Water

W42
3469.38

Corn Cobs
Stream 1 Washing Unit
1,156.46 kg E-101
Components kg %
Solids (S1 Solids) 974.76568 84.28875
Water (W1) 178.80317 15.46125
Residue (R1) 2.89115 0.25
Wastewater
Stream 39
3506.8482920975
Components
Solids (S39 Solids)
Water (W39)
Residue (R39)
 Water
W42
3469.38 kg

Washed Corn Cobs

Washing Unit Stream 2
E-101 1118.9917079025 kg
Components kg %
Solids (S2 Solids) 945.5227079 84.49774
Water (W2) 173.469 15.50226

Wastewater Temperature 25 C
Stream 39
506.8482920975 kg
kg %
29.242970348 0.833882
3474.7141718 99.08368
2.89115 0.082443

ROTARY DRYER
 Air
Stream 3
Components kg %
Dry air
Moisture

Dried Corn Cobs

Rotary Dryer Stream 4 G
D-101 1027.74207380707 kg
Components kg %
Solids(S4) 945.5227079 92
Water(W4) 82.2193659 8

Components

Dry air
Moisture

ROTARY DRYER

Ls 945.5227 kg
X1 0.1550 MC
Ts1 25 C
X2 0.08 MC
Ts2 30 C
Cps 1.4 kJ/kg-K

Cpa 1.005 kJ/kg-K

Tg1 heuristics:
40 10-20C
C sya above sa exiting solid
Tg2 60 C
 Y2 0.01
Y1
Lambda 2501
Cpw 1.88

Entering gas
Hg2 86.438 kJ/kg dry air

Exit gas
Hg1 40.952 to get y1

Entering solid
Hs1 38.89494

Exiting solid
Hs2 44.412
 Crushed Corn Cobs
Grinder Stream 5
B-101 966.077549378641 kg
Components kg %
Solids(S4) 888.7913 92
Water(W4) 77.2862 8

Components
61.66452 kg %
Solids 56.73136 92
water 4.933162 8
 Water
Stream 6
9660.78 kg
Components kg %
Water 9660.775

Temperature 130 C

0.5 mm Corn Cobs LHW Treatment

Stream 5 R-101
966.078 kg
Components kg %
Solids 888.7913 92
Water 77.2862 8

Components of Corn Cobs

Cellulose 319.9649 0.36
Hemicellulose 231.0857 0.26
Lignin 151.0945 0.17
Extractives 186.6462 0.21
Water 77.2862 0.08
 Water
Stream 8
844.22

nt LHW Treated Corn Cobs Filtration

Stream 7 F-101
10626.853 kg
Components kg %
Cellulose 238.1819 0.7444
Hemicellulose 8.665716 0.0375
Lignin 25.4141 0.1682 Filtrate
Extractives 9.145663 0.049 Stream 10
Total (Solid) 281.4073 11161.53
Components
Water 9738.062 0.94129 Water
Cellulose 81.78302 0.007905 Cellulose
Hemicellulose 222.42 0.021499 Hemicellulose
Lignin 125.6804 0.012148 Lignin
Extractives 177.5005 0.017157 Extractives
Total (Liquid) 10345.45 Total (Liquid)
 Water 50% NaOH Solution
Stream 8 Stream 12
844.22 kg 337.689 kg

Filtration Filter Cake NaOH Treatme

F-101 R-102
Stream 9 (90 °C, 90 min
309.548 kg
Components kg %
Cellulose 238.1819 0.846395
Hemicellulose 8.665716 0.030794
Filtrate Lignin 25.4141 0.090311
Stream 10 Extractives 9.145663 0.0325
11161.53 kg Total (Solid) 281.4073
kg %
10554.14 1.020173 Water 28.14073
81.78302 0.007905
222.42 0.021499
125.6804 0.012148
177.5005 0.017157
11161.53
 Water
Stream 11
8104.53 kg

NaOH Treatment Delignified Corn Cobs

R-102
(90 °C, 90 min) Stream 13
8751.768 kg
Components kg %
Cellulose 191.76022 0.8051
Hemicellulose 0.3769586 0.0435
Lignin 2.5795311 0.1015
Extractives 0.4563686 0.0499
Total (Solid) 195.17307 1

