ADI SOYADI: NUMARA:

1)
Şekildeki özgül kütlesi 7850 kg/m3 olan 3 cm çapında ve 40 cm
uzunluğundaki çelik şaft 3,02 cm çaplı düşey konumdaki dairesel
kesitli bir yatak içerisinde kendi ağırlığı ile hareket etmektedir. Şaft ile
yatak arasındaki sıvının viskozitesi 1,5 Pa.s olduğuna göre şaftın
hareket hızını bulunuz? (25 PUAN)

2) Silindirik depo 50 mm yüksekliğinde su içermektedir. İçteki küçük

silindir depo ise h yüksekliğinde, özgül ağırlığı 0,8 olan gaz yağı
içermektedir. PA’nın ölçülen basıncı ve gaz yağının ölçülen yüksekliği
nedir? (Gazyağının deponun üstüne çıkmasının önlendiği kabul
edilecektir.) (PB = 13,80 kPa; PC = 13,82 kPa ) (25 PUAN)

3) Bir haznenin duvarında bulunan ve A noktasından mafsallı 2 m

yüksekliğindeki AB dikdörtgen şeklindeki kapağın B noktasına 0.02 m2
kesitli borudan fışkıran su çarpmaktadır. Bu kapağın kapalı kalması
için bu borudan fışkıran suyun debisi ne olmalıdır (Kapağın genişliği
1m’dir, F=mV). (25 PUAN)

4) 40 cm çapında ve 90 cm yüksekliğindeki düşey silindirik tank 60cm yüksekliğine kadar suyla doludur.
Tanktan suyun taşmaması istenildiğine göre tankın maksimum dönme açısal hızını devir/dakika cinsinden
bulunuz. (25 PUAN)

SINAV SÜRESİ 80 DAKİKADIR, CEP TELEFONU KULLANIMI YASAKTIR, BAŞARILAR …

1-

2-
3-

4-
A crude accelerometer is made from a liquid-filled U-tube as shown. The crude
accelerometer is to be used for measuring acceleration . The liquid level difference h is
measured 0.2 m and the length of the accelerometer L is 0.5m. Determine the acceleration in x
direction. (The density of the liquid is 1000 kg/m3)

Solution

The pressure caused by the acceleration causes liquid level difference h in tubes

It can be derived an expression fort he liquid level difference h caused by an acceleration a, in

terms of the tube geometry and fluid properties

P=ρ.g.h

P= ρ.a.L a= g.h/L a= 9.81.0.2/0.5=3.94 m/s2

FORENAME SURNAME: NUMBER:

QUESTION 1: A system is
equipped with two pressure
gages and a manometer. For
Δh= 8 cm, determine the pressure
difference ΔP = P2 - P1. (25 p.)

QUESTION 2: Consider a heavy car submerged in water in a lake with a flat bottom. The driver’s side
door of the car is 1,1 m high and 0,9 m wide, and the top edge of the door is 8 m below the water
surface. Determine the net force acting on the door (normal to its surface) and the location of the
pressure center if (a) the car is well-sealed and it contains air at atmospheric pressure and (b) the car is
filled with water. (25 p.)

QUESTION 3: A 40-cm-diameter, 90-cm-high vertical cylindrical container is partially filled with 60-
cm-high water. Now the cylinder is rotated at a constant angular speed of 120 rpm. Determine how
much the liquid level at the center of the cylinder will drop as a result of this rotational motion. (25 p.)

QUESTION 4: A piston having a diameter of 10 cm and

length of 7 cm moves inside a cylinder having a diameter
of 10.04 cm. The gap between piston and cylinder is filled
with oil of 0,066 Pa.s viscosity. Determine the axial force
acting on the piston to provide constant velocity of 0,8
m/s.(25 p.)

Exam Duration: 70 Minutes … I wish you success …

SOLUTION 1:
SOLUTION 2:
SOLUTION 3:
SOLUTION 4:
1-A stream of water from a 50-mm-diameter nozzle
strikes a curved vane. Stagnation tube connected to
a mercury-filled U-tube manometer is located in the
nozzle exit plane. Calculate the speed of the water
leaving the nozzle. Estimate the horizontal
component of force exerted on the vane by the jet.

𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ⟹ 𝑃𝑃1 = 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 + 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

⇒ 𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑔𝑔∆ℎ(𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 − 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 ) = 9.81 ∙ 0.75 ∙ 12600 = 92704,5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉 2 2𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 2 ∗ 92704,5

= ⇒ 𝑉𝑉 = � =� = 13.61 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 2 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 1000

𝜋𝜋 ∗ 0.052
𝑚𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 1000 ∗ 13.61 ∗ = 26.72 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠
4

Momentum Equation: ∑ 𝐹𝐹 = ∑𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝛽𝛽 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 − ∑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛽𝛽 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 ∴ 𝛽𝛽 = 1

∑𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚̇(−𝑉𝑉) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 30 − 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 = 26.72 (13.61 )(−𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 30 − 1) = −678,59 𝑁𝑁

∑𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚̇(−𝑉𝑉) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 30 = 26.72 (−13.61 ) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 30 = −181,82 𝑁𝑁

2- When the pump in draws 220 m3/h of water at

20°C from the reservoir, the total friction head
loss is 5 m. The flow discharges through a nozzle
to the atmosphere. Estimate the pump power in
kW delivered to the water.

𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22 𝑉𝑉22

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑝 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ⟹ ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 +
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔
1 220 4
𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉̇ = 220 3600
1000 = 61,11 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒 = 3600 𝜋𝜋 0.052
= 31.12 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

31.122
ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 2 + 5 + = 56.37 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
2 ∙ 9.81

𝑊𝑊̇𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 61,11 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 56.37 = 33794,45 𝑊𝑊 ≅ 33,8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

3-Water flows from a very large tank through a 5-
cm diameter tube. The dark liquid in the manometer
is mercury. Calculate the velocity in the pipe,
assuming the flow is frictionless.

𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 ⟹ 𝑉𝑉2 = �2𝑔𝑔(𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2 ) − 2𝑃𝑃2 /𝜌𝜌
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

𝑃𝑃2 + 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔∆ℎ1 − 𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑔𝑔∆ℎ2 = 0 ⟹ 𝑃𝑃2 = −𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔∆ℎ1 + 𝜌𝜌𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑔𝑔∆ℎ2

𝑃𝑃2 = −1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.75 + 13600 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.15 = 12 654 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

𝑉𝑉2 = �2 ∗ 9.81(4) − 2 ∗ 12654/1000 = 7.29 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠

 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:

1) Ethanol at 20 ◦C flows down through a modern venturi

nozzle. If the mercuriy manometer reading is 12 cm, as
shown estimate the flow rate in m3/s

2) The volume and the average density of an irregularly shaped body are to be determined by using
a spring scale. The body weighs 7200 N in air and 4790 N in water. Determine the volume and the
density of the body.
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:

3) A long square wooden block is pivoted along

one edge. The block is in equilibrium whan
immersed in water to the depth . Evaluate the
specific gravity of the wood. If friction in the
pivot is negligible.
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:

4) A 2-m-high large tank is initially filled with water. The tank water
surface is open to the atmosphere, and a sharp-edged 10-cm-
diameter orifice at the bottom drains to the atmosphere through a
horizontal 100-m-long pipe. If the total irreversible head loss of the
system is determined to be 1.5 m, determine the initial velocity of
the water from the tank. Disregard the effect of the kinetic energy
correction factors
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:

1) The water tank in figure is pressurized, as

shown by the mercury-manometer reading.
Determine the hydrostatic force gate AB.
(the width of the gate is 1 m)
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
2) A 170-kg granite rock (ρ=2700 kg/m3) is dropped into a lake. A man dives in and tries to lift the
Surname:
rock. Determine how much force the man needs to apply to lift it from the bottom of the lake.
Number:
Group:
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:

3) In Fig both fluids are at 20 ◦C. If V1= 0.6 m/s and losses
are neglected, what should be the manometer reading h
be? Section 2 is open to the atmosphere.
 FLUİD MECHANICS MIDTERM EXAM II
Name:
Surname:
Number:
Group:

4) 2-m-high large tank is initially filled with water.

