Additional Information / Clarifications

Slides 1-4 “Review”

Statistical tools are useful in processing and managing numerical data to describe a phenomenon and
predict values. In your Senior High School Statistics and Probability subject, you have already tackled
hypothesis testing, correlation, and regression.
Since, in this session, we are focusing on statistical tools, we will have a short review of hypothesis
testing that will be used later in further discussion.
Slide 7 “Importance of Data Management”
The goal of every statistical study is to collect data and use it to make the right decision.
Slide 10 “Planning and Conducting an Experiment Study”
To collect unbiased data, a researcher must ensure that the sample is representative of the population.
Appropriate sampling techniques must be used to ensure that the inferences about the population are
valid. Note that when the study is done with incorrect data, the results will be questionable.
In sampling, ideally, we would take a census that will use every member of a population as a subject
since the descriptive statistics would be sufficient. However, this is often too costly and difficult. Instead,
we sample part of the population. With sampling, we need to make sure that the sample is representative
of the population and large enough to be meaningful.
Slides 14-15 “Planning and Conducting an Experiment Study” Activity
The correct sampling methods are:

1. Cluster sampling
2. Systematic sampling
3. Simple random sampling
4. Matched random sampling
5. Stratified sampling
Slide 16 “Planning and Conducting an Experiment Study”
We are concerned with the analysis of data generated from an experiment. It is wise to take time and
effort to organize the investigation properly to ensure that the right type of data, and enough of it, is
available to answer the questions of interest as clearly and efficiently as possible. This process is called
experimental design.
Slide 20
“Chi-Square”
The chi-square statistic is one way to show a relationship between two (2) categorical variables. In
statistics, there are two (2) types of variables: numerical (countable) variables and non-numerical
(categorical) variables. The chi-squared statistics is a single number that tells you how much difference
exists between you observed counts and the counts you would expect if there were no relationships at all
in the population.
Slide 21
“Chi-Square”
Conducting a Chi-Square test is much like running a z-test or a t-test. We will follow the same basic series
of steps and compare a calculated value to a value on a distribution table and evaluate the probability of
getting the results we have if the null hypothesis is true, just as we did with the z- and t-tests.
Slides 22-23
“Chi-Square”
Frequency Tables of 2 Variables
The Frequency tables of two (2) variables presented simultaneously are called contingency tables.
Contingency tables are constructed by listing all the levels of one variable as rows in a table and the of
the other variables as columns, then finding the joints or cell frequency of each cell.
Slide 24
“Chi-Square”
Test of Independence
In doing the Test of Independence, the procedure for the hypothesis test is essentially the same as the
goodness of fit test.