Glossary

RITE Glossary of Diseases with Disease-Specific Objectives
Version 1.2021
Table of Contents
Cardiology .............................................................................................................................. 2
Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care, Medical Risk Assessment.................................................16
Endocrine and Metabolism ....................................................................................................27
Infectious Diseases ................................................................................................................36
Gastrointestinal Disorders .....................................................................................................50
Rheumatology .......................................................................................................................61
Nephrology ...........................................................................................................................69
Oncology ...............................................................................................................................77
Hematology ..........................................................................................................................83
Neurology .............................................................................................................................92
Allergy and Immunology ..................................................................................................... 102
Dermatology ....................................................................................................................... 104
RITE Committee 2021-2022

Marcelo Severino B. Imasa (Chair)
Rowena E. De Jesus (Co-Chair)
Celito A. Tamban (Member)
Ralph Elvi M. Villalobos (Member)
Mel Valerie C. Ordinario (Member)
Melissa A. Villamin (Member)
Juan Maria Ibarra O. Co (Champion Regent)
RITE Glossary of Diseases with Specific Objectives v1.2021 Page 1 of 106

RITE Glossary of Diseases with Disease-Specific Objectives
Cardiology
Disease/Condition/Process Area Objectives: Examinee must know

I. ACLS A. Cardiac and respiratory 1. How to conduct a BLS survey
arrest 2. Initial management of a
witnessed cardiac arrest
3. Initial management of a victim
found unresponsive if suspecting
cardiac arrest versus when
suspecting asphyxia
4. How to deliver a high quality CPR
5. Which rhythms are shockable
6. ECG tracing of a ventricular
fibrillation
7. ECG tracing of a ventricular
tachycardia
8. Initial management of
ventricular fibrillation
9. Initial management of pulseless
ventricular tachycardia
10. Drugs to use based on causes of
cardiac arrest
11. What respiratory arrest is
12. Updated ACLS Cardiac arrest
algorithm recommendation for
suspected or confirmed COVID19
patients
II. Arrhythmias and heart A. Diagnosis/ 1. Mechanisms of cardiac
blocks Pathophysiology arrhythmia
2. Approach to patients presenting
with arrhythmia
3. ECG features of bundle branch
blocks
B. Bradyarrhythmia 1. Clinical presentation of SA nodal
disease
2. Management of SA nodal disease
3. Prognosis of SA nodal disease
4. ECG tracing of types of AV blocks
5. Management of the types of AV
blocks

6. Class I indications for pacemaker
insertion
C. Supraventricular 1. ECG features of pSVT
Tachyarrhythmias 2. The management approach of
pSVT
3. ECG features of atrial fibrillation
(AF)
4. Risk factors for AF
5. Clinical consequences of AF
6. Rate and rhythm control of acute
and chronic AF
7. Indications for anticoagulation in
AF
8. CHA2DS2-Vasc scoring system
D. Ventricular arrhythmia 1. ECG features of or criteria for
VPCs, non-sustained VT,
sustained VT, ventricular flutter,
TDP, VFib, and Brugada
syndrome
2. Evaluation of patients with
ventricular arrhythmias
3. Role of cardiac imaging in
ventricular arrhythmias
4. Management approach for the
various forms of ventricular
arrhythmias
E. Anti-arrhythmic drugs 1. Clinical uses of specific anti-
arrhythmic drugs
2. Monitoring and management of
adverse effects of the most
common anti-arrhythmics
III. Cardiac Tamponade and A. General 1. Classifications of pericarditis
other Pericardial Diseases B. Acute pericarditis 1. The four principal diagnostic
features of acute pericarditis and
their
presentation/manifestations
2. Diagnostic findings in acute
pericarditis
3. Forms of acute pericarditis
4. Clinical features of various forms
of acute pericarditis
5. Management of the various
forms of acute pericarditis

C. Cardiac Tamponade 1. General features and etiologies
of cardiac tamponade
2. Features of Beck’s Triad
3. How to recognize a paradoxical
pulse
4. ECG findings in cardiac
tamponade including electrical
alternans
5. 2D echo features of cardiac
tamponade
6. Radiographic findings in cardiac
tamponade
7. Management of cardiac
tamponade
D. Chronic constrictive 1. Etiologies of chronic constrictive
pericarditis pericarditis and their
mechanisms
2. Pathophysiologic features
3. Clinical and laboratory findings in
chronic constrictive pericarditis
4. Management of chronic
constrictive pericarditis
IV. Cardiomyopathies A. Diagnosis 1. Classification of CMP and their
differences
2. Clinical presentation of CMP
3. Initial evaluation of CMP
including when specific
diagnoses are suspected
B. Dilated CMP 1. Characteristic feature of dilated
CMP
2. Pathology and clinical course of
dilated CMP
3. Specific causes of dilated CMP
(e.g infectious myocarditis, non-
infectious myocarditis,
peripartum CMP, toxic CMP,
metabolic, familial)
4. Pathologic mechanisms of
specific causes of dilated CMP
5. Course and management of
specific causes of dilated CMP
C. Restrictive CMP 1. Pathophysiologic abnormalities
in restrictive CMP

2. Signs and symptoms of
restrictive CMP
3. Causes of restrictive CMP
4. General management of
restrictive CMP
5. Specific management based on
causes of restrictive CMP
D. Hypertrophic CMP 1. Epidemiology and presentation
of hypertrophic CMP
2. Pathology and pathophysiology
of hypertrophic CMP
3. Diagnosis of hypertrophic CMP
4. Management of hypertrophic
CMP
5. Therapy of hypertrophic CMP to
prevent sudden cardiac death
V. Coronary Artery Disease A. Atherosclerosis and 1. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis
(CAD): Acute (ACS), Chronic dyslipidemia 2. Risk factors for atherosclerosis
(IHD) 3. Complications of atherosclerosis
4. Four statin benefit groups
5. Approach to evaluation and
secondary prevention in patients
with clinical ASCVD
6. Identify patients at very high risk
for future ASCVD events
7. Approach to management of
patients with primary severe
hypercholesterolemia
8. Approach to cholesterol
management of DM patients
management in primary
prevention of ASCVD events
10. ASCVD risk enhancers among
individuals with no prior ASCVD
event
11. Role of Coronary Artery Calcium
(CAC) measurement
12. Statin therapy classification and
choice drugs and their
corresponding doses
13. Adverse effects associated with
statins and their management

14. Asian ethnicity issues in
evaluation, risk decisions and
treatment of ASCVD risk
B. General: Ischemic Heart 1. Pathophysiology of IHD
Disease (IHD) 2. Mechanisms of atherosclerotic
CAD
3. Consequences of myocardial
ischemia
4. ECG changes in myocardial
ischemia
5. Management algorithm of a
patient with IHD
C. Stable angina pectoris 1. Pathophysiology of CSAP
(CSAP) 2. Typical history of patients with
CSAP
3. The Canadian Cardiovascular
Society Classification on severity
of angina
4. The NYHA Functional
Classification of angina
5. PE findings to look for in patients
with CSAP
6. Laboratory examinations to
identify risk factors of IHD
7. Laboratory examinations to
document IHD and its
consequences
8. Adverse prognostic signs of IHD
9. Principles and utility of stress
testing in IHD
10. Roles of imaging studies in IHD
11. Signs and symptoms associated
with increased risk of adverse
coronary events
12. Signs during noninvasive testing
that indicate high risk of
coronary events
13. Signs that indicate very low risk
for future coronary events
14. Non-pharmacologic
management of IHD including
risk-reduction strategies

15. Pharmacologic management of
IHD including indications, goals
of therapy, and cautions/
precautions/ contraindications
16. Indications and patient selection
criteria for interventional
management of IHD
D. Asymptomatic (Silent) 1. General prognosis of silent
Ischemia ischemia
2. Patient population that may
likely have silent ischemia
3. Important considerations in the
management of silent ischemia
E. Acute Coronary 1. Pathophysiology of UAP and
Syndrome (ACS): unstable NSTEMI
angina (UAP) and non ST 2. Clinical presentation and
elevation myocardial diagnosis of UAP and NSTEMI
infarction (NSTEMI) 3. Diagnostic evaluation including
role of coronary CT angiography
(CCTA)
4. Risk stratification and prognosis
5. Principles of medical
management
6. Anti-ischemic therapies including
indications, goals of therapy, and
cautions/ precautions/
contraindications
7. Anti-thrombotic therapies
including indications, approach
to therapy, goals of therapy, and
contraindications
8. Patient selection criteria for
immediate, early, delayed, and
ischemia-guided invasive
management
9. Principles and strategies for long
term management
F. Prinzmetal Angina 1. Pathophysiology and causes of
Prinzmetal angina
2. Clinical and angiographic
features
3. Diagnostic hallmark

4. Management and prognosis
G. ST elevation myocardial 1. Clinical outcomes/prognosis of
infarction (STEMI) STEMI
2. ECG diagnostic criteria and
assessment of region of
myocardial involvement
3. Role of serum cardiac
biomarkers and temporal
features
4. Pathophysiology and mechanism
of STEMI
5. Clinical presentation including PE
and laboratory findings
6. Role of cardiac imaging and
expected findings in STEMI
7. Definition and classification of
STEMI
8. Pre-hospital care of STEMI
9. Management of STEMI in the
emergency department: goals,
initial therapy, control of chest
discomfort
10. Role of 12L ECG in screening and
triaging of patients
11. Drugs to avoid in STEMI
12. Decision criteria for either
primary coronary intervention
(PCI) or fibrinolysis as
reperfusion strategy
13. Grading of response to
fibrinolytic therapy
14. Contraindications and
complications of fibrinolytic
therapy
15. Indications for cardiac
catheterization or CABG and
coronary angiography post-
fibrinolytic therapy
16. Principles of hospital phase
management of STEMI including
admission into coronary care
units (CCU)

17. Physical activities during hospital
phase management
18. Diet and bowel management in
the hospital
19. Anti-thrombotic therapies
including indications, approach
to therapy, goals of therapy, and
contraindications
10. Beta blockade and RAAS
antagonism: indications,
approach to therapy, goals of
therapy, and cautions/
precautions/ contraindications
20. How to recognize and assess
complications of STEMI
21. Factors associated with an
increase in cardiovascular risk
after initial recovery from STEMI
22. Role of Exercise stress testing in
STEMI
23. Identify patients high risk for
recurrent MI or death from
arrhythmia
24. Strategies and principles of
secondary prevention
VI. Deep Vein Thrombosis A. Pathophysiology and 1. Pathophysiology of DVT and PTE
(DVT) and Pulmonary Diagnosis 2. Gas exchange abnormalities in
Thromboembolism (PTE) PTE
3. How to determine the clinical
likelihood of DVT
4. How to determine the clinical
likelihood of PTE
5. Diagnostic approach in relation
to the clinical likelihood of DVT
6. Diagnostic approach in relation
to the clinical likelihood of PTE
B. Management 1. Primary therapy of DVT
2. Risk stratification to identify
patients who will benefit with
primary therapy
3. Secondary prevention of DVT

4. Risk stratification of patients
with PTE and approach to
management
5. Anticoagulation therapy options
for DVT and PTE, their
indications, monitoring
requirements, adverse effects,
and management of adverse
effects
6. Duration of anticoagulation
based on clinical settings
7. Principal indications of IVC filters
8. Management of massive PTE
9. Use of fibrinolysis in massive PTE
including benefits, choice
fibrinolytic, adverse effects, and
contraindications
VII. Heart Failure A. Pathophysiology and 1. Diagnostic criteria for cardiac
diagnosis chamber enlargement
2. Compensatory mechanisms in
heart failure
3. How to differentiate HFrEF from
HFpEF
4. HF symptoms and their
mechanisms
5. PE findings in HF and their
mechanisms
6. Role of diagnostic tests in HF
7. Utility of biomarkers in HF
8. Functional classification of HF
B. Cor pulmonale 1. Diagnosis of cor pulmonale
2. Diagnostic findings in cor
pulmonale
3. Clinical manifestations of cor
pulmonale
C. Management: HFpEF 1. Principles of management
2. Therapies not considered useful
based on clinical trials
D. Management: Acute 1. Principles of management
decompensated HF (ADHF) 2. Indications of pulmonary artery
catheterization
3. Parameters associated with poor
outcomes

4. Phenotypes of ADHF and their
management
5. Volume management
6. Role of inotropic therapy
E. Management: HFrEF 1. Cornerstone therapy
2. Benefits of neurohormonal
antagonism
3. Role of ACE inhibitors (ACE-I) and
Beta-blockers (BBs)
4. Dosing of ACE-Is and BBs
5. Precautions on the use of ACE-Is
and BBs
6. Adverse effects of ACE-Is and
BBs
7. Role of mineralocorticoid
antagonist
8. Adverse effects of
mineralocorticoid antagonists
9. Role of ARBs
10. Indications of Hydralazine +
Nitrates
11. Indications of ARNI
12. Indications of Ivabradine
13. Benefits and risks of Digoxin
14. Role of CCBs
15. Role of exercise
16. Management of comorbidities
17. Indications for ICD
VIII. Hypertension: Essential, A. Diagnosis 1. Classification and diagnosis of
secondary, Hypertensive hypertension based on available
emergencies, HCVD CPGs (as applicable – clinic BP,
home BP and ABPM)
2. Pathologic consequences of
hypertension in target organs:
heart, brain, kidneys, peripheral
arteries
3. Hemodynamic changes in young
patients with essential
hypertension compared to
majority of patients with
established hypertension
4. The difference in the form of
essential hypertension between

those with high-renin and low-
renin activity
5. Association of obesity and
hypertension
6. When to consider the various
secondary causes of
hypertension
7. The features and diagnostic
approach of the various causes
of secondary hypertension
B. Management 1. Non-pharmacologic
management of hypertension
2. Pharmacologic management of
hypertension based on
applicable CPGs (e.g. Philippine
CPG for Hypertension 2020 if
available), including indications,
cautions/ precautions, adverse
effects and their management
3. Blood pressure goals of anti-
hypertensive therapy
C. Resistant Hypertension 1. Definition and causes
D. Hypertensive 2. How to differentiate
emergencies hypertensive emergency from
hypertensive urgency
3. Pathologic findings in malignant
hypertension
4. Goal of therapy in the presence
or absence encephalopathy
5. Goal of therapy in the presence
of acute ischemic stroke
6. Available pharmacologic
therapies for hypertensive
emergencies
IX. Valvular heart disease A. Aortic stenosis (AoS) 1. Etiology and pathogenesis of AoS
2. Pathophysiology and
hemodynamic abnormalities of
AoS
3. Mechanism of angina in AoS
4. Poor prognostic symptoms of
AoS in the absence of surgical
treatment
5. PE findings in AoS

