cd, in|;d Wmfhda.S lr f.k uqo,a f.úh
yels l%u fuhg wh;a fõ'
ksoiqka ( Khldâm; - ^credit card&
uqo,a f.ùï i|yd nyq, j fuu l%uh Ndú; lrhs' visa,
Master,Americam Express jeks ldâm;a nexl=jla yryd
,nd.; yels w;r wka;¾cd,h yryd f.ùï udOHhla f,i
Ndú; lrhs'

 wka;¾cd, fmrf.jqï ldâm;a ( ^Internet pre paid card &

wjYH uqo,a m%udKh wod< ldâm;g ;ekam;a lr wjYH
f.ùï isÿ lsÍu i|yd ;djld,sl j Ndú; lrk ldâm;ls'

 wka;¾cd, fmr f.jqï myiqlï ( ^Internet prepaid facility &

;ukaf.a nexl= .sKqula u.ska f.ùï isÿ lrk w;r f.ùï
i|yd úOdkh §ug wka;¾cd, nexl= myiqlï ^Internet
banking& Ndú; lrhs' j¾;udkfha fndfyda nexl= ;u
.sKqï ysñhkag fuu myiqlï ,nd fok w;r fiajdj wjYH
wh ,shdmÈxÑ ù ;ukag ,efnk .sKqï ysñhd f.a ku yd
uqrmoh ^user name password & Ndú; lr wod< fjí wvúhg
msúi f.ùï l< yels h'

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  úoHq;a f.ùï fiajd wdh;k yryd f.ùu ^ Eleclronic pay
ment systems& hï f.ùula lsÍfï § wod< NdKavh fyda
fiajdj ,nd .;a wdh;khg iDcqj u f.ùï fkdlr ms<s.;a
f.ùï wdh;khla yryd f.ùï lsÍfï l%uhls'
ksoiqka ( www paypal.com

fuu l%uhg f.ùï lsÍfï § m%:ufhka paypal moaO;sh

;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ù" nexl= .sKqï fyda Khm;a f;dr;=re paypal
wdh;khg ,nd § paypal moaO;sh yryd f.ùï l< yels h'
fuys § .sKqu ms<sn| f;dr;=re ndysr md¾Yajhkag ,nd §ula
isÿ fkdfõ'

khj 3/4 folls

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ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'6 ( cd;Hka;r ix.ï" fjf<| .súiqï yd ixúOdkj,

ls%hdldß;ajh úfoaY fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg odhl jk
wdldrh úuihs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 08

bf.kqï M, (

 úfoaY fjf<|dug odhl jk fjf<| ix.ï" fjf<| .súiqï yd cd;Hka;r

ixúOdk i|yd ksoiqka imhhss'
 fjf<| ix.ï ^fjf<| l,dm& úfoaY fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg olajk
odhl;ajh w.hhs'
 fjf<| .súiqï yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk úfoaY fjf<|dug we;s lrk n,mEu
ú.%y lrhs'
 úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%jK;d úuid n,hs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 my; i|yka ieKm;a tlska tl isiqkag m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

wdkhksl jdyk i|yd ;Sre nÿ by<g

G S P + iykh kej;;a YS% ,xldjg

f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a f;,a ñ, by<g

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,lska YS% ,xldjg wvq fmd<shg Kh

 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 ;Srenÿ jeä ùu wdkhkhg ndOdjla nj

 G S P + iykh ,eîfuka wmkhk j¾Okh jk nj
 cd;Hka;r wdh;k fjf<|dug uQ,H myiqlï imhk nj
 f,dal fjf<|fmdf<aa isÿùï YS% ,xldfõ fjf<|fmd<go
n,mdk nj

 .eg¨ u.yrjd .ekSug;a" cd;Hka;r fjf<|du j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a"

rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a" cd;Hka;r ixúOdk yd
.súiqï we;s lr .; hq;= nj meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

