INTRODUCTION ON

THE STUDY OF
GLOBALIZATION

GROUP ONE
Bastatas, Brigoli, Caminero
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES
1. Differentiate the competing conceptions of
globalization
2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the
varying definitions of globalization.
3. Agree on a working definition of globalization
for the course.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Globalization has deep historical roots, but it has
accelerated significantly in recent decades. The
process has been shaped by factors such as
colonialism, industrialization, technological
advancements, and geopolitical changes.
DEFINITIONS OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Since its first appearance in the Webster’s
Dictionary in 1961, many opinions about
globalization have flourished. The literature of
definitions could be classified as either (1) broad
and inclusive or (2) narrow and exclusive.
 GLOBALIZATION

is the expansion and intensification of social relations

and consciousness across world-time and across
world-space (Steger, 2013)
 EXPANSION
refers to both creation of new social
networks and the multiplication of
existing connections that cut across
traditional political, economic, cultural,
and geographic boundaries

INTENSIFICATION
refers to the expansion,
stretching, and acceleration
of these networks.
 GLOBALIZATION

According to Ohmae in 1992, “globalization means

the onset of the borderless world.”

the beginning of something

 GLOBALIZATION

According to Robert Cox, “the characteristics of the

globalization trend include the internationalizing of
production, the new international division of labor, new
migratory movements from South to North, the new
competitive environment that accelerates these processes,
and the internationalizing of the state... making states into
agencies of the globalizing world.”
 GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a a set of process involving increasing

liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people,
objects, places, and information as well as the structures
they encounter and create that are barriers to, or expedite,
those flows. (Ritzer, 2015)
5 MAJOR COMPETING CONCEPTIONS

Economic Cultural Political Environmental Social

Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization Globalization
ECONIMIC
Some perceive globalization primarily as an economic
process, driven by the integration of markets, trade
liberalization, and the flow of capital across borders.
Proponents argue that economic globalization leads to
increased prosperity and innovation.
CULTURAL
Another perspective emphasizes the spread of culture,
ideas, and values on a global scale. This includes the
influence of global media, technology, and the diffusion of
cultural practices, leading to both cultural
homogenization and heterogenization.
POLITICAL
From a political standpoint, globalization can be viewed as
the growing interdependence of nation-states and
international organizations. This conception often
highlights issues like global governance, diplomacy, and
international law.
ENVIRONMENTAL
Some scholars focus on the environmental dimensions of
globalization, including the global interconnectedness of
environmental challenges, such as climate change,
deforestation, and biodiversity loss.
SOCIAL
Social globalization deals with the interconnectedness of
societies, the movement of people, and the spread of
social movements and activism across borders.
UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHIES
 NEOLIBERALISM
is an economic and political
philosophy that emphasizes free-
market capitalism, deregulation,
and limited government
intervention. Neoliberalism is
associated with the idea that
markets should be allowed to
operate with minimal
interference.
LIBERALISM
is a political philosophy that
values individual rights,
democracy, and the rule of
law. It promotes the idea
that the spread of liberal
values can lead to a more
peaceful and prosperous
world.
 MARXISM
is a socio-economic and political
theory that focuses on class
struggle, exploitation, and the
role of capitalism in shaping
society. It calls for the
transformation of economic
systems to address inequality
and exploitation.
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
is a perspective that
emphasizes the importance
of respecting and
understanding cultural
diversity. It rejects the
imposition of one culture's
values and norms on others.
REALISM is a theory of international
relations that emphasizes
the role of power, self-
interest, and state
sovereignty in global
politics. It assumes that
states primarily act to
maximize their own
interests.
 POSTCOLONIALISM
is a critical theory that examines the
legacy of colonialism and the power
dynamics between former colonial
powers and colonized nations. It
seeks to challenge and deconstruct
dominant narratives and structures.
THANK
YOU