Namma Kalvi

www.nammakalvi.org
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òâa
 áfu« bjhLnth«

lh®bf£

m
co
nkšÃiy - Kjyh« M©L

s.
bghUËaš

2 & 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
ok
bo

Édh ÉilfŸ
a

áw¥g«r§fŸ
ur

 2018 M« M©o‰fhd òâa ghlüš gâ¥ã‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.

 2 k‰W« 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ Édh-ÉilfŸ ghlthÇahf ãǤJ ju¥g£LŸsd.
.s

 ghlüš Édh¡fŸ, ghl¥gFâ cŸ Édh¡fŸ, nj®î¡fhd K¡»a

Édh¡fŸ [BEQ], ca® tÇir áªjid Édh¡fŸ [HOTS] M»ait
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsd.
w

 Kjš gUt ïil¤ nj®î (2018-19) [First Mid-18] Édh ÉilfŸ

nr®¡f¥g£LŸsd.
w

 2019M« M©L muR bghJ¤ nj®î¡F ga‹jU« tifÆš

bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
w

Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°
br‹id
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2018-19
© btËp£lhs®fŸ

ISBN : 978-93-81650-83-7
F¿p£L v© : SG-195

m
jiyik mYtyf«:
1620, `n#’ ãsh¡, 16-MtJ ãujhd rhiy, m©zh ef®,

co
br‹id-600 040.  91-44-26161088, 26161099
96001 75757 / 81242 01000 / 81243 01000, th£°m¥: 8124201000
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s.
nkY« Étu§fS¡F / bjhl®ò¡F
ò¤jf¤âš cŸs rªnjf§fS¡F : enquiry@surabooks.com
ok
ò¤jf§fŸ th§f : orders@surabooks.com
bjhl®ò¡F : 96001 75757 / 8124301000
th£°m¥ : 8124201000 / 9840926027
bo
M‹iy‹ tiyjs« : www.surabooks.com
ghl¡ F¿¥òfË‹ bjhF¡f¥g£l gFâfis vkJ http://tnkalvi.in
ïizajs¤âÈUªJ ïytrkhf gâÉw¡»¡bfhŸsyh«
a

Our Guides for +1 Standard

ur

✤ Sura’s Tamil
✤ Sura’s English
.s

✤ Sura’s Will to Win English

✤ Sura’s English Workbook
✤ Sura’s Mathematics (EM/TM )
w

✤ Sura’s Physics (EM/TM)

✤ Sura’s Chemistry (EM/TM)
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✤ Sura’s Biology (EM/TM)

✤ Sura’s Computer Science (EM/TM)
✤ Sura’s Commerce (EM/TM)
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✤ Sura’s Accountancy (EM/TM)
✤ Sura’s Business Maths (EM/TM)
Also available Sigaram Thoduvom mini guide (EM/TM) for all Subjects.

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TO ORDER WITH US
SCHOOLS and TEACHERS:
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m
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s.
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ok
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bo

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a

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The Demand Draft / cheque should be sent with your order in School
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STUDENTS :
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bghUsl¡f«

m
1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš : X® m¿Kf« ............................ 1 - 11

co
2. Ef®î¥ gF¥ghŒî ........................................................... 12 - 21

3. c‰g¤â gF¥ghŒî .......................................................... 22 - 32

s.
4. bryî k‰W« tUthŒ g‰¿a MŒî ............................ 33 - 42

5.
ok
m§fho mik¥ò« Éiy îzaK« ........................... 43 - 51

6. g»®î g‰¿a MŒî .......................................................... 52 - 61

bo

7. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu« .................................................. 62 - 71

a

8. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu«
Rjªâu¤â‰F K‹dU« ã‹dU« ..............................72 - 80
ur

9. ïªâahÉ‹ nk«ghL mDgt§fŸ ............................ 81 - 89

.s

10. Cuf bghUshjhu« ......................................................... 90 - 99

w

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu« ........................................ 100 - 107

12. bghUËaY¡fhd fÂj KiwfŸ ........................ 108 - 124

w
w

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11-M« tF¥ò
bghUËaš
2 k‰W« 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ Édh ÉilfŸ

m
1. E©Âd¥ bghUËaš :

co
X® m¿Kf«

s.
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË.
1. bghUËaš v‹whš v‹d? 
ok 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ
[BEQ]
Éil. (i) ‘bghUËaš’ v‹whš ïšy§fË‹ îthf« v‹W
bghUŸgL«.
bo

(ii) bghUËaš v‹w brhš MŒ¡fndhÄ¡° v‹D«

gHikahd »nu¡f brhšÈÈUªJ tªjJ.
(iii) Mu«g¤âš muáaš bghUshjhu« v‹W miH¡f¥g£l
a

ï›Éaš, ã‰gFâÆš ‘bghUËaš’ v‹W Mš~ãu£

kh®õyhš bga® kh‰w¥g£lJ.
ur

2. E© bghUËaš v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) jÅ¥g£l kÅj®fŸ, ïšy§fŸ k‰W« ÃWtd§fŸ
.s

mšyJ bjhÊšfË‹ bghUshjhu elto¡iffis

E©Âaš bghUËaš v‹»nwh«.
(ii) gšntWg£l rªij NHÈš bjhÊš ÃWtd§fŸ,
w

th§Fgt®fŸ, ɉgt®fŸ ïizªJ bt›ntW

Éiyia¤ Ô®khÅ¡F« braÈš <LgL»wh®fŸ v‹gij
E©Âa bghUËaš bjËîgL¤J»wJ.
w

3. g©l§fŸ v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) kÅj ÉU¥g¤ij Ãiwî brŒí« vJî« bghUËaÈš
w

g©l§fshf fUj¥gL»‹wd.
(ii) bghUËaÈš g©l§fŸ v‹gJ F¿¥ã£L
brhšy¥glhjtiu, gÂfisí« nr®¤nj “g©l§fŸ”
v‹w brhš F¿¡F«.

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(iii)g‰wh¡Fiwahd ts§fŸ kh‰W tÊfËš
ga‹ju¡Toaitahf cŸsd.
(iv) vdnt ïuhã‹° T‰W¥go bghUËaš v‹gJ
njitfis nj®î brŒí« m¿ÉayhF«.

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

m
1. kh®õš ey ïy¡fz tiuaiwÆ‹ áw¥g«r§fis ÉtÇ.
Éil. (i) mid¤J bghUshjhu elto¡iffS¡F« KjY«,

co
Koîkhf brštnk v‹W fUj¥glÉšiy, khwhf kÅj
ey¤ij nk«gL¤j Kaš»wh‹.
(ii) bghUËaš rhjhuz kÅjÅ‹ el¤ijia¥ g‰¿anj,

s.
mt®fŸ rhjhuz m‹ãdhš f£L¥g£lt®fnsa‹¿,
c¢r g£r gz« bgWtij neh¡»¢ bršgt®fŸ mšy®.
ok
(iii) bghUËaš X® r_f m¿ÉayhF«. mJ rKjha¤âš xUt®
k‰bwhUt® ÛJ brY¤J« Mâ¡f¤ij¥ g‰¿¥ go¡»wJ.
bo
ca® tÇir áªjid Édh¡fŸ (HOTS)

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

a

1. Ml« °Ä¤â‹ bršt ïy¡fz¤ij Fiw T¿at®fŸ ah®?

Éil. (i) ‘ïu°»‹ k‰W« fh®iyš’ ngh‹nwh®, Úâbe¿¡F
ur

òw«ghd Raey¤ij¡ f‰W¤ jUtjhf bghUËaiy

t®Â¡»‹wd®.
(ii) vdnt bghUËaiy X® “ïU©l m¿Éaš” (Dismal
.s

Science) vd¡ T¿íŸsd®.

2. ïytr¥ g©l§fŸ k‰W« bghUshjhu¥ g©l§fis
w

ntWgL¤Jf.
Éil.
t. ïytr¥ g©l§fŸ bghUshjhu¥
w

v© g©l§fŸ
1 ïa‰ifÆ‹ gz« bfhL¤J bgW«
e‹bfhilahf g©l« bghUshjhu¥
w

»il¡F« g©l« ïytr g©l«.

g©l«.
2 g‰wh¡Fiwa‰wit, g‰wh¡Fiwahdit
nkY« rªijÆš Éiy nkY« rªijÆš Éiy
ïšiy. c©L.
3 orders@surabooks.com
(v. fh.) fh‰W, NÇa xË. (v.fh.) nkir, eh‰fhÈ.
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2. Ef®î¥ gF¥ghŒî
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË.

m
2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. ga‹gh£il tiuaW. [BEQ]

co
Éil. (i) g©l§fŸ k‰W« gÂfis EfU«nghJ Ef®nthU¡F
»il¥gjhf Ef®nth® fUJtJ.
(ii) ÉU¥g¤ij Ãiwî brŒí« M‰wš.

s.
2. ÉU¥g§fis tif¥gL¤J.
Éil. ÉU¥g§fË‹ tiffŸ _‹W.
(i) ï‹¿aikahj ÉU¥g«. ok
(ii) trâ¡fhd ÉU¥g«.
(iii) Ml«gu¤â‰fhd ÉU¥g«.
bo
3. Ef®nth® el¤ijÆ‹ mo¥gil mQFKiwfis F¿¥ãLf.
Éil. (i) Ef®î xU K¡»akhd bghUshjhu elto¡ifahF«.
(ii) Ef®É‹ j‹ik k‰W« msÉ‹ mo¥gilÆš k¡fË‹
thœ¡if¤ ju« Ô®khÅ¡f¥gL»wJ.
a

(iii) xUtÇ‹ ÉU¥g§fis Ãiwî brŒí« r¡â Ef®î¡F

ur

c©L.
4. Éiy¤ njit be»œ¢áÆ‹ msit ÉtÇ.
Éil. ÉiyÆš V‰gL« ãuâgȥ㋠fhuzkhf njit V‰gL«
.s

kh‰w« Éiy¤ njit be»œ¢áahF«.