The tank water surface is open to the atmosphere, and
a sharp-edged 10-cm-diameter orifice at the bottom
drains to the atmosphere through a horizontal 100-m-
long pipe. If the total irreversible head loss of the
system is determined to be 1.5 m, determine the
initial velocity of the water from the tank. Disregard
the effect of the kinetic energy correction factors.
 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

1- A hydroelectric power plant takes in 30 m3/s of water through its

turbine and discharges it to the atmosphere at V 2 = 2 m/s. The head loss
in the turbine and penstock system is h f = 20 m. Assuming turbulent
flow, 𝛼𝛼 ≅ 1.06, estimate the power in MW extracted by the turbine.

2- The coffee is removed from the drag racer, placed on a turntable, and
rotated about its central axis until a rigid-body mode occurs. Find (a) the
angular velocity which will cause the coffee to just reach the lip of the cup
and (b) the gage pressure at point A for this condition.

25.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

3- A manometer connects an oil pipeline and a water pipeline as shown in

Figure. Determine the difference in pressure between the two pipelines
using the readings on the manometer. Use SGoil = 0:86 and SGHg =13:6:

25.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

1- Pressure gage B is to measure the pressure at point A in a water

flow. If the pressure at B is 87 kPa, estimate the pressure at A,
in kPa. Assume all fluids are at 20°C. (𝛾𝛾𝑤𝑤 =
𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁 𝑁𝑁
9790 , 𝛾𝛾 = 133 100 , 𝛾𝛾 = 8720 )
𝑚𝑚3 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚3 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚3

2- The coffee mug on a horizontal tray accelerates at 7 m/s2. The mug

is 10 cm deep and 6 cm in diameter and contains coffee 7 cm deep
at rest.
(a) Assuming rigidbody acceleration of the coffee, determine
whether it will spill out of the mug.
(b) Calculate the gage pressure in the corner at point A if the density
of coffee is 1010 kg/m3.

3 - An oil with 𝜌𝜌 =900 kg/m3 and 𝜈𝜈 =0.0002 m2/s flows upward

through an inclined pipe as shown in Figure. The pressure
and elevation are known at sections 1 and 2, 10 m apart.
Assuming steady laminar flow,
(a) verify that the flow is up,
(b) compute h f between 1 and 2, and compute
(c) Q,
(d) V, and
(e) Re d . Is the flow really laminar?

11.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

11.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

1- A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical dome and is connected to an inverted
piping system as shown in Figure. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a specific gravity of 0.8,
and the remaining parts of the system are filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa,
determine (a) the pressure in pipe B and (b) the pressure head, in millimeters of mercury, at the top of the
dome (point C).

2- A vertical lock gate is 4 m wide and separates 20°C water levels of 2 m and 3 m, respectively. Find the
moment about the bottom required to keep the gate stationary.

17.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

3- A solid circular cylinder slides inside a vertical smooth pipe. The space between the
cylinder and the pipe is lubricated with an oil film. Calculate the terminal velocity of
the cylinder.

Pipe diameter: D = 100.5 mm

Cylinder diameter: d = 100 mm
Cylinder length: l = 300 mm
Cylinder weight: W = 50 N
Oil: SAE 10W-30
Oil temperature: 200C

17.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

17.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

1- A 25‐mm‐diameter shaft is pulled through a cylindrical

bearing as shown in Figure. The lubricant that fills the
0.3‐mm gap between the shaft and bearing is an oil
having a kinematic viscosity of 8.0 10‐4 m2/s and a
specific gravity of 0.91. Determine the force P required
to pull the shaft at a velocity of 3 m/s. Assume the
velocity distribution in the gap is linear.

, ,

8. 10 ∗ 0.91 10 ∗ 3 ∗ 0.025 ∗ 0.5

285.74
0.0003

2- Water flows through a horizontal branching pipe as shown in

Figure. Determine the pressure at section (3).

=0.1∙ 4 0.4 /

10.78 /
. ∙ . . ∙ .

0.4 0.02 ∙ 10.78

2.63 /
0.07

9.80
400 4 2.63 404.5
2 2 9.81

11.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Final- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

3- A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from D1 =

8 cm to D2 = 16 cm. The water velocity in the smaller
section is 10 m/s and the flow is turbulent. The
pressure in the smaller section is P1 = 300 kPa. Taking
the kinetic energy correction factor to be 1.06 at both
the inlet and the outlet, determine the downstream
pressure P2?

