ADVANCED 4

1
 Content
Exercise Topic Page
Chapter 1

Exercise 1 Phrasal Verbs 3

Exercise 2 Subject-verb inversion 4
Exercise 3 Non-defining relative clauses 6
Exercise 4 Is it right to do that? 7
Exercise 5 Reading 8

Chapter 2

Exercise 1 Common Idioms 9

Exercise 2 Passive Voice 11
Exercise 3 Reporting clauses 13
Exercise 4 Writing:Superstitions 15
Exercise 5 Song: Journey-Open arms 16

Chapter 3

Exercise 1 Phrasal verbs II 17

Exercise 2 Present perfect, Present Continuos 18
Exercise 3 Speaking: Technology and you! 20
Exercise 4 Adjectives 21
Exercise5 Reading: Pets as status symbol 22

Chapter 4

Exercise 1 Common Idioms 23

Exercise 2 Define Article 24
Exercise 3 Contrast and exception 26
Exercise 4 Writing persuasive 27
Exercise 5 Song : We are the champions 28
Chapter 1
Exercise I Phrasal verbs
Look at the following phrasal verbs.

1. ask someone out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.
2. back something up reverse You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out.
3. back someone up support My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.
4. blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.
5. blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.
6. break down stop functioning (vehicle, machine) Our car broke down at the side of the
highway in the snowstorm.
7. break down get upset The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had
died.
8. break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the
children.
9. break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death.
10. break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.
11. break up start laughing (informal) The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started
talking.
12. break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking.
13. bring someone down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.
14. call something off cancel Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his
fiancé.
15. call on someone visit someone We called on you last night but you weren't home.
16. catch up get to the same point as someone else You'll have to run faster than that if you
want to catch up with Marty.
17. check in arrive and register at a hotel or airport We will get the hotel keys when we check in.
18. check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.
19. check someone/something out look at carefully, investigate The company checks out all
new employees.
20. cheer someone up make happier I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
21. chip in help If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.
22. come across something find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I was
tidying the closet.
23. count on someone/something rely on I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.
24. cut down on something consume less My doctor wants me to cut down on sweets and fatty
foods.
25. cut something off stop providing The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't
pay the bill.
26. dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.
27. drop in/by/over come without an appointment I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this
week.
28. drop someone/something off take someone/something somewhere and leave them/it there
I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.
29. drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.
30. fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing machine.
31. figure something out understand, find the answer I need to figure out how to fit the piano
and the bookshelf in this room.

3
32. find out discover We don't know where he lives. How can we find out?
33. find something out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha
found it out.
34. give something away give something to someone for free The library was giving away old
books on Friday.
35. give in reluctantly stop fighting or arguing My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he
finally gave in.

Exercise Il Had I gone to business school I’d

have opened my own business!

Subject-verb inversion in conditional sentences

Use the past perfect of the verb in the if clause when it expresses something contrary to what
actually
happened. Use would/could have + past participle of the verb in the main clause.
If the company had developed good marketing strategies, it would have made larger profits.
If the restaurant hadn’t had such high prices when it opened, it could have attracted more
customers.

In more formal speech and writing, people sometimes invert the subject and the auxiliary had
instead of
using if
Had the company developed good marketing strategies, it would have made larger profits.
Had the restaurant not had such high prices when it opened, it could have attracted more
customers.
A Combine these pairs sentences using conditional clauses. Write the
combined sentences in two ways. Then compare with a partner.

1. I didn’t go to business school. I didn’t start my own business.

If I had gone to business school, I would have started my own business.
Had I gone to business school, I would have started my own business.
2. My friends and I didn’t know enough about the potential of the Internet. We didn’t start an on-line
business.
3. Terry didn’t develop a serious business plan. He missed a number of opportunities.
4. I ran up huge debts. I was forced to take out a bank loan.
5. Sun-hee rejected a scholarship at a language institute. She wasn’t able to develop the skills to
start a translation business.
6. Elizabeth and I refused financial help from our families. We weren’t able to open a small café at
the beach.
B Complete these sentences with your own information.
1. If I had taken a part-time job last year,…
2. If all the students in the class had started a small business at the beginning of the school year,…
3. Had I know more about the Internet,…
4. Had I followed my parent’s advice,…
5. If had invested some money in the stock market five years ago,…
6. If I had been able to predict the future two years ago I,…
7. Had I followed my intuition,….
8. If I’d started my own business,…
4
C Listen to two people discussing businesses they established that were
unsuccessful. What are the main reasons each business failed?

Business Reason for failure

D Pair work Do you agree with these conclusions about the businesses in
Exercise C?

What other advice would you give people who want to open their own
business?

Yes No
1. If they had opened the businesses in better locations, they might have
succeeded.
2. They should have spent more money on advertising.
3. Had they started with lower prices, they would have attracted more
customers.
4. Had they hired trained salespeople, they would have had higher sales.