(i) K‰¿Y« be»œ¢áíŸs njit (EP = )
(ii) K‰¿Y« be»œ¢áí‰w njit (EP = 0)
w

(iii) Äif njit be»œ¢á (EP > 1)

(iv) Fiwthd be»œ¢áíŸs njit / Fiw¤njit be»œ¢á
w

(EP < 1)
(v) myF¤ njit be»œ¢á (EP = 1)
w

5. rkneh¡F tisnfhLfŸ v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ; First Mid-18]

Éil. xU tisnfh£oš cŸs ïU g©l§fË‹ mid¤J
fyití« Ef®nthU¡F rkmsî âU¥âia¤ jUkhÆ‹ mJ
rkneh¡F tis nfhlhF«.
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6. Ef®nth® v¢r« fhQ« Kiwia vGJf.
Éil. (i) xU bghUS¡F Ef®nth® bfhL¡f ÉU«ò« Éiy¡F«
c©ikÆnyna bfhL¡F« Éiy¡F« cŸs ɤâahrnk
Ef®nth® v¢r«.
(ii) Ef®nth® v¢r« = TU – (P × Q)

m
mšyJ
(iii) Ef®nth® v¢r« = jFÉiy –– c©ik Éiy.
TU = bkh¤j¥ ga‹ghL

co
P = Éiy
Q = g©l msî
7. »~g‹ bghUŸfŸ vit? mit V‹ m›thW

s.
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd? [BEQ; First Mid-18]
Éil. (i) »~g‹ g©l§fŸ mšyJ jhœªjuf g©l§fŸ njit
ÉâÆ‹ Éâ Éy¡fhF«. ok
(ii) jhœªjuf g©l§fË‹ Éiy Fiwí«nghJ ViHfŸ
mt‰iw¡ Fiwthfî« nkY« Éiy TL«nghJ mâf«
th§Ft®.
bo

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

a

1. kÅj ÉU¥g§fË‹ ïašig¡ TWf.

Éil. (i) ÉU¥g§fŸ v©z‰wit.
ur

(ii) ÉU¥g§fŸ gH¡f tH¡f§fshf khW«.

(iii) ÉU¥g§fŸ Ãiwntw¡ Toait.
.s

(iv) ÉU¥g§fŸ kh‰W¥ bghUshš Ãiwî bgWgit.

(v) ÉU¥g§fŸ ngh£oÆLgit.
w

(vi) ÉU¥g§fŸ x‹iw x‹W rh®ªJŸsd.

(vii) ÉU¥g§fŸ Ûs¤ njh‹Wgit.
w

2. bkh¤j¥ ga‹gh£o‰F« ïWâÃiy ga‹gh£o‰F« cŸs

cwit És¡Ff. [BEQ; First Mid-18]
w

Éil. (i) xU g©l¤â‹ všyh myFfisí« Ef®tjhš »il¡F«

ga‹gh£o‹ TLjny bkh¤j¥ ga‹ghL MF«.
(ii) TLjyhf X® myF g©l¤ij Ef®tjhš, bkh¤j¥
ga‹gh£oš V‰gL« TLjš mšyJ kh‰wnk ïWâÃiy¥
ga‹ghL MF«.
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3. c‰g¤â gF¥ghŒî
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

m
1. c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfis tif¥gL¤J. [BEQ]
Éil. c‰g¤â fhuÂfŸ eh‹F tif¥gL«. mit,

co
(i) Ãy«
(ii) ciH¥ò
(iii) _yjd« k‰W«
(iv) mik¥ò mšyJ bjhÊš Kidjš.

s.
2. ciH¥ò - tiuaW.
Éil. kh®õÈ‹ T‰W¥go, ciH¥ò v‹gJ c‰g¤â fhuÂahd
ok
ciH¥ghs® tUkhd« <£Ltj‰fhf jdJ ciH¥ò¢ r¡âia¥
ga‹gL¤JtjhF«.
3. c‰g¤â rh®ãid F¿¥ãLf.
Éil. gštif cŸçLfË‹ msîfS¡F« btËp£L bghUŸfË‹
bo
msîfS¡F« ïilna cŸs bjhl®ng c‰g¤â rh®ò MF«.
4. fhuÂÆ‹ ïWâÃiy c‰g¤âia tiuaW.
Éil. (i) X® c‰g¤â fhuÂÆ‹ msÉš xU mâfÇ¥ò
brŒí«nghJ bkh¤j c‰g¤âÆš V‰gL« TL»‹w Ãfu
a

msî c‰g¤âna ïWâÃiy c‰g¤â MF«.

(ii) ntW tifÆš T¿dhš ïWâ Ãiy M¡f« v‹gJ
ur

bkh¤j c‰g¤âÆš V‰gL« kh‰w¤âid cŸçLfËš

V‰gL« kh‰w¤âdhš tF¥gjhF«.
(iii) MP = DTP / DN (m) MP = TPn – TP (n–1).
.s

5. rk c‰g¤â bryî nfhL v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]

Éil. (i) xU ÃWtd« F¿¥ã£l msî gz¢bryÉš th§f¡Toa
w

ïU fhuÂfË‹ gštif ïiz¥òfis¡ fh£L« nfhL.

(ii) rk msî c‰g¤â nfhL v‹gij ‘rk c‰g¤â¡ nfhL’
‘g©lkh‰W¡ nfhL’ v‹W« miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
w

6. c‰g¤âahs® rkÃiyia mila Ãgªjid ahJ?

Éil. c‰g¤âahs® rkÃiyia mila ïu©L Ãgªjidfis¡
fU¤âš bfhŸs nt©L«.
w

(i) rk msî bryî¡ nfhL rk c‰g¤â tisnfh£o‰F

bjhLnfhlhf mika nt©L«.
(ii) mªj bjhL òŸËÆš rk c‰g¤â tisnfhL njh‰WthŒ
neh¡» FɪJ fhz¥gL« mšyJ MRTS FiwªJ
bršY«.
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7. mË¥ò nfhL nkšneh¡» brštj‹ fhuz« v‹d?
Éil. (i) xU g©l¤â‹ Éiy ca®thš mË¥ò mâfÇ¡F«,
Éiy Fiwªjhš mË¥ò« Fiwí«.
(ii) Mfnt, mË¥ò nfhlhdJ ÑÊÈUªJ nkš neh¡»
bršY«.
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

m
1. Ãy¤â‹ áw¥ãašòfŸ ahit?  [BEQ]
Éil. (i) Ãy« v‹gJ Kj‹ik c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂahF«.

co
(ii) Ãy« v‹gJ ïa‰ifÆ‹ bfhil.
(iii) Ãy¤â‰F c‰g¤â bryî ïšiy.
(iv) Ãy¤â‹ mË¥ò khwhjJ.
(v) Ãy« ÃiyahdJ k‰W« mirt‰wJ.

s.
(vi) Ãy« v‹gJ brGikÆid¥ bghW¤J gy tif¥gL«.
2. mË¥ò be»œ¢áia îzÆ¡F« fhuÂfŸ ahit?
Éil. (i) bghU£fË‹ j‹ik :
ok
Ãiy¤J Úo¡f Toa bghU£fis Ú©lfhy« tiu
ghJfh¡fyh«.
(ii) c‰g¤â¢ bryî :
bo

xU ÃWtd« FiwªJ brš Éisî ÃiyÆš

brašg£lhš c‰g¤â mâfÇ¡F« nghJ c‰g¤â bryî
ntfkhf mâfÇ¡F«.
(iii) bjhÊšE£g Ãiy :
a

bjhÊšE£g¤ij ga‹gL¤J«nghJ mË¥ò mâf

be»œ¢áíilajhf ïU¡f thŒ¥ò cŸsJ.
ur

(iv) fhy msî :

Äf¡ FW»a fhy¤âš gy ÃWtd§fS¡F mË¥ã‹
msit mâfÇ¡f ïayhJ.
.s

3. bjhÊš KidnthÇ‹ gÂfŸ ahit? [BEQ]

Éil. (i) bjhÊš Kidnth® bjhÊiy bjhl§», j‹Ål«
w

cŸs ts§fŸ k‰W« NœÃiy¡nf‰wthW â£lÄ£L

c‰g¤âia nk‰bfhŸt®.
(ii) bt‰¿fukhd bjhÊš Kidnth® ò¤jh¡f« òidt®
w

k‰W« c‰g¤âÆš òâa bjhÊš E£g§fis òF¤Jgt®.

(iii) bjhÊš Kidnth® rÇahd c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfË‹
fyitia ga‹gL¤â c‰g¤âia nk‰bfhŸgt®.
w

(iv) f£L¥gL¤Jjš, tÊfh£Ljš k‰W« nk‰gh®itÆLjš.

(v) ïl®ghLfis V‰wš k‰W« ârak‰w j‹ikia
nk‰bfhŸSjš.
(vi) c‰g¤â¡fhuÂfshd Ãy«, ciH¥ò, _yjd«
M»at‰iw xU§»iz¤J, c‰g¤âÆš ïyhg« bgw
Kašt®.
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t.
mf¢á¡fd§fŸ òw¢á¡fd§fŸ
v©
(ii) Ú©lfhy ruhrÇ e‹ikfŸ
bryî Fiwthf bgU«gh‹ikahd
ïU¡F«. mid¤J ÃWtd¤â‰F«

m
»il¡F«.
(iii) ÃWtd¤â‹ xU§»izªj á¡fd§fŸ

co
ngusÉdhš »il¡F«.
c‰g¤â¤ âw‹
nk«g£L ïU¡F«.
(iv) mf¢ á¡fd§fŸ

s.
efu§fË‹ mântf ts®¢á
v.fh.bjhÊšE£g« g‰¿ És¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
k‰W« Ãâ ok
á¡fd§fŸ ïU¡F«.
3. Ú©l fhy c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò¡F«, FW»a fhy c‰g¤â¢
rh®ò¡F« cŸs ntWghL jUf.
bo

Éil.
khW« É»j msî Éisî khwh É»j msî
Éâ (m) FW»a fhy Éisî Éâ (m) Ú©l
a

c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò fhy c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò

ur

FW»a fhy c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò. Ú©l fhy c‰g¤â¢ rh®ò.

všyh fhuÂfS« mid¤J¡ fhuÂfS«
khwhâU¡F«nghJ xnu xU khw¡ Toad.
.s

fhu k£L« khw¡ ToaJ.

c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfË‹ c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfË‹
w

É»j§fŸ khw¡ToaJ. É»j§fŸ khw¡Toaj‹W,

mj‹ msî khW«.
w

c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfŸ c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfŸ

XU F¿¥ã£l É»j¤âš xU F¿¥ã£l É»j¤âš
w

xU c‰g¤â¥ bghUis c‰g¤â brŒtj‰F ï›Éâ

c‰g¤â brŒtj‰F ï›Éâ bghUªJ«.
bghUªjhJ.

