Zoology
- the study of animals, their behavior, their physiology, and evolutions, as
well as their interactions with each other & their environment. Zoologist
also study how animals evolved and impact of their environmental
change on their survival.
Fundamental Understanding of the Existence of Life
Components of Life:
Organization – Living things exhibit for a higher level of organization.
They expand a great deal of energy to maintain order.
Cellular Compositions – Living matter is always compartmentalized into
basic components.
Biochemical Unity – All living thing have universal chemical
component.
Metabolism – The chemical conversation of molecules from the
environment into molecules of their own.
Excitability – The ability of organism to sense and react to stimuli.
Homeostasis – The ability of organism to remain stable despite change
in environmental condition.
Growth – The growth of organisms through chemical change.
Development – This refers to change in form and function over the
lifetime of the organism.
Reproduction – The production of copies of the organism in their life
cycle thus passing their genes to their younger offspring.
Evolution – This refers to genetic change of organism over time that
makes them evolve.
Cytology
- A branch of biology that study the cells. Its primary concern is
understanding the cellular structure.
The cell Theory:
1. All organism consists of cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure for all organisms
3. Omnis cellula e cellula ( All cells comes from cells )
Microscopy
- is the method used in the study of cells and its structure using
microscope.
Major kinds of Microscope
1. Light Microscpe – Utilizes light for illumination.
2. Electron microscope – Uses and electron bean.
3 Important Parameters in Microscopy
1. Magnification – It is the ration between the size of an image produce by
the microscope and its actual size.
2. Resolution – A measure of clarity of an image.
3. Contrast – The ability to visualized a particular cell structure depending
on how different it looks from an adjacent structure.
Units of Measurement
1. Micrometer (µm ) – This corresponds to one-millionth of a meter ( 10-6 )
2. Nanometer – This corresponds to one-billionth of a meter (10-9 m )
3. Angstrom (A) – It corresponds to 0.1 nm ( 10-10 m )
Modern Cell Biology
1. Cytology – The advent of microscopy several related optical techniques
has led to considerable understanding cell activity.
2. Biochemistry – The development of electrophoresis and the use of
radioactively labeled compounds.
3. Genetics – The demonstration that DNA is the bearer of genetic
information in most life forms.
Facts and Scientific Method
Facts – Is simply an attempt to state the best current understanding of a
specific phenomenon and is only valid until it is revised or replaced by a better
understanding.
Scientific Method – Is by which a new and better information becomes
available using the significant components: hypothesis, theory, law.
Hypothesis
 The most tentative.
 The statement or explanation and that is consistent with most of the
observational and experimental evidence.
 It must be testable.
Additional Notes:
Energy comes from the “sun”
- Abundant source of energy “sun”

Law of thermodynamics
1. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
2. Energy is being transformed from one form to another.
We are made up of “chemicals”
Hallow Cavity – Spaces found in between
Term of the cavity is “Coelo”
Coelom – space between epedirmis Gametes – sexual genes (sex cells)
Radial Body Symmetry – Kinds of animal body which it contain central points or Gametogenesis – cell divider (the production of sperm and eggs)
access
A parasite can be a cell but a cell can’t be a parasite
Bilateral Body Symmetry – It is demonstrated with animal body plant
Components of DNA Nucleotide Sequence
 Mentally flattened
 Stores crucial information
Asymmetrical/Irregular Body Symmetry – It does not qualify in these two
DNA
qualifications.
- Biochemical
Notochord - flexible rodlike structure of mesodermal cells that is the principal
- Macromolecule
longitudinal structural element of chordates and of the early embryo of
vertebrates. NO DNA NO CELLS EXIST
Humans are vertebrates/vertebrata classified because we have backbones Proteins – fundamental structure found in cell.
that protect our spinal cord.
Polypeptide – chain of amino acids
Organization – Biological Order
LIPID
 Cellular
- Fatty Acid
Excitability - Hydrocarbon
 Nervous System Carbs – CHO (Carbon, Hydrogen, Atoms)
 Stimulus includes feelings
Types of Carb
Homeostasis (Equilibrium)
1. Monosaccharide – simple sugar (ex. Sugar, Fructose)
- Necessary to respond to higher temperature
2. Disaccharide – any substance that is composed of two molecules of
Hypothalamus – control system of the body
simple sugar (ex. sucrose, lactose, and maltose)
2 Types of Growth
1. Appositional growth (bone growth) – Occurs by the addition of new cells
3. Polysaccharide – long chain of monosaccharide
with existing tissues.
 Exist in storage form
2. Interstitial growth – The addition of the new cells to the surface of the
(Carbohydrates/Starch)
tissue.
Glycogen – storage form of sugar in animals.
Glucose – storage form of sugar in humas.
Development