5
Exercise Ill English is an important language
which is why many people study it

Non-defining relative clauses as sentence modifiers

Non-defining relative clauses with which can be used to make a comment about an entire
sentence.
Notice the use of the comma.
People need a quick and easy way to cook food, which is why the microwave oven has been so
successful.
Seat belts are now required in all vehicles, which means fewer people die in traffic accidents.

A Match these problems with the appropriate non-defining clauses. Then

compare with a partner. Can you think of another clause to complete each
sentence?
1. AIDS kills thousands of people each year, _______
2. Cities are running out of safe places to dispose of trash, _______
3. it’s very difficult to quit smoking, _______
4. Air travel became more dangerous in the 1980s because of terrorism, _______
5. Children used to get sick after opening medicine bottles and taking pills, _______
6. There are thousands of accidents in the workplace each year, ________
7. The postal service in many countries is not very efficient, ________
8. People already find today’s computers inadequate, _________
9. It’s easy to get lost when driving in a new city,_________
10. It used to be that people couldn’t drive in the rain, _________

a. Which means that more powerful model needs to be developed.

b. Which means that new methods of recycling will have to be invented.
c. Which means engineers need to work harder to design safer workplaces.
d. Which is why express delivery services have become very popular.
e. Which is why scientist developed the nicotine patch.
f. Which is why personal navigation systems were developed for rental cars.
g. Which is why childproof bottle caps were invented.
h. Which is why windshield wipers were invented.
i. Which is why scientists are working so hard to find a vaccine.
j. Which is why more sensitive types of metal detectors were invented.

B Add non-defining clauses beginning with which is why … or which means

(that)… to these statements. Then compare with a partner.

1. People today watch TV more than they buy books,…

2. The Internet is used by millions of people,…
3. Airplane design has improved tremendously,…
4. There have been many advances in medicine in recent years,…
5. It’s becoming less expensive to use cellular phones,…

6
Exercise IV Is it right to do that?
1. Listen to some of the types of work that animals can do to help people, and
complete the chart. Which of them do you consider the most surprising?

Animal How it helps people

Is it right to do that?
Read these statements about animals. Then discuss the issues with your
classmates. Do you agree?

1. Using animals for medical research is unpleasant but necessary.

2. We should all be vegetarians. Eating meat is unhealthy, immoral, and not ecological.

3. Governments should ban hunting.

4. Killing animals for their fur is unethical and unnecessary.

5. It is inhumane to use animal for cosmetics research.

7
Exercise V Reading
1 Pair work Discuss these questions. Then read the article.
1. Have you heard any stories about using animals in search-and-rescue missions? What are they?
2. Which animal do you think is most useful for rescue missions? Why?

In September 1985, an earthquake devastated Mexico City and claimed more than 6,000 lives. But
the rescuers had help in saving the survivors who were trapped under several floors of steel and
concrete. Shirley Hammond and her search dog named Cinnamon were among the 13 teams of
dogs and handlers from the United States that assisted in the search through the rubble of the
central district of Mexico City.
Shirley and Cinnamon slowly made their way to the area where some workers thought they had
heard voices. Shirley knew from her training that Cinnamon would stay focused while crawling
toward an area of concrete rubble. The dog began sniffing and pawing at the rubble. Then she
barked and pawed more intensely. She had detected human scent. Shirley knew she had to call for
another dog to confirm the alert before they could commit resources to a long and grueling rescue
effort. But in a short time another team arrived and confirmed.
Cinnamon´s findings. It took several days to reach the 12 trapped factory workers.
“Nothing is more exciting than finding someone who is trapped or lost”, says Shirley. She says
that the ability of the dogs to find people never ceases to amaze her. She notes that during rescue
missions the dogs are supposed to alert their handlers only to live people, as opposed to those who
have died, or to live animals. “How dogs tell when someone is alive, I really have no idea”, says
Shirley. “But I am certainly happy that they can”.
Both dogs and handlers must go through an extensive training program to be certified rescuers.
Then handler requires much more training than the dog because the trainer must learn to
understand the meaning of what the dog is communicating. The dogs are trained to find humans in
a specific area by recognizing human scent and footprints. It can take three or four years to get a
dog certified, and it can cost about $15,000. The training is arduous, but the people and dogs who
make it through are skilled in a wide variety of ways. They are the ones you would want looking for
you were trapped or lost.

2 Group work Discuss these questions.

1. What are the advantages of using dogs in rescue
missions?
2. Do you feel it is acceptable to subject dogs to danger?

8
Chapter 2
Exercise I Common Idioms
1 Idioms are very common in English spoken language. Here are some
examples of the most common ones.

A blessing in disguise: Something that seems bad at first but then proves to be good. Example:
Losing my car was a real blessing in disguise because I have learned
that life is easier for me without a car.