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  tjeks ix.ï ixúOdk yd .súiqï i|yd ksoiqka idlÉPd lrkak'
 tjeks ix.ï" ixúOdk yd .súiqï úfoaY fjf<|dug we;slrk n,mEu
fmkajd § úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%jK;d idlÉPd lrkak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 rgj,a lsysmhla úiska nÿ" ;Sre .dia;= iy fjf<|du ms<sn| j .súiqulg

t<ô ksoyia fjf<| m%foaYhla" fjf<| l,dmhla ^Trade Bloc& f,i y÷kajhs'

 fjf<| l,dm ksoyia fjf<| m%foaY ^Free trade areas&" fjf<| yjq,a"
fjf<| ix.ï hk kïj,ska o y÷kajhs'

fj<| l,dm (
 fjf<| l,dmj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 hqfrdamSh ix.uh ^EU &
 wdishka ix.uh ^ASEAN &
 rgj,a wfÜ lKavdhu ^G8&  m%xYh
 cmdkh
hqfrdamSh ix.uh European Union ^EU&

hqfrdamfha msysá rgj,a 26 lska fuh iukaú; ù we;' 1957 § hqfrdamSh

rgj,a 6 la úiska w;aika ;nk ,o frdau .súiqu ^Treaty of Rome& u.ska
msysgqjk ,o hqfrdamSh wd¾Ól m%cdj ^Eropean Economic Community& fuys
uQ,drïNhhs'

fuys idudcsl rgj,a fmdÿ fjf<| m%;m s ;a;shla" lDIs yd ëjr m%;m
s ;a;h
s la"
m%dfoaYSh ixj¾Ok m%;sm;a;shla mj;ajdf.k hk w;r" 1999 § EU úiska
hQfrda ^Euro& kñka fmdÿ uqo,a tallhla y÷kajd § we;'

EU idudcsl rgj,a (
 Tiaá%hd  fn,acshu  n,af.aßhd  mska,ka;h  ihsm%ia
 fiÉ ßmí,sla  fvkaudla  tiafgdakshd  m%xYh  whsia,ka;h
^Czech Republic)  ,s;=fõkshd  ,eÜñhd  c¾uksh  ,laiïn¾.a
 b;d,sh  fko¾,ka;h  fmda,ka;h  .S%ish  mD;=.d,h
 fuda,agd  fid,afõlshd  fid,afõkshd  yxf.aßhdj  iamd[[h
 refïkshdj
 iaùvka

 w.aksÈ. wdishdkq cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh ^wdishka ix.uh&

^Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN)

wE; fmrÈ. wdishdfõ rgj,a 10 l foaYmd,ksl yd wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d

ix.uhls' 1961 § ms,smSkh" uef,aishdj" ;dhs,ka;h" hk rgj,a ;=k tla j
msysg jQ wE; fmrÈ. wdishd ix.uh ^Association tron of Southeast Asia &
fuys uQ,drïNhhs' by; rgj,a ;=k 1967 § bkaÿkSishdj yd isx.mamQrej
iu. tl;= ù ASEAN ixúOdkh msysgqjk ,§'
khj 3/4 folls
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 ASEAN idudcsl rgj,a (
 ms,smSkh  uef,aishdj  ;dhs,ka;h
 bkaÿkSishdj  isx.mamQrej  nDDkdhs
 úhÜkduh  ,d´ih  ñhkaudrh
 ldïfndach

rgj,a wfÜ lKavdhu Group of Eight (G8)

f,dalfha m%Odk fmf<a rgj,a 08 la úiska msysgqjd.;a cd;Hka;r ix.uhls'
1973 § we;s jQ f;,a w¾nqohls " f.da,Sh wd¾Ól m%md;kh;a fuu ixioh
ìysùug n,mE w;r" 1974 § weußld tlai;a ckmoh" ngysr c¾uksh" cmdkh
iy m%xYh hk rgj,a ks, fkdjk lKavdhula jYfhka tlaùu fuys
uQ,drïNhhs' 1997 § reishdj ks, jYfhka G7 iuq¿jg iïnkaO ùu;a iu.
fuh G8 f,i kï flßKs'

G8 idudcsl rgj,a
 we't'c' ^USA)  tlai;a rdcOdksh ^UK)  m%xYh
 ngysr c¾uksh  b;d,sh  cmdkh
 lekvdj  reishdj

fjf<| .súiqï (

rgj,a folla fyda lsysmhla w;r hï ld,mßÉfcaohla ;=< fjf<| øjH yqjudre
lr .ekSu i|yd we;s lr .kakd tlÕ;dj fjf<| .súiqï f,i ye|skafõ'
rgj,a folla w;r we;s" jk .súiqï oaù md¾Yaùh .súiqï f,i;a" rgj,a lsysmhla
w;r we;s jk .súiqï nyq md¾Yaùh .súiqï f,i;a ye|skafõ'

fjf<| .súiqïj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu ^NAFT A&
 ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh ^SAFT A&
 wdishd meismsla fjf<| .súiqu ^APT A&

