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bjhFâ - I & II
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12-M« tF¥ò
áw¥g«r§fŸ
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òâjhf âU¤âaik¡f¥g£l ghlüÈ‹go jahÇ¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
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ju¥g£LŸsd.
khâÇ Édh¤jhŸfŸ 1 Kjš 6 tiu (PTA) Édh¡fŸ M§fh§nf
R£o¡fh£l¥g£LŸsd.
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Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°
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2021 - 22 gâ¥ò
© btËp£lhs®fŸ
ISBN : 978-93-5330-145-3
F¿p£L v© . : SG 328
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vGâ tH§»at® âU¤âat®
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âU. m.gh. rä«, M.Sc., B.Ed. j®kòÇ âU. ». »UZz‹, M.Sc., M.Ed. br‹id
âU. á. j£ázh_®¤â, M.Sc., B.Ed. âUth%®
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kâ¥ghs®
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Our Guides for XI, XII Standard jiyik mYtyf«
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bghUsl¡f«
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ghl¤ jiy¥òfŸ g¡f«
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bjhFâ - I
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1. cnyhfÉaš 1 - 22
2. P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I 23 - 46
s.
3. P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-II 47 - 63
4. ïilÃiy k‰W« cŸïilÃiy¤ jÅk§fŸ 64 - 84
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5. mizî ntâÆaš 85 - 112
6. âl Ãiyik 113 - 138
7. ntâÉid ntfÉaš 139 - 167
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bjhFâ - II
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(iii)
m
co
s.
o ok
ab
ur
.s
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w
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(vi)
bjhFâ - I
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myF
1 cnyhfÉaš
co
s.
o ok
F¿¥ò¢ r£lf«
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1.2.1 òÉ <®¥ò Kiw mšyJ XL« ÚÇš 1.5.1 m YÄÅa¤â‹ Ä‹ntâ ãÇ¥ò
fGîjš Kiw
1.2.2 Eiu Äj¥ò Kiw 1.6 öŒikah¡F« brašKiwfŸ
.s
[1]
m
fÅk§fŸ
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jhJ¡fis ml®ã¤jš Eiu Äj¥ò Kiw
fhªj¥ãÇ¥ò Kiw
s.
raidL
ntâ¡fGîjš mÄy«
o ok
g©glh cnyhf¤âid ãǤbjL¤jš
fh‰¿šyh
ab
RaxL¡f«
thiyto¤jš
.s
Ú®kkh¡fš
öŒikah¡fš cnyhfÉaš j¤Jt§fŸ
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gFâ òy¤öŒikah¡fš
vȧf« tiugl«
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fÅk« : xU jÅk« v‹gJ jÅ nr®kkhfnth mšyJ bt›ntW nr®k§fis¢ nr®¤J
ml¡»a T£L¡ fyitahfnth òÉÆš fhz¥gL«.
jhJ : v¡fÅk¤âÈUªJ, cnyhfkhdJ vËâš, á¡fdkhf, bgÇa msÉš ãǤbjL¡f
co
Ko»wnjh mJnt jhJ vd¥gL«.
jhJ¡Ts« : cnyhf¤ jhJ¥bghU£fnshL fyªJŸs k© k‰W« ghiw¤öŸ khR¡fŸ fh§F
mšyJ jhJ¡Ts« vd¥gL«.
: jhJîl‹ cŸs khR¡fis (fh§F) cU»L« nr®kkhf kh‰¿, mij Ú¡»l
s.
ïs¡»
jhJîl‹ nr®¡F« bghUns ïs¡» vd¥gL«.
frL : cnyhf¤ij¥ ãǤjÈš, ïs¡» jhJ¡Ts¤Jl‹ ÉidòǪJ cUth¡F«
cnyhfÉaš
ok
ÉisbghUns frL vd¥gL«.
tW¤jš : ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ jFªj ciyÆš vL¤J¡bfhŸsg£L cnyhf¤â‹
cUFÃiyiaÉl Fiwthd bt¥gÃiyÆš mâf msî M¡á#‹ brY¤j¥g£L
M¡á#nd‰w« mila¢ brŒí« Kiw.
o
cU¡Fjš : fÅk¡ fÊîl‹ nr®ªJ vËâš cUF« froid cUth¡f¡Toa nt⢠nr®kkhd
ïs¡» k‰W« jFªj xL¡F« fhuÂfŸ ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJîl‹ nr®¤J
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kâ¥ÕLf
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rÇahd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf. 6. xL¡f Éid¡F c£gL¤J« K‹d®,
ršigL jhJ¡fis tW¤jÈš V‰gL«
1. gh¡i[£o‹ ïiaò [HY. 2019]
e‹ikÆid¥ bghU¤J ã‹tU«
co
m) Al2O3 T‰WfËš jtwhdJ vJ?
M) Al2O3.nH2O
m) CS2 k‰W« H2S M»at‰iw¡ fh£oY«
ï) Fe2O3.2H2O ršigo‹ DGf0 kâ¥ò mâf«
<) ïit vJîkšy M) ršigil tW¤J M¡i[lhf kh‰W«
[Éil: M) Al2O3.nH2O]
s.
Éid¡F DGr0 kâ¥ò v⮡F¿íilaJ.
2. xU ršigL jhJit tW¡F« nghJ (A) ï) ršigil mj‹ M¡i[lhf tW¤jš
v‹w Ãwk‰w thí btËnaW»wJ. (A)‹ v‹gJ xU rhjfkhd bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
ok
Ú®¡fiurš mÄy¤j‹ik cilaJ. thí braš KiwahF«.
(A) MdJ <) cnyhf ršigLfS¡F, fh®g‹
m) CO2 M) SO3 k‰W« iA£u#‹ M»ad jFªj
ï) SO2 <) H2S bghU¤jkhd xL¡F« fhuÂfshF«.