A chip on one’s
shoulder: Someone who has a bad or angry attitude. Example: Mary has chip on her
shoulder she is always speaking bad to people like she thinks she is better.

A dime a
dozen: Anything that is very cheap. Example: You can afford to buy those DVD’s
they are a dime a dozen.

A doubting Thomas: Someone who will not believe unless he sees it. Example: John is a
doubting Thomas I told him that he should take a rain coat because it
would rain but he didn’t believe me so when it rained and he got wet then
he believed me.

A drop in the ocean: Anything that is very small. Example: All the work we did today was just a
drop in the ocean, we still have so much more to do.

A hair of the dog: A drink of any alcoholic beverage that you drank the night before to make
you feel less sick. Example: Hector drank too much beer last night and
this morning he felt very sick, so I told him to have a hair of the dog.

A piece of cake: Anything that is very easy. Example: I studied all my idioms last night so
when we had a test on them today it was a piece of cake for me.

A toss up: Anything that has even chances of going either way. Examples: Who is
going to win the race is a real toss up between Louis and Elsa.

An albatross around one’s

neck: Anything or anyone that is a real burden for you. Example: Marie is a
real albatross around her husband’s neck.

A shot/stab in the dark: To take a chance on anything and not know if you will achieve it.
Example: I took a stab in the dark when I tried out this new job.

All Greek to me: To completely not understand anything. Example: I tried to fix my
computer butit was all Greek to me.

Apple of my eye: Anything or anyone that is really special to you. Example: My grandson is
the apple of my eye.

9
Baker’s dozen: It represents the number 13 in a quantity. Example: I went to buy 12
pastries but the salesgirl gave me a baker’s dozen.

Beating around the bush: Not to get directly to the point in a conversation. Example: Jose stops
beating around the bush and tell me what it is you are trying to say.

Bend over backwards: Working very hard to help someone or do something. Example: Lulu was
bending over backwards helping Jose clean his house.

Bread Basket: Your stomach. Example: These are some great tacos you need to put
some in your bread basket.

Bright eyed and bushy

tailed: To be happy, cheerful and alert. Example: Everytime I see Marco he is so
bright eyed and bushy tailed.

Bright side: To see what is good about something. Example: Naomi must look at the
bright side of having to go to work so early.

Bright idea: A very good idea. Example: Alfredo had a bright idea with how to sell the
new electrical supplies.

Chew the fat: To relax and talk about many things with someone. Example: Every night
Ovidiu and I like to sit around and chew the fat.

10
 Exercise Il Passive Voice in all Tenses
1 Rewrite the sentences in passive voice they all are in different tenses.
1. He opens the door.
___________________________________
2. We set the table.
___________________________________
3. He doesn't open the book.
____________________________________
4. You do not write the letter.
____________________________________
5. Does your mum pick you up? -
____________________________________
6. Did the police officer catch the thief? -
____________________________________
7. We stopped the bus.
____________________________________
8. A thief stole my car.
____________________________________
9. They didn't let him go.
____________________________________
10. She didn't win the prize.
____________________________________
11. They didn't make their beds.
____________________________________
12. Did you tell them?
____________________________________
13. Did he send the letter?
____________________________________
14. I have eaten a hamburger.
____________________________________
15. I have opened the present.
____________________________________
16. They have not read the book.
____________________________________
17. They have not caught the thieves.
____________________________________
18. Has she phoned him?
____________________________________
19. Have they noticed us?
____________________________________
20. Jane will buy a new computer.
____________________________________
21. Millions of people will visit the museum.
____________________________________
22. Our boss will sign the contract.
____________________________________
23. They will not show the new film.
____________________________________
24. He won't see Sue.
____________________________________
25. They will not ask him.
____________________________________
26. I can answer the question.
____________________________________
27. She would carry the box.
____________________________________
28. We might play cards.
____________________________________
29. You ought to wash the car.
____________________________________
30. He must fill in the form.
____________________________________
31. They don’t need to buy bread.
____________________________________
32. He could not read the sentence.
____________________________________
33. Will the teacher test our English?
____________________________________
34. Could Jenny lock the door?
____________________________________
35. John collects money.
____________________________________
_
36. Anna opened the window.
____________________________________
37. We have done our homework.
____________________________________
38. I will ask a question.
____________________________________
39. He can cut out the picture.
____________________________________
40. The sheep ate a lot.
____________________________________
41. William will not repair the car.
____________________________________
42. Did Sue draw this circle?
____________________________________
43. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea.
____________________________________
44. My father is washing the car.
____________________________________
45. Farmer Joe is milking the cows.
____________________________________
46. I am writing a poem.
____________________________________
47. He is not wearing a tie.
____________________________________
48. Is she preparing the party?
____________________________________
49. Frank will have ordered the drinks.
____________________________________
50. I will have taken the dog for a walk.
____________________________________
51. She will have sold the car.
____________________________________
52. They will have solved the problem.
____________________________________
11
53. She will not have read the book.
____________________________________
54. They will not have trusted him.
____________________________________
55. Will they have paid the bill?
____________________________________
56. Will you have washed my socks?
____________________________________
57. She was watching a film.
____________________________________
58. They were not eating dinner.
____________________________________
59. We were not painting the gate.
____________________________________
60. He was not feeding the dogs.
____________________________________

