Summary of Formulas Summary of Formulas

Z -test t-test Z test of Proportion Z -test t-test Z test of Proportion

x̅− 𝜇 x̅− 𝜇 𝑝̂− 𝑝 x̅− 𝜇 x̅− 𝜇 𝑝̂− 𝑝
𝑧= 𝜎 𝑡= 𝑠
𝑧= 𝑝𝑞 𝑧= 𝜎 𝑡= 𝑠
𝑧= 𝑝𝑞
√𝑛 √𝑛 √ √𝑛 √𝑛 √
𝑛 𝑛

Level of Level of
Left Tailed (<) Right-Tailed Two-Tailed Left Tailed (<) Right-Tailed Two-Tailed
Significance α Significance α
α = 0.10 z = - 1.28 z = 1.28 z = ± 1.645 α = 0.10 z = - 1.28 z = 1.28 z = ± 1.645
α = 0.05 z = - 1.645 z = 1.645 z = ± 1.96 α = 0.05 z = - 1.645 z = 1.645 z = ± 1.96
α = 0.01 z = - 2.33 z = 2.33 z = ± 2.58 α = 0.01 z = - 2.33 z = 2.33 z = ± 2.58

Value of r Strength of Correlation Value of r Strength of Correlation

+1 Perfect positive correlation +1 Perfect positive correlation
+0.71 to +0.99 Strong positive correlation +0.71 to +0.99 Strong positive correlation
+0.51 to +0.70 Moderately positive correlation +0.51 to +0.70 Moderately positive correlation
+0.31 to +0.50 Weak positive correlation +0.31 to +0.50 Weak positive correlation
+0.01 to +0.30 Negligible positive correlation +0.01 to +0.30 Negligible positive correlation
0 No correlation 0 No correlation
−0.01 to −0.30 Negligible negative correlation −0.01 to −0.30 Negligible negative correlation
−0.31 to −0.50 Weak negative correlation −0.31 to −0.50 Weak negative correlation
−0.51 to −0.70 Moderately negative correlation −0.51 to −0.70 Moderately negative correlation
−0.71 to −0.99 Strong negative correlation −0.71 to −0.99 Strong negative correlation
−1 Perfect negative correlation −1 Perfect negative correlation
Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient
𝑁(∑ 𝑥𝑦) − ( ∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦) 𝑁(∑ 𝑥𝑦) − ( ∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)
𝑟= 𝑟=
√[𝑁(∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑁(∑ 𝑦 2 ) − (∑ 𝑦)2 ] √[𝑁(∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 ][𝑁(∑ 𝑦 2 ) − (∑ 𝑦)2 ]

Regression Equation Regression Equation

𝒚 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙
Where: Where:

(∑ 𝑦)(∑ 𝑥 2 ) − ( ∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑥𝑦) (∑ 𝑦)(∑ 𝑥 2 ) − ( ∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑥𝑦)

𝑎= 𝑎=
𝑛 (∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 𝑛 (∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2
𝑛 (∑ 𝑥𝑦) − ( ∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦) 𝑛 (∑ 𝑥𝑦) − ( ∑ 𝑥)(∑ 𝑦)
𝑏= 𝑏=
𝑛 (∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2 𝑛 (∑ 𝑥 2 ) − (∑ 𝑥)2