11.01.2013 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -I- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

1- What is viscosity? What is the cause of it in liquids and in gases? Do liquids or gases have higher dynamic
viscosities?

Viscosity is a measure of the “stickiness” or “resistance to deformation” of a fluid. It is due to the internal
frictional force that develops between different layers of fluids as they are forced to move relative to each
other. Viscosity is caused by the cohesive forces between the molecules in liquids, and by the molecular
collisions in gases. Liquids have higher dynamic viscosities than gases.

2- Consider two identical glasses of water, one stationary and the other moving on a horizontal plane with constant
acceleration. Assuming no splashing or spilling occurs, which glass will have a higher pressure at the (a) front, (b)
midpoint, and (c) back of the bottom surface?

The pressure at the bottom surface is constant when the glass is stationary. For a glass moving on a
horizontal plane with constant acceleration, water will collect at the back but the water depth will remain
constant at the center. Therefore, the pressure at the midpoint will be the same for both glasses. But the
bottom pressure will be low at the front relative to the stationary glass, and high at the back (again relative
to the stationary glass). Note that the pressure in all cases is the hydrostatic pressure, which is directly
proportional to the fluid height.

3- Two round, open tanks containing the same type of fluid rest on a table top as
shown in Figure. They have the same bottom area, A, but different shapes. When
the depth, h, of the liquid in the two tanks is the same, the pressure force of the
liquids on the bottom of the two tanks is the same. However, the force that the
table exerts on the two tanks is different because the weight in each of the tanks is
different. How do you account for this apparent paradox?

For the tank with the inclined walls the pressure on the bottom is due to the weight of liquid in the column
directly above the bottom as shown the dashed lines in the figure. This is the same weight as that for the
tank with the straight sides. Thus, the pressure on the bottom of the two tanks is the same. The additional
weight in the tank with the inclined walls is supported by the inclined walls, as illustrated in the figure.

4- The pressure of water flowing through a pipe is measured by the

arrangement shown in Figure. For the values given, calculate the pressure in
the pipe.

 
     



       

        
 8/12 0.6667

P !" 30  1000 ∙ 9.81 ∙ (0.50 2.4 ∙ 0.06 ∙ 0.6667 0.06 ∙ 0.6667,/1000

 =33.6 kPa

5- A 3-m-high, 6-m-wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top

edge at A and is restrained by a fixed ridge at B. Determine
the hydrostatic force exerted on the gate by the 5-m-high
water and the location of the pressure center.
336
./
0 1 2 1000 ∙ 9.81 ∙ 3.5 ∙ 618 45
1000
9 9 3 3
67 8  2  3.71 :
2 12(8  9, 2 12(2  3,
2 2

22.11.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -I- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

6- A 50x30x20-cm block weighing 150 N is to be moved at a constant

velocity of 0.8 m/s on an inclined surface with a friction coefficient of
0.27. (a) Determine the force F that needs to be applied in the horizontal
direction. (b) If a 0.4-mm-thick oil film with a dynamic viscosity of
0.012 Pa.s is applied between the block and inclined surface, determine
the percent reduction in the required force.

∑ .< 0: . .>? cos 20 .C sin 20 0

F .G 0: .C cos 20 .>? sin 20 H 0

Friction force: Ff=fFN1

H 150
.C 177.0 5
cos 20 I 20 cos 20 0.27  20

. .J cos 20  .C sin 20 (0.273177, cos 20  177 sin 20 105.5 5

M (N.O<N. ,N.P
.>? K 1 > L1> 0.012 ∙ 2.4 5
? Q< NRS

F .< 0: . .>? cos 20 .C sin 20 0

F .G 0: .C cos 20 .>? sin 20 H 0

.>? sin 20  H (2.4 sin 20  150,

.C 160.5 5
cos 20 cos 20

. .>? cos 20  .C sin 20 2.4 cos 20  160.5 sin 20 57.2 5

TURTV NO.OWOX.
Percentage reduction in the required force: 100 100 45.8 %
TU NO.O

22.11.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -I- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

1-What is cavitation? What causes it?