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4. bryî k‰W« tUthŒ

g‰¿a MŒî

m
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË.

co
2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. bryit tiuaW. [BEQ]

Éil. (i) bryî v‹gJ c‰g¤â¢ bryit¡ F¿¡F«.

s.
(ii) xU bghUis c‰g¤â brŒí« nghJ V‰gL»‹w gšntW
tifahd bryÉd§fŸ c‰g¤â¢ bryî MF«.

gšntW
ok
(iii) c‰g¤â bryÉid MŒî brŒí« nghJ mjDl‹
bjhl®òila fhuÂfis m¿ªJ
bfhŸsnt©L«.
(iv) (v.fh.) ÃWtd¤â‹ msî.
bo

2. bryî¢ rh®ig tiuaW.

Éil. (i) bryî¢ rh®ò v‹gJ bkh¤j bryɉF« k‰W« c‰g¤â¡F«
ïilna cŸs bjhl®ãid btË¥gL¤J»wJ.
a

(ii) bryî¢ rh®ig, C = f (Q) v‹W vGjyh« ïâš

ur

C = bryî, Q = c‰g¤â msî.

(iii) bryî¢ rh®ò v‹gJ bgw¥g£l rh®ò MF«.
.s

3. khwh¢ bryî v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. (i) khwh¢ bryîfŸ c‰g¤â kh‰w¤â‰F V‰g
khWgLtâšiy.
w

(ii) khwh¡ fhuÂfS¡fhf brŒa¥gL« bryîfŸ khwhkš

Ãiyahf ïU¡F«.
w

4. tUthia tiuaW.
Éil. (i) xU ɉgidahs® j‹ g©l gÇkh‰w¤â‹ _y«
w

<£L»‹w gznk tUthŒ vd¥gL«.

(ii) c‰g¤âahs® jh‹ c‰g¤â brŒj g©l¤ij xU F¿¥ã£l
ÉiyÆš, rªijÆš ɉgid brŒtj‹ _y« bgW»‹w
tUkhdnk mªÃWtd¤â‹ tUthŒ vd¥gL«.
[33]
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5. btËíW bryî - tiuaW.
Éil. (i) c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfis th§f k‰wt®fS¡F brY¤J«
brY¤Jifna btË¥gilahd bryî vd¥gL«.
(ii) btË¥gilahd bryî v‹gJ fz¡»aš bryî (m)
btË¢bryî (m) gz¢ bryî v‹W« miH¡f¥gL«.

m
6. c©ik¢ bryî - ïy¡fz« jUf. [BEQ]
Éil. “Ml« °Ä¤ fU¤J¥go, ciH¥ghs®fË‹ J‹g§fS«,

co
âahf§fSnk c©ikahd bryî v‹W TW»wh®.”
7. _œF« bryîfŸ v‹whš v‹d?

s.
Éil. (i) Û£L vL¡f Koahj flªj fhy¢ bryîfŸ mÄœ¤j¥g£l
(m) _œF« bryîfŸ MF«.
ok
(ii) vâ®fhy Éahghu¤ij Ô®khÅ¥gâš ï¡flªj fhy¢
bryîfŸ bghU¤jk‰wjhf ïU¡F«.

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

bo

1. khwh¢ bryit - khW« bryÉÈUªJ ntWgL¤Jf.

Éil.
a

t. khwh¢ bryîfŸ khW« bryîfŸ

v© (Fixed Cost) (Variable Cost)
ur

1 khwh¢ bryîfŸ khW« bryîfŸ c‰g¤â

c‰g¤â kh‰w¤â‰F khWgLtj‰nf‰g
V‰g khWgLtâšiy. bryîfŸ khWgL«.
.s

2 khwh¡ fhuÂfS¡fhf khW« fhuÂfS¡fhf

brŒa¥gL« bryîfŸ brŒa¥gL« bryîfŸ
khwh¢ bryîfŸ khW« bryîfŸ MF«.
w

vd¥gL«.
3 c‰g¤â mâfǤjhY«, c‰g¤â bryî
w

FiwªjhY«, c‰g¤â mâfǤjhš ï¢bryî

ó{Íakhf ïUªjhY« mâfÇ¡F«, Fiwªjhš
Tl ï¢bryîfŸ Fiwí«, ó{Íakhf
w

khwhkš Ãiyahf ïUªjhš khW« bryî«

ïU¡F«. ó{Íakhf ïU¡F«.
4 (v.fh.) ÃWtd¤â‹ (v.fh.) gÂahs®fË‹
thlif TÈ

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(vi) m¡F¿¥ã£l òŸËia¤ jh©o c‰g¤â mâfÇ¡F«
nghJ ruhrÇ bryî« mâfÇ¡F«.
(vii) khW« Éisî Éâ brašgh£o‹ fhuzkhf ruhrÇ
bryî¡ nfhL ‘U’ tot¤âš cŸsJ
ca® tÇir áªjid Édh¡fŸ (HOTS)

m
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

co
1. Äj¡F« bryî g‰¿ áWF¿¥ò tiuf.
Éil. (i) Éahghu elto¡iffS¡F neuoahf bjhl®òila
bryîfŸ mid¤J« Äj¡F« bryîfŸ vd¥gL«.
(ii) xU ÃWtd¤â‹ m‹whl elto¡iffS¡F Äf

s.
mtáakhd bryîfŸ Äj¡F« bryîfŸ vd¥gL«.
2. rkK¿î¥ òŸË v‹whš v‹d?
Éil. (i) ok
xU ÃWtd¤â‹ bkh¤j tUthahdJ bkh¤j bryɉF
rkkhf ïU¡F« (TR = TC).
(ii) ï¥òŸËfËš ÃWtd¤â‰F ïyhgK« ïšiy, eZlK«
ïšiy.
bo

(iii) ïªj òŸË rkK¿î¥ òŸË v‹W miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
AC k‰W« MC tisnfh£oš cŸs bjhl®òfis tiugl«
a

1.
tiuªJ És¡Ff.
ur

Éil. ruhrÇ bryɉF« ïWâÃiy¢ bryɉF« jŤj‹ikahd

bjhl®ò cŸsJ. Y AC
(i) AC Fiwí« nghJ MC 1200
MC
.s

mj‰F ÑnH Fiw»wJ.

(ii) AC Æ‹ mok£l¥ 900
òŸËÆš MC rkkhf
w

bryî

ïU¡»wJ. 650

(iii) AC mâfÇ¡F« nghJ 450

w

mijÉl ntfkhf MC
300
mâfÇ¡»wJ. vdnt 200
AC nfh£o‰F nkny
w

MC cŸsJ. 0 1 2 3 4 5 X
(iv) AC nfh£o‹ Äf¤ btËpL
jhœthd òŸËia MC
nfhL ÑÊUªJ nkš neh¡» bt£o¢ brš»wJ.
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5. m§fho mik¥ò« Éiy

îzaK«
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

m
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

co
1. “m§fho” tiuaW.
Éil. (i) bghJthf ‘m§fho’ v‹gJ bghUŸfŸ k‰W« gÂfis
th§Fjš k‰W« ɉgid brŒí« ïl¤ij F¿¡F«.

s.
(ii) bghUshjhu¤âš ‘m§fho’ v‹gJ xU bghUis
th§Fgt®fŸ k‰W« ɉgt®fŸ M»a ïUtU¡F«
ok
ïilna cŸs gÇkh‰w Kiwiana¡ F¿¡F«.
2. Éiyia V‰gt® ah®? [BEQ]
Éil. (i) xU ÃWtd« bjhʉrhiy îzÆ¡F« Éiyia V‰wš
bo

Éiyia V‰gt® vd¥gL«.

(ii) Ãiwî ngh£o m§fhoÆš xU ÃWtd« Éiy V‰gtuhf
cŸsh®.
a

3. öa ngh£oÆ‹ ï‹¿aikahj g©ig F¿¥ãL.

ur

Éil. Ãiwî¥ ngh£oia öa ngh£o v‹W« miH¡fyh«. mt‰¿‹

g©òfshtd.
(i) v©z‰w th§Fgt® k‰W« ɉngh® ïU¥g®.
.s

(ii) XÇašghd g©l§fŸ k‰W« xnu khâÇahd Éiy

ïU¡F«.
w

(iii) c£òFjš k‰W« btËnaWjÈš jilÆšiy.

(iv) ngh¡Ftu¤J bryî ïšiy.
w

(v) m§fho Ãiyg‰¿ m¿ªâU¥g®.

4. ɉgid bryî v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]
w

Éil. (i) K‰WÇik¥ ngh£oÆš x›bthU ÃWtdK« j‹ c‰g¤â

g©l¤â‹ ɉgidia mâfÇ¡f mâf ɉgid
bryit nk‰bfhŸ»wJ.
(ii) ïJnt ɉgid bryî vd¥gL«.

[43]
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5. Ñœ¡f©l ÃWtd¤â‹ njitnfhL tiuf.
(m) Ãiwî ngh£o M) K‰WÇik
Éil. Ãiwî¥ngh£o ÃWtd¤â‹ njit¡ nfhL
Y

m
ml¡f Éiy k‰W«

co
P AR / MR / D
tUthŒ

s.
O c‰g¤â
ok X

K‰WÇik ÃWtd¤â‹ njit¡ nfhL

bo

Y
a
bryî k‰W« tUthŒ
ur

AR / D
.s
w

O c‰g¤â X
w

6. Éiy ngj« fh£LjÈ‹ ïu©L j‹ikfis TWf. [BEQ]

Éil. (i) Éiyia¥ g‰¿¡ f©L¡bfhŸshj Ef®nthÇl« mâf
Éiy tNÈ¡f¥gL«.
w

(ii) Éiyia¥ g‰¿ ftdkhf ïU¡F« Ef®nthU¡F

Fiwthd Éiy îzÆ¡f¥gL«.
7. cgÇ r¡â - És¡Ff.
Éil. cgÇ r¡â v‹gJ c¤jk msî c‰g¤â¡F«, c©ik
c‰g¤â¡F« cŸs ntWghlhF«.
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6. g»®î g‰¿a MŒî

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

m
1. g»®î v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]
Éil. g»®î v‹gJ eh‹F c‰g¤â¡ fhuÂfS¡F tUthia

co
g»®ªjË¥gij¡ F¿¡F«.
2. g»®É‹ tiffŸ ahit?

s.
Éil. (i) jÅeg® g»®î
(ii) gÂrh® g»®î
3.
Éil.
thu« tiuaW. ok
bghUËaÈš thu« v‹gJ Ãy¤ij¥ ga‹gL¤Jtj‰fhf
k£Lnk F¤jif¡fhu® Ãy¢brhªj¡fhuU¡F tH§F«
bo
gFâ¤bjhif MF«.
4. gz¡TÈ k‰W« c©ik¡ TÈia ntWgL¤Jf. [BEQ]
Éil.
a

gz¡TÈ c©ik¡TÈ
ur

1. gz¡TÈ v‹gJ c©ik¡TÈ v‹gJ gz¤jhš

bgausî TÈ bgw¡Toa g©l§fŸ k‰W«
v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ. gÂfis¡ F¿¡F«.
.s

2. gz¤â‹ th§F« bjhÊyhs®fË‹

r¡âia bghU¤J thœ¡if¤ju« mt®fŸ
mikí«. c©ik¡TÈia bghW¤J
w

mikí«.
5. t£o g‰¿ Ú m¿tJ ahJ?
w

Éil. Kjiy¥ ga‹gL¤â¡ bfhŸs mij¥bg‰wt®fŸ mij

tH§»at®¡F tH§F« btFkâna t£oahF«.
w

6. ïyhg« v‹whš v‹d?

