Lecture:4

2) Pronoun:
The word that is used in place of a noun is
called as pronoun.
Eg:
Types:
1) Personal Pronouns (used in place of
nouns eg. I, We, You etc)
2) Reflexive Pronouns (used when the
action done by the subject turns back
upon the subject. The words ending with
“self” or “selves”
3) Emphatic Pronouns (used to create
stress)
4) Indefinite Pronouns (used to denote any
person, amount or thing in particular)
5) Distributive Pronouns (each, either and
neither)
6) Reciprocal Pronouns (one another and
each other)
 7) Relative Pronouns (used to connect a
clause or phrase to a noun or a pronoun)
8) Interrogative Pronouns (wh words used to
ask a question)
9) Demonstrative Pronouns (used to point
out)

There are three types of personal

pronouns:
1) 1st person: the one who speaks i.e.
I, We
2) 2nd person: the one who you speak
with/ to i.e. You
3) 3rd person: the one who you speak
about i.e. He, She, It, They
Persons and their cases:

Person Subjective case Possessive case Objective case reflexive case

1st I My, Mine Me Myself
We Our, Ours Us Ourselves
2nd You Your, Yours You Yourself,
Yourselves
3rd He His Him Himself
She Her, Hers Her Herself
It Its It Itself
They Their, Theirs Them Themselves
Rules:
*Subjective case is used:
• Before regular and irregular verbs
Eg.:
• After helping verb
Eg.:
• After “than” and “as”
(Clause 1 + Than/ As + Subjective case
+ Helping verb
Eg.:
*Objective case is used:
• after regular and irregular verbs
Eg.:
• after preposition
Eg.:
• after Let
Eg.:
• after Than and As
Eg.:
• if both or all is used after than,
objective case is used
Eg.:
Order of personal pronouns:
• For a positive activity (231) i.e. You,
He & I
• For a negative activity (132) i.e. I, He &
You
Eg.:

Pronoun antecedent agreement

1) Indefinite Pronouns like (No, Any,
Some & Every) + (Body, One, Where &
Thing) + Distributive Pronouns (each
+ either + neither) + Singular Verb/
Helping Verb + Singular Pronoun
Eg.:
2) In referring to Indefinite Pronouns
“anybody, everybody, everyone etc.”,
generally “He” is used but “They” can
also be used.
Eg.:

3) Each & None is used for every one of

more than two persons or things
while either & neither is used for only
one of the two persons or things.
Eg.:

4) Possessive case of pronoun is used

before Gerund (V 1st + ing).
Eg.:

5) One’s, not his, is used to show the

possession of one as a subject.
Eg.:
 Relative Pronouns

6) “Who, Whose and Whom” are used

same for singular and plural,
masculine and feminine, and persons.
Eg.:

7) The relative pronoun “Who” is used

as a subjective case for persons only.
Eg.:

8) The relative pronoun “Whom” is used

as an objective case (for persons as
well as for animals and things) while
“Whose” is used as a possessive
case (for persons as well as for
animals and things).
Eg.:
9) “Which” is used for lifeless things,
generally, but can also be used for
animals. It may refer to singular or
plural nouns.
Eg.:

10) “That” is used for persons and

things, equally. It may refer to
singular or plural nouns.
Eg.:

11) Use comma before relative pronoun

(who and which), if the clause is non-
essential.
Eg.:

12) The relative pronoun should be

placed as near as possible to its
antecedent.
Eg.:
13) When the antecedent is “the same”,
the consequent should be “as” or
“that”.
Eg.:

14) Generally, “that”, “not who”, is used

with superlative degree.
Eg.:

15) That is used after the words like all,

same, any, none, nothing, only etc.
Eg.:

16) “That” is used after two antecedents

when one is denoting a person and
the other is denoting a thing or an
animal.
Eg.:
17) What is used only for things and is
used without an antecedent.
Eg.:

18) But is used as a relative pronoun

after negation in a sentence.
Eg.:

19) The compound relative pronouns like

whoever, whosoever, whatever,
whatsoever, whichever etc have no
antecedent expressed.
Eg.:

20) Collective nouns such as Police,

Jury, Committee etc if used as a
group (meaning the unity in
sentences), take Singular Pronoun.
Eg.:
21) And if not used as a group (meaning
disunity in sentences), take Plural
Pronoun.
Eg.:

22) Reciprocal Pronouns i.e. each other

is used for two persons or things
while one another is used for more
than two persons or things.

Eg.:

23) When two/ more nouns/ subjects are

joined by either-or, neither-nor, not
only- but also & or… verb, helping
verb and pronoun will be according to
the last noun/ subject.
Eg.:
24) When two or more nouns/ subjects
are joined by as well as, of, with,
together with, along with, and not,
but not, like, besides, except and in
addition to… verb, helping verb and
pronoun will be according to the 1st
noun/ subject.
Eg.:

Noun/ Subject + And + Noun/

Subject

25) If two N/ S are joined by “and”, the

verb/ helping verb and pronoun will
be plural.
Eg.:
26) If two Nouns are joined by “and”, and
only first noun is followed by an
article, the verb, helping verb and the
pronoun will be singular.
Eg.:

27) If two N/ S are joined by “and” but

they refer to a single N/ S, the verb,
helping verb and pronoun will be
singular.
Eg.:

28) A/ An/ The + Adjective + And +

Adjective + N/ S Singular + Verb,
Helping Verb and Pronoun Singular.
Eg.:
29) A/ An/ The + Adjective + And + A/ An/
The + Adjective + N/S Singular +
Verb, Helping Verb and Pronoun
Plural.

Eg.:

30) Each + N/ S + and + Every + N/ S +

Verb / Helping Verb Singular while
Pronoun can be singular as well as
plural.
Eg.:

THANK YOU💞