2. Complete the sentences (Active or Passive Voice). You must either use
Simple Present or Simple Past.
The Statue of Liberty (give) _____________________ to the United States by France.
It (be) __________a present on the 100th anniversary of the United States. The Statue of Liberty
(design)_______________ by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi. It (complete) _______________in
France on July 1884. In 350 pieces, the statue then (ship) _____________ to New York, where it
(arrive) on 17 June 1885. The pieces (put) _______________together and the opening ceremony
(take) place on 28 October 1886. The Statue of Liberty (be) ________________ 46 m high (93 m
including the base).The statue (represent) ___________________the goddess of liberty. She
(hold) ___________________ a torch in her right hand and a tablet in her left hand. On the tablet
you (see / can) _____________________the date of the Declaration of Independence (July 4,
1776). Every year, the Statue of Liberty (visit)_______________ by many people from all over the
world.
3. Decide whether to use simple present, simple past, present perfect, active or
passive voice.
The Fellowship of the Ring (be) ___________________ the first book of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord
of the Rings trilogy, which (set) _______________________ in a fictive world, Middle Earth. It (tell)
_________________ the story of Frodo, a hobbit, and a magic ring. As the story (begin)
_________________, Frodo (give) ______________________ a magic ring. The wizard Gandalf
then (tell) ______________________ him of the Rings of Power and of Sauron, the Dark Lord, who
(make)_____________________ the Master Ring to rule all other Rings. Gandalf (advise)
______________ Frodo to leave home and keep the ring out of Sauron's hands who already (send)
__________________ his Black Riders in search for it. Frodo's ring (give)
________________________ Sauron the power to enslave Middle Earth. Frodo (leave)
____________________ the shire with three travelling companions: Sam, Merry and Pippin. First
they (know/not) ________________________ that the Dark Riders (pick up) ________________
their trail already. But soon the four friends (find out) ______________________ about that. They
(have) ______________________ a few encounters with the Dark Riders which Frodo and his
friends (can) __________________ only just escape. In one attack by the Dark Riders, however,
Frodo (wound) ________________ badly. Still, his friends (manage) _________________ to
escape with him. Travelling on, they (reach) __________________ the country of the elves. There
Frodo (heal) ________________ by Elrond,A council then (decide) ____________________ that
the ring (must / destroy) _________________ and (send) ___________________ nine individuals,
the fellowship of the ring, to the Cracks of Doom to fulfil this task. The group
(travel)_______________________ through the lands of Hollom and finally
(come)____________________ to the mines of Moria. There they (have
to)____________________ fight against orcs and a demon of flames called Balrog. Fighting Balrog
on the bridge of Khazad-Dum, Gandalf (save) _________________________ his friends. Gandalf
himself, however, (drag) __________________ into the depths by the demon. The others (manage)
___________________________ to escape.

12
When Boromir, one of the fellowship, (try) _________________ to steal the ring, Frodo (realise)
______________ that he (have to) ________________ continue on his own. His dear friend Sam,
however, (want/not) _________________ to let him go alone. So he (accompany)
_________________ him and eventually the two of them (reach) _________________ the evil land
of Mordor.

Exercise Ill Superstitions

Read the list of common superstitions and beliefs. Which ones do some people
in your country believe in? Do you know any other superstitions?

1. It is said that amber beads worn around the neck can protect you against illness.

2. If you make wish and then blow out all the candles on you birthday cake on your first try, your
wish will come true.

3. Some people claim that you should never take a broom with you when you move to a new house.
Throw it out and buy a new one.

4. Many people believe that breaking a mirror will bring you seven years of bad luck.

5. Farmers in some countries believe that cricket in the house brings good luck.

6. In the U.S. it is sometimes said that if your right ear itches, someone is saying good things about
you.

7. Many people admit that they would never start a trip on Friday.

8. If a black cat walks toward you, it will bring you good luck.

13
Reporting clauses
To report what someone says or things, you can use these verbs to introduce
a that clauses.
The use of that optional
admit argue assume claim explain report
agree assert believe doubt feel say
In many countries, people believe (that) breaking a mirror brings you seven
years of bad luck.
Not many people like to admit (that) they are superstitious.
A Pair work. Read the following statements about superstitions and beliefs,
and tell a partner what you think about them. Use these verbs in your
sentences.