6. Laboratory findings in AoS
7. Medical management of AoS
8. Surgical and interventional
management of AoS and their
indications
B. Aortic Regurgitation 1. Etiologies of primary valvular
(AR) and primary aortic root diseases
2. Pathophysiology of and
hemodynamic changes in AR
3. PE findings in AR
4. Laboratory findings in AR
5. Management of acute AR
6. Management of chronic AR
7. Indications and timing of surgical
treatment
C. Mitral Stenosis (MS) 1. Pathophysiology of and
hemodynamic changes in MS
2. Complications of MS
3. Symptoms of and PE findings in
MS
4. Laboratory findings in MS
5. Role of transthoracic
echocardiography in MS
6. Medical treatment of MS
including prophylaxis
7. Interventional management of
MS and their indications
D. Mitral regurgitation 1. Etiologies and mechanisms of
(MR) underlying causes of chronic MR
2. Etiologies and mechanisms of
underlying causes of acute MR
hemodynamic changes in chronic
MR
hemodynamic changes in acute
MR
chronic MR
acute MR
7. Laboratory findings in acute and
chronic MR

8. Medical management of acute
MR
9. Medical management of chronic
MR
10. Interventional management of
chronic MR and their indications
E. Mitral Valve Prolapse 1. Pathophysiology and etiologies
(MVP) of MVP
2. Consequences of MVP and their
mechanisms
3. Symptoms of MVP
4. PE findings in MVP
5. Laboratory findings in MVP
6. Management of MVP according
to symptoms
F. Tricuspid stenosis (TS) 1. Pathophysiology and etiologies
of TS
2. Symptoms of TS
3. PE findings in TS
4. Laboratory findings in TS
5. Management of TS
G. Tricuspid regurgitation 1. Pathophysiology and etiologies
(TR) of TR
2. Symptoms of TR
3. PE findings in TR
4. Laboratory findings in TR
5. Management of TR
H. Pulmonic valve disease 1. Pathophysiology and etiologies
of pulmonic valve diseases
2. Symptoms of pulmonic valve
diseases
3. PE findings in pulmonic valve
diseases
4. Laboratory findings in pulmonic
valve diseases
5. Management of pulmonic valve
diseases
X. Peripheral Vascular A. Peripheral arterial 1. Risk factors for PAD
disorders: PAD, CVI disease (PAD) 2. Pathology of PAD
3. Symptoms of PAD
4. Features of Leriche syndrome
5. How to recognize a possible
critical limb ischemia

6. PE findings in PAD
7. Indicators of more severe PAD
8. Non-invasive tests to assess
severity of disease
9. Prognosis of PAD
10. General principles of
management
11. Therapies for intermittent
claudication and critical limb
ischemia
12. Indications for catheter-based
and surgical revascularization
procedures in PAD
B. Chronic Venous 1. Signs and symptoms of CVI
Insufficiency (CVI) 2. Management of CVI

Pulmonary Medicine, Critical Care, Medical Risk Assessment

I. Acute Respiratory Failure 1. Various types of acute
respiratory failure
2. Primary indications for
mechanical ventilatory support
in acute respiratory failure and
other conditions
3. Indications, advantages, and
limitations of various non-
invasive ventilation strategies
4. Modes of mechanical
ventilation strategies, their
indications, and
limitations/complications
5. Components of protective
ventilatory strategy
6. Supportive management of
patients on mechanical
ventilation
7. Criteria for weaning from
mechanical ventilatory support
II. ARDS 1. Diagnostic criteria and
classification of ARDS
CHAPTER
2. Common etiologies of ARDS
PAGE 2225-2230 3. Pathophysiology and clinical
course of ARDS
4. Management principles in
ARDS
5. Mechanical ventilation
management in ARDS
6. Fluid management in ARDS
7. Therapies currently not proven
to be useful in ARDS
8. Prognosis and functional
recovery of ARDS
III. Bronchial Asthma (BA) A. Pathophysiology and 1. Asthma phenotypes
diagnosis 2. Pathophysiology of BA
CHAPTER 287
3. Airflow limitation in BA
PAGE 2147-2160 4. Characteristic or Typical
GUIDELINES patterns of respiratory
symptoms of BA

5. Features of respiratory
symptoms that decrease
probability of asthma
6. Diagnostic approach in asthma
7. Expected test results that
document excessive variability
in lung function in asthma
B. Management 1. Aims of asthma therapy
2. Reliever therapies, their
mechanisms, indications and
side effects
3. Controller medications, their
mechanisms, indications and
side effects
4. Assessment of asthma control
5. Stepwise approach to asthma
therapy and indications for
step-up or step-down therapy
6. Management of acute severe
asthma
7. Management of refractory
asthma
IV. COPD A. Definition, pathogenesis 1. Airflow limitation in COPD
and pathophysiology 2. Pathogenesis of emphysema
CHAPTER 292 3. Pathology of airway and
PAGE 2180-2190 parenchymal involvement
GUIDELINES 4. Typical abnormalities in lung
volumes, flow rate, and gas
exchange
5. Risk factors in COPD
6. Key indicators to consider
COPD as a diagnosis
7. Criteria for spirometry
confirmation of COPD diagnosis
8. Classification of airflow
limitation severity in COPD
9. Modified MRC dyspnea scale
10. The COPD assessment test or
CAT
11. Risk factors for exacerbation
12. Refined ABCD assessment tool
in COPD

13. Indication for AATD (alpha1
antitrypsin deficiency)
screening
14. Differential diagnosis of COPD
B. Management 1. Key principles in the
management of COPD
2. Pharmacotherapies for smoking
cessation
3. Role of vaccination in COPD
4. Management approach in
stable COPD including initial
pharmacological treatment
based on ABCD assessment
5. Follow-up pharmacological
treatment to manage dyspnea
and/or exacerbations
6. Drugs used for stable COPD,
their mechanisms, clinical
indications, benefits and
adverse effects
7. Combination bronchodilator
therapy in COPD, their
indications, benefits and
adverse effects
8. Use of inhaled and oral
glucocorticoids in COPD
including indications and
adverse effects
9. Blood eosinophil count as a
predictor of effect of ICS
(inhaled corticosteroids)
10. Role of antibiotics in COPD
11. Role of mucoregulators and
anti-oxidants in COPD
12. Role of PDE4 inhibitors in COPD
13. Therapies not proven beneficial
in COPD
14. Non-pharmacological
management of COPD
according to ABCD assessment
15. Oxygen therapy in COPD

16. Ventilatory support in COPD
exacerbation and acute
respiratory failure
17. Management principles in
COPD exacerbations
18. Classification of COPD
exacerbations
19. Indications for hospitalization
in COPD exacerbations
20. Indications for ICU admission
21. Benefits of pulmonary
rehabilitation
22. Palliative therapy and end-of-
life care in COPD
23. Role and indications of
interventional therapy in COPD
V. Occupational Lung 1. Work-up of patients suspected
Diseases/Disorders of occupational lung disease
2. Occupational exposures and
CHAPTER 289 the nature of respiratory
PAGE 2166-2173 responses
3. Features of asbestos-related
diseases
VI. Pleural Diseases A. Pleural effusion 1. Physical examination findings
2. Mechanism of development of
CHAPTER 290 pleural effusion
PAGE 2197-2200 3. Diagnostic approach to pleural
effusion to differentiate
between transudative and
exudative effusion
4. Role of serum to pleural fluid
protein gradient in identifying
transudative effusion
5. Additional tests for exudative
effusion based on suspected
causes/etiologies
6. Differentiating features of the
various causes of pleural
effusion
7. TB markers in pleural fluid
pleural effusion based on
causes/etiologies

9. Factors that indicate need for
tube thoracostomy in
parapneumonic effusion
B. Pneumothorax 1. Clinical presentation of and PE
findings in spontaneous,
traumatic and tension
pneumothorax
2. Differentiate primary from
secondary spontaneous
pneumothorax in terms of
mechanism, presence or
absence of underlying lung
disease, and management
3. Management of traumatic
pneumothorax
4. Management of tension
pneumothorax
VII. Pneumonia: Community- A. Pathophysiology 1. Pathophysiology of pneumonia
acquired, Nosocomial 2. Pathologic findings in lobal
pneumococcal pneumonia
CHAPTER 126 B. Community-acquired 1. Typical and atypical etiologic
PAGE 1009-1020 pneumonia (CAP) agents of CAP
GUIDELINES 2. Risk factors associated with
specific etiologic agents
3. Clinical manifestations of CAP
4. PE findings of consolidation
5. Guideline recommendations on
the utility of laboratory tests
including CXR, sputum GS/CS,
Blood cultures, antigen tests
and biomarkers
6. Adult CAP patients who require
pretreatment sputum GS/CS
7. Adult CAP patients who require
pretreatment Blood CS
8. Risk stratification of CAP
9. IDSA criteria for defining severe
CAP
10. Tools for objective assessment
of risk of adverse outcomes in
CAP
11. Risk factors in early
deterioration in CAP

12. Recommended empiric
antibiotic therapy regimen in
CAP based on suspected or
confirmed etiologic agents, and
by level of severity and risk for
drug resistance
13. Indications, resistance patterns
and risks for resistance, and
adverse effects of antibiotics
used for CAP
14. Streamlining or switch therapy
in CAP
15. Indications for hospital
admission and ICU admission
16. Hospital discharge criteria in
CAP
C. Hospital-acquired 1. Approach to diagnosis of HAP
pneumonia (HAP) and 2. Approach to diagnosis of VAP
Ventilator-associated 3. Risk factors for antibiotic
pneumonia (VAP) resistance in HAP and VAP
4. Risk factors for VAP caused by
any MDR pathogen
5. Risk factors for MDR HAP
6. Risk factors for HAP/VAP due to
MRSA
7. Risk factors for HAP/VAP due to
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
8. Role of biomarkers and clinical
criteria in the diagnosis of HAP
and VAP
HAP and VAP
10. Recommended initial empiric
antibiotic therapy in HAP
11. Indications for MSSA coverage
in HAP and VAP
12. Indications for MRSA coverage
in HAP and VAP
13. Recommended empiric
coverage for MSSA and MRSA
in HAP and VAP

14. Indications for anti-
pseudomonal coverage in HAP
and VAP
15. Role of local antibiotic
resistance data in treatment
selection for HAP and VAP
VIII. Pulmonary Hypertension A. Diagnosis and 1. Definition of PH
(PH) Pathophysiology 2. Signs and symptoms of PH
3. Most common cause of death
in PH
4. Pathobiology of PAH
5. Hemodynamic changes in PH in
general
6. Initial screening test for pH
7. Gold standard in the diagnosis
and severity assessment of PH
8. Imaging findings in PH
9. Pulmonary function test results
in PH
10. WHO clinical classification of
PH and clinical features
B. Management 1. Pharmacologic management of
PAH, their indications, benefits
and adverse effects
2. Goals of therapy in PAH
IX. Pulmonary Tuberculosis A. Definition, Diagnosis, 1. Risk of transmission
Pathophysiology 2. Clinical manifestations and
CHAPTER 178 mechanism of development of
PAGE 1357-1382 primary and secondary TB
GUIDELINES 3. Risk factors for active TB
4. Pathogenesis of and immune
response to TB
5. WHO diagnostic case
definitions of TB
6. Identify which patients should
be evaluated for TB even in the
absence of typical symptoms
7. Recommended screening for
presumptive TB
8. Bacteriologically confirmation
of a TB case
9. Indications of doing XPERT ®
MTB/Rif

10. Work-up of smear-negative
cases
11. Recommended work-up for
EPTB
12. Tests that are currently
recommended in the diagnosis
of active TB
13. Treatment case definitions of
TB
14. Definition and mechanisms of
extrapulmonary TB
15. Definition of drug-resistant TB
16. Screening for latent TB
infection
B. Management 1. Treatment categories of TB
2. Management of various forms
of EPTB
3. Role of glucocorticoids in
management of TB
4. Features and management of
IRIS
5. Treatment response
monitoring
6. Treatment outcome
classification
7. Adverse effects of therapy
X. Sleep Apnea and Sleep- A. Obstructive sleep 1. Differentiate OSAHS from
related breathing disorders apnea/hypopnea central sleep apnea (CSA)
syndrome (OSAHS) 2. Diagnostic criteria for OSAHS
CHAPTER 297 3. Measures of severity of OSAHS
PAGE 2204-2209 4. Pathophysiology of OSAHS
5. Risk factors for OSAHS
6. Typical history and symptoms
of patients with OSAHS
7. Role of overnight
polysomnogram (PSG)
8. Significant respiratory events in
sleep studies
9. Classify OSAHS based of the
apnea-hypopnea index (AHI)
10. Health consequences of OSAHS
11. Treatment options for OSAHS

B. Central sleep apnea 1. Pathophysiology of CSA
(CSA) 2. Risk factors for CSA
3. Treatment strategies for CSA
XI. Shock A. Diagnosis and 1. Definition of shock
pathophysiology 2. Pathophysiology of shock
CHAPTER 303 3. Hemodynamic characteristics
PAGE 2235-2241 of the 4 major shock types
4. Identify the primary physiologic
disturbance in and most
common causes of each of the
shock types
5. Stages of shock
diagnostic testing of shock
B. General management of 1. Key principle in the initial
shock management of shock
2. Guidelines on volume
resuscitation in shock
3. Indication and approach to use
of vasopressors and inotropics
4. Oxygenation and ventilatory
support
5. Rational antibiotic use
6. Tailored intervention based in
specific causes of shock
C. Sepsis and septic shock 1. Definition of sepsis and septic
shock
2. Value of SOFA scoring
3. Sepsis etiologies and their risk
factors
4. Pathogenesis and dysfunction
in sepsis and septic shock
5. Clinical manifestations and
complications of sepsis and
septic shock
6. Approach to diagnosis of sepsis
and septic shock
7. Elements of care in sepsis and
septic shock
8. Phenomenon of critical illness
related cortisol insufficiency
(CIRCI)