[Éil: ï) SO2] [Éil: ï) cnyhf ršigLfS¡F,
o
fh®g‹ k‰W« iA£u#‹ M»ad
myF 1
A B C D
[Éil: m) Al] (m) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(M) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
(ï) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(<) (ii) (iii) (i) (v) [Éil: ï) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)]
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ï) tW¤jš Fiw¡f
<) Ä‹fhªj¥ ãÇ¥ò Kiw M) mYÄdhÉÈUªJ khR¡fis Ú¡f
[Éil: <) Ä‹fhªj¥ ãÇ¥ò Kiw] ï) Ä‹ fl¤J¤ âwid¡ Fiw¡f
co
<) xL¡F« ntf¤âid mâfÇ¡f
9. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ÃfH thŒ¥ãšyhj
[Éil: m) mYÄdhÉ‹ cUF
Éid vJ?
ÃiyÆid¡ Fiw¡f]
m) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
→ Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
14. ZnO ÉÈUªJ J¤jehf« (Zinc) bgw¥gL«
M) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
→ Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
s.
Kiw
ï) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)
→ 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq) m) fh®g‹ xL¡f«
<) Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq)
→ Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq) M) btŸËia¡ bfh©L xL¡Fjš (Ag)
cnyhfÉaš
ok
[Éil: M) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq) → Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)]
ï) Ä‹ntâ brašKiw
<) mÄy¡ fGîjš
10. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ v¤jÅk
[Éil: m) fh®g‹ xL¡f«]
ãǤbjL¤jÈš Ä‹ntâ Kiw
ga‹gL»wJ? 15. ášt® k‰W« j§f« ãǤbjL¤jš
o
m) ïU«ò M) by£ KiwahdJ raidil¡ bfh©L
ï) nrhoa« <) ášt® fGîjiy cŸsl¡»aJ. ï«KiwÆš
ab
kh‰w
<) nk‰f©LŸs mid¤J« 16. vȧf« tiugl¤âid¡ fU¤â‰ bfhŸf
[Éil: M) fiuahj khR¡fis, ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ mYÄdhit xL¡f
w
ZrI 4 1800
K
→ Zr (pure ) + 2I 2
5
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ne®F¿íilaJ
18. cnyhfÉaÈš, jhJ¡fis ml®¥ã¡f ∆T
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« KiwfSŸ x‹W G°
∆
ï) vâ®F¿íilaJ
m) ntâ¡fGîjš ∆T
co
M) tW¤jš ∆T
<) Mu«g¤âš ne®F¿íilaJ
ï) EiuÄj¥ò Kiw ∆G °
<) (m) k‰W« (ï) ∆G °
700°C ¡Fnkš vâ®F¿íilaJ.
[Éil: <) (m) k‰W« (ï)] ∆T
s.
19. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ rÇašyhj T‰W vJ? ∆G °
[Éil: ï) vâ®F¿íilaJ]
[QY. 2019; Sep 2020] ∆T
ok
m) à ¡ f š kh‹£ K i w Æ š 23. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ v›Éid bt¥g
öŒikah¡f¥gL»wJ. ïa¡fÉaÈ‹go rhjfkhd Éidašy?
M) il£nlÅa« th‹ M®fš Kiw¥go [PTA - 3]
öŒikah¡f¥gL»wJ. m) Cr2O3 + 2Al
→ Al2O3 + 2Cr
ï) ͧ¡ ãs‹£ (ZnS) Eiu Äj¥ò
o
M) Al2O3 + 2Cr
→ Cr2O3 + 2Al
KiwÆš ml®¥ã¡f¥gL»wJ.
3TiO2 + 4Al
→ 2Al2O3 + 3Ti
myF 1
ï)
<) j§f¤ij ãǤbjL¡F« cnyhfÉaÈš,
ab
m
v.fh :
fÅk« jhJ
(i) fÈdh (PbS)
ïa‰ifÆš mâf rjåj¤âš
(ii) ͧ¡ ãs‹£ (ZnS).
co
fhz¥gL« mfœªJ cnyhf¤âid¥
vL¡f¥g£l xU bg‰WŸs 5. áfiy¤ öŒikah¡f¥ ga‹gL« xU
bghUshdJ fÅk§fËÈUªJ KiwÆid ÉtÇ¡f? [PTA - 3]
xU cnyhf¤ij vËjhfî«, Éil. kh‹£ Kiw :
mj‹ jŤj bghUshjhu ßâahf
(i) 350 K bt¥gÃiyÆš, öŒika‰w áfiy
s.
ÃiyÆnyh mšyJ á¡fdkhfî«,
mj‹ M¡irL, cnyhf§fis¥ fh®g‹ nkhdh¡irLl‹ ÉidgL¤j
ršigL ngh‹w ãǤbjL¡f mâf msÉš vËâš MÉahF« áfš
bl£uh fh®gidš cUth¡f¥gL»wJ.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
nr®k ÃiyfËnyh ïaYkhÆ‹
bfh©oU¥ã‹ mJ m¤jifa â©k ÃiyÆš cŸs khR¡fŸ m¥gona
fÅk« vd¥gL«. fÅk§fŸ j§F»‹wd.
jhJ¡fŸ vd
350 K
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd. Ni(s) + 4 CO(g)
→ Ni(CO)4(g)
o
2. öa cnyhf§fis mitfË‹ jhJ¡fËÈUªJ (ii) 460 K bt¥gÃiyÆš áfš bl£uh
ãǤbjL¡F« gšntW goÃiyfŸ ahit? fh®gidiy bt¥g¥gL¤j, ïªj mizî¢
ab
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(v) mnj neu¤âš bt¥g¥gL¤â ef®jj¥g£ljhš (ii) nkY«, J¤jehf« nkh£lh® thfdm¢Rth®¥ò
òâjhf cUthd cU»a Ãiy òy¤â‰F k‰W« Ä‹ rhjd bghU£fËš ga‹gL»wJ.
khR¡fŸ ïl«bga®»‹wd. (iii) bgÆ©£, u¥g®, mHF rhjd¥ bghU£fŸ,
co
(vi) bt¥g¥gL¤âia nkY« ef®¤J« kUªJ¥ bghU£fŸ, be»ÊfŸ, ik
nghJ, khR¡fis¡ bfh©LŸs cU»a , Ä‹fy‹fŸ ngh‹w gybghU£fŸ
Ãiy¥gFâahdJ mjDl‹ nr®ªJ jahÇ¥gj‰F J¤jehf M¡irL ga‹gL»wJ.
ef®»wJ. (iv) xËU« bgÆ©£, xËU« És¡FfŸ
(vii) ï¢ brašKiwahdJ gyKiw Û©L«
s.
k‰W« x - fâ® âiu M»ad jahÇ¥ãš
xnu âirÆš Ãfœ¤j¥g£L, njitahd J¤jehf ršigL ga‹gL»wJ.
