Our Lady of Fatima paper proposing that information can be

University (OLFU). quantitatively encoded as a series of ones

Sumulong Highway, Antipolo, and zeros.
Rizal ✓ Shannon showed how all information
School Year 2023-2024 media, from telephone signals to radio
waves to television, could be transmitted
without error using this single framework.
ELEC111

Name: MARIA JULITA B. BAYO-ANG

Grade and Section: 1-Y1-3

MIDTERMS

IT ERA

THE MILESTONE OF INFORMATION AGE

WEEK 5
--------------------------------------------------------------
By the 1970s, with the development of the Internet
by the United States Department of Defense and the
INFORMATION AGE
subsequent adoption of personal computers a
decade later, the Information, or Digital, Revolution
What is the information age?
was underway.
✓ The Information Age is the idea that
The World Wide Web, used initially by companies as
access to and control of information is
an electronic billboard for their products and
the defining characteristic of this
services, morphed into an interactive consumer
current era in human civilization.
exchange for goods and information.
Electronic mail (email), which permitted near-instant
The Information Age
exchange of information, was widely adopted as the
✓ Computer Age
primary platform for workplace and personal
✓ Digital Age
communications.
✓ New Media Age

The digitization of information has had a profound

Is coupled tightly with the advent of personal
impact on traditional media businesses, such as
computers. However, many computer
book publishing, the music industry, and -- more
historians trace its beginnings to the work of
recently -- the major television and cable networks.
the American mathematician Claude E.
Shannon, known as the "father of Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Theory."
DIGITAL AGE
CLAUDE E. SHANNON
The Digital Age refers to a historical era and
FATHER OF THE INFORMATION THEORY
information technology-based economy originating
in the twentieth century.
✓ The origin of information age in 1948
✓ Shannon at the age of 42 yrs. old, he
The Digital Age intersects with the Internet Age,
was a researcher at Nokia Bell
which describes the time since the public first had
Laboratories, he published a landmark
access to the Internet, as well as the fundamental
changes it brought about in terms of
information availability and worldwide
communication.
Digital Age Timeline
✓ 1940s: This was the beginning of the
discipline of information science.
✓ Late 1940s: universities, the military,
and companies created computer
systems to digitally copy and
automate previously done
mathematical operations by hand.
✓ 1970s: The Altair Microcomputer Kit,
the first home computer, was
released. The video game console,
the first coin-operated video games,
and the heyday of arcade video
games all came into existence.
✓ The 1980s: Computers entered semi-
ubiquity (almost everywhere) as
people brought them into homes,
businesses, and industries.
✓ Late 1980s - 1990s: Tim Berners-Lee
invented the World Wide Web, which
became publicly accessible. (The
Internet quickly spread and entered
popular culture, and many companies
mentioned websites in their
advertisements. Despite their
invention, phones were not widely
used).
✓ 2000s: Cell phones outpaced phones
of the 90s in terms of technological
advancement and became as
commonplace as computers. Text
messaging exploded in popularity.
The developing world became heavily
involved in the digital revolution.
✓ 2010s to the present: both smartphone use,
and console ownership increased in
popularity. The number of individuals using
the Internet expanded dramatically over
time, reaching 63.5% of the global
population today. The use of cloud
computing became widespread.
✓ 2010s to the present: both smartphone use,
and console ownership increased in
popularity. The number of individuals using
the Internet expanded dramatically over
time, reaching 63.5% of the global
population today. The use of cloud
computing became widespread.
Features of the Digital Age
1. New Technology and Society
- One of the central features of the
digital age is referred to as new
technology.
- Every day, people create new,
small-scale technology.
- The phrase "new technology" mostly
refers to these advances.
- The printing press was a novel
invention in the year 500.
- Computers, satellites, and the
Internet are the three main
components of modern technology
for us.
2. New Technological Networks
- The Internet and other networks
enable communication and
interaction between numerous
machines and people, all over the
world.
- Face-to-face speaking or written
notes passed from person to person
used to be some of the only means
of communication.
- Today, we can message, call, learn
about world events in real-time, and
access all forms of media in a
matter of moments.
 -------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Mobility Due to New Technology
THE NEW MEDIA AGE
Digital tools and the internet have allowed us
to carry out activities such as employment or
social engagement from any location while
remaining mobile, e.g., remote working.
4. Consumerization Due to New
Technology
NEW MEDIA AGE:
In the past, businesses typically purchased
equipment that was unreachable for the
average customer. For instance, the first
computers were extremely expensive
mainframes and supercomputers.
5. Misinformation and Disinformation
Due to New Technology
The internet enables everyone to take part in
the global exchange of information and
opinions.
6. New Technology and Globalization
The internet significantly speeds up this
lengthy process. The result of this is not only
cultural diffusion but cultural leveling, which is
the process by which cultures become
increasingly like each other.
7. Security Concerns Due to New
Technology
Information security is becoming almost as
crucial as physical security as economies,
society, companies, and people grow more
and more reliant on technology.
The “new media age” refers to the
development of interactive technologies that
began during the late 20th century and has
continued into the 21st century.
✓ Various forms of new media have emerged
from the Internet since it first became widely
available in homes during the mid to late
1990s, including blogs, Internet videos, and
other social networking tools.
✓ The new media age has especially changed
the way people look at such issues as
privacy, social interaction, and access to
information.
✓ Also encompasses cellular technologies and
applications that are compatible with the
Internet and its various platforms of
interactivity.
✓ For better or worse, the new media age has
changed the way people look at such issues
as privacy, social interaction, and access to
information. Communicate, most noticeably
by minimizing face-to-face communication.
✓ The new media age has also made
information more easily and quickly
accessible for both individuals and major
organizations.
EVOLUTION OF NEW MEDIA New Media: NEW JOBS