9. Approach to antibiotic therapy
including choice empiric
antibiotic therapy based on
specific conditions
10. “Bundles of care” in the
management of sepsis and
septic shock
11. Approach to treatment
monitoring
12. Interventions to support organ
function
13. Role of corticosteroids in septic
shock
14. Approach to d-escalation of
care
D. Cardiogenic shock and 1. Definition of cardiogenic shock
pulmonary edema 2. Causes of cardiogenic shock
and their mechanism
3. Pathophysiology of cardiogenic
shock
4. Clinical features and diagnosis
of cardiogenic shock
5. Treatment strategies in
cardiogenic shock
6. Diagnosis and treatment of
pulmonary edema
XII. Medical Complications of A. Hypertension 1. Hemodynamic changes during
Pregnancy pregnancy
2. How to define and differentiate
the various causes of
hypertension in pregnancy
3. Risk factors for the
development of preeclampsia
4. Role of low-dose aspirin among
patients at risk of preeclampsia
5. Define HELLP syndrome
6. Management of preeclampsia
B. Cardiovascular disease 1. Management approach of
pregnant patients with valvular
heart disease
2. Identify high risk cardiac lesions
during pregnancy

3. Features and management of
DVT/PTE during pregnancy
C. Endocrine 1. Diagnosis and management of
gestational diabetes
2. Management of diabetes
mellitus during pregnancy
compared to non-pregnant
state
3. Diagnosis and management of
hypothyroidism and
hyperthyroidism in pregnancy
XIII. Medical Risk Assessment 1. Screen for intermediate- and
(medical evaluation of the high-risk patients
surgical patient) 2. Identify surgeries with very low
risk for MACE
3. Stepwise approach for cardiac
risk assessment and
stratification of patients
undergoing non-cardiac surgery
4. Components of the RCRI
(revised cardiac risk index),
how to interpret RCRI scores,
clinical utility of RCRI
5. Indications for preoperative
noninvasive cardiac testing
6. Perioperative preventive
strategies to reduce cardiac risk

Endocrine and Metabolism
Disease/Condition/Process Area Objectives: Examinee must

know
I. Pituitary and hypothalamic A. Anterior pituitary and 1. Developmental and genetic
dysfunction hypothalamic deficiency causes of hypopituitarism
and their clinical features
CHAPTER 378-380
2. Acquired causes of
hypopituitarism and their
clinical features
3. Clinical presentation of
hypopituitarism
4. Specific tests to determine
pituitary and hypothalamic
reserves
hypopituitarism
B. Hypothalamic, pituitary 1. Clinical presentation
and other sellar masses associated with local mass
effects and hormone
dysfunction
2. Laboratory/Imaging
evaluation and screening
tests for functional pituitary
adenomas
pituitary tumors
C. Hyperprolactinemia 1. Etiology, presentation and
diagnosis of
hyperprolactinemia
2. Approach to diagnosis of
hyperprolactinemia
3. Management of
hyperprolactinemia and
prolactinoma and adverse
effects associated with
therapies
D. Growth hormone (GH) 1. Clinical presentation and
dysfunction diagnosis of adult GH
deficiency (AGHD)
2. Treatment of AGHD
3. Clinical presentation and
diagnosis of acromegaly

4. Treatment approaches to
acromegaly
E. ACTH deficiency 1. Consequence and clinical
presentation of ACTH
deficiency
2. Differences between
hypocortisolism secondary
to pituitary failure from that
due to primary adrenal
failure
ACTH deficiency
4. Treatment of ACTH
deficiency
F. Cushing’s disease 1. Differentiate Cushing’s
disease from Cushing’s
syndrome
2. Clinical features of Cushing’s
disease
3. Differentiate ectopic ACTH
production from Cushing’s
disease
4. Laboratory evaluation of
Cushing’s Disease
5. Treatment of Cushing’s
Disease
G. Disorders of the 1. Clinical presentation of
neurohypophysis diabetes insipidus
2. Approach to the diagnosis of
CHAPTER 381
central and nephrogenic
PAGE 2918-2926 diabetes insipidus
3. Treatment of central and
nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus
4. Clinical characteristics of
acute and chronic SIADH
5. Causes of SIADH
6. Pathophysiology of SIADH
SIADH
8. Management of acute
symptomatic SOADH

II. Thyroid Dysfunction: A. Hypothyroidism 1. Primary causes of
Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis, Goiter 2. Pathogenesis of autoimmune
hypothyroidism
3. Clinical manifestation of
hypothyroidism
diagnosis of causes of
hypothyroidism
5. Management of clinical
hypothyroidism
6. Indications for management
of subclinical hypothyroidism
7. Management of maternal
hypothyroidism
8. Clinical features of
myxedema coma
9. Management of myxedema
coma
B. Thyrotoxicosis 1. Causes of thyrotoxicosis
2. Clinical manifestations of
thyrotoxicosis
3. Approach to laboratory
evaluation and diagnosis of
causes of thyrotoxicosis
4. Pathogenesis of Grave’s
disease
5. Clinical features and
complications of Grave’s
disease
6. Management of
thyrotoxicosis based on
causes, thyrotoxic
complications, and in the
setting of pregnancy
7. Mechanisms, indications,
and adverse effects of
antithyroid drugs
8. Clinical features of thyrotoxic
crisis
9. Management of thyrotoxic
crisis

C. Thyroiditis 1. Forms of thyroiditis and their
CHAPTER 382-386
clinical features and causes
2. Management of the various
forms of thyroiditis
D. Sick euthyroid syndrome 1. Hormonal patterns in SES
(SES)
E. Diffuse nontoxic goiter 1. Etiology and pathogenesis of
(DNTG) DNTG
2. Diagnostic approach to
DNTG
3. Treatment of DNTG
F. Other forms of goiter 1. Clinical features and
treatment of nontoxic
multinodular goiter
treatment of toxic
multinodular goiter
treatment of toxic adenoma
G. Thyroid cancer 1. Classification of thyroid
cancer and their clinical
features
2. Risk factors for thyroid
carcinoma
3. Pathogenesis of and genetic
alterations in thyroid cancer
4. Treatment of thyroid cancer
according to classification
5. Approach to a patient with
thyroid nodule
III. Osteoporosis A. Diagnosis and 1. WHO definition of
epidemiology osteoporosis
CHAPTER 411 2. Differentiate osteopenia
from osteoporosis
3. Risk factors of osteoporosis
fractures
4. Pathophysiology of
osteoporosis
5. Diagnostic approach in
osteoporosis
B. Management 1. Roles of calcium nutrition,
vitamin D and estrogen
status on osteoporosis risk

2. Risk prevention and
treatment of osteoporosis
IV. Adrenal Dysfunction A. Cushing’s syndrome 1. Differentiate etiologies of
Cushing’s syndrome (ACTH-
dependent, ACTH-
independent, and iatrogenic)
complications of Cushing’s
syndrome
3. Approach to screening and
confirmation of diagnosis of
suspected cases of Cushing’s
syndrome
4. Management of Cushing’s
syndrome based on etiology
B. Mineralocorticoid excess 1. Etiologies of primary
hyperaldosteronism
consequences of primary
hyperaldosteronism
3. Indications for screening for
mineralocorticoid excess
4. Screening test for
5. Diagnostic confirmation of
C. Adrenal insufficiency 1. Causes of primary and
secondary adrenal
insufficiency
and hormonal abnormalities
in primary adrenal
insufficiency
and hormonal abnormalities
in secondary adrenal
insufficiency
4. Clinical manifestations other
causes of adrenal
insufficiency: hypothalamic-
pituitary, iatrogenic

acute adrenal insufficiency
adrenal insufficiency and its
causes
7. Treatment of acute adrenal
insufficiency
8. Treatment of chronic adrenal
insufficiency
D. Pheochromocytoma 1. Etiology and pathogenesis of
CHAPTER 397 pheochromocytoma
PAGE 2976-2983
pheochromocytoma
pheochromocytoma
pheochromocytoma
malignant
pheochromocytoma
V. Diabetes Mellitus: Types of A. Definition and 1. Common etiologic types of
DM, GDM, Acute and Chronic classification DM and their clinical
Complications, Hypoglycemia features
2. Features of the DM
CHAPTER 403-406 phenotype in Asia
PAGE 3094-3129 3. Criteria for diagnosis of DM
and gestational DM
4. Spectrum of glucose
homeostatis in Type 1 and
Type 2 DM
5. Recommendations on DM
screening
B. Pathogenesis of DM 1. Pathogenesis of T1DM
2. Pathophysiology of T1DM
3. Role of immunologic markers
in T1DM
4. Pathogenesis of T2DM
5. Pathophysiology of T2DM
6. Metabolic abnormalities in
T2DM
7. Insulin resistance syndromes

8. Strategies to prevent
development of T2DM
C. Management 1. Principles in the
management of DM
2. Lifestyle management in
diabetes care including self-
management education and
support and exercise
3. Principles of medical
nutrition therapy in T1DM
and T2DM
4. Treatment goals in DM
including approaches to
monitoring of glycemic
control
5. Various insulin preparations,
their pharmacokinetic
properties and adverse
effects
6. Differentiate prandial from
basal insulin requirement
7. Common drugs used in the
management of DM, their
mechanisms of action,
indications and adverse
effects
8. Specific management issues
in T1DM, T2DM, and GDM
D. Acute severe 1. Clinical manifestations of
hyperglycemia: DKA and HHS DKA and HHS
2. Pathophysiology of DKA and
HHS
3. Laboratory abnormalities
and approach to diagnosis of
DKA and HHS
4. General principles and
approach to management of
DKA and HHS
5. Issues in acid-base, fluid, and
electrolyte management in
DKA and HHS
E. Chronic complications of 1. Microvascular,
DM macrovascular and non-

vascular complications of
DM
2. Outcomes of glycemic
control on DM complications
based on the DCCT, EDIC,
UKPDS and Kumamoto
studies
3. Mechanisms of development
of DM complications
4. Screening recommendations
for DM complications
5. Management
recommendations for
specific DM complications
VI. Parathyroid dysfunction A. Primary 1. Etiology and clinical
CHAPTER 410 hyperparathyroidism manifestations of primary
hyperparathyroidism
2. Diagnosis of
hyperparathyroidism
3. Treatment of primary
hyperparathyroidism and its
metabolic complications
B. Malignancy-related 1. Pathogenesis and
hypercalcemia mechanisms of
hypercalcemia of malignancy
including humoral
hypercalcemia
2. Malignancies associated with
4. Therapeutic approach to
C. Hypercalcemia associated 1. Pathogenesis of
with renal failure hypercalcemia in renal
failure
hypercalcemia of renal
failure
3. Management of
hypercalcemia of renal
failure

VII. Obesity A. Definition, measurement, 1. Definition of obesity
pathophysiology, and 2. Measures of obesity
CHAPTER treatment 3. Etiologies of obesity
401 4. Pathogenesis of common
402 obesity
5. Role of leptin in typical
407
obesity
408 6. Pathologic consequences of
obesity
7. Approach to treatment of
obesity

Infectious Diseases

I. Adult Immunization A. General Principles 1. Key differences between live
attenuated and inactivated
GUIDELINES vaccines
2. Types of vaccines and examples
3. Guidelines on timing and
spacing of vaccines
4. Valid and invalid
contraindications to
vaccinations
B. Adult immunization 1. Recommended vaccination by
schedules age group in the absence of
documented vaccination or
evidence of past infection
2. Recommended vaccination in
special populations
3. Contraindicated vaccines in
special populations
4. Indicated vaccination in special
populations if benefit of
protection outweighs risk
II. Dengue A. Etiology, pathogenesis, 1. Etiologic agents and disease
case definitions, clinical vectors
GUIDELINES manifestations 2. Epidemiology of dengue
3. Transmission and pathogenesis
of dengue
4. WHO case definitions of
dengue infection/spectrum
a. Probable dengue
b. Dengue fever
c. Severe dengue
dengue based on level of
severity or phases of disease
a. Febrile phase
b. Critical phase
c. Recovery phase
B. Diagnosis, Management 1. Stepwise approach to
management of dengue
2. Recommended treatment
based on patient grouping

a. Outpatient management
b. In-hospital management
c. Emergency management
3. Management of disease
complications and treatment
complications
a. Dengue shock
b. Hemorrhage
c. Other organ impairment
d. Fluid overload
e. Glycemic control
4. Discharge criteria for admitted
patients
5. Supportive care and adjuvant
therapy
6. Vector control
III. Infective Endocarditis (IE) A. Etiology, Pathogenesis, 1. Difference from infective
Clinical manifestations endarteritis
CHAPTER 128 2. Classification based on
PAGE 1022-1034 temporal evolution of disease
3. Epidemiology of and
predisposition to IE
4. Portals of entry of associated
bacterial species in IE
5. HACEK organisms
6. Causes of health-care
associated native valve
endocarditis (NVE)
7. Causes of prosthetic valve
endocarditis based on temporal
presentation from surgery
8. Causes of CIED endocarditis
9. Causes of endocarditis among
injection drug users
10. Causes of blood culture
negative endocarditis
11. Pathogenesis of infective
endocarditis
12. Clinical manifestations of IE and
their pathophysiology
13. Clinical manifestations based
on specific predisposing
conditions

B. Diagnosis 1. Modified Duke Criteria for the
clinical diagnosis of IE
2. Definition of definite and
possible IE
3. Considerations in performing
blood culture studies
4. Role of serologic tests in IE
5. Choice of echocardiographic
techniques in IE work-up
C. Treatment 1. Principles in antimicrobial
therapy of IE
2. Recommended organism-
specific antibiotic therapies in
IE
3. Recommendations on
evaluation of organism
sensitivity or resistance to
antibiotics
4. Approach to empiric therapy in
acute, subacute and culture-
negative endocarditis
5. Approach to outpatient
antibiotic therapy in IE
6. Monitoring and evaluation of
antibiotic therapy in IE
7. Indications for surgical
management in IE
8. Recommendations on IE
prophylaxis
IV. Febrile Neutropenia 1. Definition of febrile
neutropenia
2. Risk factors for febrile
neutropenia
3. Approach to diagnostic work-
up
4. Recommended management
approach to febrile
neutropenia
5. Indications for C-CSF or GM-SCF
V. Fever of Unknown Origin A. Definition, Etiology and 1. Definition of FUO
(FUO) Epidemiology 2. Etiologies of FUO and
GUIDELINES epidemiology
and book?

