SAT Math Formula Sheet

Rules of Exponents Linear Functions Parabolas/Quadratics

𝑥𝑚 𝑦 −𝑦
𝑥 𝑚 ∙ 𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚+𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚−𝑛 Slope = 2 1 Standard Form: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥𝑛 𝑥2 −𝑥1
Vertex Form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘
(𝑥 𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑛 𝑥0 = 1 Slope-Intercept Form: 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑎
𝑏 1 1 Point-Slope: 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Intercept Form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑝)(𝑥 − 𝑞)
𝑥 𝑏 = √𝑥 𝑎 𝑥 −1 = =𝑥 𝑏 𝑏
𝑥 𝑥 −1 Parallel: Same Slope Find vertex: ℎ = − 𝑘 = 𝑓 (− )
Absolute value Equation 2𝑎 2𝑎
Perpendicular: Negative Reciprocal If a positive, it’s upward otherwise downward
|𝑥 + 5| = 3
𝑥 + 5 = 3 𝑥 + 5 = −3
System of: Substitution or Elimination method 𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄
Y-Intercept: Occurs at x=0 𝑏
Sum of solutions = −
𝑎
X-Intercept: Occurs at y=0 𝑐
Product of Solutions =
𝑎

Quadratic Formula Percent Statistics

𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝 𝑠𝑢𝑚
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = p% of x = (𝑥) 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 =
𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 × 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚
𝑥= 𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 100 100
∑ 𝑓∙𝑥
2𝑎 40% of b = 0.4b Mean of Frequency Distribution
If 𝑥 = 4 is a solution then 𝑥 − 4 is a factor 40% off b = 1b-0.4b=0.6b
∑𝑓
Discriminant Rules Median: Least to greatest. Middle term
b increased by 40% = 1b+0.4b=1.4b
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0 Two real roots b decreased by 40% = 1b-0.4b=0.6b Margin of Error: 𝑧√
𝜎2
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0 One real root 𝑛

𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0 Two imaginary roots Range: Highest minus lowest

Standard Deviation: Measure of variation
Probability Circle Arc Circle Sector Interpreting Linear Equations
𝐹𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑥
𝑃(𝐴) = ∙ Circumference ∙ Area Slope value: For every 1 increase of x, y
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 360 360
where x = Central Angle increases by the slope value
Sum of Probability Distribution = 1
Y-Intercept: The initial value
Given: Reduces total possible outcomes
Interpreting Exponential Equations
Boxplot
Initial Value: 𝐴0 Growth Factor: 1 + 𝑟
Growth Percent: 𝑟 ∗ 100
𝑡
Growth factor of 1.25 every 5 days: (1.25)5
Arithmetic Sequence: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
Geometric Sequence: 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 ∙ 𝑟 𝑛−1

Function Translations Functions System of Inequalities

𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 shift up 𝑓(3) set x=3 and evaluate A point must work in all the inequalities to be
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑐 shift down Zeros of Functions a solution
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐) shift left x values that cause the y value to be zero Exponential Functions
𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐) shift right Increasing Linear Function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑏 𝑥
−𝑓(𝑥) reflection about x axis Y-Increases by the same amount for each Exponential Growth/Decay
𝑓(−𝑥) reflection about y axis increment of X. 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑟)𝑡 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (1 − 𝑟)𝑡
𝑡
Projectile Motion Increasing Exponential Function 𝐴 = 𝐴0 (1 + 𝑟)𝑚
ℎ(𝑥) = −16(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 feet Y increased by the same factor or percentage
ℎ(𝑥) = −4.9(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + 𝑘 meters for each increment of X.
Similar Triangles Trig Identities Geometry
Corresponding angles congruent cos(𝜃) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (90 − 𝜃) sin(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (90 − 𝜃) Isosceles Triangle: Two sides congruent and
Corresponding sides proportional sin (𝜃) corresponding angles congruent
tan (𝜃) = sin2 (x) + cos2 (𝑥) = 1
cos (𝜃)
Side-Angle-Side | Angle-Angle | Side-Side-Side Pythagorean Theorem: 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2
Scatter Plot
Congruent Triangles Pythagorean Triplets: 3-4-5, 6-8-10, 5-12-13
Points above the line – Best fit line
Corresponding sides and angles congruent Triangle: Interior angles sum is 180
underestimated.
Side-Side-Side | Side-Angle-Side | Angle-Side- Sum of interior angles (𝑛 − 2)(180)
Points below the line – Best fit line
angle | Angle-Angle-Side | Hypotenuse-Side # of Diagonals 𝑛(𝑛 − 3)/2
overestimated
𝒚 = 𝒂𝒙𝟑 + 𝒃𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄𝒙 + 𝒅
𝑏 𝑑
Sum of solutions = − Product of Solu. = −
𝑎 𝑎

SOHCAHTOA Special Right Triangles Perimeter

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 Circle: 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 30-60-90: 𝑥, 𝑥√3, 2𝑥
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 45-45-90: 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑥√2 Area
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 1
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 Circle: (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2 Rectangle: L x W Triangle: 𝑏ℎ Circle: 𝜋𝑟 2
2
System of Linear Equations Use completing to square to convert to circle 1
Trapezoid: ℎ(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ) Parallelogram: 𝑏ℎ
One Solution: Difference Slopes equation 2
Multiple Solutions: Same slope and y-intercept 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 Volume
Density: Rect Prism: 𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝐻
No Solutions: Same slope different y-intercepts 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

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