During liquid flow, vaporization may occur at locations where the pressure drops below the vapor pressure.
The vapor bubbles collapse as they are swept away from the low pressure regions, generating highly
destructive, extremely high pressure waves. This phenomenon which is a common cause for drop in
performance and even the erosion of impeller blades is called cavitation.

2- Consider two identical small glass balls dropped into two identical containers, one filled with water and the other
with oil. Which ball will reach the bottom of the container first? Why?

When two identical small glass balls dropped into two identical containers, one filled with water and the
other with oil, the ball dropped in water will reach the bottom of the container first because of the much
lower viscosity of water relative to oil.

3- You partially fill a glass with water place an index card on top of the glass and then turn the glass upside down
while holding the card in place. You can then remove your hand from the card and the card remains in place,
holding the water in the glass. Explain how this works.

In order to hold the index card in place when the glass in inverted, the pressure at the card-water interface,
P1, must be P1A=-W, where A is the area of the glass opening and W is the card weight. Thus, P1=-WA,
Hence, P2=P1-
, or P2=-WA
(gage)

4- A cylindrical container whose weight is 79 N is inverted and pressed into

the water, as shown in Figure. Determine the differential height h of the
manometer and the force F needed to hold the container at the position
shown.

,   1000 ∙ 9.81 ∙ 0.2 1962 

,  1962
,    →  ∙ 9.81 0.095 !
  2100
" # $ ,  %&
'( )
' 0.30)
" ,   $ 1962  79 59.7 -
4 4

5- The gage pressure of the air in the tank shown in Figure is measured to be
65 kPa. Determine the differential height h of the mercury column.

. #    / /  0 0 1

.  1 0 0 # / /   
., 
2,0 0 # 2,/ /  

65
3 4 ∙ 1000 0.72 ∙ 0.75 # 13.6 ∙ /  0.3 ⇒ / 0.47 !
1000 ∙ 9.81

6- A thin 20-cm 20-cm flat plate is pulled at 1 m/s horizontally through a 3.6-
mm-thick oil layer sandwiched between two plates, one stationary and the other
moving at a constant velocity of 0.3 m/s, as shown in Figure. The dynamic
viscosity of oil is 0.027 Pa.s. Assuming the velocity in each oil layer to vary
linearly,

(a) plot the velocity profile and find the location where the oil velocity is zero and
(b) determine the force that needs to be applied on the plate to maintain this motion.

22.11.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -I- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

a-

<7 >?@ .
b- "26 ,788  9,78 %2 :%2 ; ; :%2 0.027 ∙ 0.2 ∙ 0.2 1.08 -
<= 6A .∙.@BC
EF H  H 1  0.3
"26 ,0  9,0 %2 :%2 D D :%2 0.027 ∙ 0.2 ∙ 0.2 0.54 -
EG ) 2.6 ∙ 10?I

" "JKL,FMMKL # "JKL,NOPKL 1.08 # 0.54 1.62 -

22.11.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -II- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

1- Water flows through a pipe reducer as is shown in Figure. The static pressures at (1) and (2) are measured
by the inverted U-tube manometer containing oil of specific gravity, SG, less than one. Determine the
manometer reading, h.

1 1
𝑃𝑃1 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉12 + 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧1 = 𝑃𝑃2 + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22 + 𝛾𝛾𝑧𝑧2
2 2
𝑉𝑉̇ = 𝐴𝐴1 𝑉𝑉1 = 𝐴𝐴2 𝑉𝑉2
1 𝐴𝐴2
𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝛾𝛾(𝑧𝑧2 − 𝑧𝑧1 ) + 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22 �1 − ( )2 �
2 𝐴𝐴1

𝑃𝑃1 − 𝛾𝛾(𝑧𝑧2 − 𝑧𝑧1 ) − 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 − 𝛾𝛾ℎ + 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆ℎ + 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 = 𝑃𝑃2

𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝛾𝛾(𝑧𝑧2 − 𝑧𝑧1 ) + (1 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)𝛾𝛾ℎ

1 𝐴𝐴2
(1 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)𝛾𝛾ℎ = 𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉22 �1 − ( )2 �
2 𝐴𝐴1

𝐴𝐴
1 − (𝐴𝐴2 )2
1
ℎ = (𝑉𝑉̇ /𝐴𝐴2 )2
2𝑔𝑔(1 − 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)

2- Oil (SO = 0.9), with a kinematic viscosity of 0.007 m2/s, flows in a 3-cm.diameter pipe at 0.01 m3/s.
Determine the head loss per unit length of this flow.

𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 2 4𝑉𝑉̇ 4 ∙ 0.01

𝑉𝑉̇ = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑉𝑉 ∴ 𝑉𝑉 = 2
= = 14.14 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
4 𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 𝜋𝜋 ∙ 0.032

𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 14.14 ∙ 0.03

𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = = = 60.6
𝜈𝜈 0.007

Since Reynolds Number is below 2300, the flow is laminar, the friction factor can be determined from

64 64
𝑓𝑓 = = = 1.056
𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 60.6

𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2 1 14.142
ℎ𝑙𝑙 = 𝑓𝑓 = 1.056 = 358.7 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 0.03 2 ∙ 9.81

3- Two water reservoirs A and B are connected to each other through a 40-m-long, 2-cm-diameter cast iron
pipe with a sharp-edged entrance. The pipe also involves a swing check valve and a fully open gate valve.
The water level in both reservoirs is the same, but reservoir A is pressurized by compressed air while
reservoir B is open to the atmosphere at 88 kPa. If the initial flow rate through the pipe is 1.2 L/s,
Determine the absolute air pressure on top of reservoir A under below assumptions.
3 -3
Take the water temperature to be 10°C. ρ = 999.7 kg/m , μ =1.307×10 kg/m⋅s. The loss coefficient is
K L = 0.5 for a sharp-edged entrance, K L = 2 for swing check valve, K L = 0.2 for the fully open gate valve,
K L = 1 for the exit, ƒ = 0.0424.

27.12.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -II- exam questions (G1)
Name, Surname No

27.12.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -II- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

1- Air at 110 kPa and 50°C flows upward through a 6-cm-diameter

inclined duct at a rate of 45 L/s. The duct diameter is then reduced to
4 cm through a reducer. The pressure change across the reducer is
measured by a water manometer. The elevation difference between
the two points on the pipe where the two arms of the manometer are
attached is 0.20 m. Determine the differential height between the fluid
levels of the two arms of the manometer.

2- The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up.
The tank cover is airtight, and the air pressure above the water surface is 2 atm
gage. The system is at sea level. Determine the maximum height to which the
water stream could rise.

27.12.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 YILDIZ Technical University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Fluid Mechanics – Midterm -II- exam questions (G2)
Name, Surname No

3- A Horizontal 100 mm diameter pipe (f=0.027) projects into a

body of water 1 m below the surface. Considering all losses,
find the pressure at a point 5 m from the end of the pipe if the
velocity is 4 m/s and the flow is;
a- Into the body of water (K d =1)
b- Put of the body of water (K e =0.8)

a- Outflow from pipe; K d =1

𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2 5 42
ℎ𝑙𝑙 = �𝐾𝐾𝑑𝑑 + 𝑓𝑓 � = �1 + 0.027 � = 1.916 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 0.1 2 (9.81)
Energy equation ;
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃� = 2.1 𝑚𝑚
+ 0 + 0.815 = 1 + 1.916 ⟹ 𝜌𝜌 ∴ 𝑃𝑃 = 20.6 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘/𝑚𝑚 2
𝜌𝜌

b- Inflow into pipe; K e =0.8

𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉 2 5 42
ℎ𝑙𝑙 = �𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒 + 𝑓𝑓 � = �0.8 + 0.027 � = 1.753 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝐷 2𝑔𝑔 0.1 2 (9.81)
𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃� = −1.569 𝑚𝑚
+ 0 + 0.815 = 1 − 1.753 ⟹ 𝜌𝜌 ∴ 𝑃𝑃 = −15.39 𝑘𝑘𝑁𝑁/𝑚𝑚 2
𝜌𝜌

27.12.2012 Prof. Dr. Ali PINARBAŞI

 1 2 3 4 Total

Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi

Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü
Akışkanlar Mekaniği I.Vize
Ad Soyad :……………………………
Numara :…………………………...
Grup :……..