3. Common noninfectious
inflammatory diseases (NIIDs)
presenting as FUO
4. Most common cancer causes of
FUO
5. Most common miscellaneous
causes of FUO
B. Diagnostic approach 1. First-stage diagnostic tests and
interventions in the work-up of
FU
2. Guided diagnostic steps in the
work-up of FUO
3. Role of imaging and functional
imaging studies
4. Second-stage diagnostic tests in
the work-up of FUO
5. Role of late-stage diagnostic
tests in the work-up of FUO
C. Management and 1. Treatment principles and
Prognosis approach to treatment of FUO
2. Contraindications and
indications for therapeutic
trials of antibiotics, NSAIDs,
glucocorticoids or anti-TB drugs
3. Role of other anti-inflammatory
agents (e.g. Anakinra)
4. Prognosis of FUO
VI. HIV/AIDS A. Definition, Etiology, 1. Classification based on HIV
Pathogenesis, infection stages
CHAPTER 201-202 Transmission, 2. AIDS-defining opportunistic
PAGE 1521-1527 Epidemiology illnesses in HIV infection
3. Characteristics of the etiologic
agent HIV and its antigenic
determinants crucial for
infection
4. Replication cycle of HIV
5. Molecular heterogeneity of
HIV-1 and the four groups of
HIV-1
6. Predominant CRF in southeast
asia
7. Mechanisms of viral
transmission in different

settings (sexual, transfusion,
occupational, maternal-fetal,
etc.)
8. Epidemiology of HIV infection
and AIDS in Asia and SE Asia
B. Pathophysiology, 1. General hallmark of HIV disease
Pathogenesis 2. Mechanisms of CD4+ T cell
depletion or dysfunction
3. Course of Primary HIV
infection, initial viremia, and
viral dissemination
4. Role of co-receptors in HIV
pathogenesis
5. Mechanisms of establishing
chronic and persistent infection
6. Immune evasion, immune
activation and inflammation in
HIV pathogenesis
7. Reservoirs of HIV-infected cells
8. Features of advanced HIV
disease
9. Definition of long term
survivors, long term non
progressors, and elite
controllers
C. Diagnosis, Clinical 1. Diagnostic approach in HIV
manifestations infection
2. Guidelines on serologic testing
in HIV-1 diagnosis
3. Laboratory monitoring in HIV
infection
4. Clinical manifestations of acute
HIV infection
5. Define clinical latency in HIV
infection
opportunistic infections in AIDS
D. Management 1. Principles of therapy of HIV
infection
2. Recommended therapy of HIV
infection, including pregnant
women

3. Drug categories used in HAART
and their adverse effects
4. IRIS and its management
5. Recommended prophylaxis in
against opportunistic infections
in patients with HIV infection
6. Recommended management of
common opportunistic diseases
in HIV infection
VII. Leprosy A. Etiology, pathogenesis, 1. Characteristics and
diagnosis epidemiology of
CHAPTER 179 Mycobacterium leprae
PAGE 1382-1392 2. Indices of infection in leprosy
GUIDELINES 3. Approach to diagnosis of
leprosy
4. Modes of transmission
B. Clinical features, Disease 1. Differentiate the various
spectrum spectrum of leprosy based on
clinical, bacteriologic,
pathologic and immunologic
parameters:
a. Polar tuberculoid
b. Borderline tuberculoid
c. Midborderline
d. Borderline lepromatous
e. Polar lepromatous
2. Spectrum of disease
presentation in SouthEast Asia
3. Clinical and pathologic features
of the various reactional states
in leprosy:
a. Type 1 lepra reaction
b. Type 2 lepra reaction
c. Lucio’s phenomenon
4. Characteristics of specific
tissue/organ involvement:
a. Extremities
b. Nose
c. Eyes
d. Testes
C. Treatment 1. WHO treatment
recommendation based on the
form/spectrum of leprosy

2. Mechanisms and adverse
effects of the various drugs
used for leprosy
VIII. Leptospirosis A. Epidemiology, 1. Characteristics and sources of
pathogenesis transmission of etiologic agent
CHAPTER 184 2. Pathogenesis of leptospirosis
PAGE 1417-1421 3. Temporal pattern of detection
GUIDELINES of leptospires in blood, CSF and
urine
B. Clinical manifestations, 1. Clinical features of mild
diagnosis leptospirosis
2. Clinical features of severe
leptospirosis/Weill’s syndrome
leptospirosis
C. Management 1. Treatment recommendations in
the following settings:
a. Mild leptospirosis
b. Moderate/Severe
leptospirosis
2. Supportive therapy in severe
leptospirosis
3. Role/indication of
chemoprophylaxis
4. Prognosis of leptospirosis
IX. Malaria A. Etiology, pathogenesis, 1. Various species associated with
epidemiology malarial infection in humans
CHAPTER 224 and their characteristics
PAGE 1720-1736 2. Pathogenesis of malarial
infection:
a. Pre-erythrocytic
b. Asexual erythrocytic
c. Transmission and
sporogony
3. Definition of endemicity
4. Determinants of epidemiology
of malaria
B. Pathology, host 1. Erythrocytic changes in malaria
response 2. Nonspecific host defense
response to malaria
3. Genetic disorders that confer
protection against severe
malaria

4. Immune response to malaria
C. Clinical features, 1. Clinical features of malarial
Diagnosis infection
a. Initial constitutional
symptoms
b. Manifestations of severe
falciparum malaria
c. Features associated with
poor prognosis in severe
falciparum malaria
d. Malaria in pregnancy
e. Transfusion malaria
2. Chronic complications of
malaria
malaria
D. Management, Prognosis 1. Recommended treatment
based on the type of malarial
disease
a. Uncomplicated malaria
based on strain and
sensitivity
b. Second line therapies
c. Severe falciparum malaria
2. Supportive therapy in malaria’
3. Adverse effects of commonly
used anti-malarial drugs
4. Complications of severe
malaria
5. Indications for
chemoprophylaxis and choice
drugs
X. Rabies A. Etiology, Epidemiology, 1. Etiologic agent and
Pathogenesis epidemiology of rabies
CHAPTER 208 2. Pathogenesis of rabies
PAGE 1618-1624 3. Neuropathologic changes in
GUIDELINES rabies
B. Clinical Manifestations, 1. Clinical presentations of rabies:
Diagnosis a. Prodrome
b. Encephalitic
c. Paralytic
2. Approach to diagnosis and
laboratory evaluation

3. Differential diagnosis in rabies
C. Management 1. Supportive management of
rabies
2. Role and indications of post-
exposure prophylaxis
3. Role and indications of passive
and active vaccination
XI. SARS/SARS-COV A. Etiology, Pathogenesis 1. Etiologic agents of SARS, MERS
and COVID
2. Pathogenesis of SARS, MERS,
COVID
B. Clinical manifestations, 1. Clinical manifestations of SARS,
Diagnosis MERS, and COVID
2. Approach to diagnosis of SARS,
MERS, and COVID
C. Management, Prognosis 1. Supportive management of
SARS, MERS, COVID
2. Role of anti-viral therapy in
SARS, MERS, COVID
3. Prognosis of SARS, MERS,
COVID
XII. Schistosomiasis A. Etiology, Epidemiology, 1. Sequence of infection and
Pathogenesis, Immunity transmission
CHAPTER 234 2. Pathogenesis of chronic
PAGE 1784-1790 schistosomiasis and its
complications
B. Clinical Features, 1. Disease manifestations of
Diagnosis intestinal schistosomiasis
2. Disease manifestations of S.
haematobium
3. Features of other organ
involvement in schistosomiasis
schistosomiasis
C. Treatment 1. Recommended treatment of
schistosomiasis based on stage
and clinical presentation
XIII. Skin and Soft Tissue A. Dermatologic 1. Dermal anatomy and the risk of
Infections manifestations of specific infections
infections 2. Infections associated with
CHAPTER 129 vesicles, bullae, and crusted
PAGE 1034-1040 lesions
3. Etiologies of folliculitis

4. Infections associated with
popular and nodular lesions
5. Infections associated with
ulcerations
B. Erysipelas 1. Etiologic agents
2. Clinical manifestation and
Diagnosis
3. Management of erysipelas
C. Cellulitis 1. Etiologic agents
diagnosis
3. Management of cellulitis
D. Necrotizing fasciitis 1. Etiologic agents
Diagnosis
3. Management
E. Myositis/Myonecrosis 1. Infectious agents with muscle
involvement
2. Clinical features and etiologic
causes of pyomyositis and
primary myositis
3. Clinical features and etiologic
causes of gas gangrene and
spontaneous nontraumatic
gangrene
myositis and myonecrosis
5. Principles and approach to
treatment of myositis and
myonecrosis
XIV. Infectious Arthritis A. Diagnosis 1. Diagnostic approach to
suspected case of infectious
CHAPTER 130 arthritis
PAGE 1040-1046 2. Criteria for definitive diagnosis
of infection in infectious
arthritis
B. Acute bacterial arthritis 1. Pathogenesis of acute bacterial
arthritis
2. Etiologic agents based on route
of entry
3. Predisposing risk factors for
septic arthritis

4. Clinical manifestations of acute
bacterial arthritis
5. Laboratory findings in acute
bacterial arthritis
6. Approach to treatment of acute
bacterial arthritis
C. Gonococcal arthritis 1. Clinical features and diagnosis
of diffuse gonococcal infection
2. Clinical features and diagnosis
of true gonococcal septic
arthritis
gonococcal arthritis
4. Treatment of gonococcal
arthritis
XV. Tetanus A. Definition, etiology, 1. Clinical definition of tetanus
pathogenesis and maternal tetanus
2. Etiologic agents and
GUIDELINES
pathogenesis in relation to
exotoxins
B. Clinical features, 1. Clinical and pathologic
Diagnosis progression of tetanus
2. Clinical features of generalized
and localized tetanus
tetanus and the role of serum
anti-tetanus IgG
C. Management, Prognosis 1. Approach to management and
supportive care
2. Factors associated with poor
outcome
XVI. Typhoid Fever A. Etiology, pathogenesis, 1. Etiology and antigenic
epidemiology determinants of salmonellosis
and typhoid fever
2. Pathogenesis of salmonellosis
and typhoid fever
3. Epidemiology and modes of
transmission of S. typhi and S.
paratyphi
4. Antibiotic resistance of S. typhi
B. Clinical manifestations 1. Clinical presentation of typhoid
and diagnosis fever

2. Manifestations of severe
typhoid fever
3. Relapse and chronic
asymptomatic carriage states
4. Diagnostic approach in Typhoid
fever
C. Treatment 1. Recommended treatment
approach in Typhoid fever in
the following settings:
a. Empiric
b. Fully susceptible strains
c. MDR strains
d. Quinolone-resistant strains
e. Chronic carriage state
f. Pregnant women
2. Criteria for hospital-based
management of Typhoid fever
3. Role of glucocorticoids in
typhoid fever
4. Role of typhoid vaccines
XVII. Urinary Tract Infection A. Definitions, 1. Definitions of asymptomatic
(UTI) Epidemiology, Risk factors, bacteriuria (ASB), UTI,
CHAPTER 135 Etiology, Pathogenesis prostatitis, and pyelonephritis
GUIDELINES 2. Incidence of UTI and ASB based
on sex and age
3. Risk factors for acute cystitis
and pyelonephritis among men
and women
4. Causative uropathogens based
on clinical syndrome
5. Pathogenesis of UTI
B. Clinical Manifestations, 1. Clinical features of the different
Diagnosis clinical syndromes of UTI
clinical syndromes of UTI
C. Management 1. Approach to management of
the following:
a. Uncomplicated cystitis
in women
b. Uncomplicated
pyelonephritis
c. UTI in pregnant women
d. UTI in men

e. Complicated UTI
f. Asymptomatic
bacteriuria
g. Catheter-associated UTI
h. Candiduria
2. Approach to prevention of
recurrent UTI in women
XVIII. Intraabdominal A. Peritonitis 1. Etiology and pathogenesis of
infections and abscesses Primary or spontaneous
bacterial peritonitis (PBP)
CHAPTER 132 2. Clinical presentation and
PAGE 1054-1061 diagnosis of PBP
3. Management and prevention of
PBP
4. Etiology and pathology of
secondary peritonitis
diagnosis of secondary
peritonitis
6. Treatment of secondary
peritonitis
7. Etiology and Pathogenesis of
CAPD peritonitis
B. Intraperitoneal and 1. Pathogenesis and clinical
retroperitoneal abscesses presentation of intraperitoneal
and retroperitoneal abscesses
2. Diagnosis and approach to
treatment of intraperitoneal
and retroperitoneal abscesses
C. Visceral abscesses 1. General features, microbiology
and pathogenesis of visceral
abscesses
a. Liver abscesses
b. Splenic abscess
c. Perinephric and renal
abscess
d. Psoas abscess
diagnosis of
a. Liver abscesses
b. Splenic abscess
abscess

d. Psoas abscess
3. Treatment of
a. Liver abscesses
b. Splenic abscess
abscess
d. Psoas abscess

Gastrointestinal Disorders
Disease/Condition/Process Area Objectives: Examinee must

know
I. PUD and related diseases A. Epidemiology and 1. Definition of an ulcer
Pathophysiology of PUD 2. Basic anatomy of the upper
CHAPTER 234 GIT and the physiology of
PAGE 2434-2458 gastric acid secretion
3. Epidemiology of duodenal
and gastric ulcers
4. Pathology of gastric and
duodenal ulcers
5. Pathophysiology of H. pylori-
associated PUD
6. Pathophysiology of NSAID-
induced PUD
7. Pathogenetic factors in acid
peptic disease
8. Risk factors for NSAID-
induced PUD
9. Pathogenesis of ulcers
unrelated to H. pylori or
NSAID
B. Clinical features and 1. Clinical presentation and PE
Diagnosis of PUD findings in PUD
2. Complications associated
with PUD
gastric and duodenal ulcers
C. Management of PUD 1. General approach to
diagnosis and treatment of
dyspepsia
H. pylori-associated PUD
NSAID-induced PUD
4. Role, indications and
complications of surgery
D. Zollinger-Ellison 1. Epidemiology, pathogenesis,
syndrome and pathophysiology of
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

4. Treatment and prognosis of
E. Stress-related Mucosal 1. Definition and pathogenesis
injury of stress-related mucosal
injury
2. Disease presentation
3. Management of stress-
related mucosal injury
F. Gastritis 1. Definition and classification
of gastritis
2. Features, manifestations and
presentation of acute
gastritis
3. Classification and features of
chronic gastritis
4. Differentiate between Type
A and Type B chronic
gastritis
II. Esophageal disorders GERD 1. Pathophysiology of GERD
2. Clinical features of GERD
CHAPTER 323 3. Complications of GERD
PAGE 2423-2434 4. Pharmacologic and non-
pharmacologic therapy of
GERD
III. Irritable Bowel Syndrome A. Features, Diagnosis 1. Definition and incidence of
(IBS) IBS
2. Approach to diagnosis of IBS
CHAPTER 327 3. Criteria for diagnosis of IBS
PAGE 2490-2497 4. Pathophysiology of IBS
5. Clinical features of IBS
B. Management 1. Approach to management of
IBS
2. Dietary management of IBS
IV. Gastrointestinal Bleeding A. Clinical features 1. Differentiate manifestations
of upper and lower GI
bleeding
2. Differentiate clinical
manifestations of overt and
occult GI bleeding
B. Sources of GI bleeding 1. Epidemiology and etiology of
upper GI bleeding

