Guided by, Presented by,

Dr. BINO I KOSHY VIJAI KRISHNAN V

Professor
M.Tech Student
Dept. of Civil Engineering
RIT, Kottayam Transportation Engg.
Contents
 Introduction
 Weigh-in-Motion Technology
 Types of WIM Systems
 Sensors
 Data Acquisition & Storage
 Implementation
 Case Studies
 Uses & Limitations
 WIM Systems in India
 Conclusion
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Introduction
 Overloading of vehicle
 Damage & degradation of road infrastructure
 Higher accident risks
 Affect road traffic
 Affect truck stability, maneuverability etc.
 Pollution, noise, vibration & fuel consumption

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  Static Weighing Systems
 Accurate
 Rarely used for enforcement
 Limitations
 Trucks are stopped
 Congestion
 Reduce efficiency of freight
transport Static weigh bridge
 Require large area

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Weigh-in-Motion Technology
Process of determining any one or more of the
parameters such as the vehicle mass, axle load, wheel
load or other parameters of a moving vehicle, when
it crosses over a set of sensors

 Control overloaded vehicle without disrupting

traffic & freight operations
 Legally loaded vehicles are passed
 Offended vehicles are separated from traffic

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Types of WIM Systems
LS-WIM
Speed
HS-WIM
Permanent
Systems P-WIM Installation
location
B-WIM
WIM

Portable
Systems

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 1. Low-Speed WIM system
(LS-WIM)
 Optimal speed 5 to 10km/h
 Minimum accuracy of 95%
 Outside main traffic flow LS-WIM

2. High-Speed WIM system

(HS-WIM)
 Weighs at desired speed
upto 130km/h HS-WIM
(Jacob B. & Beaumelle V., 2010)

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 3. Pavement-based WIM
systems (P-WIM)
 Sensors installed on
road surface
 Limitations:
 Traffic interruption
 Poor durability
 Accuracy is less on
P-WIM installation on pavement
rough road

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 4. Bridge-based WIM system (B-WIM)
 Measure deformation of bridge
 Strain sensors installed on bridge soffit
 Advantages over P-WIM
 No traffic interruption for installation
 Bridge health monitoring & assessment
 Non-destructive implementation
 More durable
 Multiple heavy vehicles simultaneously on bridge, result
in biased data
 SiWIM – a commercial B-WIM system

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 5. Portable WIM systems
 Sensors affixed to pavement surface by tapes
 2 sensors at 2.5 m distance
 Advantages:
 Convenient & cost effective
 No traffic closure or trench required
 Limitations:
 Require in-situ calibration at each site
 Loss accuracy & sensitivity over time
 Recommended for 7 days only

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 Installing
Portable WIM
system on
pavement

Portable WIM
data
(Faruk et al.,
2016)

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Sensors
 Measure axle load & spacing
 Convert load to electric signals
1. Based on width of sensor
1. Plate Sensors
2. Strip Sensors
2. Based on purpose
1. Weighing sensors
2. Axle detecting sensors

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 1. Plate sensors
 Use strain gauges
 High strength, rectangular steel plates
 More accurate, but costly
 Difficult to install

2. Strip Sensors
 Width is only few centimetres
 Less expensive & easy to install
 Highly accurate on smooth road surface, but less
accurate on deteriorated surfaces

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 Strip Sensor Bending Plate Sensor
(http://www.mdpi.com)

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 3. Weighing Sensors
 Vehicle load  Electric Signal
 Types of weighing sensors
1. Foil Strain Gauges
 Most commonly used
 Cheap & have acceptable accuracy
 Not suitable for long term
2. Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge
 Good durability & require less surface preparation
3. Fibre Optic Sensors
 Not affected by electromagnetic interference
 Cheap, small in size & more durable

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 4. Axle Detectors
 Traditional axle detectors
 Pneumatic tubes & induction loops
 Require lane closure
 2 parallel detectors at known spacing
 Sharp response when vehicle wheel pass over the detectors
 Free-of-Axle (FAD) Detectors
 No need of lane closure
 FAD sensor measure strain response
 Image processing & video-based systems

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  Installation Location of B-WIM sensors

 Function of sensor
 Weighing sensor  At near mid-span of bridge
 Axle detectors  Traditional sensors on road surface & FAD
sensors under the bridge

 Type of Bridge
 T-Beam RCC Bridge  FAD sensors oriented longitudinally &
installed close to beginning or end of bridge span, directly
below wheel path

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 Weighing
Sensors

Axle
Sensors

Bridge-based WIM system

(https://www.cestel.eu)

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Data Acquisition & Storage
 Sensors & cameras are communicated with on-site
data acquisition system (WIM data cabinet)
 Wired or wireless connection
 Data transmitted to control centre server
 WIM software displays:-
 Number of axles  Vehicle class
 Axle weight  Gross Vehicle Weight
 Axle spacing  Date & time of passing
 Vehicle speed  Overload warning

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  Event-triggering mechanism to reduce storage space
 Record events equal to or exceeding the lower limit

WIM Data Cabinet (FHWA, 2009) Controller Unit

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 WIM Signal Data acquisition Server at
Sensors Amplification unit control centre

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 WIM software showing weight violation list (http://www.its-is.com.my)

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Implementation
 Details to be considered :-
 Average daily heavy vehicle traffic
 Structure of heavy vehicle
 Number of overloaded vehicles
 Source & destination of heavy vehicles
 Type & condition of road
 Horizontal & vertical alignment of road
 Geometric road location
 Pilot implementation is done first as WIM is costly

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  Effectiveness is then measured based on:
 Change of vehicle travel time
 Traffic in central areas of the city
 Change in distance covered
 Change in impact on environment
 New traffic conditions (change in time lost, queue
length, number of stops etc...)

