Reviewing of Research Papers Related to

Temperature Control in Rooms, Buildings

and Vehicles
Muhammad Bilal Kamran¹, Muhammad Hannan², Arslan Rafique³, Hammas Naveed⁴
¹SMME NUST, Pakistan
²SMME NUST, Pakistan
³SMME NUST, Pakistan
⁴SMME NUST, Pakistan
¹403281; ²418402; ³426229; ⁴407747

Abstract-The objective of this assignment is to conduct a literature review for the project. You will select four recent research papers
and provide a concise summary of their key findings.

I. RESEARCH PAPERS.
Four recent research papers (within the last two years) related to temperature control in houses, buildings and vehicles are given
below: -
A. Li-ion power battery temperature control by a battery thermal management and vehicle cabin air conditioning integrated
system. [1]
B. Experimental demonstration of data predictive control for energy optimization and thermal comfort in buildings. [2]
C. Temperature control strategy of passenger compartment based on control algorithms. [3]
D. An optimal thermal management system heating control strategy for electric vehicles under low-temperature fast charging
conditions. [4]
II. SUMMARIES.
The questions asked for the summary are: -
A. What problem was studied in the research paper?
B. When was the paper published?
C. Where was the paper published? Conference or which journal?
D. What are the Names of the authors?
E. Why was the problem studied?
F. How was the problem studied?
G. What were the results?

The summaries of all of the four research paper answering the above questions are given below: -

1) Li-ion power battery temperature control by a battery thermal management and vehicle cabin air conditioning integrated
system:

a) The research paper studied the thermal management of a battery thermal management (BTM) system using heat pipes
under different ambient temperatures. The study aimed to investigate how intermittent cooling using heat pipes can
control the maximum temperature of the battery and the maximum temperature difference between batteries within
the desired range, thus reducing power consumption and working time of the BTM system compared to constant
cooling systems. The research also explored the incorporation of heat pipes into a BTM system for prismatic or pouch
cells. The study aimed to find effective thermal management for an electric vehicle battery pack.
 b) The paper "Investigation on the thermal performance of a battery thermal management system using heat pipe under
different ambient temperatures" was published in the journal Energy Conversion and Management in 2020. The paper
was accepted on 11th June 2020.

c) The paper has been published in the journal Energy Conversion and Management. It has been published in a specific
journal.

d) The names of the authors are Liang, Jialin, Gan, Yunhua, & Li, Yong. The work has been acknowledged by Huang,
Fu, Cao and Liu.

e) The problem of thermal management in batteries was studied due to the increasing demand for electric vehicles and
the need to ensure the safety and efficiency of battery systems. With the rise of electric vehicles, there is a growing
concern about the thermal management of batteries, as overheating can lead to safety hazards and reduced battery
performance. Therefore, researchers have investigated various thermal management systems, including the use of heat
pipes, phase change materials, and mini-channel cooling, to optimize the thermal performance of batteries and ensure
their safe and efficient operation.

f) The problem was studied by modeling the thermal behavior of a full-size-scale battery pack made up of 22 modules
and 5664 18650-type batteries at different charge/discharge C-rates and coolant flow rates. The authors used an
integrated EV air conditioning system to investigate the BTM of the battery module of cylindrical cells. It involves
experimental investigation and critical view has been done to analyze the thermal behavior of the battery pack under
different conditions and to optimize the BTM system to reduce power consumption and working time.

g) The research paper investigated the thermal performance of a battery thermal management (BTM) system using heat
pipes under different ambient temperatures. The study found that the maximum temperature of the battery and the
maximum temperature difference between batteries can be controlled within the desired range using intermittent
cooling. This reduces the power consumption and working time of the BTM system compared to constant cooling
systems. The study also incorporated heat pipes into a BTM system for prismatic or pouch cells, which showed
promising results. The paper concludes that the use of heat pipes in BTMs can effectively manage the thermal
performance of batteries, leading to improved efficiency and reduced power consumption.

2) Experimental demonstration of data predictive control for energy optimization and thermal comfort in buildings: -

a) The research paper studied the problem of reducing energy consumption for heating and cooling in buildings
through the use of predictive control. Specifically, the paper explored the effectiveness of a Data Predictive Control
(DPC) approach, which uses historical data to learn the behavior of a building and reduce the modeling effort
required for control. The paper compared the DPC approach to a conventional hysteresis controller and found that
the DPC approach saved 24.9% of cooling energy while reducing the integral of comfort constraint violations by
72.0% in a six-day experiment. However, the paper also noted limitations of the DPC approach when longer
prediction horizons are needed and discussed directions for future work.

b) The paper titled "Experimental demonstration of data predictive control for energy optimization and thermal
comfort in buildings" was published in the Energy & Buildings journal, volume 211 in 2020. More specifically, it
was accepted on January 16, 2020, and made available online on January 21, 2020.