1. Carrying a good luck charm will protect you from harm.

2. Only uneducated people still believe in superstitions.
3. Crystals have mysterious healing powers.
4. Almost everyone is superstitious about a few things.
5. There is some truth behind every superstition.
6. Superstitions are dangerous because they prevent people from thinking
scientifically.
7. Superstitions are an important part of our cultural heritage.
8. To avoid any problems, you should follow traditional rituals and customs when planning your
wedding.

A Pair work. Do you know any superstitions connected with these things?
animals food
clothing household objects
colors money
days, dates, or months numbers
Are you superstitious?

A Pair work Take turns interviewing each other, and complete the
questionnaire. Then calculate your scores.
Yes No
1. Do you have a piece of clothing that brings you good luck?
2. Are there any particular days that you consider unlucky?
3. Do you have any lucky numbers?
4. Do you think some colors bring good luck?
5. Do you avoid walking under a ladder because it might bring you bad luck?
6. Are there any animals you consider unlucky?
7. Do you believe that certain actions before a wedding bring good or bad luck?
8. Do you carry any good luck charms?
9. Do you keep any good luck charms in your house?
10. Do you avoid having specific items in your house because they might bring bad
luck?

Score
8-10 Wow! You’re really superstitious! 2-4 You’re not very superstitions, but …..
5-7 You’re fairly superstitions, aren’t you? 0-1 Life is not matter of luck to you!

14
Exercise IV Writing Superstitions
The first paragraph of a composition provides the thesis statement and
sometimes gives general examples. The last paragraph restates the thesis
statements.

A. Read this composition. Find the thesis statements and supporting example
in the fist paragraph. Then look at the last paragraph. Which sentence restates
the thesis statements?
Some people think that certain objects bring them good luck; others avoid certain things or
situations that they believe might bring them bad luck. Even people who claim not to believe in
superstitions sometimes use phrases such as “keep your fingers crossed” when they speak.
Superstitions concerning both good and bad luck are part of everyone’s life in the United States.
Even if you don’t believe in them, they are difficult to ignore. It’s easy to find superstitions relating to
good luck. For example, my friend Irene carries a rabbit’s foot in her pocket to bring her good luck.
Another friend who plays baseball panics whenever his mother lucky number, and even my
levelheaded father has hung a horseshoe over the entrance of out home to bring us good luck and
good fortune.
Superstitions concerning bad luck are just as common. My mother believes that certain days are
bad for events like marriages and ceremonies, while my uncle always knocks on wood to keep bad
luck from happening to him. Then there’s my friend who goes out of his way to avoid black cats. My
sister never puts her bag on the floor because she thinks doing so will bring her bad luck.
Personally, I am not very superstitious. I don’t have any lucky socks, and I don’t have any lucky or
unlucky numbers. Still, I find myself avoiding black cats and crossing my fingers for my friends.
Superstitions are just a part of life, whether or not you believe in them.

B. Write a composition about superstitions and good and bad luck in your
culture. Do you first and last paragraphs follow the guidelines stated in the
box?

C Pair work Exchange your composition with a partner, and answer these
questions.
1. Does the first paragraph contain a thesis statement and give general examples?
2. How well do the examples in the middle paragraphs support the thesis? Are there enough
examples?
3. Does the last paragraph restate the thesis?

15
Exercise V Journey: Open Arms

Lying beside you, here in the dark

Feeling your heartbeat with mine
Softly you whisper, you're so sincere
How could our love be so blind
We sailed on together
We drifted apart
And here you are, by my side

So now I come to you with open arms

Nothing to hide, believe what I say
So here I am, with open arms
Hoping you'll see what your love means to me
Open arms

Living without you, living alone

This empty house seems so cold
Wanting to hold you
Wanting you near
How much I wanted you home

But now that you've come back

Turned night into day
I need you to stay

So now I come to you with open arms

Nothing to hide, believe what I say
So here I am, with open arms
Hoping you'll see what your love means to me
Open arms

16
Chapter3
Exercise I Phrasal verbs ll
1.Look at the following phrasal verbs.
1. give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.
2. hand something down give something used to someone else I handed my old comic books
down to my little cousin.
3. hand something over give (usually unwillingly) The police asked the man to hand over his
wallet and his weapons.
4. hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.
5. keep on doing something continue doing Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.
6. let someone down fail to support or help, disappoint I need you to be on time. Don't let me
down this time.
7. make something up invent, lie about something Josie made up a story about why we were
late.
8. pass away die His uncle passed away last night after a long illness.
9. pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.
10. pass something up decline (usually something good) I passed up the job because I am
afraid of change.
11. put something off postpone We are putting off our trip until January because of the
hurricane.
12. put something out extinguish The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.
13. put something together assemble I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives.
14. put up with someone/something tolerate I don't think I can put up with three small children
in the car.
15. put something on put clothing/accessories on your body Don't forget to put on your new
earrings for the party.
16. run into someone/something meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.
17. run over someone/something drive a vehicle over a person or thing I accidentally ran over
your bicycle in the driveway.
18. run away leave unexpectedly, escape The child ran away from home and has been missing
for three days.
19. run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.
20. set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the
company.
21. set someone up trick, trap The police set up the car thief by using a hidden camera.
22. shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.
23. show off act extra special for people watching (usually boastfully) He always shows off on
his skateboard
24. sort something out organize, resolve a problem We need to sort the bills out before the first
of the month.
25. stick to something continue doing something, limit yourself to one particular thing You will
lose weight if you stick to the diet.
26. take after someone resemble a family member I take after my mother. We are both
impatient.
27. take something apart purposely break into pieces He took the car brakes apart and found
the problem.
28. take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes.

