Title: Mastering the Art of Literature Review

Welcome to our guide on mastering the art of literature review. If you're a student or researcher,
you're likely familiar with the daunting task of synthesizing existing literature on a particular topic.
Crafting a comprehensive literature review is essential for laying the groundwork of your research,
but it's also one of the most challenging aspects of academic writing. Here, we'll delve into the
intricacies of literature review writing and offer valuable insights to help you navigate this process
effectively.

Understanding the Complexity:

Writing a literature review involves much more than summarizing a bunch of articles. It requires
critical analysis, synthesis of ideas, and the ability to identify gaps and trends in existing research.
Moreover, you must present your findings in a coherent and structured manner while adhering to
academic conventions and citation styles. Balancing these elements can be quite challenging,
especially for those new to the academic arena.

Navigating the Maze:

One of the biggest hurdles in literature review writing is information overload. With an abundance of
scholarly articles, books, and other sources available, sifting through the vast sea of information can
be overwhelming. Additionally, ensuring that your review is up-to-date and encompasses relevant
literature adds another layer of complexity to the process.

Why Choose ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔?

At ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, we understand the challenges you face when writing a literature review.
That's why we offer expert assistance to help you overcome these hurdles with ease. Our team of
experienced writers specializes in various academic fields and is well-versed in the art of literature
review writing. Whether you need help with narrowing down your topic, conducting thorough
research, or structuring your review, we've got you covered.

By entrusting your literature review to ⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔, you can rest assured that you'll receive a
meticulously crafted document that meets the highest academic standards. We prioritize quality and
accuracy in every aspect of our work, ensuring that your review effectively showcases your
understanding of the topic and contributes meaningfully to your research.