2. Epidemiology and etiology of
lower GI bleeding
C. Diagnosis and 1. General approach to
Management patients presenting with GI
bleeding
2. Initial evaluation of patients
with acute GI bleeding
3. Indications for urgent
endoscopy
4. Important management
prior to an endoscopy
5. Predictors of rebleeding and
death in acute GI bleeding
6. Management of UGIB based
on endoscopic diagnosis and
endoscopic features
7. Glasgow-Blatchard scoring
and its application
management of patients
presenting with
hematochezia or suspected
lower GI bleeding
a. Hemodynamically stable
b. Hemodynamically
unstable
management of suspected
small intestinal or obscure GI
bleeding
10. Approach to patients
presenting with a positive
fecal occult blood test
V. Inflammatory Bowel disease A. Epidemiology, 1. Epidemiology of IBD and IBD
(IBD) Pathogenesis, Pathology phenotypes
2. Risk factors of IBD
CHAPTER 326 3. Pathogenesis of IBD
PAGE 2469-2490 4. Pathologic changes in
ulcerative colitis (UC) and
Crohn’s disease (CD)
B. Clinical presentation, 1. Clinical presentation of
Diagnosis Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s
disease and their differences

2. Endoscopic and radiographic
features of Ulcerative colitis
and Crohn’s disease
3. Complications of Ulcerative
colitis and Crohn’s disease
4. Extraintestinal
manifestations of IBD
C. Management 1. General management of UC
and CD
UC and CD based on severity
3. Adverse effects associated
with drug therapies for IBD
VI. Infectious diarrhea Pathogenic mechanisms, 1. Pathogenic mechanisms of
Approach to patient etiologic agents related to
inoculum size, adherence
factors, toxin production,
and invasiveness
2. Important host-related
defense against and
susceptibility to infectious
diarrhea
3. Approach to patient
presenting with diarrhea,
nausea or vomiting
VII. Intestinal Ischemia and Intestinal ischemia 1. Pathophysiology of intestinal
Mesenteric vascular ischemia according to
insufficiency etiology
a. AOMI
CHAPTER 329 b. NOMI
PAGE 2506-2508 c. MVT
2. Presentation, Evaluation and
management of
a. AOMI
b. NOMI
c. MVT
3. Presentation, Diagnostic
Approach and Management
of Chronic intestinal
ischemia
VIII. Liver diseases: Viral A. General Information 1. Patterns of liver diseases
Hepatitis, Alcohol, Drug- 2. Approach to diagnosis of
induced liver disease

3. Clinical presentation and PE
CHAPTER 336-343 findings in liver diseases
4. Laboratory testing for
common liver diseases
5. Approach to evaluation of
abnormal liver function test
results
evaluation of suspected liver
disease
7. Roles and Indications of
diagnostic imaging in liver
diseases
8. Indications of liver biopsy
9. Grading and staging of liver
disease
a. METAVIR, ISHAK
b. Child-Pugh Classification
of liver cirrhosis
B. Acute Viral Hepatitis 1. Causative agents of acute
viral hepatitis
2. Virology, characteristics,
incubation period,
epidemiology, routes of
transmission of viral
hepatitis based on etiology
3. Serologic and viral markers
of:
a. Hepatitis A (HAV)
b. Hepatitis B (HBV)
c. Hepatitis C (HCV)
d. Hepatitis D (HDV)
e. Hepatitis E (HEV)
4. Serologic patterns of HBV
infection and their
interpretations
5. High-risk population for
whom screening is
recommended for:
a. HBV
b. HCV
6. Extra-hepatic manifestations
of HBV and HCV infection

7. Pathologic findings in viral
hepatitis
8. Clinical and laboratory
features of viral hepatitis
according to etiology
9. Prognosis and complications
of viral hepatitis according to
etiology
10. Recommended therapy for
viral hepatitis according to
etiology
11. Prophylaxis based on
etiology
12. Management of fulminant
hepatitis
C. Toxic and Drug-induced 1. Mechanisms of
hepatitis hepatotoxicity of drugs
and/or their metabolites
2. Characteristics of direct toxic
type of live injury caused by
drugs
3. Characteristics of
idiosyncratic liver injury
caused by drugs
4. Clinical features, mechanism
and treatment of liver injury
caused by:
a. Acetaminophen
b. Isoniazid
c. Amiodarone
d. Statins (HMGCoA
reductase inhibitors)
D. Chronic viral hepatitis 1. Classification of chronic
hepatitis based on cause,
histology, and stage
2. Features of chronic hepatitis
B infection:
a. Replicative stage
b. Non-replicative stage
c. Reactivations
3. Characteristics of the
molecular variants of HBV

4. Characteristics of HBeAg-
reactive and HBeAg-non-
reactive chronic HBV
infection
5. Inactive carrier state
6. Clinical presentation of
chronic HBV infection
7. Laboratory features of
chronic HBV infection
8. Recommended management
of chronic HBV infection in
relation to HBeAg reactivity
and clinical condition
9. Features of chronic HDV
infection
10. Epidemiology and clinical
features of Chronic HCV
infection
11. Long-term prognosis of
chronic HCV infection
12. Diagnostic and Laboratory
features of chronic HCV
infection
13. Recommended therapy of
HCV infection based on
genotypes in the Philippines
14. General classes of drugs for
HCV infection and their
adverse effects
E. Autoimmune hepatitis 1. Definition,
immunopathogenesis and
clinical features of
autoimmune hepatitis
2. Categories of autoimmune
hepatitis
3. Diagnostic criteria for
autoimmune hepatitis
4. Treatment of autoimmune
hepatitis
F. Alcoholic liver disease 1. Forms of alcoholic liver
(ALD) injury
2. Pathogenesis of alcoholic
liver disease and pathology

of the forms of alcoholic
liver injury
3. Laboratory features of forms
of alcoholic liver injury
4. Prognosis and treatment of
ALD
G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver 1. Incidence, prevalence and
disease (NAFLD) and natural history of NAFLD and
nonalcoholic NASH
steatohepatosis (NASH) 2. Pathogenesis of NAFLD and
NASH
3. Diagnostic approach to and
staging of NAFLD and NASH
4. Clinical features of NAFLD
and NASH
NAFLD and NASH
IX. Cirrhosis and its A. Definitions, general 1. Histopathologic features of
complications pathologic features, staging cirrhosis
2. Clinical features, staging and
CHAPTER 344
grading of cirrhosis
PAGE 2624-2633 3. Features of posthepatitic
cirrhosis
4. Features of cirrhosis from
autoimmune hepatitis and
NAFLD
B. Alcoholic cirrhosis 1. Pathologic features of
(Laennec’s cirrhosis) alcoholic cirrhosis
2. Pathogenesis of alcoholic
cirrhosis
features of alcoholic
cirrhosis
alcoholic cirrhosis
C. Complications of cirrhosis 1. Definition, pathogenesis,
clinical features of the
following cirrhosis and
complications:
a. Portal hypertension
b. Ascites
c. Spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis

d. Hepatic encephalopathy
2. General features of the
following cirrhosis
complications
a. Splenomegaly and
hypersplenism
b. Hepatorenal syndrome
c. Malnutrition in cirrhosis
d. Coagulopathies
e. Bone disease
3. Management of the
following cirrhosis
complications:
a. Portal hypertension
b. Ascites
c. Spontaneous bacterial
peritonitis
d. Hepatic encephalopathy
X. Pancreatitis A. Acute pancreatitis 1. Etiology and pathogenesis of
acute pancreatitis
CHAPTER 347-348 2. Pathologic features of
PAGE 2652-2657 interstitial and necrotizing
pancreatitis
acute pancreatitis
4. Laboratory findings and
diagnostic criteria of acute
pancreatitis
5. Clinical course of acute
pancreatitis according to
phase and severity
6. Risk factors for severity
including markers of severity
within 24 hours and during
hospitalization
7. Revised Atlanta definitions
of morphologic features of
acute pancreatitis
8. Management of acute
pancreatitis:
a. ER management
including fluid
resuscitation and

monitoring of response
to therapy
b. Severity assessment and
triage
c. Considerations based on
etiology
d. Nutritional therapy
e. Management of
complications
f. Follow-up care
B. Chronic pancreatitis 1. Pathophysiology of chronic
pancreatitis
2. Cardinal manifestations of
chronic pancreatitis
3. Risk factors and etiologic
agents of chronic
pancreatitis
4. Clinical features of chronic
pancreatitis
5. Diagnosis of chronic
pancreatitis
6. Complications of chronic
pancreatitis
7. Management of steatorrhea
and abdominal pain in
chronic pancreatitis
XI. Gallbladder and Biliary A. Gallstones 1. Epidemiology and
Tract diseases pathogenesis of cholesterol
and pigment gallstones
CHAPTER 346 2. Risk factors for development
PAGE 2641-2652 of cholesterol and pigment
stones
3. Diagnostic imaging
modalities in the work-up of
suspected gallstones
4. Natural history and clinical
features of gallstone disease
5. Treatment approach to
gallstone disease
B. Acute and chronic 1. Definition and pathogenesis
cholecystitis of acute cholecystitis

2. Clinical features of and PE
findings in acute
cholecystitis
3. Clinical features of and risk
factors for acalculous
cholecystitis
4. Clinical features, diagnosis,
risk factors of
emphysematous
cholecystitis
5. Diagnosis and management
of acute cholecystitis
6. Definition and complications
of chronic cholecystitis
C. Choledocholithiasis 1. Pathophysiology and clinical
manifestations of CBD
stones
2. Complications of CBD stones
CBD stones

Rheumatology

I. Osteoarthritis A. Definition, Risk factors, 1. Epidemiology of
Chapter 371 Pathology osteoarthritis
2. Pathologic sine qua non in
page 2854-2862
osteoarthritis
3. Pathogenesis in relation to
the joint protective
mechanisms
4. Risk factors in the
development of
osteoarthritis
5. Pathologic changes and
mechanism of pain in
osteoarthritis
B. Clinical Features, 1. Clinical presentation of
Treatment osteoarthritis
2. Indications of and findings in
laboratory evaluation of
osteoarthritis
3. Goals of therapy in
osteoarthritis
4. Pharmacologic approach to
pain management in
osteoarthritis and
anticipated complications of
therapy
5. Non-pharmacologic
management of
osteoarthritis
II. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) A. Epidemiology, Genetics, 1. Definition of RA
Chapter 358 Pathology, Pathogenesis 2. Epidemiology and genetic
page 2751 predisposition to RA
3. Pathologic hallmarks of RA
4. Pathogenesis of RA
B. Diagnosis, Clinical features 1. 2010 EULAR and ACR
and course classification criteria for RA
2. Laboratory features of RA
3. Joint imaging findings in RA
4. Incidence of RA
established RA

6. Extraarticular manifestations
of RA
7. Clinical course of RA
C. Treatment 1. Approach to a patient with
RA
2. Goals of therapy in RA
3. Classes of drugs used in RA,
their mechanisms,
indications, and adverse
effects
4. ACR/EULAR definition of
remission in RA
5. Management considerations
during pregnancy and in the
elderly
III. Scleroderma (Systemic A. Definitions, Epidemiology, 1. Definition and distinguishing
Sclerosis) Genetics, Pathogenesis hallmark of scleroderma
2. Classification based on skin
Chapter 360 involvement and their
page 2771-2787 diffreneces
3. CREST syndrome
4. SSc sine scleroderma
5. Epidemiology and genetic
basis of scleroderma
6. Environmental and
occupational risk factors in
scleroderma
7. Cardinal pathophysiologic
processes in scleroderma
8. Autoantibodies
characteristics of
scleroderma
9. Distinguishing pathologic
hallmark of scleroderma
10. Pathologic changes in various
organs:
a. Lungs
b. GIT
c. Kidneys
d. Heart
e. Other organs
B. Diagnosis and clinical 1. Clinical presentation
features

2. Clinical features of specific
organ involvement
a. Raynaud’s phenomenon
b. Skin
c. Pulmonary involvement
and interstitial lung
disease
d. Upper and lower GIT
e. Renal and the
scleroderma renal crisis
f. Cardiac
g. Musculoskeletal
3. Laboratory features of
scleroderma
4. Approach to diagnosis
C. Treatment 1. Treatment approach in
scleroderma
IV. Inflammatory Myopathies A. General clinical features, 1. Major groups of disorders
diagnosis, pathology, classified under
Chapter 365 pathogeneisis inflammatory myopathies
page 2819-2826 2. Epidemiology of major forms
of inflammatory myopathies
3. Diagnostic approach and
differential diagnosis in
inflammatory myopathies
4. Clinical features of:
a. Dermatomyositis
b. Polymyositis
c. Overlap syndromes
d. Inclusion body myositis
5. Pathology and pathogenesis
of:
a. Dermatomyositis
b. Polymyositis
c. Overlap syndromes
d. Inclusion body myositis
B. Treatment 1. Approach to management of
inflammatory myopathies
2. First and subsequent lines of
therapy in inflammatory
myopathies
V. Spondyloarthropathies A. Ankylosing spondylitis 1. Epidemiology and Genetics
Chapter 362 2. Pathology and pathogenesis
page 2790-2802
3. Clinical manifestations
4. Laboratory and radiographic
findings
6. ASAS criteria for
classification of axial
spondyloarthritis
ankylosing spondylitis
B. Reactive arthritis 1. Definition
2. Epidemiology and genetics
3. Pathology
4. Clinical features
findings
6. Diagnosis and treatment
C. Psoriatic arthritis 1. Definition
2. Epidemiology and genetics
3. Pathology
4. Clinical features
findings
6. Diagnosis based on the
CASPAR criteria
7. Approach to treatment
VI. SLE A. Pathogenesis, Etiology, 1. Epidemiology of SLE
Chapter 356 Pathology 2. Underlying cause of SLE
3. Autoantibodies in SLE and
page 2736-2749
their clinical relevance
4. Genetic, hormonal and
environmental factors in SLE
5. Pathologic features of SLE
6. WHO classification of lupus
nephritis
B. Diagnosis 1. SLICC criteria for classifying
SLE
2. 2019 EULAR/ACR criteria for
diagnosis of SLE
C. Clinical manifestations 1. Clinical features of SLE in
various organ involvement:
a. Musculoskeletal
b. Cutaneous
c. Renal

d. CNS
e. Vascular
f. Pulmonary
g. Cardiac
h. Hematologic
i. Gastrointestinal
j. Ocular
2. Laboratory tests during SLE
flares
D. Management 1. Approach to management of
non-life threatening disease
life-threatening SLE
3. Management of special
conditions in SLE
a. Crescentic lupus nephritis
b. Membranous lupus
nephritis
c. Pregnancy
d. Antiphospholipid
antibody syndrome
e. Microvascular
thrombotic crisis
f. Lupus dermatitis
4. Patient prognosis and
survival
E. Drug-induced lupus 1. Causes of drug-induced lupus
2. Manifestations and serology
3. Management
VII. Vasculitis A. Definition, 1. Definition and classification
pathophysiology, of primary and secondary
Chapter 362 pathogenesis vasculitis syndromes
page 2802-2817 2. Mechanism of pathogenic
immune-complex formation
and injury
3. Classification and role of
ANCA
4. Pathogenic effects of T
lymphocyte response
B. Clinical manifestations, 1. Clinical findings suggestive of
Diagnosis vasculitis