c) The paper was published in the journal Energy & Buildings, volume 211, in 2020. The journal is available on
ScienceDirect, and its homepage is located at [5].

d) The authors of the paper are Felix Bünning, Benjamin Huber, Philipp Heer, Ahmed Aboudonia, and John Lygeros.

e) The research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Data Predictive Control (DPC) for room temperature control
in buildings to minimize energy consumption while maintaining comfort constraints. The motivation behind this
research is to address the challenge of developing and maintaining physical models of buildings, which can be a
 bottleneck for widespread real-life applications, especially for residential buildings. DPC is an attempt to reduce the
modeling effort by learning the behavior of the building from historical data. The significance of this research lies in
the potential of DPC to reduce energy consumption for heating and cooling in the building domain, which can have
a significant impact on energy management in buildings.

f) The authors of the study used a Data Predictive Control approach to address the problem of energy management in
buildings. This approach involves learning the behavior of the building from historical data, rather than relying on
physical models, which can be time-consuming and costly to develop and maintain. Specifically, the authors used a
Random Forests model with affine functions and convex optimization to control the room temperature in a real-life
apartment. They compared the performance of this approach to a conventional hysteresis controller and found that
the Data Predictive Control approach saved 24.9% of cooling energy while reducing the integral of comfort
constraint violations by 72.0% in a six-day experiment. However, the authors also noted limitations when longer
prediction horizons were needed and discussed directions for future work.

g) The research project conducted two validation experiments before the main experiment. The results of these
experiments showed that the energy savings achieved by the DPC (Distributed Predictive Control) cooling system
were 31.9% and 29.7% respectively, compared to the hysteresis controller. The difference in average room
temperature was less than 0.05 degrees Celsius in both experiments. The integrated constraint violation was reduced
by 74.8% and 79.7% respectively. However, the experiments also suggested that the applicability of the DPC
cooling system for commercial buildings might be limited at the current state.

3) Temperature control strategy of passenger compartment based on control algorithms: -

a) The research paper studied the problem of achieving thermal comfort in the passenger compartment of a vehicle. The
paper aimed to optimize the control strategy of a double evaporator air conditioning system to regulate the temperature
of the passenger compartment. The study established a closed-loop control system model based on fuzzy-PID control
and introduced the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the parameters of fuzzy-PID, and
regulate the fan speed, and compressor opening. The results showed that the fuzzy-PID control combined with the
PSO algorithm had stronger adaptability and higher precision than traditional fuzzy-PID and PID control. The study
aimed to improve the physical and mental health of the driver and passengers and enhance driving safety by providing
a favorable compartment thermal environment.

b) The paper titled “Temperature Control Strategy of Passenger Compartment Based on Control Algorithms” was
published year 2023. The paper was accepted on June 15, 2022, after being revised on April 12, 2022, and received
on February 4, 2022.

c) The paper was published in the International Journal of Automotive Technology, Volume 24.

d) The authors of the article are Mengya Zhang, Li Ye, and Lin Hu from the School of Energy and Power Engineering at
the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology in Shanghai, China.

e) The problem of thermal comfort in the passenger compartment of vehicles was studied because it is an important
factor in ensuring the physical and mental health of the driver and passengers and improving driving safety. With the
increasing popularity of electric vehicles, there is a higher demand for efficient, secure, and comfortable vehicles. The
control strategy of the air conditioning system is a key factor in achieving thermal comfort and energy efficiency.
Therefore, the research and optimization of control strategies such as air conditioner outlet temperature, blower air
algorithm for central air conditioning system, and temperature regulation are necessary to meet the requirements of
compartment thermal comfort. The study aimed to optimize the control strategy of the double evaporator air
conditioning system to achieve a favourable compartment thermal environment that satisfies the thermal comfort of
passengers and saves energy simultaneously.
 f) The problem of achieving thermal comfort in the passenger compartment of a vehicle while minimizing energy
consumption was studied through research and optimization of control strategies such as air conditioner outlet
temperature, blower air speed, and air cleanliness. The research was conducted by Mengya Zhang, Li Ye, and Lin Hu
from the School of Energy and Power Engineering at the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology in China.
They used a combination of fuzzy-PID control and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the
temperature control system of the vehicle’s air conditioning system. The study also considered several factors that
influence thermal comfort in the passenger compartment, such as indoor temperature, humidity, wind speed of vent,
and air cleanliness. The research was conducted through simulations and analysis of the results based on the comfort
level of passengers.

g) The article discusses the optimization of a control strategy for the air conditioning system of an SUV with a double
evaporator, with the goal of achieving thermal comfort in the passenger compartment while reducing energy wastage.
The study uses a closed-loop control system model based on fuzzy-PID control and introduces the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the parameters of fuzzy-PID, regulate the fan speed, and compressor
opening. The results show that the fuzzy-PID control combined with the PSO algorithm has stronger adaptability and
higher precision than traditional fuzzy-PID and PID control. The optimized control strategy can quickly reduce the
temperature in the compartment to a comfortable value, improving the thermal comfort in the car and reducing the
waste of temperature in the car. The study concludes that a favourable compartment thermal environment is beneficial
to the physical and mental health of the driver and passengers and can improve driving safety as well.