Water 8301.5165 0.802432

Cellulose 46.421644 0.004487
Hemicellulose 8.288757 0.000801
Lignin 22.834569 0.002207
Extractives 8.6892944 0.00084
NaOH 168.8444 0.016321
Total (Sol'n) 8556.5951
 Water
Stream 14
585.519 kg

Filtration Cellulose
F-102 Stream 15
214.690
Components kg
Cellulose 191.7602
Hemicellulose 0.376959
Lignin 2.579531
Filtrate Extractives 0.456369
Stream 16 Total (Solid) 195.1731
9122.60 kg
Components kg % Water 19.51731
Water 8867.518 0.857142
Cellulose 46.42164 0.004487
Hemicellulose 8.288757 0.000801
Lignin 22.83457 0.002207
Extractives 8.689294 0.00084
NaOH 168.8444
Total (Sol'n) 9122.597
llulose
eam 15
kg
%
0.982514
0.001931
0.013217
0.002338
1
 Citric Acid Solution
Stream #
Components 4293.808
kg
Citric Acid 2790.975
Cellulose Water 1502.833
Stream 15
214.690381129 kg
Components kg % Hydrolysis Vessel
191.7602 0.982514 D-101
Cellulose
Hemicellulose 0.376959 0.001931
Lignin 2.579531 0.013217
Extractives 0.456369 0.002338
Total (Solid) 195.1731 1
Citric Acid Recycle
Water 19.51731 Stream #
4293.8076225773
Components kg
Citric Acid 2790.975
Water 1502.833

2735.155
228298.3
id Solution Water
eam # Stream #
kg Components 226602
% kg
65 Water 226602
35 Hydrolized Material
Stream #
4532.0385593 kg
sis Vessel Components kg %
-101 Filtration
CNC 45.08498 0.994806
CNF 101.49 2.23939
Xylose 0.376959 0.008318
Lignin 2.579531 0.056918
Extractives 0.456369 0.01007
id Recycle Water 88.2431
eam # Citric Acid 2790.975 Citric Acid Recycle
kg Water 1502.833 Stream #
% 230640.47408
65 Components kg
35 Citric Acid 2567.697
Water 228073
Water
tream #
kg
%
100
Filtered Solids
Stream #
493.036078 kg
Components kg % Centrifugation
Filtration
CNC 45.085 9.144357
CNF 101.490 20.5847
Lignin 2.580 0.523193
Xylose 0.377 0.076457
Water 120.227 24.38495
Citric Acid 223.278 45.28634
Acid Recycle
tream #
kg
%
1.11329
98.88671
 Precipitate
Stream #
235.03066196 kg
Components kg % Centrifuga
Centrifugation
CNC 45.085 19.183 Phase 2
CNF 101.490 43.182
Lignin 2.580 1.098
Water 30.057 12.788
Citric Acid 55.819 23.750

Citric Acid Recycle/Wastewater

Stream #
378.325056 kg
Components kg %
Citric Acid 167.458 44.263
Water 210.490 55.637
Xylose 0.377 0.100
 Precipitate
Stream #
217.422804 kg
Centrifugation Components kg %
Phase 2 CNC 45.08498 20.73609
CNF 101.49 46.67864
Water 15.02833 6.912029
Citric Acid 55.8195 25.67325

Waste Water
Stream #
17.60786 kg
Componen kg %
Lignin 2.579531
Water 15.02833
Values from centrifugation: Water Citric Acid
tentative values sa 10,000 1660

Nanocellulose-rich soln
Stream 27
217.422804161413 kg
Components kg %
CNF 101.49 46.68
CNC 45.08 20.74
Citric Acid 55.82 25.67
Water 15.03 6.91

Removal of citric acid is 100%

 Water input is assumed to be 10m3/m3 citric acid
10,000 kg h2o per 1660 kg Citric acid SEARCH: VIKASH AND VIMAL KUMAR

Water
W28
336.26 kg

Nanocellulose suspension
Dialyser Unit Stream 30
Y-101 161.603305067908
Components kg
CNF 101.49
CNC 45.08
Water 15.03
Wastewater
Stream 29
392.081541825458 kg
Components kg %
Citric Acid 55.82 14.24
Water 336.26 85.76

Removal of citric acid is 100%

 Solids loading is set to be 10%, so water is added to achieve this loading as per
ASH AND VIMAL KUMAR0.1