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Case Studies
1. City of Gdynia, Poland
 To reduce heavy & overloaded vehicles from Port of
Gdynia entering into city central areas
 Measurement done at urban entry points
 Significant reduction in heavy vehicle on access roads
to city & no heavy vehicle traffic on entries into city
centre
 Shifting to smaller vehicle

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 2. Netherlands & France
 WIM + video surveillance or license plate number
recognition cameras (ANPR)
 Companies classified by severity level
3. USA
 To assess road infrastructure damage & impose weight
enforcement
 Portable WIM units deployed in Texas to collect traffic
details
4. Taiwan
 HS-WIM system for direct enforcement in 1998 & 2010

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Uses of WIM
 Reduce overloaded vehicles
 Control access to busy parts of city
 Reduce road deterioration & repairs
 Road safety
 Bridge assessment
 Minimize environmental impacts
 Economical benefit
 Road infrastructure planning, design & maintenance

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Limitations
 Accuracy of sensor decrease over time
 Malfunctioning of sensors affect data quality
 More time & cost for calibration & installation
 Lifetime of P-WIM is short
 Increase risk & traffic on secondary roads
 Laws & legislations

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WIM Systems in India
 Overloaded vehicle – 13% of total accidents claiming
about 22,000 lives
 NHAI Recommendations
 Locations – entries to highways, toll plazas & locations
where heavy loads are likely to be carried (industries)
 Camera – to capture image of offending vehicle & its
registration number
 Alert messages via mobile apps to enforcement or
highway patrol agencies

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  Accuracy – 98%
 Minimum axle weight of 40 tonnes at speed  5km/h
 Should work satisfactorily under:
 Wet road conditions
 Temperature range of -20C to +55C
 Relative humidity upto 95%
 Standby battery
 System shall be duly calibrated, tested & approved

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  Supreme Court ordered to check & divert overloaded
vehicles entering Delhi to reduce pollution

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Conclusion
 Effective in overweight enforcement
 Optimize life expectancy of road & bridges
 Increase mobility & safety
 Collect traffic & vehicle weight data
 Costly & sophisticated but accurate & efficient
 Assist in planning, design & management
 In-depth analysis is necessary since a hasty change
may deteriorate the traffic

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References
1. Oskarbski, J., and Kaszubowski, D., Implementation of Weigh-in-Motion
system in freight traffic management in urban areas, 2nd International
Conference “Green Cities – Green Logistics for Greener Cities”, Poland,
Transportation Research Procedia,Vol: 16, 2016, 449-463.
2. Haugen, T., Levy, J. R., Aarke, E., and Tello, M. E. P., Weigh-in-Motion
equipment – experiences and challenges, 6th Transport Research Arena,
Transportation Research Procedia, Vol: 14, 2016, 1423-1432.
3. Faruk, A. N.M., Liu, W., Lee, S. I., Naik, B., Chen, D. H. and Walubita, L. F.,
Traffic volume and load data measurement using portable weigh in motion
system: A case study, International Journal of Pavement Research and
Technology, Vol: 9, 2016, 202-213.
4. Jacob, B. and Cottineau, L. M., Weigh-in-motion for direct enforcement of
overloaded commercial vehicles, 6th Transport Research Arena,
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5. Jacob, B., and Beaumelle, V. F. L., Improving truck safety: Potential of weigh-
in-motion technology, IATSS Research, Vol: 34, 2010, 9-15.
6. Yu, Y., Cai, C.S., and Deng, L., State-of-the-art review on bridge weigh-in-
motion technology, Advances in Structural Engineering, 2016, 1-17.
7. Burnos, P. and Gajda, J., Vehicle’s Weigh-in-Motion system for enforcement
in Poland, 11th ITS European Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, 2016, 1-11.
29-May-18 Weigh-in-Motion Systems 33
 8. Karim, M. R., Ibrahim, N. I., Saifizul, A. A. and Yamanaka, H., Effectiveness
of vehicle weight enforcement in a developing country using weigh-in-
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capability, IATSS Research, Vol: 37, 2014, 124-129.
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overloaded HGV, Transport Research Arena – Europe, Procedia – Social and
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10. Lydon, M., Taylor, S. E., Robinson D., Mufti A., and Brien E. J. O., Recent
developments in bridge weigh in motion (B-WIM), Journal of Civil Structural
Health Monitoring, Vol: 6, No: 1,2016, 69-81.
11. Batenko, A., Grakovski, A., Kabashkin, I., Petersons, E. and Sikerzhicki, Y.,
Weight-in-motion (WIM) measurements by fiber optic sensor: Problems and
solutions, Transport and Telecommunication, Vol: 12, No: 4, 2011, 27-33.
12. NHAI, Advanced Traffic Management System (ATMS) on NHs – Functional
and Technical Specifications, Highway Automation and Management
Division, 2016, 60-62.
13. FHWA, LTBP Program’s Literature Review on Weigh-in-Motion Systems, US
Department of Transportation, 2016.
14. FHWA, Deploying Weigh-In-Motion Installations on Asphalt Concrete
Pavements, US Department of Transportation, 2008.
15. EPCA for Delhi, Installation of weigh-in-motion bridges at all entry points,
MoRTH, 2016.

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