W;=re weußldkq ksoyia fjf<| .súiqu

North American Free Trade Agreement ^NAFT A &

weußld tlai;a ckmoh" lekvdj yd fulaisfldaj hk rgj,a ;=k idudcsl;ajh

orK fuu .súiqu wdrïN jQfha 1994 ckjdß m<uqjk od isghs' fuu rgj,a ;=k
w;r fjf<| ndOd bj;a lsÍu" ;Sre nÿ bj;a lsßu" Y%uh yqjudre lr .ekSu iïnkaO
fldkafoais .súiqfuys we;=<;a fõ' fuu .súiqfuys we;s úfYaI ,laIKh jkafka
by; rgj,a ;=fkys ksIamdÈ;j,g muKla .súiqu iSud ùuhs'

fjk;a rgl ksmo jQ NdKav fuu rgj,a ;=k w;r yqjudre ùfï § ;Sre .dia;=
ls%hd;aul fõ' ;Sre .dia;= ksoyia jkqfha weußld tlai;a ckmofha ksmojk ,§
^Made in USA&" lekvdfõ ksmojk ,§ ^Made in Canada& fyda fulaisfldafõ
ksmojk ,§ ^Made in Mexico& hkqfjka i|yka ksIamdÈ; i|yd muKs'

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 ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia fjf<| l,dmh
South Asian Free Trade Area ^SAFT A&

idla l,dmSh fjf<| iyfhda.S;dj jHdma; lsÍug;a" ol=Kq wdishdj ;=< ksoyia
fjf<| m%foaYhla we;s lr .ekSug;a" idla l,dmSh rgj, wd¾Ól ms<sfj;a
f.da,ShlrKhg wkq.; lsÍug;a we;s lr.;a tlÕ;djhs'

2004 j¾Ifha bia,dudndoays § mej;s 12 jk SAARC iuq¿fõ § fuu .súiqu w;aika

lrk ,§'

i*a;d ^SAFTA&.súiqug t<eöfuka tu .súiqug t<eô rdcHhka w;r wdkhk

i|yd lsis÷ ndOdjlska f;dr j ;Sre nÿ bj;a lsÍu" jrdh yd m%jdyk myiqlï we;s
lsÍu" fjf<|dug iïnkaO fiajd iemhSu hkdÈh iïnkaOfhka iduqysl tlÕ;d
we;s lr .kakd ,§'

wdishd meismsla fjf<| .súiqu

Asia - Pacific Trade Agreement ^APT A&

1975 j¾Ifha nexfldla .súiqu kñka wdrïN jQ fuu .súiqu 2005 fkdjeïn¾
02 jk Èk isg wdishd- meismsla fjf<| .súiqu hkqfjka kï lrk ,§' fuys
idudcsl rgj,a jkqfha nx.,dfoaYh" Ökh" bkaÈhdj" ,d´ih" fudxf.da,shdj" YS%
,xldj yd ol=Kq fldßhdj h' wdishd - meismsla l,dmfha we;s merKs u jrKSh
fjf<| .súiqu jkafka fuu .súiquhs'

idudcsl fkdjk rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lsÍug jvd iykodhS f,i
idudcsl rgj,ska NdKav yd fiajd wdkhkh lsÍug yels jk mßÈ fjf<| ndOl
yels;dla wju lrñka idudcsl rgj,a w;r wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍu fuu
.súiqfï wruqK fõ'

cd;Hka;r ixúOdk (
úfoaY fjf<|dug tfrys jk ;Srenÿ" úksuh md,k kS;sÍ;s" f¾.= kS;sÍ;s jeks
úúO ndOd wju lr .ekSug msysgqjd f.k we;s ixúOdk cd;Hka;r ixúOdk f,i
ye|skafõ'

tjeks cd;Hka;r ixúOdkj,g ksoiqka lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh ^WTO&

 id¾la ixúOdkh ^SAA RC&
 wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j ^ADB&
 f,dal nexl=j ^IBRD&
 cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo, ^IMF&