öŒik¤ j‹ikíila cnyhf« (v) J¤jehf¤â‹ cnyhf¡ fyitahd ã¤jis
bgw¥gL»wJ.
ok
(brass) mÇkhd« milahj j‹ikÆid¥
(viii)cnyhf« M¡á#nd‰w« miltij bg‰¿U¥gjhš FHhŒ thšîfŸ k‰W«
jL¡f ï¢braš KiwahdJ, kªjthí¢ jftš bjhl®ò rhjd§fË‹ jahÇ¥ãš
NHÈš Ãfœ¤j¥gL»wJ. ga‹gL»wJ.
(ix) b#®khÅa«, áÈ¡f‹ k‰W« fhÈa« ngh‹w
o
Fiwfl¤âfshf¥ ga‹gL« jÅk§fŸ 9. mYÄÅa¤â‹ Ä‹dh‰ cnyhfÉaiy
És¡Ff. [m.kh.É. 19]
myF 1
ï«KiwÆš öŒik¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
ab
(ii) 1400° C ¡F Ñœ bk¡Üáa¤ij¡ bfh©L (v) ïâš fhz¥gL« cnyhf maÅahdJ jFªj
mYÄÅa¤ij xL¡f Koí«. xL¡F« fhuÂíl‹ Éid¥L¤Jjš mšyJ
(M) Ä‹dh‰gF¤jš _y« xL¡f¥gL»wJ.
w
(i) Koí«, fh®g‹ Fiwªj bt¥gÃiyÆš (vi) 10% fhšáa« FnshiuL fiurš
Fe2O3 ia xL¡fkila¢ brŒahJ.
Ä‹gFfiurYl‹ nr®¡f¥gL»wJ.
(ii) Mdhš, mâf bt¥gÃiyÆš Fe2O3 ia (vii) ï§F fhšáa« FnshiulhdJ fyitÆ‹
fh®gid¡ bfh©L xL¡f Koí«. cUFÃiyia Fiw¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
(viii)cU»a fyit 1270 K bt¥gÃiy¡F
nkš ïU¡FkhW guhkÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.
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ne®Ä‹thÆš ÃfG« Éid (ii) vËâš MÉahF« nr®k¤ij áijtila¢
6O2– (cU»aÃiy)
→ 3O2 + 12e– brŒJ öa cnyhf« bgw¥gL»wJ.
mYÄdhÉ‹ maÅah¡f« 12. ã‹tU« brašKiwfËš bfhL¡f¥g£LŸst‰¿‹
co
Al2O3
→ 2Al3+ + 3O2– ga‹gh£oid ÉtÇ¡f.
(x) fh®g‹ ne®Ä‹thahf brašgLtjhš (i) fh¥g® ãǤbjL¤jÈš áÈ¡fh
mâš ã‹tU« ÉidfS« Ãfœ»wJ. (ii) mYÄÅa« ãǤbjL¤jÈš »iunahiy£
C(s) + O2–(melt)
→ CO + 2e– [QY. 2019]
s.
C(s) + 2O2–(melt)
→ CO2 + 4e– (iii) á®nfhÅa¤âid ÛöŒikah¡fÈš
(xi) nk‰f©LŸs ïU ÉidfË‹ fhuzkhf, mnaho‹.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
Ä‹dh‰gF¤jÈ‹ nghJ ne®Ä‹thŒ [QY. 2019]
bkJthf fiu»wJ. (iv) Eiu Äj¥ò KiwÆš nrhoa« raidL.
(xii) vâ®Ä‹thÆš öa mYÄÅa« åœgoth» Éil. (i) ïs¡»ahf ga‹gL»wJ.
Ä‹gFfyÅ‹ mo¥gFâÆš j§F»wJ.
(ii) Ä‹gFËahf ga‹gL»wJ.
(xiii)Ä‹dh‰gF¤jÈ‹ Ãfu Éid,
o
(iii) á®nfhÅa¤âš cŸs khR¡fŸ
4Al3+(cU»aÃiy) + 6O2–(cU»aÃiy) + 3C(s) ÉidòÇahkš ïU¡f mnaho‹
ab
→ 4Al(l) + 3CO2(g) ga‹gL»wJ.
(iv) nrfÇ¥ghdhf ga‹gL»wJ.
10. ã‹tUtdt‰iw jFªj cjhuz§fSl‹
13. Ä‹dh‰ öŒikah¡fÈ‹ j¤Jt¤âid
És¡Ff. [PTA - 2; Sep-2020]
xU cjhuz¤Jl‹ És¡Ff. [HY. 2019]
ur
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Ä‹gFË : m Ä y ¤ j ‹ i k í i l (iv) nkY« Jiz ÉidfŸ Ãfœtj‰fhd
ie£nu£ fiurš ášt® rh¤âa§fis g‰¿ vªj xU Étu¤âidí«
(vii) Ä‹thŒfË‹ tÊna Ä‹rhu¤ij¢ jUtâšiy.
co
brY¤J« nghJ ášt® mQ vy¡£uh‹fis (v) ÉidgLbghU£fË‹, Éid
ïHªJ fiurY¡FŸ brš»wJ. ÉisbghUSl‹ nt⢠rkÃiyÆš
(viii)ne®Ä‹j‹ikíila ášt® maÅfŸ ïU¥gjhf fUâ DG vȧf« tiugl¤âš
vâ®Ä‹thÆš br‹W Ä‹Åw¡f« És¡f¥g£LŸsJ.