Éil. bjhÊšKidnthÇ‹ bjhÊš âwikia¥ ga‹gL¤J
tj‰fhd btFkâ ïyhg« MF«.

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7. Ú®ik ÉU¥g¤â‹ bghUŸ ahJ?
Éil.Ú®ik ÉU¥g« v‹gJ k¡fŸ, g¤âu§fŸ, g§FfŸ,
kh‰W¢Ó£LfŸ, Ãy«, f£ol«, j§f« ngh‹witfshf
mšyhkš buh¡f gzkhf ifÆš it¤âU¥gnj MF«.
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

m
1. gz¤njit¡fhd neh¡f§fŸ ahit?  [BEQ]
Éil. Ñ‹° T‰W¥go, Ú®ik ÉU¥g¤â‰F _‹W neh¡f§fŸ

co
cŸsd. mit,
gÇkh‰w neh¡f« :
(i) k¡fŸ m‹whl gÇt®¤jid¡fhf gz¤ij buh¡fkhf
it¤âU¥gj‹ ÉU¥gnk gÇkh‰w neh¡fkhF«.

s.
(ii) ïªj neh¡f¤â‰fhf gz« nrÄ¡F« msî tUkhd
msit¢ rh®ªJŸsJ.
(iii) Mt = f(y)
ok
K‹bd¢rÇ¡if neh¡f«
(i) nehŒthŒ¥gLjš, Ég¤J, Ô¥g‰Wjš, âU£L
bo

ngh‹w vâ®ghuhj bryîfis rªâ¥gj‰fhf k¡fŸ

gz¤ij buh¡fkhf it¤âU¥gj‰fhd ïªj neh¡f«
K‹bd¢rÇ¡if neh¡f« vd¥gL«
a

(ii) Mp = f(y)
ur

Cf neh¡f«
(i) Kjä£L rªijÆš g§FfŸ k‰W« g¤âu§fË‹ vâ®fhy
Éiy kh‰w¤â‰nf‰g mjDila e‹ikfis¥ bgw
.s

g§FfŸ k‰W« g¤âu§fis th§f njitahd gz¤ij

k¡fŸ buh¡fkhf it¤âU¡f nt©oíŸsJ. ïJnt Cf
w

neh¡fkhF«
(ii) ïªj neh¡f¤â‰fhf ifÆš nrÄ¥ghf it¤âU¡F«
w

bjhifÆ‹ msî t£o É»j¤ij¥ bghU¤J mikí«.

(iii) Ms = f(i)
w

2. TÈÆ‹ tiffis¥ g£oaÈLf?

Éil. TÈ eh‹F tiffshf¥ ãÇ¡f¥gL»wJ
(i) bgausî¡ TÈ mšyJ gz¡TÈ :
bgausî¡TÈ v‹gJ buh¡fkhf (gzkhf) tH§f¥gL«
TÈia¡ F¿¡F«.
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(ii) ï›thW vâ®fhy¤â‰fhd buh¡fkhf it¤âU¥gij Cf
neh¡fkhF«.
(iii) ïªj neh¡f¤â‰fhf ifÆš nrÄ¥ghf it¤âU¡F«
bjhifÆ‹ msî t£o åj¤ij¥ bg‰W¤jU«.
Ms = f(i)

m
(iv) ï§F Ú®ik ÉU¥g¤â‰F« t£o åj¤â‰F« vâ®kiwahd
cwî ïU¡F«.

co
nj®î¡fhd K¡»a Édh¡fŸ (BEQ)

s.
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. Ãiwî¥ ngh£oÆš - ïWâ Ãiy c‰g¤â¤ âw‹ nfh£gh£o‹

Éil.
tiugl« tiuf.
ok
Y
Q
P
bo
MFC = AFC
k‰W« tUthŒ c‰g¤â
fhu Éiy

ARP
a

MRP
ur

O N X
.s

fhu myFfŸ
2. Çfh®nlh thu¡ nfh£gh£o‹ tiugl« tiuf.
w

Éil.
Y
40 bghUshjhu thu«
V¡fU¡fhd Éis¢rš
w

30
(_£ilfËš)

thuÄšyh Ãy«
20
w

10

0 A B C X
Ãy¤â‹ ju«
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7. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu«
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

m
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ
1. bghUshjhu ts®¢áÆ‹ bghUŸ vGJf.

co
Éil. xU eh£o‹ bghUshjhu ts®¢á v‹gJ bghJthf mªeh£o‹
tUkhd¤jhš msÉl¥g£lhY«, mJ bkh¤j cŸeh£L
c‰g¤âahnyna (GDP) F¿¥ãl¥gL»wJ.

s.
2. K‹nd¿a bghUshjhu¤â‹ ïu©L ïašòfis¡ TWf.
 [BEQ]
Éil. (i) ts®ªj bghUshjhu ehLfŸ v‹git bjhÊškakhd,
ok
ts§fis KGikahf ga‹gL¤JtJkhd ehLfis¡
F¿¡F«.
(ii) mâf jyh tUthia¡ bfh©oU¥gJ MF«.
bo

3. ïa‰if ts§fis¥ g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf.

Éil. (i) xU eh£o‹ ïa‰ifÆÈUªJ bgw¥gL« ts§fŸ
ïa‰if ts§fŸ vd¥gL«.
a

(ii) cjhuz« : fhL, Ú®, fÅk ts§fŸ k‰W« M‰wš

r¡âfŸ M»aitahF«.
ur

4. ïªâa bghUshjhu¤â‹ VnjD« xU ïašãid¡ TW.

Éil. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu¤â‹ K¡»a ïašò ntsh©ikahF«.
.s

5. òJ¥ã¡f¥gl ïayhj M‰wš ts§fŸ jUf.

Éil. (i) Û©L« cUth¡f¥gl Koahj Ãiy¤J ïU¡f
w

KoahjitfŸ òJ¥ã¡f¥gl ïayhj M‰wš ts§fŸ

MF«.
(ii) (v.fh) Ãy¡fÇ, bg£nuhÈa«, fÅk§fŸ, gok
w

vÇbghU£fŸ
6. ‘bjhÊšE£g¤ bjÇî’ g‰¿ ‘br‹’ TWtJ v‹d? [BEQ]
w

Éil. _yjd br¿it E£gkhd KiwÆš, ciH¥ghs®fŸ cgÇahf

cŸs bghUshjhu¤âš ntiy thŒ¥òfis mâfÇ¥gJ
fod« v‹W ‘bjhÊš E£g¤ bjÇî’ v‹w ò¤jf¤âš br‹
F¿¥ãL»wh®.
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7. Fiwªj jyh tUkhd« ïU¡f fhuz§fshf uh›
TWtij¥ g£oaÈLf? [BEQ]
Éil. (i)
Kiwa‰w Ãyîilik k‰W« Ãy« J©lhf ãǤjš.
(ii)
gÆ®fS¡F Fiwthd Ú®ghrd trâ »il¤jš.
(iii)
ngusî bjhÊšJiw ï‹ik.
(iv)
ntsh©ikÆš mâf k¡fŸbjhif mG¤j«.

m
(v)
Kjä£o‹ik.
(vi)
ehza¤âš Rah£á bfhŸifÆ‹ik k‰W« gz«

co
g‰¿a fU¤J¡fËš j§f¤ij cilikahf¡ bfhŸtij
C¡FɤjJ.
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
1. bghUshjhu K‹nd‰w« - tiuaW.

s.
Éil. (i) xU eh£o‹ bghUshjhu K‹nd‰w« v‹gJ bghJthf
mªeh£o‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âahš k£L«
ok
F¿¥ãl¥gLtj‹¿ mªeh£L k¡fË‹ ca®ªj
thœ¡if¤ju« mšyJ k¡fË‹ ešthœití«
cŸsl¡»ajhF«.
(ii) xU eh£L k¡fË‹ thœ¡if ju¤â‹ msåLfŸ v‹gJ.
bo
(1) kÅjts nk«gh£L F¿pL
(2) thœ¡if¤ ju¡F¿pL
(3) bkh¤j eh£L k»œ¢á F¿pL M»at‰iw bghW¤jJ.
2. ntsh©ik bghUshjhu« g‰¿ m«ng¤f® bghUshjhu
a

fU¤J¡fis TWf.
ur

Éil. m«ng¤fÇ‹ bghUshjhu áªjid :

(i) Ã⥠bghUshjhu«.
(ii) ntsh©ik bghUshjhu«.
.s

(iii) kj¥ bghUshjhu«.