Water
W28
1450.72 kg

spension
0 Ultrasonicator
kg A-101
%
62.80
27.90
9.30
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1350417719318012

Nanocellulose suspension
Stream 31 Centrifuge
1612.32476227776 kg C-102
Components kg %
CNF 101.49 6.29
CNC 45.08 2.80
Water 1465.75 90.91
Supernatant
Stream 33
597.424778759501
Components kg
CNC 45.08
Water 552.34
 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277097783_Water_retention_value_measurements_
from this, 900G and 30mins for cellulosic fibrils cheng et al 2007, wang and cheng 2009)
based on treated mcc (max 10 micrometer length)
Water retention value = 90% for 1800g =3600 rpm

Precipitate
uge Stream 32 Dryer
2 1014.89998351826 kg D-103
Components kg %
CNF 101.49 10.00
Water 913.41 90.00

atant
m 33
kg
%
7.55
92.45

-0.1
1040

WRV (Wwet - Wdry) / Wwet *100

let x = Wwet
90 (X-104)/X *100
0.90 = (x-104)/x
x= Wdry/0.1
x= Wdry + water
Water = Wdry/0.1 - Wdry
783_Water_retention_value_measurements_of_cellulosic_materials_using_a_centrifuge_technique
ng et al 2007, wang and cheng 2009) in ambient conditions, air-dried nanocelluloses contain between
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00611
hence, water retained in precipitate is 5%

Air
Stream 3
Components kg %
Dry air
Moisture

NFC Powder
Dryer Stream 34
D-103 103.561222807986 kg
Components kg %
Solids(S4) 101.49 98.00
Water(W4) 2.07 2.00
nanocelluloses contain between 2 and 5 wt % residual moisture.
21/acs.chemrev.2c00611
 Filtrate (from F-101)
Stream 11
11161.53
Components kg
Water 10554.1
Cellulose 81.783
Hemicellulose 222.42
Lignin 125.68
Extractives 177.501

Acetic Acid (6 M)
Stream 13
49.097 kg Neutralization
Components kg % V-103

Temperature C

Resources

Geng et al. (2019). Geng, W., Venditti, R. A., Pawlak, J. J., De Assis, T., Gonzalez, R. W., Phillips, R. B., & Chang, H. (2019). Techno‐

Stream 11

Assumptions

Other components do not react with acetic acid

The feedstock input was set to 2500t/day for all three biomasses

The production of air-dried hemicellulose (92% solid content) is in the range of 299–603t/day depending on the biomass, with sugarcane baga
 Input: Biomass 2500 ton

Yield = 27% = 675 ton

Calculation (refer goodnotes):

for 222.42 kg of hemicellulose extracted, 49.97 kg is needed

22.07%

Stream 13

Hemicellulose A was precipitated by adding acetic acid to neutralize the hemicellulose enriched filtrates.

2820t/day of acetic acid (without nanofiltration)

Stream 13.1

Assumptions

Other components do not react with acetic acid

The hemicellulose enriched liquid outflow is neutralized (pH5–6) with acetic acid to precipitate hemicellulose A.

Monosaccharides: The products of the acid hydrolysis of hemicellulose are monosaccharides (simple sugars), such as xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucuroni

Stream 14

Then an amount of 95% ethanol (v/v) at 2.5 × the extract volume was added to precipitate the hemicellulose B

basis: for every 675 ton of hemicellulose extracted, 18 ton of ethanol is needed

thus, 2.67%

lignin residues

f sugarcane bagasse (499t/day)

Stream 16

For sugarcane bagasse the production of hemicellulose A (595t/day) of scenario GHA (greenfield and hemicellulose A)

refer to goodnotes calculation:

89.33% is the yield from the extraction

92% w/w product (dry basis)

m F-101)
11
kg Ethanol (95%)
% Stream 14
94.55782 28026.5675
0.732722 Components
1.992738 Ethanol
1.126011 Water
1.590293

Neutralized Solution
Stream 13.1 Precipitation
ation 11210.627 kg V-104
3 Components kg %
Water 10554.10 94.14%
Cellulose 81.78 0.73%
Hemicellulose 222.42 1.98%
Lignin 125.68 1.12%
Extractives 177.50 1.58%
Acetic Acid 49.10 0.44%
100.00%