1. Şekilde görüldüğü gibi hız ölçümünde kullanılan ivme ölçer sıvı

dolu bir U borusundan yapılmıştır. Kollar arası mesafe 0.5 m ve sıvı
seviyeleri arasındaki fark 0.2m’dir. x yönündeki ivmeyi belirleyiniz.
ρ=1000 kg/m3
y

P = ρgh x

gh 9.81 ∗ 0.2
P = ρal → a = = = 3.94m/s2
l 0.5

2. 30 mm çapındaki dikey bir borudan L=50mm ve W ağırlığındaki silindir

aşağı doğru kaymaktadır. Boru ile silindir arasında 0.1 mm boşluk yağ ile
doludur (ρ yağ =890 kg/m3, µ yağ =0.40 kg/m s). Film içindeki hız dağılımının
lineer olduğunu kabul ederek silindirin hızını bulunuz. ρ katı =1300 kg/m3.
0.1 mm

𝐹𝐹 𝑉𝑉 𝐹𝐹 ∗ 𝑙𝑙 L=50 mm
𝜏𝜏 = = 𝜇𝜇 → 𝑉𝑉 =
𝐴𝐴 𝑙𝑙 𝜇𝜇 ∗ 𝐴𝐴

𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑 2 𝜋𝜋 ∗ (0,03 − 0,0002)2 D=30 mm

𝐹𝐹 = 𝐺𝐺 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝐿𝐿 → 𝐺𝐺 = 1300 ∗ 9,81 ∗ 0,05
4 4

F=G=0.44N

0.44 ∗ 0,0001
𝑉𝑉 = → 𝑉𝑉 = 0.0234 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
0,40 ∗ 3.14(0,03 − 0,0002) ∗ 0,05
3. B sıvısının bulunduğu depo Sıvı A
atmosfere açıktır. A tankındaki ρ=1200 kg/m3
gösterge basıncını kPa olarak Su
ρ=1000 kg/m3
bulunuz.
0.25m

0.9 m

0.125 m
0.4 m
A

Sıvı B
ρ=750 kg/m3

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 − 𝜌𝜌𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑔𝑔 + 𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑎 𝑔𝑔 − 𝜌𝜌𝑏𝑏 ℎ𝑏𝑏 𝑔𝑔 = 0

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 − 1000 ∗ 9,81 ∗ 0,25 + 1200 ∗ 9,81 ∗ 0,25 − 750 ∗ 9,81 ∗ 0,5 = 0

𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 3188,25𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃

4. Şekildeki ABC kapağı, B noktasından mafsallanmış

olup, ağırlığı ihmal edilmiş ve kağıt düzlemine dik 2 m
genişliğe sahiptir. Suyun derinliği yeterli yüksekliğe
60̊ F2
ulaştığında, suyu boşaltmak için kapak A noktasından
açılacaktır. Kapağın açılmaya başladığı h yüksekliğini
hesaplayınız. (ρ su =1000 kg/m3) F1

H=h-1

𝐹𝐹1 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌ℎ𝐴𝐴 = 1000 ∗ 9,81 ∗ 𝐻𝐻 ∗ 0,2 ∗ 2 → 𝐹𝐹1 = 3924𝐻𝐻

𝐻𝐻
𝐹𝐹1 = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌ℎ𝐴𝐴 = 1000 ∗ 9,81 ∗ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60 ∗ 𝐻𝐻 ∗ 2 → 𝐹𝐹2 = 8495,7𝐻𝐻2
2

𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏3�
𝑒𝑒 = 12 = 𝐻𝐻 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60
𝐻𝐻
𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60 6
2

0,2 𝐻𝐻 𝐻𝐻
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 0 → 𝐹𝐹1 = 𝐹𝐹2 � − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60� → 𝐻𝐻 = 0.448𝑚𝑚
2 2 6

h=H+1=1.448m
 1 2 3 Total

Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi

Makine Mühendisliği Bölümü
Akışkanlar Mekaniği II.Vize
Ad Soyad :……………………………
Numara :…………………………...
Grup :……..