(iv) rkj®k bghUshjhu«.
ntsh©ik bghUshjhu« g‰¿ fU¤J :
w

(i) 1918š m«ng¤f® “ïªâahÉš Fiwªj Ãyîilik

k‰W« Ô®îfŸ” v‹w f£Liuia vGâdh®.
(ii) Ml«°Ä¤â‹ ehLfË‹ bršt¤ijnghš Ãyîilik
w

xU§»iz¥ò k‰W« Ãyîilik ÉÇth¡f«

ït‰¿‰»ilnaahd ntWgh£oid¡ TW»wh®.
w

3. »uhk r®nthja« - áWF¿¥ò tiuf. [BEQ]

Éil. (i) “c©ikahd ïªâah thœtJ efu§fËnyh,
òwefu§fËnyh ïšiy »uhk§fËš jh‹” v‹W
TW»wh®.
(ii) »uhk§fŸ j‹Åiwî bg‰witfshfî« Rarh®ò
bg‰witfshfî« ïU¡f nt©L« v‹wh®.
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8. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu«
Rjªâu¤â‰F
K‹dU« ã‹dU«

m
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

co
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ
1. ïªâahÉ‹ fhyŤJt Ru©lÈ‹ ÃiyfŸ ahit?

s.
Éil. ïªâah Ú©lfhykhf fhyÅ Mâ¡f¤â‹Ñœ ïUªjJ. ïj‹
Ru©lš ÃiyfŸ Ñœ¡f©lthW ïU¡F«.
(i) mâfhu« brY¤J« ÃiyÆš cŸs ehL jh‹ mâfhu«
ok
brY¤J« eh£o‹ÛJ muáaš f£L¥ghL k£LÄšyhkš
bghUshjhu bfhŸiffisí« Ô®khÅ¡»wJ.
(ii) moikeh£L k¡fŸ j§fŸ eh£o‹ ts§fisí«
ga‹gL¤JtâY« K¡»a bghUshjhu elto¡iffis
bo

nk‰bfhŸtâY« j‹Å¢irahd Koîfis nk‰bfhŸs

Koahkš ïU¥g®.
2. Rjªâu« miltj‰F K‹ ïªâahÉš fhz¥g£l gšntW
a

tifahd Ãy cilik KiwfŸ ahit? [BEQ]

Éil. `Rjªâu« miltj‰F K‹ ïªâahÉš fhz¥g£l _‹W
ur

tifahd Ãy cilik Kiwfshtd :

(1) #Û‹jhÇ Kiw (m) Ãy¢Rth‹jhuh Kiw
(2) kAšthÇ Kiw (m) ïdthÇ Kiw
.s

(3) ïua¤JthÇ Kiw (m) brhªj rhFgo Kiw

3. k‰w KiwfËÈUªJ Ãy cilik Kiwia
w

ntWgL¤Jtj‰fhd m«r§fis¡ TW.

Éil. k‰w KiwfËš tNȤj ÃytUthia m¥gona muR¡F
brY¤j nt©L«. Mdhš Ãy cilik KiwÆš tNȤjâš
w

10/11 g§F muR¡F¢ brY¤j¥g£L 1 g§F #Û‹jhU¡F

Câakhf tH§f¥gL»wJ.
w

4. gRik¥òu£áÆ‹ gyåd§fis¥ g£oaÈLf.

Éil. gRik¥òu£áÆ‹ gyåd§fshtd :
(i) gUt kiHia e«ãÆU¥gJ.
(ii) ÉijfŸ, ó¢á¡bfhšÈfŸ, j©Ù® ngh‹w
cŸçLfS¡fhf ngusî _yjd« njit¥gLtJ.
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(iii)bgU, áW k‰W« FW ÉtrhÆfS¡»ilna tUkhd
ïilbtË mâfǤâU¥gJ.
(iv) g©izfŸ ïaªâukakh¡f¥gLjš M»a ïit
mid¤J« gRik¥òu£áÆ‹ gyåd§fshF«.
5. g¤jh« Iªjh©L â£l¤â‹ neh¡f§fŸ ahit?

m
Éil. (i) ï¤â£l« mL¤j g¤jh©LfËš jyh tUthia ïU
kl§fhf ca®¤j ïy¡F îzƤjJ.
(ii) 2012 M« M©oš tWik É»j¤ij 15% Mf Fiw¡F«

co
F¿¡nfhŸfis bfh©oUªjJ.
6. kÅj nk«gh£L¡ F¿p£bl© (HDI) k‰W« thœ¡if¤
ju¡F¿p£bl© (PQLI) M»at‰iw ntWgL¤Jf. [BEQ]

s.
Éil.
t. kÅj nk«gh£L¡ thœ¡if¤
v©.
1
F¿p£bl© (HDI)
I¡»a ehLfŸ
ok ju¡F¿p£bl© (PQLI)
xU eh£o‹
K‹ndw â£l« (UNDP) thœ¡if¤ju¤âid
btËÆl¥g£lJ. msÉl¥ga‹gL»wJ.
bo

2 ïJ vâ®gh®¡f¥gL« ïâš vâ®gh®gh®¥ò

thœehŸ F¿pL, Mí£fhy«, FHªij
fšÉ¡F¿pL k‰W« ïw¥ò åj«, k‰W«
a

bkh¤j cŸeh£L vG¤j¿î åj« ngh‹w

c‰g¤â mo¥gilÆš _‹W F¿pLfis¥
ur

mik¡f¥g£lJ. ga‹gL¤âdh®.
3 gh»°jhÅ‹ bghUËÆš nkhÇ° o nkhÇ°
.s

m¿P® kAó¥ v‹gtuhš

cš A¡ v‹gtU« cUth¡f¥g£lJ.
ïªâahit¢ rh®ªj
w

mk®¤âah Fkh® br‹

v‹gtU« ï¡nfh£gh£il
w

nk«gL¤âd®
7. kÅj ts®¢á¡ F¿p£bl©iz¡ fz¡»l cjî«
w

F¿pLfis¡ TWf.
Éil. (i) (I¡»a ehLfŸ nk«gh£L â£l¤â‹ kÅj nk«gh£L
HDI1
m¿¡ifÆid bghU¤JŸsJ).
(ii) HDI2 (thœ¡ifju«)
(iii) HDI3 (tWik xÊ¥ò) k‰W« HDI4 (efukakhjš) M»a
eh‹F« kÅj nk«gh£L¡ F¿pLfshF«.
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9. ïªâahÉ‹ nk«ghL
mDgt§fŸ
ghlüš Édh¡fŸ

m
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

co
1. ïªâa¥ bghUshjhu¤âš f£lik¥ò Ó®âU¤j¤ij braš
gL¤j fhuz« v‹d?
Éil. tWikí«, ntiyí‹ikí« bghUshjhu¤â‹ f£lik¥ò
Ó®âU¤j¤ij brašgL¤j¡ fhuz§fshf ïUªjJ.

s.
2. LPG bfhŸifia brašgL¤j fhuz« v‹d?
Éil. (i) ïªâahÉš bghUshjhu elto¡if Jt§f f£L¥ghLfŸ
ïUªjd.
(ii) muR cÇik¡bfhŸiffis
ok
r‰nw js®¤JtJ
mtáakhf ïUªjJ.
(iii) bghUshjhu tŸu¢áÆš jÅah®Jiw¡F¥ nghJkhd
bo

thŒ¥òfis tH§f¥glÉšiy v‹W fUj¥g£ljhš

jÅah® kakh¡fš mtáakhdJ.
(iv) ts®¢á F‹¿a ehLfË‹ cjÉÆ‹¿ ts®ªj
ehLfŸ nkY« tsu KoahJ. ïj‰F cyfkakh¡fš
a

mtáakhdJ.
ur

3. jÅah® kakh¡fš v‹whš v‹d? [BEQ]

Éil. jÅah® kakh¡fš v‹gJ bghJ¤JiwÆ‹ îthf« k‰W«
cÇikia jÅahU¡F kh‰Wtij¡ F¿¡F«.
.s

4. Kjä£il âU«g¥ bgWjš-(Disinvestment) tiuaW. [BEQ]

Éil. Kjä£L Éy¡fš v‹gJ bghJ¤Jiw ÃWtd§fË‹
g§Ffis ãw jÅah® ÃWtd§fŸ mšyJ t§»fS¡F
w

ɉgJ MF«.
5. Ã⢠rkÃiyÆ‹ikia¡ f£L¥gL¤j 1991-92š V‰gL¤j¥g£l
w

bfhŸif Ka‰áfŸ _‹¿id¡ TWf.

Éil. (i) SLR É»j¤ij 38.5% ÈUªJ 25% Mf¡ Fiw¡f Ka‰á
w

nk‰bfhŸs¥g£lJ.
(ii) CRR É»j¤ijí« eh‹F M©LfËš 3.5% Mf Fiw¡f
Ka‰á bk‰bfhŸs¥g£lJ.
(iii) it¥òfS¡fhd t£o åj« k‰W« t§»¡ fl‹fS¡fhd
t£o ngh‹wt‰iw f£L¥gL¤âaJ.
[81]
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6. áw¥ò¥ bghUshjhu k©ly« v‹gj‹ bghUŸ v‹d?
Éil. áw¥ò bghUshjhu k©ly« v‹gJ mDkâ tH§Ftâš
bgU»ÆUªj f£L¥ghLfŸ, cŸf£lik¥ò trâÆ‹ik,
Fiwthd Ãâ ngh‹w FiwghLfis¢ rkhË¡fî«,neuo
Kjä£il <®¡fî« cUth¡f¥g£lJ.

m
7. k¤âa k‰W« khÃy muRfŸ mWtil¡F¥ ã‹ nk‰bfhŸS«
elto¡iffË‹ c£TWfis¡ TWf.
Éil. (i) Étrha Éis bghU£fË‹ Éua§fis¡

co
Fiw¥gj‰fhfî« k‰W« mWtil¡F¥ã‹ V‰gL«
ïH¥òfis¡ Fiw¥gj‰F« czî gj¥gL¤J«
bjhʉrhiyfË‹ mik¢rf« (MOFPI) k¤âa khÃy
muRfshš V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ.

s.
(ii) bgÇa czî¥ó§fh, xU§»izªj FË® ïiz¥ò
mWtil ïl¤âÈUªJ ghJfh¥ò bg£lf« tU« tiu
ok
FË®gjd trâ, kâ¥ò T£o ghJfh¡F« f£lik¥ò
M»ait ÃWt¥g£ld.
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
bo

1. jÅah® kakh¡fÈ‹ e‹ikfis v›thW Ãaha¥gL¤jyh«?

 [BEQ]
Éil. (i) muá‹ eh£Lilikah¡FjÈ‹, muR KjäLfŸ Fiw¥ò.
a

(ii) ïªâahÉš bghUshjhu elto¡iffis vËjhf¤

Jt§f ïayhj msî¡f£L¥ghLfŸ ïUªjd.
ur

(iii) muR cÇik¡bfhŸiffis¢ r‰nw js®¤JtJ

mtáakhf ïUªjJ.
(iv) bghUshjhu ts®¢áÆš jÅah® Jiw¡F¥ nghJkhd
.s

thŒ¥òfis tH§f¥glÉšiy v‹W fUj¥g£ljhš

jÅah®kakhjš mtáakhdJ.
w

2. cyf kakh¡fš bjhl®ghf vL¡f¥g£l elto¡iffis ÉtÇ.