Don't let the challenges of literature review writing hold you back. Order your literature review from
⇒ StudyHub.vip ⇔ today and take the first step towards academic success!
ANOVA IN LATIN-SQUARE DESIGN Latin-square design is an experimental design used
frequently in agricultural research. But an absolute zero of temperature istheoretically unobtainable
and it remains a concept existing only in the scientist’s mind. Do you agree? Answer pointing out the
variouscharacteristics of computers. 6. Write a note on “Computers and Researchers”.7. “Inspite of
the sophistication achieved in computer technology, one should not forget that basically computers
are machines that only compute, they do not think”. Comment.8. Add 110011 and 1011. Under itthe
extraneous factor, the known source of variability, is made to vary deliberately over as wide arange
as necessary and this needs to be done in such a way that the variability it causes can bemeasured
and hence eliminated from the experimental error. But if the calculated value of ?2 is greaterthan its
table value, our inference then would be that null hypothesis does not hold good which meansthe two
attributes are associated and the association is not because of some chance factor but itexists in
reality (i.e., the new medicine is effective in controlling the fever and as such may beprescribed). A
brief description of the above stated steps will be helpful. 1. Formulating the research problem: There
are two types of research problems, viz., thosewhich relate to states of nature and those which relate
to relationships between variables. In all these operations,computers are of great help. Sample should
be truly representative of population characteristics without any bias so that itmay result in valid and
reliable conclusions. Enumerators explain the aims and objects ofthe investigation and also remove
the difficulties which any respondent may feel in understanding theimplications of a particular
question or the definition or concept of difficult terms. This method requires the selection of
enumerators for filling up schedules or assisting respondentsto fill up schedules and as such
enumerators should be very carefully selected. Subtract the correction factor from this total and the
result is the sum of squaresfor variance between the samples. The main pitfall of non-
controlledobservation is that of subjective interpretation. Inbuilt flexibility in research design is
neededbecause the research problem, broadly defined initially, is transformed into one with more
precisemeaning in exploratory studies, which fact may necessitate changes in the research procedure
forgathering relevant data. Thus, an experiencesurvey may enable the researcher to define the
problem more concisely and help in the formulationof the research hypothesis. The arithmetic
underlying the ML method is relatively difficult in comparison to that involved inthe PC method and
as such is understandable when one has adequate grounding in calculus, higheralgebra and matrix
algebra in particular. If the connecting lines do not cross over each other, then the graph indicates that
thereis no interaction, but if the lines do cross, they indicate definite interaction or inter-relation
betweenthe two factors. For a paired t-test, it is necessary that the observations in the twosamples be
collected in the form of what is called matched pairs i.e., “each observation in the onesample must
be paired with an observation in the other sample in such a manner that these observationsare
somehow “matched” or related, in an attempt to eliminate extraneous factors which are not ofinterest
in test.”5 Such a test is generally considered appropriate in a before-and-after-treatmentstudy. When
funds are ample, time is alsoample and much information with no precision is to be collected, then
either personal interview or themail-questionnaire or the joint use of these two methods may be
taken as an appropriate method ofcollecting data. Thus, the main contributionof these techniques is
in arranging a large amount of complex information involved in the real datainto a simplified visible
form. After the designated calculations and comparisons have been completed,output is obtained
from the internal storage of the CPU. The purpose of survey investigations may also be toprovide
scientifically gathered information to work as a basis for the researchers for their conclusions. It will
serve all practitioners doing research of one form or other in a general way. This type of editing is
necessary in view of thefact that individual writing styles often can be difficult for others to
decipher. The various steps involved in hypothesis testing are stated below: (i) Making a formal
statement:The step consists in making a formal statement of the null hypothesis(H 0) and also of the
alternative hypothesis (H a). In the former case, therespondent is asked to choose which person he
favours or which solution he would like to seeemployed, whereas in the latter case he is simply asked
to judge which person is more effective insome aspect or which solution will take fewer resources
without reflecting any personal preference.(d) Scale properties: Considering scale properties, one
may classify the scales as nominal, ordinal,interval and ratio scales. The main purpose of such studies
is that of formulatinga problem for more precise investigation or of developing the working
hypotheses from an operational Page 53. Similarly, there may be impact of varyingseeds on the yield.
Whichever method is selected, questions must be well examinedand be made unambiguous;
interviewers must be instructed not to express their own opinion; observersmust be trained so that
they uniformly record a given item of behaviour. But in case of finite population where sampling is
donewithout replacement and the sample is more than 5% of the population, we must as well use the
finite population multiplier in our standard error formulae. Thedetermination of interaction effects is
possible in case of factorial designs. The second approach is theoretically optimal, but it is seldom
used because ofthe difficulty involved in measuring the value of information.
When N happens to be a big figure, there isthe risk of respondents giving ill considered answers or
they may even refuse to answer. In addition to what has been stated above, the significance of