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 f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh
World Trade Organization - ^WTO&

cd;Hka;r fjf<|du ,sy,s a lsÍug yd iqmÍlaIKh i|yd ia:dms; lrk ,o cd;Hka;r

ixúOdkhls' 1995 ckjdß 01 Èk wdrïN jQ fuu ixúOdkh f.da,Sh uÜgñka
cd;Ska w;r fjf<| kS;sÍ;s iïnkaOj lghq;= lrhs' WTO ys m%Odk ld¾hd,h
iaúiag¾,ka;fha cskSjd ys msysgqjd we;' fjf<|dfï m%j¾Okh i|yd cd;Ska w;r
idlÉPd meje;aùug wjldY ie,iSu;a" fjf<| ndOd my; fy,Su;a" idudcsl
rgj, ck;djf.a iqnidOkh kxjd,Sug;a WTO j, m%Odk b,lalhhs'

ol=Kq wdishdkq l,dmSh iyfhda.s;d ix.uh

South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC)

ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj,a wg l wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,ksl ix.uhls' 1985 foieïn¾

ui 08 jk Èk fuu ixúOdkh ia:dms; lrk ,§'

SAARC ixúOdkfha iyfhda.S;d lghq;= lafIa;% myla hgf;a isÿ fõ'

tkï (

 lDIsl¾udka;h yd .%dóh ixj¾Okh

 úÿ,s ixfoaY" úoHdj" ;dlaIKh yd foaY.=Ksl úoHdj
 fi!LHh yd ck.yk lghq;=
 m%jdykh
 udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh

SAARC idudcsl rgj,a

 YS ,xldj  bkaÈhdj  mdlsia:dkh
 nx.,dfoaYh  fkamd,h  ud,Èjhsk
 N+;dkh  we*a.ksia:dkh

wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j

Asian Development Bank (ADB)

1966 foieïn¾ 19 jkod wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j wdrïN úh' ms,smSkfha

ueks,d kqjr fuys uQ,ia:dkh msysgd we;' j¾;udkfha rgj,a 67 la fuys
idudcsl;ajh ,nd we;s w;r bka rgj,a 48 la wdishd l,dmfhka o rgj,a 19
la meismsla l,dmfhka o fõ' idudcsl rgj, iudchSh yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh
m%j¾Okh lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ' ta i|yd idudcsl rgj,g Kh yd m%;smdok
imhñka tu rgj, ÿmam;alu ke;s lsÍug fuu nexl=j lghq;= lrhs'

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 m%;sixialrKh yd ixj¾Okh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r nexl=j ^f,dal nexl=j&
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka úkdYhg m;a jQ hqfrdamd wd¾Ólh f.dv kexùu Wfoid jQ
fn%Üka jqâia ^Bretton Woods & .súiqu u.ska 1945 foieïn¾ 27 Èk wdrïN úh'

ixj¾Okh jk rgj, ÿmam;alu my; fy,Sfï wruqKska tu rgj, ixj¾Ok

jevigyka i|yd Kh imhk nexl=j f,i fuu nexl=j y÷kajhs'

;srir ixj¾Okh ls%hd;aul lsÍu iy ÿmam;alu ;=rka lsÍu f,dal nexl=fõ

m%Odk b,lal fõ'

cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,

International Montory Fund ^IMF&

uQ,H yd ;dlaIKsl wdOdr ,nd §fï;a úksuh wkqmd; yd f.jqï fYaI ksÍlaIKh
lsÍfï;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdkh f,i IMF ye|skaúh yels h' fuys m%Odk
ld¾hd,h weußld tlai;a ckmofha fjdIskagka k.rfha msysgqjd we;'

fuh f.da,Sh uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj ÈhqKq lsÍu" uQ,H ia:dhS;dj iy;sl lsÍu"
cd;Hka;r fjf<|dug myiqlï ie,iSu" /lSrlaId mq¿,a lsÍu" ;srir wd¾Ósl
ixj¾Okh yd ÿmam;alu wvq lsÍu wruqKq lr f.k wdrïN lr we;'

 fjf<| ix.ï" fjf<| .súiqï yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk úfoaY fjf<|dug