Éil. (i) R§f tÇ¡Fiw¥ò k‰W« R§ftǤ jÉ®¥ò ngh‹w
brašghLfË‹ _y« ïw¡Fkâia vËik¥gL¤Jjš.
w

(ii) mašeh£L neuo KjäL (FDI) k‰W« mašeh£L bjhF¥ò

KjäLfS¡fhd (FPI) fjîfis¤ âwªJ it¥gJ ngh‹w
xU áy eltoiffŸ cyfkakh¡FjÈ‹ msåLfŸ
w

MF«.
3. btËeh£L Kjä£L¡ bfhŸif g‰¿ F¿¥ò tiuf
Éil. (i) bghUshjhu Ó®âU¤j¤â‹ k‰bwhU K¡»a m«r«
btËeh£L Kjä£o‰F« k‰W« btËeh£L bjhÊš
E£g¤â‰F« át¥ò f«gs tunt‰ò jUtjhF«.
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ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. LPG ¡F vâuhd fU¤J¡fŸ ahit?

Éil. (i) jhuhskakh¡F« bfhŸif btËeh£oš cŸs bgÇa
ÃWtd§fS¡F trâah»É£lJ.

m
(ii) jÅah® kakh¡Fjš, bgÇa ÃWtd§fS¡F K‰WÇik
r¡âÆid V‰gL¤J« ïâš r_f Úâia vâ®gh®¡f
KoahJ.

co
(iii) V‰fdnt ts®ªj ehLfŸ nkY« tsu rhjfkhfî«,
ts®¢á Fiwªj ehLfË‹ ey‹fŸ òw¡f¡f¥g£ld.
2. ïªâahÉš khR¡f£L¥gh£o‹ _y« R‰W¢NHiy ghJfh¡f

s.
vL¡f¥g£l elto¡iffŸ g‰¿ vGJf.
Éil. (i) eh£o‹ R‰W¢NHš bfhŸif x‹iw V‰gL¤Jjš.
(ii)
ok
»ah£nlh (Kyoto protocol) Kiwia¥ ã‹g‰¿ njáa
R¤j« rh®ªj ts®¢á fUÉ (Clean Development Mechanism
- CDM) mâfhu¡FG x‹iw V‰gL¤Jjš.
bo
(iii) kW bgh¿Æaš R‰W¢NHš R¤jKiwia nk‰bfhŸsš.
(iv) flnyhu f£L¥gh£L gFâia (Coastal Regulation Zone -
CRZ)
(v)
a

eh£o‹ njáa ïurhad îthf mik¥ò x‹iw

ts®¢áíw¢ brŒjš.
ur

3. mašeh£L thÂg¢ brY¤J rkÃiy k‰W« mašeh£L

thÂg¢ rkÃiy ntWgL¤Jf.
.s

Éil.
t. mašeh£L thÂg¢ mašeh£L thÂg¢
w

v© brY¤J rkÃiy rkÃiy

1. “xU eh£o‹ mid¤J mašeh£L thÂg¢
w

tifahd mašeh£L rkÃiy v‹gJ

tuî bryîfË‹ “òydhF« bghUŸfË‹
w

gâîfŸ mid¤ijí« thÂg¤ij k£Lnk”

fh©ã¡F« m¿¡if F¿¥gjhF«.
mšyJ fz¡nf”
mašeh£L thÂg¢
brY¤J¢ rkÃiyahF«
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t. mašeh£L thÂg¢ mašeh£L thÂg¢
v© brY¤J rkÃiy rkÃiy
2. òydhF« bghUŸfŸ òydhF« bghUŸfŸ
v‹gJ g©l§fŸ v‹gJ V‰Wkâ k‰W«

m
V‰Wkâ k‰W« ïw¡FkâÆ‹ msî,
ïw¡Fkâia¡ thÂg«, j§f«,
F¿¥gjhF«. btŸË k‰W« ïju¥

co
g©l§fŸ M»at‰iw¡
F¿¥gjhF«.
3 òydhfh¥ bghUŸfŸ òydhfhj bghUŸfŸ

s.
v‹gJ gÂfŸ v‹gJ gÂfŸ gu°gu«
mašeh£L¥ gÇt®jid brY¤j¥gLjš, mjhtJ
k‰W« mašeh£L
elto¡iffŸ
ok
flš thÂf«, fh¥ÕL
k‰W« t§»Æaš
ïitaid¤â‹ V‰Wkâ ÃWtd§fŸ, t£o
bo
k‰W« ïw¡Fkâia¡ brY¤Jjš, g§F,
F¿¥gjhF«. R‰Wyh¥ gaÂfË‹
bryî k‰W« ïij
a

ngh‹w ãwt‰iw¡
F¿¥gjhF«.
ur


.s
w
w
w

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7. Cuf bjhʉrhiyfŸ v‹whš v‹d?
Éil. (i) Cuf gFâfËš, Cuf k¡fshš el¤j¥gL« mid¤J
bjhʉrhiyfS« Cuf bjhʉrhiyfŸ MF«.
(ii) cŸqÇš »il¡F« f¢rhg bghU£fŸ, âw‹fŸ k‰W«
á¿a msÉyhd KjäL M»at‰iw mo¥gilahf
bfh©L mikªJŸsd.

m
8. ntsh© rh®ªj bjhʉrhiyfŸ g‰¿ vGJf.
Éil. (i) ntsh© c‰g¤â g©l§fis Ef®î¡FÇa bghU£fshf

co
kh‰W»‹w gÂÆš ntsh©ik rh®ªj bjhʉrhiyfŸ
<LgL»‹wd.
(ii) ntsh© rh®ªj bjhÊšfŸ Foir¤ bjhÊš, áWbjhÊš

s.
k‰W« Miy¤ bjhÊyhfî« cŸsd.
9. Cuf ntiyÆ‹ik¡fhd fhuz§fŸ _‹¿id vGJf.
Éil. (i)
(ii)
ok
ntsh©ik gUtfhy« rh®ªjJ.
Jiz bjhʚfˋik.
(iii) _yjd br¿î bjhÊšE£g«.
bo
10. Cuf m§fho v‹whš v‹d?
Éil. (i) Cuf¥ gFâfËš c‰g¤â brŒa¥g£l g©l§fŸ
th§fnth mšyJ ɉfnth V‰gL¤j¥g£l f£lik¥ò
Cuf m§fhoahF«.
a

(ii) ef®òw« k‰W« ïju gFâfËš c‰g¤â brŒa¥g£l ïju

bghU£fŸ M»at‰iw th§fî« Cuf m§fhofŸ
ur

ga‹gL»‹wd.
11. Cuf rhiy ngh¡Ftu¤J v›thW ga‹gL»wJ?
.s

Éil. Cuf ÉtrhÆfË‹ c‰g¤âia ef®òw m§fhofËš

rªij¥gL¤Jtj‰F« bjhiyöu m§fhofS¡F brštj‰F«
ãw gÂfis ga‹gL¤â¡ bfhŸtj‰F« cjî»wJ.
w

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

w

1. Cuf fl‹ RikfË‹ ïašòfŸ ahit?

Éil. (i) ïªâahÉš Vw¡Fiwa 4š 3 gFâ Cuf FL«g§fŸ
w

flÅš _œ» cŸsd®.

(ii) áW ÉtrhÆfS¡F fl‹ Rik mâf«.
(iii) Étrha bjhÊyhs®fŸ k‰w bjhÊyhs®fis¡ fh£oY«
ÄFªj fldhËfshf cŸsd®.
(iv) bgU«ghyhd fl‹fŸ FW»a fhy fl‹fŸ k‰W«
c‰g¤â ïašg‰wit.
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(v) mâf t£o¡F fl‹ th§Fgt®fË‹ rjÉ»jnk mâfkhf
cŸsJ.
(vi) bgU«gh‹ikahd »uhk k¡fŸ jÅah®
ÃWtd§fËlÄUªJ«, mâf t£o¡F gz«
bfhL¥gt®fËlÄUªJ« fl‹ bgW»wh®fŸ.

m
2. á¿a myF K‹nd‰w« g‰¿ vGJf.
Éil. (i) ïJxU bghJ¤Jiw rh®ªj Ãâ ÃWtd« MF«.
(ii) ïJ áW, FW Ãâ ÃWtd§fS¡F«, t§» rhuh Ãâ

co
ÃWtd§fS¡F« k‰W« eL¤ju ÃWtd§fS¡F« fl‹
tH§F»wJ.
(iii) ïJ V¥uš 8, 2015 M« M©L Jt¡f¥g£lJ.

s.
(iv) FW myFfŸ ts®¢á k‰W« kWÃâah¡f« ÃWtd«.
(v) FW Ãâ ÃWtd§fis xG§FgL¤jî« kW Ãâah¡f«

3.
brŒaî« V‰gL¤j¥g£lJ.
njáa Cuf ey mik¥ò g‰¿ És¡Ff?
ok
Éil. (i) njáa, Cuf ey mik¥ò (NRHM) 12, V¥uš 2005 M«
bo

M©L Mu«ã¡f¥g£lJ.
(ii) eÈtilªj Cuf k¡fS¡fhf Fiwªj ÉiyÆš vËâš
bgw¡Toa jukhd Mnuh¡»a trâfis V‰gL¤â jUtJ
a

ïj‹ neh¡f« MF«.

