Problem Solving Session: Week 1

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

noc22-ma42

Amartya Saha
IIT Kanpur
Problem 1

Q. Consider the function defined below:

( z R(z)
|z|2
, z 6= 0
f(z) = u + iv =
0 ,z = 0

Examine its continuity and differentiability at z = 0.

A. We have
( x(x+iy)
x2 +y2
, (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f(x, y) =
0 , (x, y) = (0, 0)

Let us approach the origin along the line y = mx. Thus, along this line:
1 + im
lim [f(x, y) − f(0, 0)] =
x→0 1 + m2
Since this limit depends on the arbitrary parameter m, f(z) is not continuous at
z = 0.

© Amartya Saha 2
 We also have:
x2 xy
u(x, y) = ; v(x, y) = 2
x2 + y2 x + y2

We now look at the following partial derivative:

u(h, 0) − u(0, 0) 1
ux (0, 0) = lim = lim
h→0 h h→0 h

Clearly, this limit does not exist.

But the three other partial derivatives exist and all of them vanish.

Thus, f(z) is not differentiable at z = 0.

© Amartya Saha 3
Problem 2

Q. Let f(z) = (x2 + 3y) + ix(2y − 3). Then find the points where f(z) is
differentiable and also the derivative of f(z).

A. We have

u(x, y) = x2 + 3y ; v(x, y) = x(2y − 3)

=⇒ ux = 2x ; vy = 2x ; uy = 3 ; vx = 2y − 3

We know that f(z) is differentiable at those points where all the four partial
derivatives are continuous and moreover, the Cauchy-Riemann equation is
satisfied.

All the partial derivatives are continuous.

We see that the condition ux = vy is automatically satisfied.

© Amartya Saha 4
 But, to have uy = −vx , we need the following:

3 = −2y + 3 ⇒ y=0

Thus, f(z) is differentiable only along the x-axis.

Now,

f 0 (z) = ux + ivx
= 2x + i(2y − 3)
= 2z − 3i

© Amartya Saha 5
Problem 3

Q. If f(z) is an analytic function of z, then show that:

 2
∂2

∂ 2
+ |Rf(z)|2 = 2 f 0 (z)
∂x2 ∂y2

A.
∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂2
   
2
+ 2 |Rf(z)|2 = + u(x, y)2
∂x ∂y ∂x2 ∂y2
∂ ∂
= (2uux ) + (2uuy )
∂x ∂y
 
= 2 u2x + u2y + 2u (uxx + uyy )

= 2|ux + ivx |2 + 2u (vyx − vxy ) (using CR eqns)

0 2
= 2 f (z) + 0.

© Amartya Saha 6
Problem 4

Q. Find the analytic function f(z) whose real part is:

u(x, y) = sin x cosh y + 2 cos x sinh y + x2 − y2 + 4xy

A. The imaginary part v(x, y) satisfies the following two condition due to the
Cauchy-Riemann equations:

vy = ux = cos x cosh y − 2 sin x sinh y + 2x + 4y (1)

vx = −uy = − sin x sinh y − 2 cos x cosh y + 2y − 4x (2)

Integrating (1), we obtain:

v(x, y) = cos x sinh y − 2 sin x cosh y + 2xy + 2y2 + f(x) (3)

while integration of (2) gives:

v(x, y) = cos x sinh y − 2 sin x cosh y + 2xy − 2x2 + g(y) (4)

© Amartya Saha 7
 Comparing (3) and (4), we conclude that:

v(x, y) = cos x sinh y − 2 sin x cosh y + 2xy − 2x2 + 2y2 + c

Finally, we calculate f(z):

f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

= (1 − 2i)(sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y) + (1 − 2i)(x2 + 2ixy − y2 ) + c
= (1 − 2i)(sin z + z2 ) + c

eix −e−ix ey −e−y

(by substituting sin x = 2
, sinh y = 2
etc.)

© Amartya Saha 8
Problem 5

Q. Consider the vector field:

~F(x, y) = x y
î + 2 ĵ
x2 + y 2 x + y2
Find the complex potential that gives rise to this vector field. Also, find the
equations of the equipotential line and the streamline.

A. We know that the complex potential φ(z) is an analytic function of z. If it is

given by:

φ(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

The function u(x, y) is the real (physical) potential, so that F x = ux and F y = uy .

Thus,
x 1
ux = ⇒ u(x, y) = ln (x2 + y2 ) + g(y)
x2 + y 2 2
y 1
uy = 2 ⇒ u(x, y) = ln (x2 + y2 ) + f(x)
x + y2 2

© Amartya Saha 9
 Thus, the physical potential is given by:
1
u(x, y) = ln (x2 + y2 ) + c0
2

The equipotential lines are defined as: u(x, y) = constant. So in this case, they
are:
1
ln (x2 + y2 ) + c0 = c ⇒ x 2 + y 2 = c1
2

Now, the imaginary part of the complex potential φ(z) satisfies:

vx = −uy ; vy = ux

Thus, we have:
y y
vx = −F y = − ⇒ v(x, y) = tan−1 + g(y)
x2 + y 2 x
x y
vy = F x = 2 ⇒ v(x, y) = tan−1 + f(x)
x + y2 x
y
⇒ v(x, y) = tan−1 + c0
x

© Amartya Saha 10
 The streamlines are defined as: v(x, y) = constant. So in this case, they are:
y y
tan−1 + c0 = c ⇒ = c2
x x

If we follow the direction of the field lines at each point, we shall trace out a
streamline. Streamlines and equipotential lines are mutually orthogonal curves
i.e. they intersect perpendicularly with each other at each point.

Finally, the complex potential is:

φ(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

1 y
= ln (x2 + y2 ) + i tan−1 + c
2 x
= Ln(z) + c

Such a potential is generated by an infinitely-extended uniform line charge.

© Amartya Saha 11
Problem 6

Q. Consider the vector field:

~F(x, y) = yî + xĵ

Find the complex potential that gives rise to this vector field. Also, find the
equations of the equipotential line and the streamline.

A. We shall solve this problem in a shortcut method. As per the definition of the
real (physical) potential u(x, y) :

ux = F x , uy = F y
⇒ F x − iF y = ux − iuy = ux + ivx (using CR eqns)
0 x y
⇒ φ (z) = ux + ivx = F − iF

Thus, in this problem, we have the following complex potential:

z2
φ0 (z) = y − ix = −iz ⇒ φ(z) = −i +c
2

© Amartya Saha 12
 The real and imaginary parts of this complex potential respectively are:

y 2 − x2
u(x, y) = xy , v(x, y) =
2
so that the equipotential lines are:

xy = constant

while the streamlines are:

y2 − x2 = constant

© Amartya Saha 13