úúO n,mEï we;s lrhs'

ksoiqka (
 ksoyia fjf<|dug tfrys ;Srenÿ yd ;Srenÿ fkdjk ndOd bj;a ùu

 rgj,a w;r iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh ùu

 fjf<| .súiqï yryd ;u rfÜ ksIamdÈ; i|yd iaÓr fjf<|fmd<la

ysñ ùu

 iaÒr ñ,la ,eîu ksid ñ, WÉPdjpkj,ska wjdis isÿùu wju ùu

 idudcsl iEu rglg u iudk jrm%ido ysñ ùu

 f.da,Sh uQ,H iyfhda.S;dj j¾Okh ùu yd uQ,H ia:dhS;dj iy;sl

ùu

 /lS rlaId mqq¿,a ùu yd ;srir wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iy ÿmam;alu wvq

ùu

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 úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%jK;d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
 úoHq;a jdKscH yryd úfoaY fjf<|du f,dj mqrd u jHdma; ùu
 wd¾Ól j¾Okh fõ.j;a lr .ekSug;a" wd¾Ól w¾nqoj,g Yla;us ;aj
uqyqK §ug;a" kj fjf<| l,dm yd fjf<| yjq,a we;s ùu
 idïm%odhsl wmkhkj,g iSud fkdù by< ;dlaIKhlska hq;=
ksIamdÈ; úúOdx.SlrKh flfrys fhduq ùu
 by< tal;= l< w.hla iys; ksIamdÈ; Èß.ekaùu i|yd úfoaY
fjf<| m%;sm;a;shg fhduq ùu
 YS% ,xldfõ wmkhk NdKav mei ms<sn| j¾;udkfha wjOdkh
fhduq fjñka mej;Su

;lafiarelrKh yd we.ehSu (

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

my; oelafjkafka cd;Hka;r fjf<| ix.ï" fjf<| .súiqï yd ixúOdk we;=<;a

ldKav ;=kls'

A ix.ï - EU
- ASEAN
- G8

B .súiqï - NAFTA
- SAFTA
- APTA

C ixúOdk - WTO
- IBRD
- IMF

 Tfí lKavdhug ,efnk ldKaavh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 tu ldKav
a fha we;=<;a ix.ï$.súiqï$ixúOdk i|yd my; f;dr;=re lKavdhï
idlÉPdjla ;=<ska /ia lrkak'

 ye|skafjk iïmq¾K kduh

 uQ,drïNh
 wh;a rgj,a
 wruqKq yd ld¾hh ieflúka
 úfoaY fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg we;s lrk n,mEu

 Tn /ialr.;a f;dr;=re weiqfrka ks¾udKd;aul j fmd;a msxpla ilia

lrkak'

 isik
q f
a .a ks¾udK lKavdhï w;r yqjudre lrf.k tajdfha we;=<;a f;dr;=re
wOHhkh lrk f,i isiqkag Wmfoia fokak'

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ksmqK;dj 11 ( ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk whqre
úuihs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'7 ( úoHq;a jdKscH fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg odhl jk wdldrh

fmkajd fohs'

ld,Éfcao ixLHdj ( 06

bf.kqï M, (

 úoHq;a jHdmdr iy úoHq;a jdKscH y÷kajhs'

 úoHq;a fjf<|du w¾: olajhs'
 úoHq;a fjf<|dfï ls%hdmámdáh úia;r lrhs'
 úoHq;a fjf<|dfï jdis yd wjdis ,ehsaia;=.; lrhs'
 úoHq;a fjf<|du isÿ jk wdldr fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'

mdvï ie,iqï lsÍu i|yd Wmfoia (

 kùk; u wdNrKhla ñ, § .ekSug wjYH kï tu ñ, § .ekSu
isÿ l< yels wdldr ms<sn|j isiqkaf.ka úuiñka tajd yqKq mqjrefõ
,shkak'
^wdNrK idmamqjlska ñ, § .ekSu" wdNrK m%o¾Ykhlska ñ, § .ekSu"
úfoaY rgl ixpdrh lr ñ, § .ekSu" wka;¾cd,h yryd weKjqï lr ñ,
§ .ekSu wd§ jYfhka &

 my; lreKq u;=lrñka idlÉPdjla fufyhjkak'

 isiqkaf.a ms<s;=re wkqj NdKavhla fyda fiajdjla úlsKSu fyda ñ, §

.ekSu isÿ l< yels úúO wdldr mj;sk nj

 NdKav yd fiajd úlsKSu yd ñ,§ .ekSug wod< lghq;= fhjf<|du

f,i y÷kajk w;r fjf<| lghq;= wka;¾cd,h yryd isÿ jkafka
kï tu fjf<|du úoHq;a fjf<|du f,i y÷kajk nj