(vi) Mdhš ïJ všyh ÃgªjidfS¡F«
s.
milªJ Ä‹thÆš go»wJ.
(ix) fh¥g®, ͧ¡ ngh‹w ãw cnyhf§fS« c©ikašy.
ïnj KiwÆid¥ ã‹g‰¿ 16. cnyhfÉaÈš Ä‹ntâ j¤Jt¤âid¥ g‰¿
ok
öŒikah¡f¥gL»‹wd. áWF¿¥ò tiuf.
ne®Ä‹thŒ Éid Éil. (i) nrhoa«, bgh£lháa« ngh‹w Éidâw‹
Ag(s) + + 1e–
→ Ag(aq) Ä¡f cnyhf§fË‹ M¡irLfis
vâ®Ä‹thŒ Éid fh®gid¡ bfh©L xL¡FtJ bt¥g
o
+ –
Ag (aq) + 1e → Ag(s) ïa¡fÉaš go rh¤âak‰wjhF«.
(ii) ï¤jifa jÅk§fŸ mitfË‹
myF 1
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it¡ fh£oY« Ãiy¥ò¤j‹ik cilaJ.
j‹ kâ¥ÕL (iv) ï›bt¥gÃiy všiyÆš xL¡f
ÉidahdJ bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
co
bfhŸif¥go rh¤âakhdJ mšy.
1. áštiu nrhoa« raidL bfh©L ntâ¡
(v) vÅD« 1000°C ¡F nkš, fh®g‹
fGî« brašKiw¡fhd rk‹gh£oid¤ jUf.
ïªj ntâ¡ fGî Kiw xU M¡á#nd‰w
ne®¡nfhlhdJ ïU«ã‹ ne®¡nfh£o‰F
xL¡f Éid vd¡fh£Lf.
Ñœòwkhf mik»wJ. vdnt,
s.
ï›bt¥gÃiy¡F nkš fh®gid xL¡F«
Éil. 4Ag(s) + 8CN–(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → fhuÂahf ga‹gL¤jyh«.
4[Ag(CN)2]–(aq) + 4OH–(aq) 1400°C
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
cnyhfÉaš
ok
nk‰f©l ÉidÆš M¡Ì#‹ Ú¡f¥g£LŸsJ. 4. Ú®¤j NaCl I Ä‹dh‰gF¤jš _y«
vdnt, ïJ xU M¡á#nd‰w xL¡f cnyhf nrhoa« ãǤbjL¡f¥gL»wJ.
ÉidahF«. Ä‹dh‰gF¤jY¡F¥ ã‹ fiurš fhu¤
2. nk¡dir£il (bk¡Üáa« fh®gnd£) fh‰¿šyh¢ j‹ikíilajh»wJ. rh¤âakhd Ä‹Kid
o
NHÈš tW¡F« nghJ bk¡Üáah bgw¥gL»wJ. Éidfis vGJf.
ïªne®Éš áijtilí« Éid¡fhd Éil. (i) ne®Ä‹thŒ Éid (M¡á#nd‰w«)
ab
200
nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf
100
4Ag
+ O2
= 2A
O
g 2O
1. bghJthf ršigL jhJ¡fŸ Eiu Äj¥ò
w
0 Hg 2
=2
–100
2H
g + O2
KiwÆš ml®ã¡f¥gL»wJ ÉâÉy¡fhf
–200
ã‹tU« vªj ršigL jhJ ntâ¡fGîjš
u 2O NiO
–300
4Cu
+ O2
= 2C
2N
i+
O2
=2
KiwÆš ml®ã¡f¥gL»wJ? [PTA - 4]
w
–400 2Fe+
O2 =
2FeO
m) m®b#‹il£
G° = RT Inp O2 / kJmol–1O2
C + O2 = CO2
–500
+ O2
=2
ZnO
4/3C
r+
O2
= 2/3
C rO 3
M) fädh
2Zn O
–600 2Mn
+ O2
= 2Mn
ï) fh¥g® igiu£
w
2C +
–700
O2 =
2CO
<) °bgyiu£
–800
Al +
O2
=2
/3 Al 2O 3
[Éil: m) m®b#‹il£]
4/3
–900 aO
C
=2
O2
a+
–1000 2C
O
mg
=2
O2
–1100 g+
2M
–1200
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
20
40
60
80
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
T / °C
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m) òlÄLjš Éil. (i) tW¤jš : ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ
M) k©ly R¤âfÇ¥ò jFªj ciyÆš vL¤J¡ bfhŸs¥g£L
ï) th‹ - M®fšKiw cnyhf¤â‹ cUFÃiyia Él Fiwthd
bt¥gÃiyÆš mâf msî M¡á#‹
co
<) kh‹£Kiw brY¤j¥g£L M¡ánd‰w« mila¢
[Éil: ï) th‹ - M®fšKiw] brŒa¥gL»wJ.
3. Únu‰w mYÄdhit Úu‰w mYÄdhthf ∆
2Pbs + 3O 2
→ 2PbO + 2SO 2 ↑
kh‰W« Kiw ________ [PTA - 6]
(ii) fh‰¿šyh NHÈš tW¤jš :
s.
m) tW¤jš
M) cU¡Fjš (i) fh‰¿šyh NHÈš, ml®ã¡f¥g£l
jhJthdJ t‹ikahf
ï) RaxL¡f« bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
ok
<) fh‰¿šyh NHÈš tW¤jš (ii) ïªÃfœÉ‹ nghJ, Únu‰w« bg‰w
[Éil: <) fh‰¿šyh NHÈš tW¤jš] iA£uh¡irLfËš fhz¥gL« gof
ÚuhdJ MÉahf btËnaW»wJ.
FW»a ÉilaË 2 Marks (iii) fÇk nr®k§fŸ VnjD« ïU¥ã‹
o
mitfS« btËnaW»‹wd.