17
29. take something off remove something (usually clothing) Take off your socks and shoes and
come in the lake!
30. take something out remove from a place or thing Can you take the garbage out to the street
for me?
31. turn something down refuse I turned the job down because I don't want to move.
32. try something out test I am going to try this new brand of detergent out.
33. use something up finish the supply The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to
buy some more.
34. wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I got to the party.
35. work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a week.
36. work out be successful Our plan worked out fine.
37. work something out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost before we buy
the house.
Exercise II Present Perfect VS Present Perfect
continuos
1 Look at the uses of present perfect and present perfect continuous.
Present perfect and present perfect continuous tenses
The present and present perfect continuous tenses can be used interchangeably to talk
about an
activity that continues into the present. They frequently occur with the expressions since
and for and with the adverbs lately and recently.

Americans have used microwave ovens for a long time.

Americans have been using microwave ovens since the 1970s.
My parents haven’t used their microwave lately.
My parents haven’t been using their microwave recently.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
The present perfect is used in many negative statements; with the adverbs never, still,
already, and yet; and when stating the number of times an action has been repeated

I haven’t used my microwave oven for a long time.

I’ve never cooked any meat in my microwave oven.
Jim’s microwave has already had problems, but he hasn´t done anything about it yet.
I’ve used my microwave oven five times since I bought it.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Sometimes the present perfect focuses on the completion of an action, while the present
perfect
Continuous emphasizes that an activity is still going on.

Elena has installed a smoke detector in her apartment. (Completed action).

The landlord has been installing smoke detectors in all apartments. (activity still going on)
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
With stative (nonaction) verbs such as like, be, and know, the present perfect is generally
used.

Scientists have known about genetic coding in DNA since the early 1950s.
18
2. Complete these sentences with the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous. More than one answer may be possible.
a. NASA ____has built_________ several successful space stations since the early 1970s. (build)
b. American astronauts ____________________ a total of more than 50, 000 hours in space.
(spend)
c. Records show that Russian pilots ______________________ this figure. (exceed).
d. Scientists _________________________ for many years that human bodies, like space stations,
break down quickly in space. (know)
e. Recently, scientists ________________________ the effects of microgravity on living cells.
(examine)
f. They ___________________________ that the lack of gravity can cause muscle, heart, and
bone problems. (discover)
g. Lately, researchers _____________________ techniques that could minimize the risks of space
travel. (work on)
h. However, they still _____________________________ everything there is to know about the
effects of weightlessness on the body. (not learn).

3. Pair work What has been happening in the field of medicine recently? Write
sentences with the present perfect and the present perfect continuous for the
words below. Then discuss your ideas with a partner.
doctors hospitals patients insurance
experiments medicine research expenses

Some doctors have been allowing people to bring their pets with them to the hospital.

That’s a great idea Anything helps patients feel more comfortable and relaxed speed recovery…
4. Complete these sentences with the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous.

a. This evening I ___________________________ two letters to my parents (write)

b. My daughter ________________________ letters to her friends for hours (write)
c. This morning I ___________________________ breakfast for my wife (prepare)
d. Today Lucy _________________________ her boyfriend three times (phone)
e. My friends ________________________ around Italy for five months (travel)
f. I _______________________ to music all evening (listen)
g. I ______________________ English since I was a child (learn)
h. We are coming from the beach where my kids ______________________ a sandcastle (make)
i. Why are you so dirty? I _______________________ in the garden (work)
j. I _____________________ to Malaga for three days with my in-laws (be)
k. I _____________________ my homework. Now I am going to rest (finish)
l. My brother ______________________ TV for three hours (watch)
m. John ______________________ since 3 o'clock (study)
n. The fatal accident just ______________________. The police haven't arrived yet (happen)
o. ________ you ________________ my watch? I have just lost it (see)
p. Emma is very tired; she _________________________ all day (work)
q. My son __________________________ two pages so far (translate)
r. What weather! It _______________________ since yesterday (rain)
s. This week my team ______________________ one match (win)
19
t. Today I ______________________ my room (paint)
u. My kids ______________________ at the beach all morning (play)
v. I ______________________ in this town since last February (live)
w. The police _____________________ the murderer (arrest)
x. What has happened to the neighbours? They _______________________ for hours (shout)

Exercise Ill Speaking: Technology and you!