4) An optimal thermal management system heating control strategy for electric vehicles under low-temperature fast charging
conditions: -

a) A) This paper investigates the performance of an electric vehicle thermal management system (EVTMS) and battery
charging characteristics under low-temperature fast charging conditions through experiment and simulation. The main
problem studied is the degradation of battery lifetime caused by fast charging, and the paper proposes an improved
fast charging protocol and an EVTMS multi-stage heating control strategy to reduce heating energy consumption and
charging time while maintaining charging efficiency and battery performance. The proposed strategies are optimized
using genetic algorithms and analyzed through experiments and simulations.

b) The paper “An optimal thermal management system heating control strategy for electric vehicles under low-
temperature fast charging conditions” was published on 5 May, 2022.

c) The paper was published in the “Applied Thermal Engineering” journal.

d) The authors are Zhaopu Zhang, Haitao Min, Yuanbin Yu, Qiming Cao, Menghua Li, and Kuo Yan.

e) The problem of the electric vehicle thermal management system (EVTMS) and its corresponding control strategy was
studied to ensure battery performance at low temperatures during the fast charging process. Most studies only focus
on the charging time, but it is necessary to comprehensively consider the battery heating and charging performance
when developing the heating strategy. Therefore, this paper investigates an electric vehicle thermal management
system (EVTMS) performance and battery charging characteristics under low-temperature fast charging conditions
through experiment and simulation. The aim is to propose a reasonable battery heating strategy that can realize the
cooperative control of battery heating and charging to ensure the battery charging performance and achieve the
expectation of energy saving.

f) The problem of developing an optimal thermal management system heating control strategy for electric vehicles under
low-temperature fast charging conditions was studied through a combination of experiment and simulation. An electric
vehicle thermal management system (EVTMS) performance and battery charging characteristics under low-
temperature fast charging conditions were analyzed by experiment and simulation. An improved fast charging protocol
for reducing battery lifetime degradation was proposed. Moreover, an EVTMS multi-stage heating power control
strategy was proposed and optimized by a genetic algorithm. The control effects with different weighting coefficients
were studied. The main conclusions were summarized based on the investigation and simulation results.
 g) The study investigated an electric vehicle thermal management system (EVTMS) and its corresponding control
strategy for battery heating and charging performance under low-temperature fast charging conditions. An improved
fast charging protocol was proposed, and an EVTMS multi-stage heating power control strategy was developed and
optimized by genetic algorithm. The results showed that the optimal heating control strategy can reduce the heating
energy consumption by 11.61% and the charging time by 4.67%, compared with the strategy only considering the
charging time. The study also proposed a cooperative control strategy for battery heating and charging to ensure battery
performance and achieve energy savings.

II. TABLE I.
COMPARISON TABLE OF THE ABOVE RESEARCH PAPERS
S# Parameters Paper I Paper II Paper III Paper IV

1) The strategy opted Battery thermal The data predictive A double Fast charging
for the study of the management (BTM) control approach evaporator air protocol and an
problem. using heat pipes for (DPC) for lowering conditioning system EVTMS multi-stage
intermittent cooling energy consumption using particle swarm heating-control
approach has been in buildings for optimization (PSO) strategy for reducing
explained. heating has been for temperature energy consumption
explained. control of the car for thermal
compartment has management have
been used. been explained
2) Methods used for Overheating issues From historical For efficient Better battery
overcoming the for the thermal data and by using the compartment of performance under
issues for the chosen management of EVs DPC approach better vehicle control low temperatures and
strategy. can be addressed thermal management strategy for double fast charging of
using heat pipes, and for buildings can be evaporator air vehicles using
phase change obtained. conditioning has been EVTMS can be
materials. proposed. obtained.
3) What has been A thermal model The physical model Particle swarm Better battery
studied in the for battery cylindrical by using the DPC optimization (PSO) performance of
research paper? cells using EV approach for for optimization of vehicles under low
integrated air maintaining thermal thermal control of temperatures for
conditioning system comfort and reducing vehicle air thermal management
for power power consumption conditioning and using EVTMS
consumption has has been studied. efficient vehicle approach has been
been studied. approach has been studied.
studied.

IV. REFERENCES
[1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S097308262030257X
[2] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778819320638
[3] https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12239-023-0004-y
[4] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359431122000874
[5] www.elsevier.com/locate/enbuild