2. Approach to patient
suspected of vasculitis
syndrome
suspected vasculitis
syndromes
4. Role of arteriograms in the
diagnosis
C. Treatment 1. General principles of
treatment of vasculitis
syndromes
2. General approach to
management of vasculitis
syndromes
3. Classes of drugs used in
vasculitis syndromes, their
mechanisms and adverse
effects/toxicities
D. Specific syndromes 1. Clinical and pathologic
features, epidemiology,
pathogenesis, and approach
to diagnosis of:
a. Wegener’s
Granulomatosis
b. Microscopic polyangiitis
c. Churg-Strauss syndrome
d. Polyarteritis nodosa
e. Giant cell arteritis
f. Takayasu’s arteritis
g. Henoch-Schonlein
Purpura
2. Treatment approach in:
a. Wegener’s
Granulomatosis
b. Microscopic polyangiitis
c. Churg-Strauss syndrome
d. Polyarteritis nodosa
e. Giant cell arteritis
f. Takayasu’s arteritis
g. Henoch-Schonlein
Purpura
VIII. Gouty Arthritis A. Definition, Pathogenesis 1. Definition and pathogeneis
of gout

Chapter 372 2. Forms of gout based on
clinical presentation
page 2862-2868
B. Diagnosis 1. Approach to diagnosis of
GUIDELINES gout
laboratory tests in gout
3. Radiographic features of
gout
C. Treatment 1. Approach to treatment for
a. Acute gouty arthritis
b. Chronic gout
2. Classes of drugs used for
gout including mechanisms
and indications
3. Goal of hypouricemic
therapy
4. Indications for and goals of
hypouricemic therapy
IX. Acute Rheumatic Fever A. Epidemiology, 1. Definition of acute rheumatic
Pathogenesis fever
Chapter 356 2. Epidemiology and form often
seen in adults
3. Etiology and Pathogenesis of
acute rheumatic fever
B. Clinical features 1. Clinical presentation of acute
rheumatic fever and
recurrent episodes
2. Organ involvement in acute
rheumatic fever:
a. Heart
b. Joint
c. Skin
3. Form of chorea associated
with acute rheumatic fever
C. Diagnosis 1. Jones criteria for diagnosis of
acute rheumatic fever in the
era of Doppler
echocardiography
D. Treatment and prevention 1. Direction of therapy of acute
rheumatic fever
2. Antibiotic therapy in acute
rheumatic fever

3. Role of NSAIDs,
glucocorticoids, and IVIG in
the management of acute
rheumatic fever
4. Indications and approach to
primary and secondary
prophylaxis in acute
rheumatic fever

Nephrology

I. Acute Kidney Injury A. Definition, Etiology, 1. Definition of AKI
Pathophysiology 2. Epidemiology of AKI
CHAPTER 310 3. Definition, causes and
PAGE 2296-2309 pathophysiology of the forms
of AKI
a. Prerenal AKI
b. Intrinsic AKI
c. Postrenal AKI
4. Hemodynamic profile and
prognosis of hepatorenal
syndrome
5. Risk factor and
Pathophysiology of
a. Sepsis-associated AKI
b. Ischemia-associated AKI
c. Nephrotoxin-associated
AKI
6. Clinical course and findings
in contrast-induced AKI
7. AKI associated with
antibiotics and
chemotherapeutic agents
B. Diagnostic Evaluation 1. Diagnostic criteria for AKI
2. Key differences from chronic
kidney disease (CKD)
features of the forms of AKI
features of the causes of
intrinsic AKI
underlying causes of AKI
6. Urine and blood laboratory
findings in AKI in relation to
underlying cause
7. Renal failure indices
8. Role and indications for
imaging, biopsy and novel
biomarkers in the diagnosis
of AKI

C. Clinical manifestations, 1. Approach to management of
Treatment AKI
2. Complications of AKI and
their management
3. Indications for dialysis in AKI
4. Outcome and prognosis of
AKI
II. Chronic Kidney Disease A. Definition, 1. Definition of CKD
(CKD) Pathophysiology, Staging 2. KDIGO classification of CKD
based on estimated
CHAPTER 311 glomerular filtration rate
PAGE 2309-2320 (GFR) and albuminuria
3. Staging classification of CKD
and their differences in
clinical findings
4. Methods of estimating GFR
5. Etiology and epidemiology of
causes of CKD
6. Pathophysiology of CKD in
general
7. Pathophysiology ,
mechanisms, an
manifestations of uremia
B. Clinical Features 1. Clinical and laboratory
manifestations of CKD and
uremia
2. Manifestations of organ
specific complications of CKD
C. Management 1. Approach to evaluation and
management of patients with
CKD
fluid, electrolytes and acid-
base disorder in CKD
3. Treatment of disorders of
calcium and phosphate
metabolism
organ-specific complications
of CKD
5. Indications of and monitoring
of response or toxicity of

recombinant erythropoietic
agents
6. Interventions to slow
progression of CKD
7. Indications of and preparing
for renal replacement
therapy
III. Fluid and Electrolyte A. Hypovolemia 1. Definition of hypovolemia
Imbalance 2. Renal and extrarenal causes
of hypovolemia
CHAPTER 53-55 3. Spectrum of clinical
presentation in relation to
severity of hypovolemia
hypovolemia
hypovolemia
B. Hyponatremia 1. Definition of hyponatremia
2. Classification of types of
hyponatremia
3. Etiology and pathogenesis of
a. Hypovolemic
hyponatremia
b. Euvolomic hyponatremia
c. Hypervolemic
hyponatremia
4. Definition of SIADH
hyponatremia, “acute
symptomatic hyponatremia,”
and chronic hyponatremia
6. Diagnostic evaluation of
hyponatremia
hyponatremia
8. Definition of ODS
C. Hypernatremia 1. Definition of hypernatremia
2. Etiologies of hypernatremia
hypernatremia
hypernatremia

hypernatremia
hypernatremia
7. Additional management for
specific causes of
hypernatremia
D. Hypokalemia 1. Definition of hypokalemia
2. Etiologies/Forms of
hypokalemia
3. Relationship between
hypomagnesemia and
hypokalemia
hypokalemia
hypokalemia
hypokalemia including the
TTKG
7. Principles of management of
hypokalemia
hypokalemia
E. Hyperkalemia 1. Definition of hyperkalemia
and differences from
pseudohyperkalemia
2. Etiologies/Forms of
hyperkalemia
hyperkalemia
priority management of
hyperkalemia
5. Drugs useful in the
management of
hyperkalemia and their
mechanisms of action
F. Acid-base disturbances 1. Acid-base disturbances and
compensatory responses
2. Step-wise approach in the
diagnosis of acid-base
disturbances

3. Treatment approach in
specific acid-base disturbanes
IV. Glomerulopathies A. Etiologies, Pathogenesis, 1. Etiologies of glomerular
General features, Clinical diseases
CHAPTER 331 Syndromes 2. Pathogenesis of
PAGE 2331-2350 glomerulonephritis (GN)
3. Events leading to progression
of glomerular disease
4. Definition and classification
of proteinuria
5. Proteinuria, hematuria and
pyuria in glomerular diseases
6. Six glomerular injury
syndromes and their
differences
B. Pathology 1. Role of renal biopsy findings
in describing glomerular
injury
C. Acute nephritic 1. Classic presentation of acute
syndromes nephritic syndrome
2. Etiologies and pathogenesis
of
a. Poststreptococcal GN
b. Endocarditis-associated
GN
c. Lupus nephritis
d. Anti-GBM disease
e. IgA nephropathy
f. ANCA small vessel
vasculitis
g. Membranoproliferative
GN
h. Mesangioproliferative GN
3. Clinical presentation,
diagnosis, laboratory features
of:
a. Poststreptococcal GN
b. Endocarditis-associated
GN
c. Lupus nephritis
d. Anti-GBM disease
e. IgA nephropathy

f. ANCA small vessel
vasculitis
g. Membranoproliferative
GN
h. Mesangioproliferative GN
4. Specific treatment and
prognosis of acute nephritic
syndromes
D. Nephrotic syndromes 1. General and classic features
of nephrotic syndromes
2. Incidence, etiologies,
biopsy/pathologic features,
and pathophysiology of:
a. Minimal change disease
b. Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis
c. Membranous GN
d. Diabetic nephropathy
e. Forms of glomerular
deposition diseases
diagnosis and laboratory
features of
b. Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis
c. Membranous GN
deposition diseases
4. Treatment and prognosis of
b. Focal segmental
glomerulosclerosis
c. Membranous GN
deposition diseases
E. Other glomerular 1. Incidence, etiologies,
syndromes biopsy/pathologic features,
and pathophysiology of:
a. Pulmonary-renal
syndromes

b. Basement membrane
syndromes
c. Glomerular vascular
syndromes
d. Infectious disease-
associated syndromes
features of
a. Pulmonary-renal
syndromes
syndromes
syndromes
3. Treatment and prognosis of:
a. Pulmonary-renal
syndromes
syndromes
syndromes
V. Nephrolithiasis A. Etiology, Epidemiology, 1. Types of kidney stones
Predisposition, Pathogenesis 2. Associated medical
CHAPTER 318 conditions
PAGE 2368-2373 3. Pathogenesis
4. Risk factors in relation to the
type of kidney stones
B. Clinical presentation, 1. Clinical presentation
Diagnosis, Treatment, 2. Approach to patient with
Prevention suspected renal stone
3. Basis for clinical diagnosis of
nephrolithiasis
4. Role of imaging in the
diagnosis of nephrolithiasis
5. Symptomatic management of
nephrolithiasis

6. Role of hydration in
management of
nephrolithiasis
7. Potential benefit of alpha-
blocker therapy
urologic intervention
9. Approach to primary and
secondary prevention of
nephrolithiasis

Oncology

I. Prevention and Early A. Education, Healthful 1. Role of the following lifestyle
Detection of common habits, Cancer Prevention modifications on cancer
cancers strategies prevention:
a. Smoking cessation
Chapter 69-70 b. Physical activity
page 481-490 c. Diet modification
d. Body mass index/energy
balance
e. Sun avoidance and use of
sunscreens
2. Effective and ineffective
chemoprevention and
nutritional supplementation
for upper aerodigestive tract
cancers and colon cancers
3. Effective chemoprevention in
breast cancer
4. Ineffective chemoprevention
strategies in prostate cancer
5. Role of vaccines in cancer
prevention
6. Surgery in cancer prevention
B. Cancer screening for 1. Effective screening
specific cancers strategies/modalities and
their indications for the
following cancers:
a. Breast cancer
b. Cervical cancer
c. Colorectal cancer
d. Lung cancer
e. Prostate cancer
2. Ineffective cancer screening
strategies
cancer genetic screening
II. Oncologic Emergencies A. SVC syndrome 1. Most common malignant
causes in adults and young
Chapter 75 adults
page 565-678

2. Pathogenesis and clinical
manifestations of SVC
syndrome
3. PE findings in SVC syndrome
4. Laboratory/ Imaging findings
and approach to diagnosis of
SVC syndrome
5. Symptomatic management
and primary treatment based
on etiology
B. Malignant spinal cord 1. Definition and epidemiology
compression (MSCC) of MSCC
2. Modes of spinal cord
involvement in MSCC
3. Clinical manifestations of and
PE findings in MSCC
4. Features of cauda equina
syndrome
MSCC
6. Initial treatment of choice in
MSCC
7. NOMS assessment in
managing MSCC
C. Tumor Lysis Syndrome 1. Pathogenesis of TLS
(TLS) 2. Malignancies associated with
TLS
3. Laboratory features of TLS
4. Complications of TLS
5. Standard preventive
approach against TLS
6. Management of TLS
D. Hemolytic Uremic 1. Etiologies and clinical
syndrome (HUS) and manifestations
Thrombotic 2. Pathology and laboratory
thrombocytopenic purpura findings
(TTP) 3. Prognosis and treatment
4. Role of Rituximab in specific
causes of HUS and TTP
III. Breast cancer A. Epidemiology, Genetics, 1. Risk factors of hormone-
Prevention dependent breast cancer
Chapter 79 2. Hereditary breast cancer
page 611-626

3. Proven effective breast
cancer preventive strategies
B. Screening, Evaluation of 1. Indications for breast MRI as
breast masses, Diagnosis screening
2. Approach to evaluation of a
palpable breast mass
3. Approach to evaluation of an
abnormal mammogram
4. Approach to evaluation of
breast masses in pregnant
and lactating women
6. Breast cancer subtypes
C. Staging and Management 1. Staging of breast cancer
2. Definition of adjuvant,
neoadjuvant and curative
therapy in breast cancer
3. Role of post-operative
radiotherapy in resectable
breast cancer
4. Role of endocrine therapy,
trastuzumab, and
pertuzumab in breast cancer
5. Surveillance and follow-up of
breast cancer patients after
curative thrapy
IV. Lung cancer A. Epidemiology, Risk factors 1. Epidemiology of lung cancer
based on the GLOBOCAN
Chapter 78 2018 data
page 594-611 2. Lung cancer risk factors and
inherited predisposition
B. Pathology, Molecular 1. Major histologic types of lung
pathogenesis, Clinical cancer
manifestations 2. Role of
immunohistochemical stains
in determining histologic
types
3. Common and targetable
mutations in lung cancer
4. Clinical presentation of lung
cancer in relation to
a. Stage of disease
b. Pattern of growth

c. Regional spread
5. Paraneoplastic syndromes
associated with lung cancer
C. Diagnosis, Staging 1. Approach to diagnosis of lung
cancer
2. Laboratory and imaging
work-up for staging NSCLC
and SCLC
3. Anatomic staging system for
NSCLC and SCLC
4. Physiologic staging in lung
cancer
D. Management 1. General management of
Stage I and II NSCLC
2. Management of Stage III
NSCLC
Stage IV NSCLC
4. Management of limited stage
and extensive stage SCLC
5. Targeted therapies in NSCLC
6. Immunotherapies in NSCLC
and SCLC
V. Upper Gastrointestinal A. Gastric Cancer 1. Incidence, epidemiology, risk
Tract cancer factors, and pathology of
gastric cancer
Chapter 80
page 626-636 approach to diagnosis
gastric cancer
B. Esophageal cancer 1. Incidence, etiology,
pathology and pathogenesis
of esophageal cancer
diagnosis of esophageal
cancer
3. Treatment approach in
esophageal cancer
VI. Colorectal cancer A. Incidence, Pathogenesis, 1. Incidence of colorectal
Risk factors cancer in the Philippines
Chapter 81 based on the GLOBOCAN
page 636-643 2018