(iii) clš ey¤ij Ô®khÅ¡F« fhuÂfshd FoÚ®, Rfhjhu«,
ur

fšÉ, C£l¢r¤J, r_f k‰W« ghÈd rk¤Jt«

ngh‹wt‰iw miltj‰fhf áw¥ghf brašgL«.
(iv)
.s

r_f¤ij gutyh¡f¥gl, ey ÉÃnahf Kiwia

V‰gL¤Jtnj ïªj mik¥ã‹ Äf K¡»akhd
neh¡fkhF«.
w

(v) ïd¥bgU¡f«, jhŒik¥ngW, áR k‰W« FHªij k‰W«

ts® ïs« gUt¤âdÇ‹ eyD¡fhf gšntW gÂfis
w

nk‰bfhŸ»wJ.
(vi) kf¥ngW k‰W« FHªij ey‹ M»at‰¿‰F
w

K¡»a¤Jt« tH§F»wJ.
4. ïªâahÉ‹ rhiyngh¡Ftu¤J g‰¿ ÉtÇ?
Éil. (i) ïªâahÉ‹ Cuf rhiy gFâ 26.50 ïy£r« ».Û
MF« ïâš 13.5 rjÉj« gFâfËš k£Lnk rhiyfŸ
nghl¥g£LŸsJ.
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ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
1. Cuf fl‹fis Ô®¥gj‰F vL¡f¥g£l elto¡iffŸ ahit?
Éil. (i) Cuf fl‹fis¤ Ô®¥gj‰F gšntW tÊKiwfŸ
m¿Kf¥gL¤j¥g£LŸsd.
(ii) t£o¡F fl‹ bfhL¥gt®fis xG§FgL¤Jjš,

m
Cuf t§»fis nk«gL¤Jjš, t£lhu Cuf t§»fŸ
bjhl§Fjš, K‹fl‹fŸ tH§Fjš, RacjÉ¡

co
FG¡fis mik¤jš, bjhl¡f T£Lwî t§»fŸ k‰W«
Ãy t§»fŸ bjhl§Fjš.
(iii) gÆ® fl‹ tH§Fjš K‹ndho t§»¤â£l§fŸ á¿a
myF K‹nd‰w k‰W« kW ÃâaË¥ò Kft® t§»

s.
bjhl§Fjš, Jiz bjhÊšfis cUth¡Fjš, âw‹
nk«ghL gƉáfŸ mˤjš.
(iv) ViHfŸ k‰W« Ra cjÉ¡FGÉdU¡F t£oåj§fŸ
ok
k‰W« ngh¡Ftu¤J bryÉd§fŸ trâÄ¡ft®fS¡F
»il¥gij fh£oY« mâfkhf cŸsJ.
(v) vL¤J¡fh£lhf : k»GªJ¡fhd flidÉl fšÉ¡fl‹
bo
t£o mâfkhf cŸsJ.


a
ur
.s
w
w
w

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 This Materials only for Sample

11. jÄœeh£L¥ bghUshjhu«

ghlüš Édh¡fŸ
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË.

m
2 kâ¥bg©fŸ
1. rhjfkhd ghÈd É»j« bfh©l ïu©L kht£l§fis¡
TW? É»j§fisí« F¿¥ãL?

co
Éil. (i) Úy»Ç kht£l« (1041 bg©fŸ, 1000 M©fS¡F).
(ii) jŠrhñ® kht£l« (1031 bg©fŸ, 1000 M©fS¡F)
rhjfkhd ghÈd« bg©fŸ.

s.
2. bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤â (GSDP) tiuaW. [BEQ]
Éil. bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤â v‹gJ xU khÃy¤â‹ X®
ok
M©oš c‰g¤â brŒa¥gL« g©l§fŸ k‰W« gÂfË‹
bkh¤j kâ¥ghF«.
bo
3. jÄœeh£L¡nf‰w eh‹F czî¥ gÆ®fis¡ F¿¥ãLf.
Éil. k¡fh¢nrhs«, f«ò, Ãy¡fliy, v©bzŒ ɤJ¡fŸ k‰W«
gU¤â M»ait jÄœeh£L¡nf‰w czî¥ gÆ®fŸ MF«.
a

4. jÄœeh£o‹ K¡»a¤ JiwKf§fŸ ahit?

Éil. v©û® k‰W« ö¤J¡Fo M»ait jÄœeh£o‹ Äf¥bgÇa
ur

JiwKf§fshF«. ehf¥g£od« eL¤ju JiwKfkhF«.

5. ghu«gÇa R‰Wyh v‹gJ v‹d? [BEQ]
.s

Éil. kJiu Ûdh£á m«k‹nfhÉÈš (kJiu), $u§fehjh

RthÄ nfhÆš ($u§f«), ãufÔ°tu® Mya« (jŠrhñ®)
w

k‰W« kfhgÈòu á‰g¡nfhÆšfŸ M»ait ghu«gÇa

R‰Wyh¤jy§fŸ MF«.
w

6. jÄœeh£o‹ mQÄ‹ Ãiya§fŸ ahit?

Éil. fšgh¡f«, Tl§Fs« M»ait jÄœeh£o‹ cŸs K¡»a
mQÄ‹ Ãiya§fshF«.
w

7. FW ÃWtd§fŸ tiuaW.
Éil. 25 ïy£r¤â‰F Fiwªj KjäL brŒJ el¤J« ÃWtd§fŸ
FW ÃWtd§fŸ.

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ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
1. jÄœeh£o‹ fÅk ts§fŸ F¿¥ò tiuf.
Éil. (i) il£lhÅa«, È¡id£, nk¡dir£, »uhig£
iy«°nlh‹, »uhid£, gh¡ir£ ngh‹w Ru§f¤

m
â£l§fŸ jÄHf¤âš cŸsd.
(ii) beŒntÈ gG¥ò Ãy¡fÇ fHf« xU K‹ndho â£l«
vdyh«.

co
(iii) ïj‹ ts®¢áahš mdšÄ‹Ãiya«, cubjhʉrhiy,
fh®g‹ rh®ªj bjhÊšfŸ ts®ªJ tU»‹wd.
(iv) nry¤âš kh§fÜR - Ru§fK«, fŠrkiyÆš

s.
ïU«ò¤jhJ Ru§fK« mikªJŸsd.
(v) khÈ¥od« vD« ïurhad¤jhJ ïªâahÉnyna kJiu
kht£l¤âš fuo¡F£l« v‹D« CÇš k£Lnk »il¡»wJ.
ok
2. jÄœeh£o‹ bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤âia (GSDP)
És¡Ff. [BEQ]
bo
Éil. (i) bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âia¥ ngh‹wnj khÃy cŸeh£L
c‰g¤âahF«.
(ii) bkh¤j khÃy cŸeh£L c‰g¤â v‹gJ xU khÃy¤âš
x® M©oš c‰g¤â brŒa¥gL« g©l§fŸ k‰W«
a

gÂfË‹ bkh¤j gz kâ¥ghF«.

(iii)
ur

jÄœehL bghUshjhu k‰W« òŸËÆaš ïa¡f¤â‹

MŒÉ‹go, e« khÃy bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âahdJ
(GSDP) 2016-2017 Ãâah©oš 207.8ãšÈa‹ lhyuhf
.s

cŸsJ.
(iv) e« khÃy bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âahdJ cyf msÉš
Fit¤ eh£o‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤â¡F rkkhF«.
w

(v) th§F« r¡âÆ‹ mo¥gilÆš I¡»a muR vÄnu£

ehLfË‹ (UAE) bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤â¡F¢ rkkhF«.
w

(vi) ãw ehLfSl‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âia

x¥ãL«nghJ jÄœeh£o‹ bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤â
w

mâfkhfîŸsJ.
3. jÄœeh£o‹ #îˤJiw K‹nd‰w« g‰¿ ÉtÇ.
Éil. (i) jÄœehL ïªâahÉ‹ Äf¥bgÇa #îˤJiu c‰g¤â
ikakhF«.
(ii) jÄœehL ïªâahÉ‹ üš »©z« vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
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(iii) ïªâa msÉš bkh¤j c‰g¤âÆš 41% rjåj üš
jÄœeh£oš c‰g¤â brŒa¥gL»wJ.
(iv) 35 ÄšÈa‹ k¡fS¡F neuo ntiythŒ¥ig tH§Ftj‹
_y« bkh¤j cŸeh£L c‰g¤âÆš 4% g§fË¥igí«,
bkh¤j V‰Wkâ tUthŒ 35% #îˤJiwÆÈUªJ

m
»il¡»wJ.
(v) c‰g¤â JiwÆš 14% g§fË¥ò #îˤJiw
_ykhf »il¡f¥ bgW»wJ.

co
(vi) nfha«ò¤ö®, âU¥ó®, <nuhL, â©L¡fš k‰W«
f%® ngh‹w kht£l§fŸ @#îËMiyfS¡F òfœ
thλjit.

s.
(vii) ã‹dyhilfË‹ efu« vd miH¡f¥gL« âU¥ó®
3-ÄšÈa‹ mbkÇ¡f lhy® kâ¥gsÉš ã‹dyhilfis
V‰Wkâ brŒ»wJ. ok
(viii) cŸeh£L #îË jahÇ¥òfŸ k‰W« V‰WkâÆš KjÈl«
t»¡»wJ.
(ix) <nuhL kht£l« bj‹ÅªâahÉ‹ bkh¤j k‰W« ášyiw
bo

Ma¤j MiyfS¡fhd K¡»a #îË rªijahf cŸsJ.

4. jÄœehL k‰W« ïªâahÉš VnjD« ïu©L czî¥
gÆ®fË‹ c‰g¤â¤âw‹fis x¥ãLf.
a

Éil. (i) czî jhÅa c‰g¤âÆš beš c‰g¤â 79.49 ïy£r« l‹

ur

c‰g¤ânahL KjÈl¤âš cŸsJ.

(ii) ïªâahÉš nfsuhÉ‹ K¡»a gÆš Vy¡fhŒ.
jÄœeh£o‹ beš c‰g¤âiaí«, nfushÉ‹ Vy¡fhŒ
.s

c‰g¤âiaí« x¥ãLnth«.
t. v© beš Vy¡fhŒ
w

1 jÄœeh£oš ïa‰ifÆnyna Vy¡fhŒ

beš c‰g¤âÆš nfushÉš mâf msÉš
KjÈl¤âš cŸsJ »il¡»wJ.
w

2 ïJ K¡»a ïJ K¡»a tÂf¥gÆuhf

czî¥gÆuhf cŸsJ.
w

cŸsJ.
3 79.49 ïy£r« 20.27% c‰g¤â brŒ»wJ.
l‹ beš c‰g¤â
brŒJ, c‰g¤âÆš
KjÈl¤âš cŸsJ.
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(mšyJ)
dq
= –3
dp
R = pq

= 150p – 3p2

m
dR dp dp
MR = = 150 –6p
dq dq dq

co
50  −1  2  −1
= 150  3  − 6 p  3 
1

s.
= –50 + 2p
 150 − q 
= –50 + 2 
 3  ok
−2q
= –50 + 100
3
2q
bo
= 50 –
3
2
= 50 – (150 – 3p)
3
a