1. EiuÄj¥ò KiwÆš Fiw¡F« fhuÂfŸ (iv) ïj‹ Éisthf E©JisfŸ
myF 1
m
fhšáa« áÈ¡nf£ vD« fÅk¡ froid¤ vâ®Ä‹thŒ : öa ášt®
jU»wJ. ne®Ä‹thŒ : öŒika‰w ášt®
Ä‹gFË : m Ä y ¤ j ‹ i k í i l
co
CaO( s ) + SiO 2( s )
→ CaSiO3( s )
ïs¡» fÅk¡fÊî fÅk¡frL
ie£nu£ fiurš ášt®
Flux Gangue Slag
(ii) Ä‹thŒfË‹ tÊna Ä‹rhu¤ij¢
(iii) fh¥g® igiu£oÈUªJ fh¥giu
brY¤J« nghJ ášt® mQ vy¡£uh‹fis
ãǤbjL¡F« brašKiwÆš ml®ã¡f¥g£l
jhJthdJ, mÄy¤ j‹ikíila ïHªJ fiurY¡FŸ brš»wJ.
s.
ïs¡»ahd áÈfhîl‹ fy¡f¥g£L vâ® (iii) ne®Ä‹j‹ikíila ášt® maÅfŸ
mdš ciyÆš bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. vâ®Ä‹thÆš br‹W Ä‹Åw¡f«
cU¡Fjyhš cUthF« bg®u° M¡irlhdJ milªJ Ä‹thÆš go»wJ.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
fhu¤j‹ikÆid¥ bg‰¿U¥gjhš mJ (iv) fh¥g®, ͧ¡ ngh‹w ãw cnyhf§fS«
áÈ¡fhîl‹ ïizªJ bg®u° áÈ¡nf£ ïnj KiwÆid¥ ã‹g‰¿
fÅk¡ fÊÉid¤ jU»wJ. öŒikah¡f¥gL»‹wd.
(iv) vŠáíŸs cnyhf ršigLfshd Cu2S ne®Ä‹thŒ Éid
o
k‰W« FeS M»ad x‹¿š x‹W fiutjhš Ag(s) + + 1e–
→ Ag(aq)
fh¥g® k£o cUth»wJ. vâ®Ä‹thŒ Éid
2CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) →
ab
Flux fÅk¡fÊî
ïs¡» Gangue fÅk¡frL
Slag
1 Mark
(v) fÅk¡ fÊÉÈUªJ fh¥g® k£o nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf
ãǤbjL¡f¥g£L kh‰W ciyÆš
ïl¥gL»wJ. kh‰w ÉidfË‹ nghJ 1. czî¥ bghU£fis vL¤J¢ bršy f£L«
.s
2Cu2O(l,s) + 2SO2(g)
600 k‰W« 700 k MF«. ïªj M¡irLfŸ Äjkhd
2Cu2O(l) + Cu2S(l) → 6Cu(l) + SO2(g)
bt¥gÃiyÆš Ãiya‰wit.
(vi) cnyhf fh¥guhdJ â©kkh¡f¥gL»wJ.
ïâÈUªJ SO2 thí btËnaWtjhš
mj‹ njh‰w mik¥ãš bfh¥òs§fŸ
nghš fhz¥gL»wJ. ïªj fh¥guhdJ
bfh¥òs¡ fh¥g® vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
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(ii) ïJ k‰w ãw cnyhf ršigLfŸ v©bzÆš ÉidfS¡F rhŒî, ne®F¿ kâ¥òilaJ.
eidªJ Eiu¤J tUtij¤ jL¡»‹wd. ïjid ã‹tUkhW És¡fyh«. cnyhf
cjhuz« : M¡irLfŸ cUthjÈ‹ nghJ M¡á#‹
ZnS ngh‹w khRfŸ fädhÉš (PbS)
co
thí ga‹gL¤j¥gLtjhš (Fiwtjhš)
fhz¥go‹ Fiw¡F« fhuÂahd nrhoa«
raidL nr®¡f¥gL« nghJ mJ Na2[Zn(CN)4] xG§f‰w¤ j‹ikÆš Fiwî V‰gL»wJ.
v‹w mizî¢ nr®k¤ij ͧ¡ ršigo‹ vdnt DS vâ®F¿ kâ¥ãid bgwnt©L«.
òw¥gu¥ãš V‰gL¤Jtjhš mj‹ Eiu¡F«¤ ïjdhš ne®nfh£o‹ rk‹gh£oš cŸs
TDS MdJ ne®F¿ kâ¥ãid¥ bgW»wJ.
s.
j‹ik Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ.
(ii) fh®g‹ nkhdh¡i[L cUthjY¡fhd
RU¡fkhd ÉilaË 3 Marks tiugl« vâ®F¿ rhŒîl‹ Toa
ne®nfhlhF«. ïªne®Éš xU nkhš
ok
1. cnyhfÉaÈš tW¤jš jhJÉ‹ cUFÃiy¡F M¡á#‹ ga‹gL¤j¥gL«nghJ ïUnkhš
Fiwthd bt¥g ÃiyÆY« cU¡» ãǤjš fh®g‹ nkhdh¡irL thí cUth»wJ
cUF ÃiyiaÉl mâf bt¥gÃiyÆY« vdnt DS ne®F¿ kâ¥òilaJ ïâÈUªJ
Ãfœ¤JtJ V‹? [QY. 2019]
CO MdJ mâf bt¥gÃiyÆš mâf
Éil. tW¤jš : ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ jFªj
o
ciyÆš vL¤J¡ bfhŸs¥g£L cnyhf¤â‹ Ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik bg‰WŸsij m¿a
myF 1
mâf msî M¡á#‹ brY¤j¥g£L M¡ánd‰w« (iii) bt¥gÃiy mâfÇ¡F« nghJ, cnyhf
mila¢ brŒa¥gL»wJ. M¡irLfŸ cUthF« Éid¡fhd
cU¡Fjš : fÅk¡ fÊîl‹ nr®ªJ vËâš DG ‹ kâ¥ò Fiwthd vâ®F¿
cUF« froid cUth¡f¡Toa nt⢠nr®kkhd kâ¥ãid¥ bgW»wJ. nkY« xU
ïs¡» k‰W« fh®g‹, fh®g‹ nkhdh¡i[L F¿¥ã£l bt¥gÃiyÆš ó{a kâ¥ãid
ur
mikí«.
ml®ã¤jiy vL¤J¡ fh£lhf¡ fUJnth«. (iv) xU F¿¥ã£l bt¥gÃiyÆš, MgO, HgO
j§f¤â‹ e‹F öŸ brŒa¥g£l¤ jhJthdJ ngh‹w áy cnyhf M¡irLfS¡F,
Ú®¤j nrhoa« raidL fiurYl‹ nr®¤J
w
m
(I) ntâ Kiw mªj¥ bghUŸ jhJ vd¥gL«.