1. Look at these items, and read about how they work. Then think of another
item and explain how it works.

Smoke detector Microwave oven Compact disc

Many people have been using Microwave ovens have been a Sales of compact discs (or
smoke detectors to protect their mainstay in American homes CD’s) have exceeded
homes from fire since the since their introduction into the audiocassettes since the early
1970’s. when a light beam in a market. 1990’s, when people began to
smoke detector is interrupted A magnetron produces a beam enjoy the many benefits of this
by smoke in the air, a sensor of microwaves, which strike new technology. Sound is
reacts, triggering an alarm molecules to move, producing digitally encoded on a disc. The
heat. disc is covered with transparent
coating so that the digital code
can be read by a laser beam
and then translated back into
sound.
2. Listen to a comedian talking about the difficulties he has coping with the
technology in his house. List the items he mentions and what he finds
particularly exasperating about each one.
Items Problems

20
Exercise IV I saw a fantastic old French movie
yesterday!
1. Look at the correct order for adjectives.

When using more than one adjective to describe a noun place the adjectives in the following order
before the noun. NOTE: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun.

1.Opinion Example: an interesting book, a boring lecture

2.Dimension Example: a big apple, a thin wallet

3.Age Example: a new car, a modern building, an ancient ruin

4.Shape Example: a square box, an oval mask, a round ball

5.Color Example: a pink hat, a blue book, a black coat

6.Origin Example: some Italian shoes, a Canadian town, an American car

7.Material Example: a wooden box, a woolen sweater, a plastic toy

Here are some examples of nouns modified with three adjectives in the correct order based on the
list above. Notice that the adjectives are not separated by commas.

•A wonderful old Italian clock. (opinion - age - origin)

•A big square blue box. (dimension - shape - color)
•A disgusting pink plastic ornament. (opinion - color - material)
•Some slim new French trousers. (dimension - age - origin)

2. Place the three adjectives in the correct order before the noun

•book interesting - small - Spanish

______________________________________________
•picture modern - ugly - rectangular
______________________________________________
•opinion old - boring - American ______________________________________________
•apple ripe - green - delicious ______________________________________________
•suit woolen - large - black
______________________________________________
•house beautiful - modern - small
______________________________________________
•magazine German - slender - strange ______________________________________________
•cap cotton - funny – green
______________________________________________

3. Write sentences using nouns preceded by three adjectives.

EX: I just made a great blue cardboard plane by myself.

21
Exercise V Reading: Pets as status symbol
1. Read the following article. Then talk about it.

Londoners who happened to walk along the Thames during the mid-thirteenth
century might have seen a large white bear walking down to the river.
Following behind would be a man, holding the bear with a long leash. The
man would sit on the riverbank while the bear, still attached to the leash,
would go into the water and fish for its dinner.
The bear belonged to king Henry III. Henry wanted to save money, so he had
the bear catch its own food. The people of London must have appreciated his
sense of economy since they paid for the bear’s expenses.Henry was not the
first king to keep large pets. In fact, practically every royal head of states from
the beginning of civilization to the French Revolution seemed to want to own
animals of great beauty, animals that were the biggest, the strangest, or the
most dangerous. Both the ancient Egyptians and Chinese collected animals
for pleasure. Chinese emperors, kept them in places called “parks of intelligence”, while Egyptian
royalty kept monkeys, leopards, and occasionally a giraffe on the palace grounds.
Birds, exotic and familiar, were popular in Rome. When Octavian, later the Emperor Augustus,
defeated Marc Anthony in battle, he was supposedly given a raven trained to say Ave, Caesar
Victor imperator”
“Hail, Caesar, victorious leader.” Octavian was very pleased until he learned that the trainer had
taught another raven to say Ave, Victor imperator Anthony, in case Anthony had won.

Snakes were so popular in Rome at one time that they became a nuisance in the city. Sometimes
during banquets, they would glide over the tables and among the guests who were eating.
Dangerous animals were tamed and then permitted to walk freely through the houses of the rich.
The Emperor Elagabalus had lions and leopards that entered the dining room
and even the bedrooms of guests.

As trade routes to Africa and Asia began to open up, every aristocrat wanted to
have exotic animals. Louis IX of France had an elephant and a porcupine,
Charles V of Spain had seven seals, and Henry IV of France loved birds and
kept every room at Vincennes, where he grew up, filled with them. He put them
in cages made of gold and silver.

Not only did rich people keep pets, they made them do strange things for
their entertainment.
Napoleon’s wife Josephine had an orangutan that sat at her dinner table in
a coat. A Portuguese princess went to the trouble of getting zebras
because she thought they would look pretty pulling the royal children in a
little carriage. To her great disappointment, she got no cooperation from the
zebras.