research can also be understood. Compute the proportion of total variance explained by the two
factors worked out in question six aboveby the principal components method. Q-type analysisis
useful when the object is to sort out people into groups based on their simultaneous responses to
allthe variables. This Stronglyagree (1) Agree(2) Undecided(3) Disagree(4) Stronglydisagree (5) Page
103. Such a step is of utmost importance for the researcher now sits to write downwhat he has done
in the context of his research study. The analysis may be at a relativelysimple level or may be a
subtle one. In other words, cluster designs, where the primarysampling unit represents a cluster of
units based on geographic area, are distinguished as area sampling.The plus and minus points of
cluster sampling are also applicable to area sampling.(v) Multi-stage sampling: Multi-stage sampling
is a further development of the principle of clustersampling. MIT students sign petition for Satya
Nadella to go to space following Bezos. I thankfully acknowledge the assistance provided by the
University Grants. In fact, it is a search for broader meaning of research findings. A run is
asuccession of identical letters (or other kinds of symbols) which is followed and preceded by
differentletters or no letters at all. As such we can reject the null hypothesis at agiven level of
significance if H value calculated, as stated above, exceeds the concerned table valueof chi-square.
The problem stated in a broad general waymay contain various ambiguities which must be resolved
by cool thinking and rethinking over theproblem. This test is frequently used but the problemof
validity still remains a major problem of this test. (d) Holtzman Inkblot Test (HIT):This test from
W.H. Holtzman is a modification of theRorschach Test explained above. In this respect the design
issuperior to before-and-after without control design. 3. Before-and-after with control design: In this
design two areas are selected and the dependentvariable is measured in both the areas for an
identical time-period before the treatment. Suchdocumentary footnotes follow a general sequence.
But such an approach generallydoes not produce definitive results because the question phrased in
such a fashion is usually in broadgeneral terms and as such may not be in a form suitable for testing.
On the representation basis, the sample may be probability samplingor it may be non-probability
sampling. It is extremely important for the source list to be as representativeof the population as
possible. (iv) Size of sample:This refers to the number of items to be selected from the universe
toconstitute a sample. He has to specify very clearly andprecisely what decisions he selects and why
he selects them so that they can be evaluated by others also. Generally, thestudy extends over a long
period of time to ascertain the natural history of the unit so as toobtain enough information for
drawing correct inferences. 5 H. Odum, An Introduction to Social Research, p. 229.6 Burgess,
Research Methods in Sociology, p. 26 in Georges Gurvitch and W.E. Moore (Eds.) Twentieth
Century Sociology.7 Pauline V. Young, Scientific Social Surveys and Research, p. 247. Page 131.
Checks may beset up to ensure that the data collecting staff perform their duty honestly and without
prejudice. “Asdata are collected, they should be examined for completeness, comprehensibility,
consistency andreliability.”2 The data collected must be processed and analysed. We can now briefly
take up the above methods one by one.Cross tabulation approach is specially useful when the data
are in nominal form. Finally, subtract the correction factor from this total toobtain the sum of squares
of deviations for variance between rows (or SS between rows). (vii) Sum of squares of deviations for
residual or error variance can be worked out by subtractingthe result of the sum of (v)th and (vi)th
steps from the result of (iv)th step stated above. In fact, formulation of a problem is often more
essential than its. Show full review Like Comment MD YAHIAH 1 review Read February 9, 2016
Juts etch yVyrxjyxu Like Comment Shamim 1 review Read January 10, 2020 This is an awesome
site. The givenseries is, thus, left with the effects of one type of factor only. The table value of ?2 at
5 per cent level for 9 d.f. is 16.92. The calculated value of ?2 is lessthan this table value, so we
accept the null hypothesis and conclude that the variance of the populationis 5 as given in the
question. Finally, the physical appearanceof the questionnaire affects the cooperation the researcher
receives from the recipients and as suchan attractive looking questionnaire, particularly in mail
surveys, is a plus point for enlisting cooperation.The quality of the paper, along with its colour, must
be good so that it may attract the attention ofrecipients.
But if the calculated value of A is more than its table value, then A-statistic is taken as insignificant
and accordingly we accept H0. This includes steps like coding the interviewreplies, observations,
etc.; tabulating the data; and performing several statistical computations. What we conclude rejecting
the null hypothesis is known as alternative hypothesis. But if the calculated value of ?2 is greater
than its table value, the fit is not considered to be a good one. This, in other words, means that steps
should be taken to ensure that the survey. On the one hand, its responsibility as a science is to
develop a body of principlesthat make possible the understanding and prediction of the whole range
of human interactions. When a test shows that a difference is statistically significant, then itsimply
suggests that the difference is probably not due to chance. (iv) Statistical inferences based on the
significance tests cannot be said to be entirely correctevidences concerning the truth of the
hypotheses. The merit of this approach lies in thefact that it provides an opportunity for give-and-
take decisions which generally lead to a betterunderstanding of the findings and their implications. F
ratio is computed in a way that the larger variance is always in the numerator. Thusthe effective way
to increase precision is usually to select a better sampling design which has asmaller sampling error
for a given sample size at a given cost. In fact, there is a growing use of such tests insituations when
the normality assumption is open to doubt. This criterion, though arbitrary, is being used more or less