., Phillips, R. B., & Chang, H. (2019). Techno ‐economic analysis of hemicellulose extraction from different types of lignocellulosic feedstocks and strategies for cost optimization. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. doi:10.1002/bbb.205

pending on the biomass, with sugarcane bagasse having the highest hemicellulose production, mainly due to the higher total hemicellulose extraction yield of sugarcane bagasse (Table 1).
 1 link.springer.com

2 bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu

3 openstax.org

4 chem.libretexts.org

as xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucuronic acid. These monosaccharides may also have acetyl groups attached to them. The other product is water, which is formed when the proton from acetic acid combines with the hydroxyl grou
 Ethanol (95%)
Stream 14
28026.5675 kg
kg %
26625.24 95%
1401.328 5%
100%

Precipitation Stream 15 Filtration

V-104 39237.1945 kg F-103
Components kg %
Water 10554.10 26.90%
Ethanol 28026.57 71.43%
Cellulose 81.78 0.21%
Hemicellulose 222.42 0.57%
Lignin 125.68 0.32%
Extractives 177.50 0.45%
Acetic Acid 49.10 0.13%
100.00%

els, Bioproducts and Biorefining. doi:10.1002/bbb.2054

on from acetic acid combines with the hydroxyl group from hemicellulose 3.
 Filtrate (Wastewater)
Stream 17
39038.506714 kg
Components kg %
Water 10538.20 26.99%
Ethanol 28026.57 71.79%
Cellulose 81.78 0.21% to be added to stream 4
Hemicellulose 39.63 0.10%
Lignin 125.68 0.32%
Extractives 177.50 0.45%
Filtration Acetic Acid 49.10 0.13%
F-103 100.00%

Hemicellulose (92% w/w)

Stream 16
198.687786 kg
Components kg %
Hemicellulose 182.7927631 92.00%
Water 15.89502288 8.00%
100.00%
to be added to stream 4
 Filtrate (from F-102)
Stream 21
9122.60 kg
Components kg %
Water 8867.52 97.2038673
Cellulose 46.4216 0.5088637
Hemicellulose 8.28876 0.09085962
Lignin 22.8346 0.25030803
Extractives 8.68929 0.09525015
NaOH 168.844 1.850832

HCl (0.5 M)
Stream 22
75.86 kg
Components kg % Neutralization
V-105
Temperature C

Resources

Dinh Vu, N., Thi Tran, H., Bui, N. D., Duc Vu, C., & Viet Nguyen, H. (2017). Lignin and Cellulose Extraction from Vietnam’s Rice Straw Using Ultrasound-Assisted Alkaline Treatment

Calculation

Stream 21 Dilution

Components Weight (kg) Density (kg/L) L Molarity (M)

 Water 8867.52 1 8867.52

NaOH 168.844 2.13 79.26948356808 0.5

9036.364 8946.789483568

Stream 22

Molarity of HCl (M)

Moles of NaOH 39.63474178404 Density of HCl (kg/L)

Moles of HCl 39.63474178404 1:1 ratio

Volume of 0.5 HCl 79.26948356808

Weight of HCl 75.85596513691

Stream 23

Assumptions Cellulose, Hemicellulose, Lignin, Extractives do not react with HCl

Moles of NaCl 39.63474178404 MM of NaCl

Weight of NaCl 2316.373214085 MM of H2O

Moles of H2O 39.63474178404 MM of NaOH

Weight of H2O 714.2180469484 MM of HCl

Total 3030.591261033

Stream 24

Assumptions 3 volumes of 95% ethanol for 6 h

Only lignin is precipitated in the process

Other components are now soluble in water

Concepts

Stream 25

Assumptions the alkali soluble lignin was obtained by precipitation at pH 1.5 adjusted by HCl.

