ESSENTIAL FORMULAS FOR SAT MATH

Linear Equations Circles

𝒏 𝒏
Slope-Intercept Form: 𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃 Arc Length = 6𝟑𝟔𝟎: 𝟐𝝅𝒓 Sector Area = 6𝟑𝟔𝟎: 𝝅𝒓𝟐
Slope = 𝑚 𝑛 = central angle of arc/sector
𝑦-intercept = 𝑏
Point-Slope Form: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 ) Center-Radius Equation: (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘) Radius = 𝑟
Standard Form: 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 = 𝑪
Powers/Exponents/Roots
1 ^
Slope = − 2 𝑥 C × 𝑥 A = 𝑥 C7A 𝑥 5C = _`
3
𝑦-intercept = 2 _` `
a
𝒚𝟐 5𝒚𝟏 _a
= 𝑥 C5A 𝑥 a = √𝑥 C
Slope Formula: 𝒎 = 𝒙
𝟐 5𝒙𝟏
(𝑥 C )A = 𝑥 CA (𝑥𝑦)C = 𝑥 C 𝑦 C
𝒙 7𝒙 𝒚 7𝒚
Midpoint Formula: 6 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 , 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 : 𝑥c = 1
<𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥 × <𝑦
Distance Formula: 𝒅 = <(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
(−1)e = f
−1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
Systems of Equations
Exponential Equations
Intersecting lines à one solution
General Form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒃𝒙
Parallel lines à no solutions • If 𝑏 > 1, exponential growth
Eliminate both
Same line à infinite solutions variables! • If 0 < 𝑏 < 1, exponential decay
𝒓 𝒕
Quadratic Equations / Parabolas Growth/Decay Formula: 𝑨(𝒕) = 𝑷 6𝟏 + 𝟏𝟎𝟎:
• 𝑃 = Principle (initial amount)
Standard/Quadratic Form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 • 𝑟 = % increase/decrease
A • 𝑡 = time interval (in any unit)
𝑥-value of vertex = − BC
A Trigonometry
𝑦-value of vertex = 𝑓 6− BC: noo Crs noo
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = pqo 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = pqo 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
Minimum when 𝑎 > 0 Crs
Maximum when 𝑎 < 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
𝑖𝑓 ∠𝐴 + ∠𝐵 = 90°, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 z
𝑦-intercept = 𝑐 → “constant or coefficient” 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵
Vertex Form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + 𝒌 Percentages
oC|T e•}5n~r
Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘) → “constants or coefficients” % = }pn~• × 100 % 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = n~r
× 100
Minimum (when 𝑎 > 0): 𝑘 Miscellaneous
Maximum (when 𝑎 < 0): 𝑘 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
Factored Form: 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒔)(𝒙 − 𝒕) Quadratic Identities
𝑥-intercepts: 𝑠 and 𝑡 → “constants or coefficients” (𝑥 + 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) = 𝑥 B + (𝑏 + 𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏
S7T
𝑥-value of vertex = B
𝑎B − 𝑏 B = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏)
S7T
(𝑎 + 𝑏)B = 𝑎B + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 B
𝑦-value of vertex = 𝑓 6 :
B (𝑎 − 𝑏)B = 𝑎B − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 B
Minimum when 𝑎 > 0
Maximum when 𝑎 < 0 A mentor can change everything.
ESSENTIAL FORMULAS FOR SAT MATH
Components of Experiment Design Box Plots
Population: A set of items of interest for
some question or experiment.
Random Sample: A subset of the population that
can reasonably be studied in
which each item has an equal
chance of being selected.
Required in order to Lower Quartile: Lowest 25% of data.
generalize survey results to
the entire population. Upper Quartile: Highest 25% of data

Sample Bias: When some members of

population are less likely to be Extra Geometry Formulas
included than others.
Surface Area of Rectangular Prism = 2(𝑤𝑙 + ℎ𝑙 + ℎ𝑤)
Random sampling = no
sample bias Surface Area of Cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟 B + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
Margin of Error: How many percentage points a √‰ B
Area of Equilateral Triangle = 𝑠
sample’s results will differ from Š
the real population’s value.
Confidence Interval: A 95% confidence Complex Numbers
interval with a 4% margin of
error means that your statistic 𝑖^ = 𝑖 𝑖 B = −1 𝑖 ‰ = −𝑖 𝑖Š = 1
will be within 4 points of the 𝑖‹ = 𝑖 𝑖 Œ = −1 𝑖 • = −𝑖 𝑖Ž = 1
real population value 95% of
the time.
Direct/Inverse Variation
Statistical Measures
Direct Variation: 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
Mean: 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 • 𝑘 = constant of variation
# 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠 Inverse Variation: 𝑦 = _
Median: The middle number of an
ordered set of items. Complex Examples of Variation
Median # term: e7^
, 𝑛 = number of items in set. 𝑦 = 𝑘 √𝑥 ∶ 9𝑥 → 3𝑦 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 B ∶ 3𝑥 → 9𝑦
B

Range: Maximum – minimum • ^ • ^

𝑦= ∶ 9𝑥 → ‰ 𝑦 𝑦 = _’ ∶ 3𝑥 → “ 𝑦
√_
Standard Deviation: Measures spread of data set
High SD: data spread out from mean
Arithmetic Sequences
Low SD: data close to mean
e
Outlier: A value that is significantly 𝑎e = 𝑎^ + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑆e = B (𝑎^ + 𝑎e )
larger or smaller than the rest
of the data.
High Outlier: Mean > Median
Low Outlier: Mean < Median

A mentor can change everything.