New Media: FUTURE

New Media: NEW PROBLEMS

- Multi Identity
- Cyber Crime Collapse of Traditional
Economic Models
- Privacy Issues
- Hate Speech
WEEK 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
New Media: NEW HORIZONS
INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEB
- Virtual Socialization
- Cyber Entrepreneurship INTERNET
- New Business Models
It defines as a worldwide network connecting to a
- Global Political Organizations and million computers via dedicated routes and servers.
Movements
When computers are connected to the internet, end-
New Media: NEW FORMS & CONTEN users can start sending and receiving deferent types of
information.

Types of Information via:

- e-mails
- text
- videos
- conferencing
- computer program
- among others
TELECOMMUNICATION
communication over a distance by cable,
telegraph, telephone, or broadcasting.
Telephone companies that function as
internet service providers:
PLDT INC.
- Philippine Long Distance Telephone
Company
- The largest network company.
Smart Communication Inc. and Digital Mobile
Philippines, Inc.
- (Known as Sun Cellular)
- Collaborating with PLDT.
Globe Telecom
- Acquired Bayan Telecommunication
- (Bayan Tel or Bayan).
- Companies use high-speed fiber-optic
cables to transmit data.
------------------------------------------------------
1960
✓ The internet was started from the:
✓ Advanced Research Projects
Agency’s Wide Area Network
(ARPANET).
✓ Established by the U.S. Department of
Defense so that the military’s research
unit could collaborate or partner with
business and government laboratory.
✓ ARPANET attained the name of
“Internet.”
World Wide Web (WWW) / Web
✓ Hypertext-based technology
✓ It has provided the channels for displaying
text, graphics, animations, etc.
✓ Enabling easy search and offering
navigation tools
-----------------------------------------------------------------
INTERNET2
It is a non-profit networking consortium founded
in 1996 by 34 universities research institution in
the U.S.
It provides a collaborative environment where
U.S. research and education organization work
together and develop advance technologies and
innovative solution.
Manages the Internet2 Network
Internet2 Network
a next-generation optical and internet protocol
network that can deliver enhanced network services
and is better, faster, and more efficient than the
typical internet or broadband connections.
Maintains a secure network testing and research
environment.
Began operating the Internet2 DCN
Internet2 DCN (dynamic circuit network)
Advanced technology that allows user-based
allocation of data circuits over the fiber-optic network
PREGINET
(Philippine Research, Education and Government
Information Network)
TEIN
(Trans-Eurasia Information)
DOST-ASTI
(Department of Science and Technology-
Advanced Science and Technology Institute)
-------------------------------------------------------------
INTERNET TODAY: STILL GROWING
✓ Nowadays the internet connects
thousands of networks and billions of
users and subscribers around the
world.
✓ The number of users as of January
2018 is 4.021 billion.
INTERNET: JOBS
✓ to move, transfer, or assign
computerized information from one
place to another.
Data - information can be in the form
of text documents, images, audio,
video, and software programs.
--------------------------------------------------------------
HOW THE DATA TRAVELS THE INTERNET
✓ Data and information are transferred
around the world through wired or
wireless transmission media.
✓ Data is transferred from one network
to another until it reaches its
destination.
✓ Much of the internet runs on the
ordinary public telephone.
TWO (2) Modes of Data Transmission
CIRCUIT SWITCHING
A method of linking telephones together, allowing
the circuit to remain open as long as the two friends
are over the telephone is a common communication
network scheme used for telephone calls.
✓ PROS
It offers a dedicated transmission channel
that Is reserved until is disconnected.
✓ CONS
Dedicated channels can cause delays
because a channel is unavailable until one
side disconnects.
It uses a dedicated physical link between the
sending and receiving devices.
✓ KEY FEATURES
It offers the capability of storing messages
temporarily to reduce network congestion.