Stream 26

Assumptions Reaction time of 40 mins, 84.9% is the extracted lignin

 Ethanol (95%)
Stream 24
27595.3678954107 kg
Components kg %
Ethanol 26215.6 95%
Water 1379.768 5%
100%

Neutralized Solution
Stream 23 Precipitation
9198.46 kg V-106
Components kg %
Cellulose 46.4216 0.50%
Hemicellulose 8.28876 0.09%
Lignin 22.8346 0.25%
Extractives 8.68929 0.09%
NaCl + H2O 9112.22 99.06%
100.00%

Straw Using Ultrasound-Assisted Alkaline Treatment Method. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2017, 1–8. doi:10.1155/2017/1063695

Final Molarity (M)

0.00443005190374

0.5
1.045

58.443

18.02

39.9971

36.46

applicable ang 3 volumes from assumption

3
n Stream 25 Filtration
36793.8238605477 kg F-104
Components kg %
Ethanol 27595.367895 75.00%
Cellulose 46.4216 0.13%
Hemicellulose 8.28876 0.02%
Lignin 22.8346 0.06%
Extractives 8.68929 0.02%
NaCl + H2O 9112.2199651 24.77%
100.00%
 Resources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_precipitation

barricklab.org3
auburn.edu
 Filtrate
Stream 27
36774.4372851477 kg
Components kg %
Ethanol 27595.37 75.04%
Cellulose 46.42 0.13%
Hemicellulose 8.29 0.02% to be added to stream 4
Lignin 5.00 0.01%
Extractives 8.69 0.02%
NaCl + H2O 9112.22 24.78%
100.00%

Lignin
Stream 26
19.3865754 kg
Components kg %
Lignin 17.835649368 92%
Water 1.550926032 8%
100%
Energy Balance around Spray Dryer

Given

48 Water Vapor

1014.899984
46 Precipitate Spray
Dryer (T=60 C)
10% NFC
90% Water
47

Mass Flow Rate (kg/h) Cp (J/kgK) T (C )

NFC 101.4899984 0.0025 50
46
Water 913.4099856 4.2 50
47 Hot Air 1500 1 60
48
NFC 101.4899984
49
Water 2.07

Assumptions
Inlet and outlet are at the same level, z1=z2
Velocities of entering and exiting streams equal, v1=v2
No shaft work Wp=0

Solution

a) Inlet
Stream 46 Water + Solids

Water
3) H (kJ/kg) 210
1) Energy Flowrate (kJ/h) 191816.097

Stream 47 Hot Dry Air in

 Dry Air Flowrate (kg/h) 1485.148515
2) Ha (kJ/kg) 86.08
1) Energy Flowrate (kg/h) 127841.5842

Total Energy Flowrate (kg/h) 319670.3674

b) Inlet
Stream 48

Inlet Gas Humidity Yi

Inlet Dry Solids F
Inlet Dry Gas Flowrate G
Inlet Solid Moisture Xi
Outlet Solid Moisture Xo
4b) Outlet Gas Humidity Yo

Stream 49
Tso = Tgo (K) 192126892.1
5) Hgo (kJ/kg) -16628642.09
6) Hso (kJ/kg) 16948312.45

Total Energy Flowrate (kg/h) 319670.367

Water Vapor

Spray 49 NFC Powders

Dryer (T=60 C)
98.00% NFC
2.00% Water
Hot Air

T (K) T ref Moisture Content, Xi (kg wa/kg solids) Humidity, Y (kg water/kg air)Latent Heat of Vaporization (kJ/kg)
323.15 273.15
9
323.15 273.15
333.15 273.15 0.01 2500

0.02

NFC Total
0.125 210.125
12.6862498 191828.783
 0.01
101.489998
1485.14851
9
0.02
-0.6036348
Resources
1 Langrish, T. (2009, 12). Applying mass and energy balances to spray drying. Chemical Engineering Progress, 105, 30-34. Retrie
2 Determination of the heat capacity of cellulosic biosamples employing diverse machine learning approaches - Karim

Cpv (kJ/kgK)

1.8
rogress, 105, 30-34. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/magazines/applying-mass-energy-balances-spray-drying/docview/221557449/se-2
rning approaches - Karimi - 2022 - Energy Science & Engineering - Wiley Online Library
w/221557449/se-2
ROTARY DRYER
 Specification Sheet
Equipment Name Water Storage Tank
Function Storage Vessel
Vessel Type and Sizing
Type Continuous
Orientation Vertical
Internal Diameter 21'0"
Height 180' 3/4 "
Bottom Plates 1/4 "
Shell Plates (Butt Welded)
Ring 1 3/16 "
Ring 2 3/16 "
Ring 3 3/16 "
Top Angle 3" x 3" x 1/4"
Roof Plates 3/16 "
Stored Material Water
Material of Construction
Vessel Stainless Steel
Support Concrete
Illustration