(II) tW¤jš m) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
(A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f«.
(III) EiuÄj¥ò Kiw
co
M) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
ït‰WŸ, vJ ml®ã¤jš Kiwia¡ F¿¡»wJ?
(A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f« mšy.
m) I k£L« M) III k£L« ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW.
ï) I, III <) I, II, III <) (A) jtW, (R) rÇ.
[Éil: ï) I, III] [Éil: ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW]
s.
2. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ïs¡» F¿¤j rÇahd 6. fy« -Iš cŸsdt‰iw¡ fy« -II š
T‰iw nj®ªbjL. cŸsdt‰Wl‹ bghU¤â¤ jFªj ÉilÆid¤
cnyhfÉaš
ok
m) fÅk¤ij áÈ¡nf£lhf kh‰Wjš bjÇî brŒf.
M) cUfhj khR¡fis cUF« khR¡fshf fy« -I fy« -II
kh‰Wjš A gh¡ir£ (i) Al2O3.nH2O
ï) cUF« khR¡fis cUfhj khR¡fshf
B nk¡dil£ (ii) Cu2O
o
kh‰Wjš
<) ïit mid¤J« rÇ C F¥iu£ (iii) Fe3O4
[Éil: M) cUfhj khR¡fis cUF« D fhyik‹ (iv) ZnCO3
ab
khR¡fshf kh‰Wjš]
A B C D
3. ÑnH bfhL¡f¥g£LŸs cnyhf M¡irLfis (m) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
ftÅ. (M) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
(ï)
ur
xL¡f KoahJ?
m) I k£L« M) II k£L« m) g©glh cnyhf¤ij¥ ãǤbjL¤jš
ï) III k£L« <) IV k£L« M) g©glh cnyhf¤ij¤ öŒikah¡fš
[Éil: M) II k£L«]
w
ï) khR¡fis Ú¡Fjš
4. njit¥gL« cnyhf¤âid mj‹ jhJÉÈUªJ
<) ït‰WŸ vJîÄšiy
ãǤbjL¤jš cnyhfÉaš brašKiwia [Éil: ï) khR¡fis Ú¡Fjš]
w
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<) (A) jtW, (R) rÇ. Ú¡Fjš
[Éil: ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW] D öŒikah¡fš (iv) jÅik gL¤j¥g£l
c n y h f ¤ â š
9. ã‹tUtdt‰iw ftÅ. v Š á í Ÿ s
co
(I) tW¤jš khR¡fis Ú¡Fjš
(II) fh‰¿yh NHÈš tW¤jš A B C D
(III) cU¡»¥ ãǤjš (m) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
(IV) Eiu Äj¥ò Kiw (M) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
s.
nk‰f©lt‰¿š, v«KiwahdJ ršigL (ï) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
jhJit M¡irL jhJthf kh‰W« Kiw? (<) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv) [Éil: ï) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)]
m) I k£L« M) II k£L«
ok
13. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ jtwhd th¡»a¤ij
ï) III k£L« <) IV k£L« nj®ªbjL.
[Éil: ï) IV k£L«] m) Éidâw‹ Ä¡f cnyhf§fË‹
10. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ bghUªjhj x‹iw M¡irLfis fh®gid¡ bfh©L
o
nj®ªbjL. xL¡FtJ bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš go
m)2PbS + 3O2 → 2PbO + 2SO2 rh¤âa«
myF 1
m
ï) cnyhf fh®igL (ii) ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ jFªj ciyÆš
<) ït‰WŸ vJîÄšiy vL¤J¡ bfhŸs¥g£L cnyhf¤â‹
[Éil: ï) cnyhf fh®igL] cUFÃiyia Él Fiwthd bt¥gÃiyÆš
co
16. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj cnyhf¤ öŒikah¡fÈš mâf msî M¡á#‹ brY¤j¥g£L
òlÄLjš (Cupellation) ga‹gL»wJ. M¡ánd‰w« mila¢ brŒa¥gL»wJ.
∆
m) btŸË (Silver) M) fhßa« (lead) 2PbS + 3O 2
→ 2PbO + 2SO 2 ↑
ï) jhÄu« (Copper) <) ïU«ò (iron) cU¡Fjš :
s.
[Éil: m) btŸË (Silver)] (i) fÅk¡ fÊîl‹ nr®ªJ vËâš cUF«
froid cUth¡f¡Toa nt⢠nr®kkhd
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F 2&3 ïs¡» k‰W« jFªj xL¡F« fhuÂfŸ
cnyhfÉaš
ok
RU¡fkhf ÉilaË Marks ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJîl‹ nr®¤J
cU¡f¥gL»wJ.
1. cnyhfÉaš - tiuaW. (ii) cnyhf¤â‹ cUFÃiyia Él mâf
Éil. (i) cnyhf§fË‹ m¿Éaš k‰W« bt¥gÃiyÆš, fyitahdJ xU cU¡F
o
bjhÊšE£g¤njhL¤ bjhl®òila ciyÆš cU¡f¥gL»wJ.
ïa‰if ts§fËš ïUªJ öŒikahd CaO(s ) + SiO 2(s )
→ CaSiO3(s )
ab
v‹d?