PACKETS SWITCHING
Most data move over the internet in an entirely
different way.
A mode of transmission in which the message is
broken into smaller parts which are sent
independently, and then resemble the ultimate
destination.
More efficient
✓ PROS
Packets can be routed around network
congestion.
Packet switching makes efficient use of
network bandwidth.
✓ CONS
Packets can get lost while taking alternative
routes to the destination.
Messages are divided into packets that
contain source and destination information.
✓ KEY FEATURES
The two types of packet switching are
datagram and virtual circuit.
 Datagram packets – independently
sent and can take different paths
throughout the network.
Virtual circuit – uses a logical
connection between the source and
the destination device.
--------------------------------------------------------------
COMPUTERS DO ON THE INTERNET
SERVERS
✓ Computers work like electronic filing
cabinets that store information and
send it when clients request.
✓ a computer that is designed to
process any requests for data and
delivers data to other client computers
over a local network.
✓ computer with a special software
CLIENTS
✓ computer that gets information from a
server
AD DS (Active Directory Domain Services)
✓ a computer that holds the user
accounts, computer accounts,
organizational units, application
services
DNS (Domain Name System)
✓ machine that helps Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server
✓ a server that configures IPv4 and
IPv6 addresses
FILE SERVER
✓ machine that holds and manages
documents.
PRINT SERVER
✓ a device that connects printers to client
computers through the internet
✓ it accepts print jobs from the computers,
queues these jobs, and sends them to the
appropriate printers.
ROUTER
✓ The internet is made up of a hardware
device designed to receive, analyze, and
send incoming packets to another network.
✓ It can be compared to a simple mailbox
placed at the corner of a street which
represents a single point of entry to the
worldwide network.
WEB SERVER II
✓ machine that holds users’ mail services and
Web services.
--------------------------------------------------------------
WORLD WIDE WEB
The collection of public websites that are connected
to the internet worldwide, together with client
computers.
Considered to be one of the applications in
the internet and computer networks
THREE (3) FUNDAMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language
✓ a standard markup language used for
creating web pages.
✓ classified as the set of markup symbols or
codes appended in a file intended for
presentation on a WWW browser page
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol TWO (2) MAINLY MANAGED SEARCH TOOLS
✓ classified as the set of standards
allowing users of the WWW to SUBJECT DIRECTORIES
interchange information seen on the
web pages. developed and maintained by human editors and not
by electronic spiders or robots that are used to fetch
✓ PORT 80 – standard port for HTTP web pages automatically.

✓ Connections directs to hypertext SEARCH ENGINES

document accessible through the
internet. o spiders or bots - uses small programs that polish
the internet, follow links, and return information to
WEB SERVERS and WEB BROWSERS the search engine’s indicator

✓ a software application for recovering, Googlebot

presenting, and navigating information Yahoo Slurp
resources on the WWW. MSNbot

-------------------------------------------------------------- GOOGLE- most used and famous search engines

UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR
Google Search Tricks
✓ sorted as the internet address refers
to the address and to the electronic - Use an asterisk within quotes to specify
locality of a specific website. unknown or variable words.
✓ standard used to identify web
resources. - Use the minus sign to eliminate results
containing certain words.
http://www.yahoo.com/help/shop/shop-01.html
- Search websites for keywords
Protocol- identifies the means of access.
- Compare using “vs.”
Server- contains the domain name of the Web
server. - Use “DEFINE:” to search for the meaning of
words – slang included.
Path- identifies the location of the document.
- Search images using images.
Resource- specifies the filename of the
resource.