 fjf<| lghq;= i|yd fuka u fjf<|du i|yd iydh jk

ikaksfõokh" m%jdykh" .nvdlrKh jeks Wmldrl fiajd lghq;=
i|yd o wka;¾cd,h Ndú; lrhs kï th úoHq;a jdKscH f,i
y÷kajk nj

 wf,úlrKh" fnodyeÍu" uQ,H lghq;=" mßmd,k lghq;= wd§ ish¨

u jHdmdr lghq;= wka;¾cd,h fhdod .ksñka isÿ lrhs kï tjeks
jHdmdr úoHq;a jHdmdr f,i y÷kajk nj

 idlÉPdfjka u;=lr .kak'

 isiqka iqÿiq mßÈ lKavdhï lr my; ls%hdldrlfuys fhdojkak'

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 my; oelafjkafka ksIamdÈ; j¾. y;rla yd tajd ksIamdÈ; rgj,a h'
ksIamdÈ;h ksIamdÈ; rg

,emafgdma mß.Klhla cmdkh

lS%vd im;a;= hq.,hla isx.mamQrej
wdNrK lÜg,hla uef,aishdj
w;anE.hla m%xYh

 Tng ,efnk ksIamdÈ;h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrkak'

 Tng ,efnk ksIamdÈ;h wod< rfgka wdkhkh l< hq;= hehs Wml,amkh
lrkak'
 .kqfokqj isÿ lsÍug wod< f;dr;=re lKavdhï idlÉPdjla ;=<ska /ialr
my; YS¾I hgf;a f.dkq lrkak
 iemhqïlrejl= fidhd .kakd wdldrh'
 fjf<| .kqfokqj ixúOdkh lr .kakd wdldrh
 NdKav ñ,g .ekSfï yd úlsKSfï lghq;= isÿjk wdldrh
 .kqfokqjg wod< j f.ùï lghq;= mshùu isÿjk wdldrh

 úoHq;a l%uhg .kqfokqj isÿ lf<a kï ta ;=<ska Tng ,efnk m%;s,dN

,ehsia;=jla ,shkak'

 Tnf.a wkdjrK ks¾udKYS,Sj mka;shg bÈßm;a lrkak'

 isiq ls%hdldrlfuka bÈßm;a jQ f;dr;=re ie,ls,a,g .ksñka úoHq;a

fjf<|dfï ls%hdmámdáh úia;r lr fokak'

 úoHq;a fjf<|du ;=<ska w;alr.; yels jdis yd ta ;=<ska we;s úh yels wjdis
o isiqka iu. idlÉPd lrkak'

 úoHq;a fjf<|du isÿjk wdldr ksoiqka iys; j isiqkag meyeÈ,s lr fokak'

úIh lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSug w;aje,la (

 fjf<| lghq;=j,g wu;r j ksIamdok" wf,úlrK" .sKqïlrK" udkj

iïm;a" l<ukdlrK lghq;= wd§ ish¨ u wNHka;r ls%hdj,Ska mß.Kl
cd, Ndú; lrñka isÿ lrk jHdmdr úoHq;a jHdmdr f,i ye|skafõ' úoHq;a
jHdmdrhl mj;sk wxY w;r isÿ jk f;dr;=re yqjudrej iy iudfhdack
lghq;= i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrhs'

 úoHq;a jdKsscH hkq úoHq;a jHdmdrj, tla fldgila muKs' tkï fjf<|
lghq;= yd fjf<|du i|yd iydh jk m%jdyk" ikaksfõok" nexl= jeks
Wmldrl fiajd lghq;= o úoHq;a cd, Tiafia isÿ lsÍuhs'

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 úoHq;a jHdmdr yd úoHqq;a jdKscHh my; igyk u.ska o oelaúh yels h'

úoHq;a jHdmdr úoHq;a jHdmdr

ksIamdok

iemhqïlrejka  iemhqï wf,úlrKh   mdßfNda.l

s hska
 uQ,H
wxYh

udkj
iïm;a

 úoHq;a fjf<|du hkq NdKav yd fiajd ñ, § .ekSu yd úlsKSfï lghq;=

wka;¾cd,h m%uqL mß.Kl .; f;dr;=re moaO;s yryd isÿ lsÍuhs'
 úoHq;a fjf<|dfï ls%hdmámdáh my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 wka;¾cd,h Tiafia .ekqïlrejka yd úl=Kqïlrejka iïuqL ùu

 fjf<| .kqfokqj ixúOdkh lr .ekSu
 NdKav úlsKSfï yd ñ,g .ekSfï lghq;= isÿ ùu
 .kqfokqjg wod< f.ùï lghq;= mshùu