Éil. (i) fh¥g® igiu£oÈUªJ fh¥giu ãǤbjL¡F« 5. mYÄÅa¤â‹ Ä‹ntâ ãÇ¥ò KiwÆš
brašKiwÆš ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ, fhšáa« Fnshiuo‹ g§F v‹d?
mÄy¤ j‹ikíila ïs¡»ahd Éil. (i)
fyitÆ‹ cUFÃiyia Fiw¡f¥
.s
V‹?
2CuFeS2(s) + O2(g)
→
Éil. (i)
ZnO - Éš ïUªJ Zn cUthjY¡fhd â£l
2FeS(l) + Cu2S(l) + SO2(g)
f£oyh M‰wš kh‰w kâ¥ò MdJ, CO2
w
2FeS(l) + 3O2(g)
→ 2FeO(l) + 2SO2(g) ÉÈUªJ CO cUthjY¡fhd â£l f£oyh
FeO(s) + SiO2(s)
→ FeSiO3(s) M‰wš kh‰w kâ¥ig Él Fiwî.
ïs¡» fÅk¡fÊî fÅk¡frL (ii) vdnt, CO mdJ ZnO - it xL¡fhJ.
Mjyhš, CO MdJ ZnO ãǤbjL¤jÈš
xL¡F« fhuÂahf ga‹gL¤j ïayhJ.
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Éil. (i)
Cr2O3 ‹ DfG° kâ¥ò = –540 KJ mol–1 xL¡Fjš.
kâ¥ghdJ.
12. ršigL jhJ¡fis M¡irL jhJ¡fshf
(ii) Al2O3 ‹ DfG° kâ¥ò = –827 KJ mol–1 kh‰w ga‹gL« tH¡fkhd Kiw v‹d? mJ
co
kâ¥ig Él mâf« Ãfœtj‰fhd rh¤âa¡ T¿id vGJ.
(iii) vdnt, Al MdJ Cr2O3 ia xL¡F«.
Éil. (i) ršigL jhJ¡fis M¡irLfshf kh‰w
8. ã‹tU« jhJ¡fis ftŤJ, mâš fhªj ga‹gL« tH¡fkhdbjhU Kiw tW¤jš
ãÇ¥ò _y« ml®ã¡f¥gL« jhJ¡fis vGJf. brašKiw MF«.
s.
FeO, FeS, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, FeCO3, CuFeS2, ZnO, (ii) ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ jFªj ciyÆš
ZnS, FeS2. vL¤J¡ bfhŸs¥g£L cnyhf¤â‹
Éil. fhªj ãÇ¥ò _y« ml®ã¡f¥gL« jhJ¡fŸ : cUFÃiyia Él Fiwthd bt¥gÃiyÆš
ok
(i) Fe2O3 mâf msî M¡á#‹ brY¤j¥g£L
M¡ánd‰w« mila¢ brŒa¥gL»wJ.
(ii) Fe3O4 ∆
(iii) Fe CO3 2PbS + 3O 2
→ 2PbO + 2SO 2 ↑
(iv) Fe S2 13.
o
fh¥g® k£oÆš ïUªJ fh¥g® v›thW
9. ãǤbjL¡f¥gL»wJ?
myF 1
Éil.
2Cu2O(l) + Cu2S(l)
→ 6Cu(l) + SO2(g)
Kiw cjhuz«
òÉp®¥ò Kiw (m) 14. bfh¥òs fh¥g® v‹gJ ahJ?
Fe2O3
w
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fhu njitÆšiy. ZrI4(MÉ) 1800 K
→ Zr(s) + 2I2(s)
cjhuz« : (á®nfÅa« bl£uh (á®nfÅa«) (mnaho‹)
mnailL)
á‹dgh® jhJit tW¡F« nghJ bk®FÇ
co
»il¡»wJ. 20. jhÄu¤â‹ ga‹fŸ ahit?
HgS(s) + O2(g)
→ Hg(l) + SO2 Éil. jhÄu¤â‹ ga‹fŸ (Cu) :
16. v¤jifa cnyhf§fË‹ M¡irLfis (i) Kj‹ KjÈš kÅj®fshš ga‹gL¤j¥g£l
ãǤbjL¡f Ä‹ntâ Kiw ga‹gL»wJ? cnyhf« jhÄu« MF«.
s.
Éil. (i) nrhoa«, bgh£lháa« ngh‹w Éidâw‹ (ii) nkY« ïj‹ cnyhf¡ fyitahd
Ä¡f cnyhf§fË‹ M¡irLfis bt©fy¤â‹ ga‹gh£odhš `bt©fy¡
fhy«' v‹w xU rfh¥¤j« cUthf ïJ
fh®gid¡ bfh©L xL¡FtJ bt¥g fhuzkhf mikªjJ.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
ïa¡fÉaš go rh¤âak‰wjhF«. (iii) jhÄukhdJ, j§f« k‰W« ãw
(ii) ï¤jifa jÅk§fŸ mitfË‹ cnyhf§fnshL ïizªJ ehza§fŸ
jhJ¡fËÈUªJ Ä‹ntâ Kiwfis¥ eif¥bghU£fŸ ngh‹wit jahÇ¡f¥
ga‹gL¤â ãǤbjL¡f¥gL»‹wd. ga‹gL»wJ.
o
17. öŒikah¡F« brašKiw v‹gJ ahJ? (iv) jhÄu« k‰W« ïj‹ cnyhf fyitfŸ
M»ad Ä‹f«ãfŸ, Ú® bršY« FHhŒfŸ
Éil. (i)
xU cnyhf« mj‹ jhJÉÈUªJ
ab
m
(v) nrfÇ¥gdhf brašgL« nrhoa« <¤ijš,
(viii)vdnt, ïJ ïU«ò cŸsf¤Jl‹ Toa rhªnj£ á¿jsî nr®¡f¥gL»wJ.
ca® mG¤j Ä‹f«ãfËš ga‹gL»wJ.