2. Precursor lesions in
carcinogenesis
3. Molecular changes during
the process of carcinogenesis
4. Etiology and risk factors for
colon cancer
5. Hereditary syndromes in
colon cancer
B. Clinical features, 1. Clinical presentation based
Diagnosis, Staging on anatomic location of
tumor
staging
3. Factors affecting prognosis
4. Staging of colon and rectal
cancers
C. Treatment, Surveillance 1. Approach to management of
colon cancer
rectal cancer
monoclonal antibodies in
colon and rectal cancer
4. Surveillance of colon and
rectal cancer after a curative
therapy
VII. Hepatocellular Carcinoma A. Epidemiology, 1. Epidemiology and risk factors
(HCC) Pathogenesis for HCC
2. Molecular pathogenesis of
HCC
3. Surveillance
recommendations of patients
at high risk of HCC
B. Diagnosis, Staging 1. Approach to evaluation of
mass/nodules on ultrasound
2. Imaging criteria for diagnosis
of HCC
3. Indications for biopsy for
suspected cases of HCC
4. BCLC staging classification
C. Treatment 1. Approach to treatment
according to stage

2. Role of biomarkers in
surveillance and treatment
choices
VIII. Prostatic CA A. Epidemiology, Risk 1. Risk factors for prostate
Factors, Diagnosis cancer
Chapter 87
2. Approach to screening and
page 681-689
diagnosis
B. Treatment 1. Treatment of prostate cancer
by clinical state
2. Treatment of non-castration
and castration-resistant
metastatic prostate cancer
3. Principle of endocrine
therapy in prostate cancer
IX. Side effects, 1. Incidence, risk factors and
Complications of management of
chemotherapy and chemotherapy-induced
radiotherapy nausea and vomiting
2. Hematologic toxicities of
page 736? chemotherapeutic agents
and management
3. Risk of secondary
malignancies with
chemotherapy
4. Acute and delayed
complications of
radiotherapy

Hematology

I. Acute and Chronic A. Acute myeloid leukemia 1. Incidence and etiology of AML
Leukemia 2. WHO classification of AML
Chapter 104 3. Genetic findings in AML and
page 809-818 their roles in clinical
outcomes, response to
therapies, AML phenotypes,
and leukomogenesis
4. Prognostic factors in AML
symptoms, PE findings, and
hematologic findings
AML:
a. Pretreatment evaluation
b. Induction
c. Post-remission
d. Supportive care and
complications
e. Criteria for complete
response in AML
f. Treatment of
Promyelocytic leukemia
B. Acute lymphoblastic 1. Incidence and etiology
leukemia (ALL) 2. Clinical presentation and
laboratory features
Chapter 106 3. Approach to diagnosis of ALL
page 828-834 and its classification
4. Prognostic factors and risk
stratification in ALL
5. Definition and relevance of
minimal residual disease
(MRD)
6. Approach to treatment of ALL:
a. Induction and
maintenance
b. CNS disease
c. Other approaches to
therapies: targeted,

immunotherapy, stem cell
transplantation
C. Chronic lymphocytic 1. Definition and epidemiology
leukemia (CLL) of CLL
2. Pathophysiology and
Chapter 107 pathogenesis of CLL
page 834-841 3. Immunologic features of CLL
diagnostic approach in CLL
5. Complications of CLL including
Richter’s transformation
6. Staging and work-up in CLL
7. Approach to therapy in CLL
a. Criteria for initiating
therapy
b. Assessing response to
therapy
II. Hypoproliferative anemias A. Iron deficiency anemia 1. Iron metabolism and
nutritional iron balance
Chapter 97 2. Stages of iron deficiency, their
page 747-754 mechanisms, causes,
laboratory indicators and
differences
3. Clinical presentation
4. Laboratory iron studies
5. Differential diagnosis for
hypochromic microcytic
anemia
6. Approach to diagnosis of iron-
deficiency anemia
7. Approach to treatment of iron
deficiency anemia
B. Other causes of 1. Mechanism, underlying
hypoproliferative anemias causes, and laboratory
findings in
Chapter 97
a. Anemia of acute and
page 747-754 chronic inflammation
b. Anemia of renal disease
c. Anemia in hypometabolic
states
treatment of:

a. Anemia of acute and
chronic inflammation
b. Anemia of renal disease
c. Anemia in hypometabolic
states
III. Thalassemia syndromes A. Beta-thalassemia 1. Pathogenesis of beta-
thalassemia
2. Forms of beta-thalassemia
and their characteristics
management of beta
thalassemia
B. Alpha-thalassemia 1. Pathogenesis of alpha
thalassemia
2. Forms of alpha thalassemia
management of alpha
thalassemia
IV. Megaloblastic anemia A. Features, Causes, 1. Definition of megaloblastic
Mechanisms anemia
Chapter 96 2. Folate and Vitamin B12
page 766-776 nutritional requirement for
adults and sources
3. Absorption and transport of
Folate and Vitamin B12
4. Causes of Folate and Vitamin
B12 deficiency
B. Biochemical Features, 1. Biochemical functions of
Clinical Features, Diagnosis folate and vitamin B12
2. Biochemical basis of
megaloblastic anemia
4. General tissue effects of
cobalamin and folate
deficiencies
5. Hematologic findings in
folate and Vitamin B12
deficiencies and their causes
C. Treatment 1. Management principles in

folate and vitamin B12
deficiencies
V. Hemolytic anemia, Acute A. Classification, General 1. Classification of hemolytic
blood loss Features anemias
2. Clinical features of hemolytic
anemias
Chapter 100 3. Laboratory features of
page 776-791 hemolytic anemias
4. Differences of hemolytic
anemias from other causes of
anemias
B. Pathophysiology, Types 1. Pathophysiologic processes in
hemolytic anemias
2. Differences between
compensated hemolysis
versus hemolytic anemia
C. Specific hemolytic 1. General features,
anemias, general features, mechanisms, classification,
examples, clinical
presentation, diagnosis and
treatment of:
a. Inherited hemolytic
anemias
i. Hereditary
spherocytosis
ii. Hereditary
elliptocytosis
iii. Abnormalities in
metabolic
machineries: G6PD
deficiency
b. Acquired hemolytic
anemias
i. Immune hemolytic
anemias: AIHA, PCH,
CAD
ii. Paroxysmal nocturnal
hemoglobinuria (PNH)
D. Anemia due to acute 1. Causes
blood loss 2. Clinical/Pathophysiologic
stages
3. Diagnosis

4. Treatment
VI. Bone marrow failures A. General features 1. Hematologic features of bone
marrow failure
Chapter 102 2. Forms of bone marrow failure
page 792-802 states
B. Aplastic anemia 1. Definition of aplastic anemia
2. Epidemiology and etiologies
of aplastic anemia
3. Pathophysiology of aplastic
anemia
4. Clinical features of aplastic
anemia
5. Laboratory findings in aplastic
anemia
6. Diagnosis and prognostic
indicators in aplastic anemia
7. Treatment of aplastic anemia
C. Myelodysplasia 1. Definition of myelodysplasia
2. Epidemiology and etiologies
of myelodysplasia
3. Pathophysiology of
myelodysplasia
laboratory findings in
myelodysplasia
myelodysplasia
6. Prognosis and approach to
treatment of myelodysplasia
VII. Myeloproliferative A. General information 1. WHO classification of chronic
Diseases and Polycythemia myeloproliferative neoplasms
Vera 2. Common features of
myeloproliferative neoplasms
Chapter 103 3. Phenotypes of
page 802-809 myeloproliferative neoplasms
and their genetic bases
B. Myeloproliferative 1. Definition and etiology of:
neoplasms a. Polycythemia vera (PV)
b. Primary myelofibrosis
(PMF)
c. Essential thrombocytosis
(ET)

2. Pathophysiology and Specific
mutations in the pathogenesis
of:
a. PV
b. PMF
c. ET
complications of:
a. PV
b. PMF
c. ET
treatment of:
a. PV
b. PMF
c. ET
5. Approach to treatment of PV
C. Chronic myelogenous 1. Definition, incidence and
leukemia epidemiology
2. Etiology of CML
Chapter 105 3. Pathophysiology and
pathogenesis of CML
page 818-828
a. Role of gene translocation
in pathogenesis
b. Transition to accelerated
blastic phase
c. TKI resistance
4. Clinical presentation and PE
findings
5. Hematologic and marrow
findings in CML
6. Cytogenetic and molecular
findings in CML
7. Findings in CML
transformation and criteria for
diagnosis of accelerated and
blastic phases
8. Therapy of CML
VIII. Hemophilia A. Pathogenesis and clinical 1. Definition of and mutations in
manifestation Hemophilia A and Hemophilia
B
2. Clinical features of hemophilia
based on severity

B. Diagnosis and Treatment 1. Approach to diagnosis of
hemophilia
2. Treatment of hemophilia:
a. Factor replacement
therapy
b. Nontransfusion therapy
c. Antifibrinolytic therapy
d. Complications of therapy
IX. Platelet Disorders A. Heparin-induced 1. Mechanism of HIT
thrombocytopenia (HIT) 2. Laboratory testing for HIT
Chapter 111 3. Treatment of HIT
page 866-878 B. Immune 1. Clinical presentation in adults
Thrombocytopenic Purpura 2. Difference from secondary ITP
(ITP) 3. Laboratory testing in ITP
4. Treatment of ITP
C. Thrombocytopenic 1. Pentad of findings in TTP
purpura (TTP) 2. Pathogenesis of TTP
3. Diagnostic approach and
treatment of TTP
D. Hemolytic Uremic 1. Characteristic and causes
syndrome (HUS) 2. Treatment of HUS
X. Disseminated Intravascular A. Definition, Causes 1. Definition of DIC
Coagulation (DIC) 2. Causes of DIC
B. Pathophysiology, Clinical 1. Pathophysiology of DIC
Manifestations 2. Pathology and clinical
manifestations of DIC
3. Features of chronic DIC
C. Diagnosis, Treatment 1. Basis of diagnosis of DIC
2. Necessary laboratory tests in
DIC
3. Differential diagnosis of DIC
4. Approach to treatment in DIC
XI. Lymphoma A. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 1. Definition of NHL and its
(NHL) difference from Hodgkin’s
Lymphoma (HL)
Chapter 108 2. Epidemiology and etiology of
page 841-852 NHL
a. Implicated and proven risk
factors including infections
b. Disease or conditions that
predispose to lymphoma
3. Immunologic features of NHL

approach to patient suspected
of NHL
5. Staging system for NHL and
prognostic indicators
a. Ann Arbor staging
b. International Prognostic
index
c. Follicular lymphoma
prognostic index (FLIPI)
6. Clinical features, treatment,
and prognosis of specific NHLs
a. Aggressive versus indolent
lymphomas
b. Burkitt’s Lymphoma
c. Diffuse large B-cell
lymphoma
d. Follicular lymphoma
e. Marginal zone lymphoma
f. Mantle cell lymphoma
g. Mature T cell
neoplasms/disorders
B. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL) 1. Epidemiology and etiology of
HL
Chapter 109
2. WHO classification
page 852-855 3. Clinical presentation and
evaluation of patient
suspected with HL
4. Diagnosis and staging of HL
5. Treatment of HL and
complications of therapy
XII. Plasma Cell Disorders A. Multiple myeloma (MM) 1. Definition of MM
2. Etiology and epidemiology of
MM
3. Pathogenesis of MM
laboratory features
5. Approach to diagnosis of MM,
diagnostic criteria and
differential diagnosis
6. Staging of MM and prognostic
indicators
7. Approach to treatment of MM

8. Features of POEMS Syndrome
B. Waldenstom’s 1. Pathology and genetics
Macroglobulinemia 2. Clinical manifestations and PE
findings
3. Laboratory findings
4. Treatment
XIII. Transfusion Medicine A. General Principles 1. Blood group antigens and
antibodies:
Chapter 113 a. ABO antigens and
page 884-897 antibodies
GUIDELINES b. RH system
c. Lewis system
d. I system, P system, Kell
proteins, Duffy antigens,
Kidd antigens
2. Apharesis collection
B. Blood components and 1. Composition/Content and
Indications indications of
a. Whole blood
b. Packed RBC
c. Platelet
d. Fresh frozen plasma
e. Cryoprecipitate
C. Adverse reactions 1. Causes and clinical and
laboratory features of
Immune-mediated reactions:
a. Acute Hemolytic
Transfusion Reactions
b. Delayed hemolytic and
serologic transfusion
reactions
c. Febrile nonhemolytic
transfusion reactions
d. Allergic and anaphylactic
reactions
e. Graft-versus-Host disease
f. Transfusion-related acute
lung injury
g. Post-transfusion purpura
h. Alloimmunization
2. Examples and management of
non-immunologic reactions

Neurology

I. Cerebrovascular Diseases A. Definitions, Approach to 1. Definitions of stroke and
patient related terms
CHAPTER 426-427 2. Approach to patient
presenting with acute stroke:
a. Educating
patients/relatives on
when to seek emergency
assistance
b. Differential diagnosis for
stroke
c. Algorithm for managing
stroke or TIA
B. Ischemic stroke 1. Pathophysiology of ischemic
stroke
2. Etiologies of ischemic stroke
and their risk factors
ischemic stroke
a. Goals of therapy
b. Medical supportive
therapies
c. Role and indication of
thrombolysis
d. Role and indication of
endovascular
revascularization
e. Role and indication of
antithrombotic treatment
f. Neuroprotective
strategies
C. Transient Ischemic Attacks 1. Definition of TIA
(TIA) 2. Etiologies of TIA
3. Treatment of TIA
D. Primary and Secondary 1. General principles in stroke
Prevention of Stroke and TIA and TIA prevention
2. Risk factors for stroke and TIA
3. Role of antiplatelet drugs
4. Role of anticoagulation
therapy in embolic and
noncardiogenic stroke