 úoHq;a fjf<|dfuka jHdmdßlhdg" .kqqfokqlrejdg yd iudchSh jYfhka

,efnk jdis my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 jHdmdßlhdg ,efnk jdis

 jvd;a ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhS fiajhla ,nd Èh yels ksid
lS¾;skduh yd ,dNh jeä ùu

 msßjeh jdis w;aùu

ksoiqka ( f;d. iïnkaO msßjeh wju ùu
,sms øjH yd ikaksfõokh i|yd msßjeh wju ùu
w;rueÈhka wju ùu ksid msßjeh wju ùu'

 N+f.da,Sh iSud fkdue;s ùu ksid fjf<|fmd< mq¨,a ùu

 mdßfNda.slhdg ,efnk jdis

 NdKav f;dard .ekSug mq¿,a bvlvla mej;Su
 myiqfjka yd blauKska weKjqï l< yels ùu
 ojfia meh 24 mqrd u .kqfokql< yels ùu
 ksIamdÈ;fha ñ, uÜgu idfmalaIj wvq ùu

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  iudchSh jYfhka ,efnk jdis
 mdßfNda.slhskaf.a cSjk ;;ajh by< hdu
 kj NdKaav mßyrKhg bvlv ie,iSu
 kj fjf<|fmd<j,a" iy /lshd wjia:d Wodùu

 úoHq;a jdKscHfha isud lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

 wka;¾cd, myiqlï iEu m%foaYhlla u jHdma; fkdùu
 Ndú;h ms<sn| j mdßfNda.slhskaf.a oekqu uÈlu
 f.ùï l%uj, mj;sk .eg¨
 nÿ whlsÍï jeks ks;suh iSud
 úoHq;a l%u ms<sn| j úYajdih fkdue;slu
 mß.Kl moaO;s wdYs%; j jxpd yd ¥IK isÿ ùu'

 úoHq;a fjf<|du isÿ jk wdldr my; mßÈ oelaúh yels h'

 B2B- jHdmdßlhdf.ka jHdmdßlhdg

jHdmdrhla ;j;a jHdmdrhla iu. isÿ lrk .kqfokq fõ'
ksoiqka ( jHdmdrhlska jHdmdrhlg wka;¾cd,h yryd
weKjqï ,eîu

 B2C- jHdmdßlhdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg

jHdmdrhla hï NdKaavhla fyda fiajdjla wka;¾cd,h yryd
mdßfNda.slhskag wf,ú lsÍu' fuh úoHq;a is,,
a r fjf<|du
E-tailing f,i o ye|skafõ'

 C2C- mdßfNda.slhdf.ka mdßfNda.slhdg

hï mdßfNda.slfhka úiska ;j;a mdßfNda.slfhl=g NdKav
fyda fiajd wka;¾cd,h yryd wf,ú lsÍuhs'
ksoiqka ( ebay fjí wvúh yryd isÿjk .kqfokq

 G2C- rcfhka mqrjeishkag

rdcH fiajd i|yd hï hï f.ùï isÿ lsÍu yd fiajd ,nd
.ekSuhs'
ksoiqka (
niakdysr m<df;a ck;djg ;u jdyk n,m;% w¨;a lr
.ekSu w.w.w. motortraffic.wp.govilk fjí wvúh yryd isÿ
l< yels ùu'

 B2G- jHdmdßlhdf.ka rchg

jHdmdßlhska úiska rchg wka;¾cd,h yryd hï hï f.ùï
isÿ lsÍu yd fiajd iemhSu'
ksoiqka ( fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,a f.ùï lsÍu'

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 239
  G2B- rcfhka jHdmdßlhdg
ksoiqka ( wka;¾ nexl= f.ùï moaO;sh ^SLIPS&

 C2G- mqrjeishkaf.ka rchg

ksoiqka (
ì,am;a" úNd. .dia;=" n,m;%% .dia;= wdÈh f.ùu
úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd whÿï lsÍu

khj 3/4 folls

P-Tea G- 2017 240