= 50 – 100 + 2p
ur

MR = 2p – 50

3. bkh¤j bryî¢rh®ò TC = 60 + 10x + 15x2 v‹whš ruhrÇ bryî¢

.s

rh®ò fh© [BEQ]

w

Éil.
TC = 60 + 10x + 15x2
w

TC
N¤âu« =
x
60 10 x 15 x 2
ruhrÇ bryî¢ rh®ò = + +
w

x x x
60
= +10 + 15 x
x
60
∴ ruhrÇ bryî¢rh®ò = +10 + 15 x
x
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 110 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò  áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£  bghUËaš
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4. njit¢ rh®ò¢ rk‹ghL x = 20 − 2p − p2 ïš P Éiyiaí«,
x msití« F¿¥ãL« v‹whš p=2.5 v‹w kâ¥ãš njit
be»œ¢á bfG kâ¥ò fh©.
Éil.
p dx
ηd =

m
x dp
dx
= −2 − 2 p

co
dp
−p
ηd = ( −2 − 2p )
20 − 2 p − p 2
2 p (1 + p )

s.
=
20 − 2 p − p 2

ïâš p = 2.5 vÅš, ok

2 ( 2 .5)(1 + 2.5)
=
20 − 2 ( 2.5) − ( 2.5)
2

5 (3.5)
bo
=
20 − 5 − 6.25
17.5
=
15 − 6.25
a

17.5
=
8.75
ur

=2

∴njit be»œ¢ábfG kâ¥ò = 2

.s

5. xU bghUË‹ Éiy p í« msî q î«, q = 30 – 4p – p2 v‹w

rk‹gh£lhš ïiz¡f¥g£lhš.
w

(i) p = 2 v‹w
kâ¥ãš njit be»œ¢á bfG kâ¥ò k‰W«
(ii) ïWâÃiy tUthŒ kâ¥ò fh©.
w

Éil.
ed = ïWâÃiy¢ rh®ò
w

ruhrÇ rh®ò
d
ïWâÃiy¢ rh®ò =
dp
(
30 − 4 p − 4 p 2 )
d n 
= − 4 − 8p 
 dx
( )
x = nx n -1 

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 112 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò  áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£  bghUËaš
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6. mË¥ò¢ rh®ò bfhL¡f¥g£LŸsnghJ mË¥ò be»œ¢á bfG
fhz N¤âu« v‹d?
Éil.
mË¥ò beÊ¢á bfGÉ‹ N¤âu«
p dq

m
mË¥ò be»œ¢á bfG =
q dp

co
7. MS Word - ‹ K¡»a m«r§fŸ ahit? [BEQ]
Éil. th®¤ij braÈ (Word Processor) Æ‹ m«r§fŸ :
(i) Mtz¤ij cUth¡f efbyL¡f âU¤âaik¡f,

s.
totik¡f Koí«.
(ii) th®¤ijfŸ k‰W« th¡»a§fis ïilÆš nr®¤âl,
kh‰¿l (m) Ú¡»l Koí«. ok
(iii) totik¥ãid ga‹gL¤j Koí«.
(iv) g¡f§fË‹ msî k‰W« ÉË«ò msîfis rÇbrŒJ
bo

bfhŸs Koí«.
(v) ãiHâU¤j« brŒí« trâíŸsJ.
(vi) gy Mtz§fŸ k‰W« nfh¥òfis x‹whf ïiz¡f
a

Ko»wJ.
ur

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ

1. fÂj KiwÆ‹ bghUshjhu¥ ga‹ghLfis És¡Ff.

.s

Éil. bghUËaÈš fÂj KiwÆ‹ ga‹fŸ :

(i) bghUËaš ãu¢ridfis Äfî« RU¡fkhd toÉš
w

tH§»l fÂj KiwfŸ JizòÇ»‹wd.

(ii) bghUËaš fU¤J¡fis És¡»l fÂj KiwfŸ
w

cjwd.
(iii) bghUËaš MŒÉš mâf v©Â¡ifÆyhd kh¿fis
w

cgnah»¡f fÂj KiwfŸ cjwd.

(iv) murh§fnkh (m) vªj xU mik¥ngh eilKiw¥gL¤J«
bghUËaš brašghLfË‹ jh¡f« (m) Éisîfis
msÉl fÂj KiwfŸ ga‹gL»‹wd.
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2. 16x − 4 = 68 + 7x v‹whš njitasî x kâ¥ãid Ô®¡f. [BEQ]
Éil. 16x − 4 = 68 + 7x ⇒ 16x − 7x = 68 + 4
9x = 72
72
x=
9

m
∴x=8

co
3. xU ÃWtd¤â‹ tUthŒ rh®ò R = 600q − 0.03q2 k‰W« bryî¢
rh®ò C = 150q + 60,000 v‹whš mªj ÃWtd¤â‹ ruhrÇ
tUthŒ¢rh®ò , ruhrÇ bryî¢ rh®ò, ïWâÃiy tUthŒ¢

s.
rh®ò k‰W« ïWâÃiy¢ rh®ò M»at‰iw¡ fh©.
Éil.

MR = ïWâÃiy tUthŒ = R 
ok
 1
 q

R = 600q − 0.03q2
bo

R'= 600 − (0.03) 2(q)

= 600 − 0.06q
a

R
ruhrÇ tUthŒ (AR) = q
ur

600q − 0.03 q 2
=
q
.s

q
600 q 0.03q 2
= −
q q
w

∴ AR = 600 − 0.03q
w

bkh¤j bryî
ruhrÇ bryî (AC) =
c‰g¤â
w

150q + 60000
=
q
150 q 60000
= +
q q
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1 2 1
∆x2 = 1 0 −1
−1 6 −1

= 1 (0 + 6) −2(−1−1) + 1 (6 − 0)
= 1 (6) − 2 (−2) + 1 (6) = 6 + 4 + 6

m
∴ ∆x2 = 16

1 −1 2

co
∆x3 = 1 1 0
−1 −1 6

= 1 (6 − 0) + 1 (6 − 0) + 2 (−1 +1)

s.
= 1 (6) + 1 (6) 2 (0)
= 6 + 6 + 0 = 12
∴ ∆x3 = 12
ok
∆x1 −4
x1 = = =1
∆ −4
bo
4
∆x2 16
x2 = = =− 4
∆ − 41
3
∆x3 12
a

x3 = = =−3
∆ − 41
ur

∴ x1, x2, x3 = (1, −4, −3)

5. xU ÃWtd¤â‹ bkh¤j¢ bryî¢ rh®ò

2
(TC) = 5 + x MF« x =10 v‹w msÉš bkh¤j¢ bryÉid¡
.s

fh©.
Éil. bkh¤j bryî (TC) = 5 + x2 x =10 vÅš,
w

= 5 + (10)2
= 5 + 100
w

∴ TC = 105

6. TC = 2.5q3 − 13q2 + 50q + 12

v‹whš ïWâÃiy bryî¢ rh®ò,
w

ruhrÇ bryî¢ rh®ò M»at‰iw¡ fh©.

Éil.
dc
ïWâÃiy bryî (MC) =
dq
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 122 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò  áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£  bghUËaš
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2. p = 70 − 4x − x2
Mfî« njit x0 v‹gJ 6 vdî« mikíbkÅš
Ef®nth® cgÇ v‹d?
Éil.
ju¥g£l njit¢rh®ò,
p = 70 − 4x − x2

m
x = 6 vÅš,
p = 70 − 4 (6) − (6)2
= 70 − 24 − (36)

co
= 70 − 24 − 36
= 70 − 60
p = 10

s.
vdnt
cs = (njit tis¡nfh£o‹ 0 Kjš 6 tiuÆyhd
tis¡nfh£o‰F ÑGŸs gFâÆ‹ gu¥ò)- br›tf¤â‹
ok
gu¥ò (10 × 6 = 60)
6

Cs = ∫ (70 − 4 x − x 2 ) dx − (10×6)
bo
0

 x 2 33 
= 70 x − 4 − − 60
 2 3 
9
a

2
(6) 2 27
= 70 (6) − 4 − − 60
21 31
ur

= 420 − 72 − 9 − 60
= 420 − 141
= 279 myFfŸ
.s

ca® tÇir áªjid Édh¡fŸ (HOTS)

w

ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F XÇU tÇfËš ÉilaË. 2 kâ¥bg©fŸ

w

1. 124 = 68 + 8x v‹whš x ‹ kâ¥ò fh©.

Éil. 124 = 68 + 8 x
w

124 − 68 = 8 x
56 = 8 x
7
56
=x
8
∴x = 7
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2. TR = 20Q − 2Q2
vd ju¥g£LŸsJ. Q = 3 vÅš ïWâÃiy
tUthia¡ fh©f (MR).
Éil. TR = 20Q − 2Q 2
MR = 20 (1) Q1−1 − 2 ( 2) Q 2 −1 Q0 = 1
= 20 Q0 − 4Q1

m
= 20 (1) − 4Q
= 20 − 4Q

co
ïâš Q = 3 vÅš
MR = 20 − 4Q
= 20 − 4 (3)

s.
= 20 − 12
∴ MR = 8
ok
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F xU g¤â msÉš ÉilaË. 3 kâ¥bg©fŸ
 6 8 14
1. A =  4 2 6  v‹w mÂÆ‹ m¡nfhit kâ¥ò fh©f.
bo

14 4 2 
Éil.
ju¥g£l mÂÆ‹ m¡nfhit kâ¥ghdJ
a

6 8 4
2 3 4 6 4 2
ur

A= 4 2 6 =6 −8 +14
4 2 14 2 14 4
14 4 2

= 6 (4 −12) − 8 (8 − 84) + 14 (16 − 28)

.s

= 6 (−8) −8 (−76) + 14 (−12)

= −48 + 608 − 168
w

= 608 − 216
Éil = 392
w

2. »uhk® Éâia¥ ga‹gL¤â rk‹ghLfŸ x k‰W«

y kâ¥òfis¡ fh©f.
x + 3y = 2 k‰W« 3x − 2y = 28
w

Éil.
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs rk‹ghLfŸ
x + 3y = 2
3x − 2y = 28 MF«.
rk‹ghLfis m toÉš mik¤âl
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 124 RuhÉ‹  11 M« tF¥ò  áfu« bjhLnth« lh®bf£  bghUËaš
This Materials only for Sample
1 3   x  2 
 3 −2  y =  28

1 3 
∆ =
 3 −2
=−2−9

m
= − 11
F¿¥ò : m¡nfhit kâ¥ò ∆ ≠ 0, vÅš, Ô®î »ilahJ.

co
∆ ≠ 0, Ô®î c©L

2 3

s.
∆x =
28 −2
= − 4 − 84
= − 88
1 2
ok
∆y =
3 28
bo
= 28 − 6
= 22
8 2
∆x − 88 22
x= , y=
a

∆ − 11 1 − 11 1
x =8, y=−2
ur

Ô®it rÇgh®¤jš
rk‹gh£il (1) š ãuâÆl
.s

x + 3y = 2
1(8) + 3 (−2) = 2
w

8−6=2
 2=2
w


w

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