5. Current recommendations on
the chronic use of
antithrombotics for stroke
prevention
E. Stroke syndromes 1. Clinical syndromes, features,
presentation, PE and
neurologic findings in the
following:
a. Stroke within the anterior
circulation
i. Middle cerebral artery
ii. Anterior cerebral
artery
iii. Anterior choroidal
artery
iv. Internal carotid artery
v. Common carotid
artery
b. Stroke within the
posterior circulation
i. Posterior cerebral
artery
ii. Vertebral and
posterior inferior
cerebellar arteries
iii. Basilar artery
F. Intracranial Hemorrhage 1. Classification based on
location and underlying
vascular pathology
intracranial hemorrhage
3. Emergency management of
intracranial hemorrhage
4. Etiologies/Causes, forms, risk
factors, pathophysiology,
pathogenesis, and clinical
manifestations of:
a. Intraparenchymal
hemorrhage
i. Hypertensive
intraparenchymal
hemorrhage

ii. Cerebral amyloid
angiopathy
iii. Other causes of
intraparenchymal
hemorrhage
(sympathetic drugs,
head injuries,
anticoagulation,
hematologic
disorders)
iv. Hypertensive
encephalopathy
b. Vascular anomalies
management of:
a. Intraparenchymal
hemorrhage
b. Vascular anomalies
II. Primary Headache A. Migraine 1. Pathogenesis of migraine
Disorders headache
2. Diagnostic criteria and clinical
CHAPTER 430 features
PAGE 3357-3373 3. Forms of migraine and clinical
features
migraine headache
a. Utility of the MIDAS
b. Patient education on
migraine
c. Nonpharmacologic
approaches in managing
migraine
d. Management of acute
attacks of migraine
e. Pharmacologic agents,
their mechanisms,
indications and adverse
effects
f. Preventive treatments of
migraine
B. Tension-type headache 1. Clinical features and diagnosis
(TTH) of TTH
2. Pathophysiology of TTH

3. Treatment of TTH
C. Trigeminal Autonomic 1. Forms of TACs
Cephalalgias (TACs) 2. Clinical features of the forms
of TACs and differentiating
characteristics
3. Clinical presentation, pain
characteristic, associated
symptoms, mechanisms, and
treatment of:
a. Cluster headache
b. Paroxysmal hemicrania
c. SUNCT/SUNA
d. Hemicrania continua
D. Other primary headaches 1. Clinical presentation, pain
characteristic, associated
symptoms, mechanisms, and
treatment of:
a. Primary stabbing
headache
b. Primary cough headache
c. Primary exercise
headache
d. Primary headache
associated with sex
e. Primary thunderclap
headache
f. Hypnic headache
g. Cold-stimulus headache
h. External pressure
headache
i. New daily persistent
headache
III. Seizure and Epilepsy A. Definition, Classification 1. Definition of seizure and
epilepsy
CHAPTER 425
2. Classification of seizures
PAGE 3305-3324 3. General work-up of patient
presenting with seizures
4. Indications for starting
antiepileptic drugs
B. Focal onset seizures 1. Definition of focal onset
seizures
2. Clinical features and forms of:

a. Focal seizure with intact
awareness
b. Focal seizures with
impaired awareness
c. Focal seizures that evolve
into generalized seizures
3. Treatment of focal onset
seizures
C. Generalized seizures 1. Definition
a. Typical absence seizures
b. Atypical absence seizures
c. Generalized Tonic Clonic
seizures
d. Atonic seizures
e. Myoclonic seizures
3. Treatments of choice of
generalized seizure disorders
D. Seizures in women 1. Clinical features and
management of
a. Catamenial epilepsy
b. Epilepsy during pregnancy
c. Seizures during breast
feeding
2. Drug interaction with OCPs
E. Status Epilepticus 1. Definition and clinical
presentation
status epilepticus
IV. Parkinsonism A. Pathology, Etiology, 1. Hallmark pathologic findings
Pathogenesis, Forms, Clinical in Parkinsonism
CHAPTER 435 features 2. Differentiate primary,
PAGE 3386-3400 secondary, and atypical
parkinsonism
3. Etiology and pathogenesis of
parkinsonism
parkinsonism
B. Diagnosis, Treatment 1. Diagnosis and differential
diagnosis of parkinsonism
parkinsonism

3. Indications for surgical
intervention in parkinsonism
4. Management of nonmotor
and nondopaminergic
features of parkinsonism
V. Dementias A. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) 1. Epidemiology, features and
clinical manifestations of AD
CHAPTER 431-434 2. Pattern of cognitive changes
in AD
3. Pathology and pathogenesis
of AD
differential diagnosis of AD
AD
B. Vascular Dementia 1. Epidemiology and etiology of
vascular dementia
2. Forms/Categories of vascular
dementia, their pathogenesis,
and clinical
features/manifestations
3. Treatment of vascular
dementias
C. Frontotemporal dementia 1. Definition and Epidemiology
(FTD) of FTD
2. Pathogenesis, pathology and
genetics of FTD
3. Clinical manifestations/
syndromes of FTD
4. Treatment of FTD
D. Parkinson’s Disease 1. Clinical syndrome and
Dementia (PDD) and difference between PDD and
Dementia with Lewy Body DLB
(DLB) 2. Pathologic features of PDD
and DLB
3. Treatment of PDD and DLB
E. Other causes of dementia 1. Clinical features,
pathogenesis, pathology, and
treatment of:
a. Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease
b. Huntington’s Disease
c. Normal pressure
hydrocephalus

d. Dementia from chronic
alcoholism
e. Intracranial hypotension
f. Thiamine deficiency
g. Vitamin B12 deficiency
h. Chronic CNS syndromes
VI. Primary and metastatic A. Etiologies, Approach to 1. Etiology of primary brain
tumors of the nervous patient, General tumors and brain metastases
system Management 2. Clinical features of
intracranial masses:
a. General or nonspecific
symptoms and the
underlying mechanisms
b. Focal or lateralizing
findings
3. Utility of neuroimaging
modalities
4. Approach to initial
management of brain tumors
a. Definitive therapies
b. Symptomatic and
prophylactic therapies
and their indications
B. Primary brain tumors 1. Epidemiology of primary brain
tumors
2. Risk factors and genetic
predisposition
3. Molecular pathogenesis of
primary brain tumors
4. Classification, pathologic and
clinical features, and
management of intrinsic
malignant brain tumors
a. Gliomas
i. Astocytomas
ii. Oligodendroglioma
iii. Ependymoma
b. Primary CNS lymphoma
c. Medulloblastomas
5. Classification, pathologic and
clinical features, and
management of extrinsic
“benign” brain tumors

a. Meningiomas
b. Schwannomas
c. Pituitary tumors
d. Craniopharyngiomas
C. Tumors metastatic to the 1. Pathogenesis and
brain epidemiology/etiology
2. Pathology of brain metastases
4. Treatment of brain
metastases and goal of
therapy
D. Leptomeningeal 1. Etiologies/Underlying
metastases malignancy
2. Mechanism of spread
3. Clinical features, laboratory
findings, and diagnosis
4. Treatment and goal of
therapy
VII. CNS infections A. General considerations in 1. Key considerations in acute
acute CNS infections CNS infections
2. Approach to patient with a
CHAPTER 137-140 suspected acute CNS infection
a. Clinical features
suggestive of acute CNS
infection
b. Evaluation algorithm on
tests
3. Initial management approach
B. Acute bacterial meningitis 1. Definition, Epidemiology
Etiologic agents and their
predisposing risk factors
2. Pathophysiology of acute
bacterial meningitis and its
consequences
forms, including
presentations specific to
causative organisms
work-up
a. Role of blood culture
b. Neuroimaging studies

c. CSF abnormalities
d. Other tests on the CSF
5. Differential diagnosis
acute bacterial meningitis
including empiric and
adjunctive therapies
7. Prognosis and prognostic
indicators in acute bacterial
meningitis
C. Acute Viral Meningitis 1. Specific viral etiology,
pathogenesis, clinical
manifestations of acute viral
meningitis
2. Laboratory diagnosis in acute
viral meningitis
3. Differential diagnosis of acute
viral meningitis
4. Treatment and indications for
hospital management
D. Subacute meningitis 1. Etiologies, clinical
manifestations, laboratory
diagnosis of:
a. TB meningitis
b. Fungal meningitis
c. Syphilitic meningitis
2. Treatment of:
a. TB meningitis
b. Fungal meningitis
c. Syphilitic meningitis
3. Management of
complications of subacute
meningitis
E. Chronic and recurrent 1. Diagnostic criteria, Clinical
meningitis pathophysiology, risk factors,
and forms of chronic
meningitis
2. Approach to patient with and
laboratory findings in chronic
meningitis
a. Epidemiologic history
b. PE findings
c. Diagnostic and laboratory
findings
d. Imaging studies
e. CSF analysis
3. Management of chronic
meningitis
F. Viral encephalitis 1. Definition and clinical
manifestations of viral
encephalitis
2. Etiology
3. Laboratory diagnosis of viral
encephalitis and differential
diagnosis
4. Treatment approach in viral
encephalitis
G. Chronic encephalitis 1. Clinical features, pathology,
etiology, risk factors,
pathogenesis, diagnosis, and
treatment of:
a. Progressive multifocal
leukoencephalopathy
b. Subacute sclerosing
panencephalitis (SSPE)
c. Progressive rubella
encephalitis
H. Brain abscess 2. Definition, epidemiology,
etiology, pathogenesis and
histopathology of brain
abscess
approach to diagnosis of brain
abscess
brain abscess
Allergy and Immunology

I. Urticaria, Angioedema, A. Definitions 1. Definition and key
Allergic Rhinitis mechanism in atopy
2. Process of sensitization of
mast cells
3. Immediate and late cellular
phases of allergic reaction
Chapter 352 B. Urticaria and Angioedema 1. Definition of and differences
between angioedema and
page 2719-2727
urticaria
2. Classification based in
Anaphylaxis duration
2727-2729 3. Incidence and predisposing
factors
4. Etiologies and precipitating
factors of urticaria and
angioedema
pathophysiology
a. Features of urticarial
eruptions
b. Locations of angioedema
c. Pathologic findings
6. Diagnosis of acute and
chronic urticaria and/or
angioedema
7. Treatment of urticaria and/or
angioedema
C. Allergic rhinitis 1. Characteristics of allergic
rhinitis
2. Predisposing factors and
etiology
3. Pathophysiology and clinical
manifestations
differential diagnosis
5. Sequence of management
and preventive measures
D. Anaphylaxis 1. Definition and clinical
manifestations
2. Predisposing factors and
etiology
3. Pathophysiology
4. Diagnosis and laboratory
biomarkers
5. Treatment and supportive
therapy
6. Preventive strategies
II. Serum Sickness General Features 1. General features and etiology
2. Difference between serum
407-408? sickness and serum sickness-
like reactions
III. Steven-Johnson’s Disease Features of SJS and TEN 1. General features of SJS and
TEN
2. Classification based on extent
Chapter 60 of total body surface area
page 407-417 involvement
3. Predisposing
factors/exposures
4. Management
Dermatology

I. Cutaneous drug reaction A. Pathogenesis 1. Pathogenesis of
nonimmunologic and
immunologic drug reactions
2. Genetic factors and
predisposition to cutaneous
drug reactions
B. Clinical Features 1. Clinical presentation of
Chapter 60 nonimmunologic and
page 407-417 immunologic cutaneous drug
reactions
2. Specific drugs associated
with nonimmunologic
cutaneous drug reactions
a. Photosensitivity
eruptions
b. Pigmentation changes
c. Skin necrosis
d. Drug-induced hair
disorders (loss or growth)
e. Drug-induced nail
disorders
f. Chemotherapy-induced
cutaneous reactions
3. Specific drugs associated
with immune cutaneous
reactions
a. Common cutaneous
reactions and their
causes
b. Rare and severe reactions
i. Drug-induced
hypersensitivity
syndrome (DIHS)
ii. Stevens-Johnson and
Toxic Epidermal
Necrolysis
iii. Pustular eruptions
(AGEP)
iv. Overlap
hypersensitivity
syndromes
v. Vasculitis
C. Management 1. Approach to patient with
suspected drug eruptions
2. Confirmation of drug
reactions
3. Identifying and withdrawing
drug associated with drug
eruptions
II. Cutaneous manifestations A. Dermatologic findings 1. Description of and systemic
of systemic diseases diseases associated with:
a. Erythroderma
Chapter 58
b. Alopecia and its 2 major
page 383-400
forms
c. Figurate skin lesions
d. Telangiectasias
e. Hyperpigmentation
f. Vesicles and bullae
III. Eczema, Psoriasis, A. Eczema and Dermatitis 1. Clinical features of and lesion
Cutaneous infections, acne in eczema
and other common skin 2. Etiology, characteristic
disorders defect/pathogenesis,
pathology, clinical
Chapter 57 presentation and
page 374-383 dermatologic features,
diagnostic criteria of:
a. Atopic dermatitis
b. Lichen simplex chronicus
c. Contact dermatitis
d. Hand eczema
e. Nummular eczema
f. Asteotic eczema
g. Stasis dermatitis and
stasis ulcerations
h. Seborrheic dermatitis
3. Approach to management of:
a. Atopic dermatitis
b. Lichen simplex chronicus
c. Contact dermatitis
d. Hand eczema
e. Nummular eczema
f. Asteotic eczema
g. Stasis dermatitis and
stasis ulcerations
h. Seborrheic dermatitis
B. Psoriasis 1. General features, varieties,
Chapter 56 clinical presentations of
page 369-374 psoriasis
2. Diagnostic findings in
psoriasis
3. Treatment of psoriasis
C. Lichen Planus 1. Characteristic lesions, body
involvement, and etiology
2. Treatment of lichen planus
D. Pityriasis rosea 1. Characteristic lesions, clinical
manifestations and body
involvement
2. Treatment of pityriasis rosea
E. Cutaneous infections 1. Primary lesions, infectious
causes, forms and treatment
of:
a. Impetigo
b. Echthyma
c. Furunculosis
2. Causes, clinical presentation,
did not find tissue involvement, diagnosis
and treatment of:
a. Dermatophytosis
b. Tinea versicolor
c. Candidiasis
d. Warts
e. Acne vulgaris
F. Acne rosacea 1. Pathophysiology, dermal
manifestation, and treatment
of acne rosacea

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RITE Glossary of Diseases with Disease-Specific Objectives

RITE Committee 2021-2022

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