--------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCH ENGINE

WEB ADMINISTRATOR
✓ website maintenance

✓ modify the website content as well as

add new information.
WEEK 8
--------------------------------------------------------------
INFORMATION, CONTROL AND PRIVACY
INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCES
- Organizations treat company assets,
such as buildings, equipment, and
their manpower as important
resources.
- Resources are the total means
available to a company for increasing
production or profit, including land,
labor, capital, and raw materials.
- Without resources, organizations
would cease to exist. Imagine a bank
without money, a manufacturing plant
without forklifts, or a school without
teachers.
TWO TYPES OF RESOURCES
Physical resources
✓ Usually start from acquisition and are
then assembled to be available for
use when needed.
✓ Very often, the assembly process
entails converting an essential raw
material into a refined form, such as
wood, cement, and steel for building
construction.
✓ Once these resources have been
assembled, the manager strives to
maximize their use; this includes
allocating space for office use and
identifying key areas in the building
plans.
✓ Finally, the manager asks for
replacement or repairs and
maintenance of these resources at a
critical time before they are inefficient
or obsolete.
Conceptual resources
✓ Are non-tangible and are considered
valuable for what they represent rather than
their physical make- up.
✓ Money is considered a conceptual resource
as each paper bill represents a specific
monetary value as opposed to the paper
where it is printed.
✓ Managers use conceptual resources to
manage physical resources or vice versa.
✓ One such example is the use of computers
in organizations.
✓ A computer unit, by itself, may cost
thousands of pesos.
✓ However, once used, the content saved in
those computer units becomes even more
valuable resources, making the computer
unit irreplaceable.
INTEGRITY
The saved files may be compromised, so security
checks are often identified on the computer units.
EXAMPLE: firewalls, anti-virus, biometric access
--------------------------------------------------------------
INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE
INFORMATION ARE FACTS
Can be simply defined as "facts about something or
someone that are provided or learned," Facts are
considered relevant truths which have been
validated and identified.
DATA ARE CONSIDERED FACTS
Therefore, processed data are considered as
information as they are organized in such a way that
they have additional value beyond the value of the
facts themselves.
Unlike other organizational resources,
information is considered.
Expandable
✓ Information can be expanded without
compromising its integrity. In fact, by
having additional information, much
more can be understood from it.
✓ An example is a person's personal
information. While knowing his or her
name, contact details and current
work may be useful, having the
person's full curriculum vitae becomes
more useful for those in, for example,
the HR Department.
Compressible
✓ Although expanded information can
give a more detailed explanation, it
may not always be needed. An
example of this is in news sites.
✓ Instead of a barrage of details, news
sites would often give one-liner
headlines that provide enough
information about the news.
✓ Another example is research
abstracts. An abstract is normally a
half- or a one-page summary of the
entire research.
Transportable
✓ Information, especially digital
information, is easily transportable.
With the use of the internet and
various technologies, information can
be sent though any of the following:
- send via email.
- share via Facebook.
- copy onto a flash drive.
- upload on YouTube
Diffusive
✓ Gossip or rumors tend to spread
easily. Unfortunately, the same
applies to any kind of information-be
it true or not.
Sharable
✓ Since information can be easily spread, it is
considered sharable as well.
✓ Information can be kept, calling it a secret.
However, once a person decides to tell it to
someone, then he or she will no longer
have control over it. In some cases, certain
parts of the secret can be kept.
✓ One such example is the secret recipe of
KFC. It is known that there are 11 secret
herbs and spices, but as to what these
herbs and spices are, people can only
guess.
--------------------------------------------------------------
VALUABLE INFORMATION
Accurate
✓ Accurate information is error-free. In some
cases, inaccurate information is generated
because inaccurate data was processed.
Analysts call this as "garbage-in-garbage-
out.
✓ " By typing "parts of a computer" in the
search bar, Google gives you a list of
several websites which contain the
information you are looking for.
However, how do you determine which are accurate
and which are inaccurate? Usually, it is better to
trust sites that are formal in nature rather than
informal ones such as blogs or forums.
Complete
✓ Complete information contains all the
important facts.
✓ This is especially important in the field of
medicine. Missing information could spell
disaster, or worse, lead to death.
✓ If the information regarding allergies has
been left out, doctors might inadvertently
give wrong medication that could cause
severe allergic reactions to the patient.
Reliable
✓ Reliable information can be depended
on.
✓ In many cases, the reliability of
information depends on the validity of
the data collection method.
✓ In other cases, reliability depends on
the source of information, which
brings us back to valuable information
being economical.
Torrent sites offer pirated software, music, and
movies for free. However, the resolution of the
movie downloaded, for example, might not be
clear and might even contain malware and
virus that could infect the computer system.
Flexible
✓ Flexible information can be used for
different purposes. Depending on the
situation, personal information can be
used for a variety of ways.
✓ A school ID can be used to enter the
school premises. The same ID can be
used to transact business with the