1. Water flows through a circular nozzle, exits into the air as a

jet, and strikes a plate. The force required to hold the plate
steady is 70 N. Assuming frictionless one dimensional,
estimate
(a) the velocities at section (1) and (2)
(b) the mercury manometer reading h

Momentum Equation: ∑ 𝐹𝐹 = ∑𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝛽𝛽 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 − ∑𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝛽𝛽 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 ∴ 𝛽𝛽 = 1

−𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 − 𝛽𝛽𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 = 0 − 1. 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 = 70𝑁𝑁 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑉𝑉 = 70𝑁𝑁

𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷22
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 = 70𝑁𝑁 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝑉𝑉 2 = 70𝑁𝑁 𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉 2 = 70𝑁𝑁
4

𝜋𝜋 0.032
1000 𝑉𝑉 2 = 70𝑁𝑁 𝑉𝑉 = 𝑉𝑉2 = 9.94 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠
4

𝑉𝑉1 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑉𝑉1 32
= 𝐷𝐷22 = 102 V 1 =0.89 m/s
𝑉𝑉2 𝑑𝑑 9.94

𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑃𝑃 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃1 𝑃𝑃2 9.942 0.892

1
+ 2𝑔𝑔 + 𝑧𝑧1 += 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌2 + 2𝑔𝑔
2
+ 𝑧𝑧2 − = − − = −
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌 2 2 𝜌𝜌 𝜌𝜌 2 2

P 1 -P 2 =49kPa 𝑃𝑃1 − 𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑔𝑔ℎ (𝜌𝜌ℎ𝑔𝑔 − 𝜌𝜌𝑤𝑤 ) 49000𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 = 12600.9.81. ℎ

ℎ = 0.396 𝑚𝑚

2. The pump-turbine system in figure draws water from

the upper reservoir in the daytime to produce power for a
city. At night, it pumps water from lower to upper
reservoirs to restore the situation. For a design flow rate
of 0,95 m3/s in either direction, the friction head loss is
5,18 m. Estimate the power in Kw
(a) extracted by turbine
(b) delivered by pump.
a)
𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 += + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑡𝑡+ ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ⟹ ℎ𝑡𝑡 +ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 + 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧1
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

ℎ𝑡𝑡 + 5.18 + 10 = 50 ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 34.82𝑚𝑚(𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)

𝑊𝑊̇𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑡 = 0.95 ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 34.82 = 324504.99 𝑊𝑊 ≅ 324.5 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

b)
𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 + ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = + + 𝑧𝑧2 + ℎ𝑝𝑝 ⟹ ℎ𝑝𝑝 + 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧1 +ℎ𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

⟹ ℎ𝑝𝑝 + 10 = 50 + 5.18 ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 45.18𝑚𝑚(𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆)

𝑊𝑊̇𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚̇𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 𝑔𝑔ℎ𝑝𝑝 = 0.95 ∗ 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 45.18 = 421055.01𝑊𝑊 ≅ 421 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

3. Water (assumed inviscid and incompressible) flows steadily in the

vertical variable area pipe shown in figure. Determine the flowrate if the
pressure in each of the gages reads 50 Kpa.

𝑃𝑃1 𝑉𝑉12 𝑃𝑃2 𝑉𝑉22

+ + 𝑧𝑧1 = + + 𝑧𝑧2
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 2𝑔𝑔

Etkenler basınçlar eşit olduğundan denklemde basınç terimleri gider.

𝑉𝑉12 2 𝑉𝑉 2 𝑉𝑉22 −𝑉𝑉12

+ 𝑧𝑧1 = 2𝑔𝑔 + 𝑧𝑧2 = 𝑧𝑧1 − 𝑧𝑧2
2𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔

𝑉𝑉22 − 𝑉𝑉12 = 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 10 𝑉𝑉22 − 𝑉𝑉12 = 196.2

𝑉𝑉1 𝐷𝐷 2 𝑉𝑉 12
= 𝐷𝐷22 ⟹ 𝑉𝑉1 = 22 𝑉𝑉2 = 4𝑉𝑉1
𝑉𝑉2 1 2

𝑚𝑚
⟹ 16𝑉𝑉12 − 𝑉𝑉12 = 196.2 ⟹ 𝑉𝑉1 = 3.616 𝑠𝑠

𝜋𝜋𝐷𝐷 2
𝜋𝜋2 2
𝑉𝑉̇ = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐴𝐴1 = 𝑉𝑉1 4 1 = 3.616* 4 = 11.36 m3 /s