by way ofconvention, and as such must be kept in view when one reads and interprets the
multivariate researchresults. Some prior study may be done byresearcher in order to make hypothesis
a testable one. Hence, those aspiring forcareerism in research must develop the skill of using research
techniques and must thoroughlyunderstand the logic behind them. (ii) Knowledge of how to do
research will inculcate the ability to evaluate and use researchresults with reasonable confidence. For
example, the zero point on a centimeterscale indicates the complete absence of length or height.
Researcher must know that correct measurement depends on successfully meeting all of theproblems
listed above. In other words, the 5 per cent level of significance means that researcher is willing to
take asmuch as a 5 per cent risk of rejecting the null hypothesis when it (H 0) happens to be true. In
other words, all those methods which are used by the. We can as well correlate scores on the scale to
other measures without any concernfor the absolute value of what is favourable and what is
unfavourable. Yates has suggested a correction for continuity in ?2 value calculated in connection
with a (2 ? 2) table, particularly when cell frequencies are small (since no cell frequency should be
less than 5 in any case, through 10 is better as stated earlier) and ?2 is just on the significance level.
If the answers to all these questions are in the affirmative, one may become sure so far as.
Experimental designs can be either informal designs (such as before-and-after without control,after-
only with control, before-and-after with control) or formal designs (such as completely
randomizeddesign, randomized block design, Latin square design, simple and complex factorial
designs), out ofwhich the researcher must select one for his own project. Decisions regardingwhat,
where, when, how much, by what means concerning an inquiry or a research study constitutea
research design. “A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis
ofdata in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in
procedure.”1 In fact, the research design is the conceptual structure within which research is
conducted; it constitutesthe blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. Similarly,
research studies, concerning human behaviour carried on. The researcher must remain vigilant about
all such things so that falsegeneralization may not take place. This technique is appropriatewhen the
researcher has a single, metric criterion variable. The most widely used classification of measurement
scalesare: (a) nominal scale; (b) ordinal scale; (c) interval scale; and (d) ratio scale. (a) Nominal scale:
Nominal scale is simply a system of assigning number symbols to events inorder to label them. If the
significance level in the given case is kept at 5%, then the rejection region will be equal to 0.05 of
area in the lefttail as has been shown in the above curve. The object of F-test is to test the hypothesis
whether the two samples are from the same normalpopulation with equal variance or from two
normal populations with equal variances. Thus sampling frame consists of a list of items from which
thesample is to be drawn.
The book can be taken as a well-organised guide for researchers whose methodological background
is not extensive. We, thus, measure physical objects as well as abstractconcepts. But increasing the
size of the sample has its own limitations viz., alarge sized sample increases the cost of collecting
data and also enhances the systematic bias. Formal computerized techniques are available for
thepurpose and the same can be used in the context of a particular problem being studied by
theresearcher. (ii) Multiple discriminant analysis:Through discriminant analysis technique, researcher
may classifyindividuals or objects into one of two or more mutually exclusive and exhaustive groups
on the basisof a set of independent variables. Carelessmechanical processing may distort the
findings. The inputdevices translate the characters into binary, understandable by the CPU, and the
output devicesretranslate them back into the familiar character i.e., in a human readable form. In
order to be able to follow this inductive method, we first follow a deductive argumentwhich is that
we imagine a population or universe (finite or infinite) and investigate the behaviour ofthe samples
drawn from this universe applying the laws of probability.”3 The methodology dealingwith all this is
known as sampling theory. It must reflect a structurewherein the different pieces of analysis relating
to the research problem fit well. 8. A research report should show originality and should necessarily
be an attempt to solvesome intellectual problem. Thge book elaborately explains the steps of doing
research and how the research methodology has to be designed. CONCLUSION From a brief
description of the various sample designs presented above, we can say that normallyone should resort
to simple random sampling because under it bias is generally eliminated and thesampling error can be
estimated. What decision should he take on the basisof the following sample data concerning 35
applicants? Page 321. Is this difference likelyto be revealed by simple sample of 1500 and 1000
respectively from the two populations? 13. Even then, at times it may not workwell and may even
disappoint the user. Systematic sampling canbe used if it is considered more appropriate in certain
situations. It is, so to say, a lottery method in which individual units are picked up from the
wholegroup not deliberately but by some mechanical process. In the former case, therespondent is
asked to choose which person he favours or which solution he would like to seeemployed, whereas
in the latter case he is simply asked to judge which person is more effective insome aspect or which
solution will take fewer resources without reflecting any personal preference.(d) Scale properties:
Considering scale properties, one may classify the scales as nominal, ordinal,interval and ratio scales.
The book is primarily intended to serve as a textbook for social science students of all Indian
universities. Other measures of skewness, based on quartilesor on the methods of moments, are also
used sometimes. It providesmaximum number of degrees of freedom to the error. Caution must also