registrar's office during enrolment.
✓ It can be used to open a bank account
or to apply for a student driver's
permit.
Relevant
✓ Relevant information is important to
the decision-maker.
✓ For example, your assignment calls
for searching "parts of a computer"
online.
✓ You do not visit sites that tackle "parts
of the human body" because they are
irrelevant to your research topic.
Simple
✓ Information should also be simple, not
overly complex.
✓ Sophisticated and detailed information
may not be needed.
✓ Complex information may sometimes
lead to confusion which could result in
inaccuracy of details.
Timely
✓ Timely information is delivered when it is
needed.
✓ This is true in the case of weather
predictions, stock market forecasts, and
traffic management.
Verifiable
✓ This means that information can be checked
for correctness and authenticity.
✓ Most authors include references,
bibliography, or citations in their works to
enable readers to verify the content.
✓
Accessible
✓ Information should be easily accessible by
authorized users to be obtained in the right
format at the right time to meet their needs.
✓ In Korea, the U.S., the U.K., and China, a
mobile phone can be used to pay for day-to-
day transactions.
✓ A mobile pay app can be downloaded on the
smartphone in which the user's credit card
or debit card is enrolled.
Secure
✓ Information should be secure from access
by unauthorized users.
✓ Mobile pay systems such as Samsung Pay
and Apple Pay use biometric authentication,
typically a fingerprint scan, before a
transaction is made.
✓ This ensures that only the owner of the
phone can use the app for payments.
--------------------------------------------------------------
VALUE OF INFORMATION
• Information is considered valuable
mainly for business purposes as
businesses depend on it to produce
quality products and services. This
helps organizations become globally
competitive and be up to date with the
latest trends and technology.
• With businesses gearing towards IT
automation, the strategy now is to
come up with business activities that
shorten time frames while increasing
productivity. All of this is possible if
companies have access to valuable
information.
• Information, as a resource, has four
characteristics, namely it:
(1) has zero marginal cost
(2) is non-rivalrous
(3) is non-exclusive
(4) does not exhibit high degrees of
transparency
Zero-marginal cost
The cost of producing the first copy of an
information good may be substantial, but the
cost of producing (or reproducing) additional
copies is negligible. Avengers: Age of Ultron
released in 2015 is one of the most expensive
Hollywood movies ever made with an
estimated budget of US$250,000,000.
However, buying a DVD copy of the said
movie today would cost about $20 on
Amazon.com.
Non-rivalrous
Simultaneous consumption of information by
consumers is possible. Movies nowadays are
sold not only as DVD copies.
There are also digital formats which anyone
can watch online or download on their mobile
devices, either as a rental or paid subscription.
Non-exclusive
Exclusion is not a natural property of information
goods, though it is possible to construct exclusion
artificially. However, the nature of information is that
if it is known, it is difficult to exclude others from its
use. Through emails and SMS, one can identify only
intended recipients of the message through a
specific email address or a phone number. However,
emails and SMS have the capability of forwarding
the exact information to other recipients, without the
original sender knowing it. This is much more
evident in social media such as Facebook, in which
a "share" automatically means sending to everyone
else.
No transparency
To evaluate the information, the information must be
known, so one has to invest in learning how to
evaluate it. A programmer undergoing boot camp
training to learn a new programming language
needs to invest time, money, and effort. The more
complicated the training, the more expensive the
cost and the longer the time needed to learn it.
--------------------------------------------------------------
INFORMATION ECONOMICS
- Since people have widely different values for
a particular piece of information, value-
based pricing leads naturally to differential
pricing.
- In economics, a good is an experience good
if consumers must experience it to value it.
- Virtually any new product is an experience
good, and marketers have developed
strategies such as free samples,
promotional pricing, and testimonials to help
consumers learn about new goods.
- The tension between giving away your
information to let people know what you
have to offer-and charging them for it to
recover your costs, is a fundamental
problem in the information economy.
- These strategies include browsing
previews, branding, and reputation.
Browsing previews

An example of this strategy is movie trailers.

Movie trailers that normally run from 1 to 3
minutes give viewers a glimpse of what the
film is all about. Trailers normally include
highlights from the film which can leave the
audience excited to watch the entire film later.
Another example is music downloaded from
iTunes. A 5- to 15-second preview of the song
can be listened to prior to buying it. This gives
the user an idea of the song he or she wants
to download if it is worth the amount to be
paid.

Branding

Big names such as Microsoft and Apple have

no issues when it comes to launching new
products as people have already established
their trust on these brands. According to
American telecommunications (telco)
company, Sprint, when Apple introduced
iPhone 7 in September 2016, pre-order sales
shot up by 375% compared to the launch of
iPhone 6.

Reputation

When a movie is announced, people would

often be skeptical if it would be good enough.
However, the reputation of directors and the
cast of actors and actresses normally remove
this skepticism. For example, Michael Bay is
known for successfully directing the
Transformers movie franchise. This reputation
has made his movies blockbuster hits as
people have made a connection that if it is a
Michael Bay film, it must be good.