THE THEORIES OF

GLOBALIZATION
THEORY OF LIBERALISM
 It is a political and economic theory that emphasizes
individual rights, freedom, and equality.
 It is based on the belief that individuals should have the
freedom to pursue their own interests and goals without
interference from the government or other authorities.
 Liberalism theory of globalization is based on the idea
that economic globalization, driven by free trade
and market liberalization, can lead to increased
prosperity and improved living standards for people
around the world.
 This theory emphasizes the importance of reducing
barriers to trade and investment, promoting
competition, and protecting property rights and
the rule of law.
THEORY OF POLITICAL REALISM
 Political realism is a theory that emphasizes the
pursuit of power and national interests as
the primary drivers of state behavior in
international relations.
 Realists argue that globalization creates both
opportunities and challenges for states. On
one hand, it provides new avenues for
economic growth, technological
advancement, and cultural exchange.
 It also intensifies competition among states
for resources, markets, and influence.
THEORY OF MARXISM
 Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory
developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the
mid-19th century.
 It is based on the idea that society is divided into
classes, with the ruling class exploiting the
working class for their own benefit.
 Marxism also emphasizes the importance of
collective action and the role of the working class
in bringing about social change.
 It argues that the state is a tool of the ruling class
and that true democracy can only be achieved
through the abolition of the state and the
establishment of a classless society.
THEORY OF CONSTRUCTIVISM
 Constructivism is a social theory that emphasizes the
role of ideas, beliefs, and identities in shaping
international relations. In the context of
globalization, constructivism suggests that the process
of global integration is not just driven by economic and
political factors, but also by social and cultural forces.
 According to constructivist theory, globalization is
shaped by the beliefs, values, and identities of
individuals and groups, as well as by the norms and
institutions that govern their interactions.
 It argues that individuals and groups have the ability to
shape and influence the process of globalization through
their actions and interactions.
THEORY OF POSTMODERNISM
 Postmodernism is a cultural and intellectual movement
that emerged in the late 20th century.
 Postmodernism challenges the idea of a single,
unified culture and instead emphasizes the
diversity and complexity of contemporary society.
Its emphasis on the free flow of goods, services, and
ideas across borders, has accelerated this
fragmentation and diversity.
 Postmodernism also challenges the idea of a fixed identity,
arguing that individuals are constantly changing and
adapting to their social and cultural environments.
 Globalization has facilitated this process by creating new
opportunities for people to interact with different
cultures and identities.
THEORY OF FEMINISM
 Feminism is a social and political movement that advocates
for the equal rights and opportunities of women.
 It seeks to challenge and dismantle patriarchal
systems and structures that perpetuate gender
inequality.
 Feminism has had a profound impact on globalization by
challenging gender inequalities, advocating for
women's rights, promoting inclusivity, and fostering
global solidarity.
 It has influenced policies, legal frameworks, and
social norms, shaping the way globalization impacts
women's lives around the world.
 THEORY OF TRANS-FORMATIONALISM
 Transformationalism is a sociological theory that focuses on
the process of social change and transformation
within societies. It suggests that societies are
constantly evolving and undergoing significant
changes in their structure, culture, and institutions.
 According to transformationalism, social change occurs
through various mechanisms, such as technological
advancements, economic developments, political
movements, and cultural shifts.
 Transformationalism also emphasizes the role of agency
and human action in driving social change.
 This perspective highlights the importance of social
movements, activism, and collective action in
bringing about meaningful change.
 THEORY OF ECLECTIVISM
 Eclecticism is a philosophical approach that
emphasizes the selection and integration of
ideas and beliefs from various sources, rather
than adhering to a single doctrine or system.
 The theory of eclecticism suggests that truth and
knowledge can be found in multiple perspectives
and that it is beneficial to draw upon diverse
sources to form a comprehensive understanding
of the world.
 It encourages individuals to critically evaluate
different philosophies and adopt ideas that
resonate with their own reasoning and
experience.