be exercised in the use of phraseswhich reflect upon the prestige of the respondent. This would be an
example of convenience sample of gasoline buyers. The methodology adopted in conducting the
study must be fully explained. A continuing consumer panel is often set up for an indefinite period
with a viewto collect data on a particular aspect of consumer behaviour over time, generally at
periodic intervalsor may be meant to serve as a general purpose panel for researchers on a variety of
subjects. If secondarydata are used, their suitability to the problem at hand be fully assessed. One
should remember that no truly infinite population of physicalobjects does actually exist in spite of the
fact that many such populations appear to be very verylarge. For calculating rank correlation
coefficient, first of all the actual observations be replaced bytheir ranks, giving rank 1 to the highest
value, rank 2 to the next highest value and following this veryorder ranks are assigned for all values.
Qualitativeresearch is specially important in the behavioural sciences where the aim is to discover
theunderlying motives of human behaviour. How many defective articles would you reasonably
expect to find in the whole batch? 8. Factoranalysis Clustreanalysis MetricMDS Multipleregression
Multiplediscriminant analysis Multivariateanalysis ofvariance Non-metricMDS
Latentstructureanalysis Canonical analysis Page 335. Enumerators should be intelligent and must
possess the capacity of cross-examination in order to find out the truth.
Define the main issues which should receive the attention of the researcher in formulating the
research problem. Theprimary limitation of the interval scale is the lack of a true zero; it does not
have the capacity tomeasure the complete absence of a trait or characteristic. Can the two samples be
considered to have been taken from the same population whosestandard deviation is 11 lbs. Dr. A.L.
Bowley’s remark in this context is very appropriatewhen he says that “in collection of statistical data
common sense is the chief requisite and experiencethe chief teacher.” CASE STUDY METHOD
Meaning: The case study method is a very popular form of qualitative analysis and involves acareful
and complete observation of a social unit, be that unit a person, a family, an institution, acultural
group or even the entire community. The problem to be investigated must be definedunambiguously
for that will help to discriminate relevant data from the irrelevant ones. Asample of 5 of these
industrial units is taken at random which gives a mean of annual turnover as 300employees. One
difficulty that remains in using this test isthat most of the respondents do not know the determinants
of their perceptions, but for theresearcher, who has to interpret the protocols of a subject and
understand his personality (orattitude) through them, knowing the determinant of each of his
response is a must. We may, therefore, concludethat the difference in wheat output due to varieties is
insignificant and is just a matter of chance. It is unlikely that the respondent can validly react to a
shortstatement on a printed form in the absence of real-life qualifying situations. Illustration 2A
sample of 10 is drawn randomly from a certain population. Whateverthe frame may be, it should be
a good representative of the population.3. Sampling design:A sample design is a definite plan for
obtaining a sample from the samplingframe. Charles Spearman’s coefficient of correlation (or rank
correlation) is the technique ofdetermining the degree of correlation between two variables in case of
ordinal data where ranks aregiven to the different values of the variables. The chief merit of this type
of scale is that it provides more information and meaning to the rater,and thereby increases reliability.
Like Comment Dr.Anubha Walia 10 reviews March 23, 2020 I had read this book 7 years back,,,,and
till date I refer it.one of the finest for research who wants to use statistics. Specially it fails to give
any idea about the scatter ofthe values of items of a variable in the series around the true value of
average. If it is not properly set up, then thesurvey is bound to fail. Similarly,Ph.D. theses and
dissertations are also a form of report-writing, usually completed by students inacademic institutions.
If there is a carry of 1 add it to obtain the result; if there is no carry, add 0, recomplement and attach
a negative sign to obtain the result.Following two examples illustrate this method. While designing
data-collection procedure, adequate safeguards against Page 55. In cases where strata differ not only
in size but alsoin variability and it is considered reasonable to take larger samples from the more
variable strata andsmaller samples from the less variable strata, we can then account for both
(differences in stratumsize and differences in stratum variability) by using disproportionate sampling
design by requiring: Page 81. As a result many researches do not servethe purpose for which they are
undertaken. Certain English and Latin abbreviations are quite often used in bibliographies and
footnotes toeliminate tedious repetition. Bibliography,i.e., list of books, journals, reports, etc.,
consulted, should also be given in the end. The treatment effect is determined bysubtracting the
change in the dependent variable in the control area from the change in the dependentvariable in test
area. From a practical consideration, we then use the term infinite population for a population
thatcannot be enumerated in a reasonable period of time. If the calculated value of ?2 is less than the
table value at a certain level of significance, the fit is considered to be a good one which means that
the divergence between the observed and expected frequencies is attributable to fluctuations of
sampling. When we study some qualitative characteristic of theitems in a population, we obtain
statistics of attributes in the form of two classes; one class consistingof items wherein the attribute is
present and the other class consisting of items wherein the attributeis absent. However, in practice,
the two terms are taken as interchangeable and when we talk of research methods we do, by.
Questions should be simple and must be constructed with aview to their forming a logical part of a
well thought out tabulation plan. Limitations: One should also be aware of several limitations of
factor analysis.