(vi) ï¡fyitÆ‹ tÊna fh‰W brY¤j¥g£L
co
ÉÇthf ÉilaË 5 Marks Eiu cUth¡f ¥gL»wJ.
(vii) nrfÇ¡F« _y¡TWfŸ jhJ¡ JfŸfSl‹
1. ͧ¡ ãs©£oš ïUªJ ͧif ãǤbjL¤jÈš ïizªJ mitfis Ú® Éy¡F«
cŸs ntâÉidfis vGJf. j‹ikíilajh¡F»wJ.
(viii)ïj‹ Éisthf jhJ¤ JfŸfŸ v©bzÆš
s.
Éil. (i) ml®ã¤jš : jhJthdJ Eiu Äj¥ò
KiwÆ‹ _y« ml®ã¡f¥gL»wJ. e‹F eidªJ, Eiuíl‹ nr®ªJ
(ii) tW¤jš : ml®ã¡f¥g£l ršigL jhJthdJ òw¥gu¥ig mil»‹wd.
(ix) ïªj EiuahdJ tʤbjL¡f¥g£L ã‹
ok
M¡irlhf kh‰w¥gL»wJ.
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2 cy®¤j¥g£L br¿thd jhJ bgw¥gL»wJ.
(iii) xL¡f« : ͧ¡ M¡iroš ïUªJ ͧ¡ (x) ÚÇš eidí« fÅk¡ fÊî¤ JfŸfŸ
Mf xL¡f¥gL»wJ. mo¥gFâÆš j§»tU»‹wd.
1673
ZnO + C K
→ Zn + CO (xi) ãǤbjL¡f ÉU«ò« xU cnyhf¤â‹
o
(iv) Ä‹dh‰ öŒikah¡fš : ršigL jhJthdJ k‰w ãw cnyhf
myF 1
m
fhªj¥ g©òfËš fhz¥gL« ntWgh£oid it¡f vÇô£L¡ fyitahf bk¡Üáa«
mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©lJ. k‰W« ngÇa« bg®uh¡i[L fyit
(iii) vL¤J¡fh£lhf cš¥uik£ khRÉÈUªJ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
co
btŸça¡fš jhJit ãǤbjL¡fyh«. BaO2 + Mg
→ BaO + MgO
(iv) ïâš khR cš¥uik£ MdJ fhªj¤ (iv) nk‰f©LŸs Éid ÃfG« nghJ, mâf
j‹ik cilaJ. msî bt¥g« btËÆl¥gL»wJ. (2400°C
(v) ïij¥ nghynt Fnuhik£, ignuhYir£ msÉš bt¥gÃiy k‰W« 852 KJ mol–1
s.
ngh‹w fhªj¥ g©òila jhJ¡fis Éid v‹jhšã).
fhªj¥ g©g‰w k©tif khR¡fËÈUªJ (v) ïj‹ Éisthf mYÄÅa¤öshš
ãǤbjL¡fyh«. Cr2O3 xL¡fkiljš Ãfœ»wJ.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
(vi) e‹F öŸ brŒa¥g£l jhJthdJ Ä‹fhªj ∆
ãÇ¥gh‹ ÛJ ÉGkhW brŒa¥gL»wJ. Cr2 O3 + 2Al
→ 2Cr + Al2 O3
(vii) Ä‹fhªj ãÇ¥ò mik¥ãš ïU RHš 5. vȧf« tiugl¤â‹ ga‹ghLfŸ ahit?
r¡fu§fË‹ tÊna xU g£il ïa§F»wJ.
Éil. (i)
Ag2O k‰W« HgO M»ait cUthjY¡fhd
(viii)r¡fu§fËš x‹W fhªj¤ j‹ik cilaJ.
o
vȧf« tiuglkhdJ, gl¤âš
(ix) jhJthdJ efU« g£il tÊna fhªj¤ fh£oíŸsthW tiugl¤â‹ nk‰gFâÆš
j‹ik cila RHš r¡fu¤ij milí«
ab
m¿a Ko»wJ. 0
4Ag
+ O2
O 2
=2
Hg 2
O
m
= 2C
fhuÂahf¥ ga‹gL¤j ïaY«. –300
4Cu
+ O2
2N
i+
O2
G° = RT Inp O2 / kJmol–1O2
C + O2 = CO2
Ñœòw¤âš vȧf« tiunfh£oid¥ –500 =2
ZnO O2
= 2/3
CrO 3
co
+ 4/3
2Zn nO
= 2M
+ O2
ngh‹wt‰¿‹ M¡irLfis xL¡f, –600 2Mn
2C +
O2 =
l 2O 3
s.
2
+O
bt£L»wJ. vdnt m¤jifa mid¤J –1000
mg
O
2C
a
=2
M¡irLfisí« nghJkhd mâf –1100 2 Mg
+ O2
ok
(x) ïU«ò (II) M¡iril¡ fh®gid¡ bfh©L
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
20
40
60
80
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
T / °C
xL¡fkila¢ brŒtj‰F rhjfkhd
bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš Ãgªjidfis 6. th‹ - M®fš Kiw _y« il£nlÅa¤ij
eh« gF¤j¿nth«. FeO k‰W« CO öŒikah¡F« Kiwia És¡F.
cUthtj‰fhd ne®nfhLfŸ Rkh® 1000 Éil. (i) cnyhf nr®k§fË‹ bt¥g¢ áijÉid¥
o
K
ga‹gL¤â öa cnyhf§fis
myF 1
bt¥gÃiyÆš bt£L»‹wd.
cUth¡Fjiy mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©lJ.
ab
m¥gona j§F»‹wd.
(xiv) vÅD« 1000 K bt¥gÃiy¡F nkš,
fh®g‹ ne®nfhlhdJ ïU«ã‹ Ti(s) + 2I2(s) → TiI4(MÉ)
ne®nfh£o‰F Ñœòwkhf mik»wJ vdnt, (iv) vËâš MÉahF« il£nlÅa« bl£uh
w
TiI4(MÉ)
→ Ti(s) + 2I2(s)
22
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