Owning and displaying exotic pets has continued into more modern times. It is said that the French
poet Baudelaire walked a lobster on a leash, and Jack Johnson, the American prizefighter, took his
leopard for walks through the streets of Paris. But over the years, it has become obvious that the
care of exotic animals requires specialized knowledge. Generally speaking, the feeling of both the
public and the experts goes against keeping bears in the backyard or lions in the living room.

22
Chapter 4
Exercise I Common Idioms
1 Idioms are very common in English spoken language. Here are some
examples of the most common ones.
Feast your eyes: To look at something enjoy seeing it. Example: Marcos just feast his eyes
on those beautiful girls.
Finding your feet: To understand how to do something. Example: Victoria are you finding
your feet in your new job?
Food for thought: Anything that gives you a chance to think deeply. Example: This idiom list
is very good food for thought.
Fruitcake: Someone who is very crazy. Example: Adolfo is a real fruitcake.

Glass is half full/empty: Full: To always be positive and optimist. Empty: To always be negative
and pessimist. Example: Daniel always looks at everything as a glass
that is half full, he is so positive. Patricia is the opposite she sees
everything as a glass that is half empty.
Go bananas: To behave very crazy. Example: Every night at 1 and 3 AM I go bananas
when the fruitcake security guards blow their loud whistles.
Go out on a limb: To take a big risk. Example: Pedro always goes out on a limb to help his
friends when they are in trouble.
Half assed: Anything that is not done well. Example: He always does everything half
assed.
Hat trick: To succeed three times in a row at anything. Example: She did a hat trick
when playing cards with her friend.
Heaven sent: Anything that arrives in your life that turns out very well. Example: The
new friend that she has was really heaven sent.
Hell in a hand basket: Anything that goes bad very quickly. Example: The new job started out
great but by the end of the week it went to hell in a hand basket.
Hold your horses: To immediately stop what you are doing. Example: Jesus, hold your
horses you have said enough about her already.
In the bag: Anything that is for sure. Example: Alex´s new job is in the bag he will
start work tomorrow.
Itchy fingers: To want something very much or eager to start something immediately.
Example: Marie has itchy fingers to begin cooking the food for the party.
Jump the gun: to do something before it is the correct time. Example: The boss jumped
the gun when he hired too many workers and so now he must fire some
of them.
Keep your chin up: Do not become sad or distressed look up and see what is good.
Example: Francisco you need to keep your chin up you will find a new
wife.
Kick the bucket: To die or is dead. Example: My funny old uncle finally kicked the bucket
last week.
Knight is shining armor: Someone who turns out be the right person for someone who is in need.
Example: Waldo was a real knight in shining armor for his sick
grandfather.
Let the cat out of the bag:To release something before it is the correct time. Example: The teacher
let the cat out of the bag when the students heard him telling the other
eacher that he was going to quit his job, now all the students will not
listen
23
Exercise Il I like the Flowers in your garden!
1. We have listed some examples in the following table. There you can see
when we use the definite article and when we don't.

Without the definite article With the definite article

general words (indefinite)
Life is too short.
I like flowers.
names of persons on the singular, relatives
Peter and John live in London.
Aunt Mary lives in Los Angeles.
public buildings, institutions, means of
transport (indefinite)
Mandy doesn't like school.
We go to school by bus.
Some people go to church on Sundays.
names of countries in the singular; summits
of mountains; continents; towns
Germany, France;
Mount Whitney, Mount McKinley;
Africa, Europe;
Cairo, New York
single islands
Corfu, Bermuda, Sicily
parks; lakes; streets
Central Park, Hyde Park;
Lake Michigan, Loch Ness;
42nd Street, Oxford Street
months, days of the week (indefinite)
The weekend is over on Monday morning.
July and August are the most popular months for accident.
holidays.
general words (definite)
I've read a book on the life of Bill Clinton.
I like the flowers in your garden.
family names in the plural
The Smiths live in Chicago.
public buildings, institutions, means of
transport (definite)
The school that Mandy goes to is old.
The bus to Dresden leaves at 7.40.
The round church in Klingenthal is famous.
names of countries in the plural; mountain
ranges; regions
the United States of America, the Netherlands;
the Highlands, the Rocky Mountains, the Alps;
the Middle East, the west of Australia
groups of islands
the Bahamas, the British Isles, the Canaries
name with of-phrase; oceans; seas; rivers
the Statue of Liberty, the Tower (of London), the
Isle of Wight;
the Atlantic (Ocean);
the Mediterranean (Sea);
the Nile, the Rhine, the Suez Canal
months, days of the week (definite)
I always remember the Monday when I had an
The August of 2001 was hot and dry.

24
2. Decide whether to use the definite article >the< or not. If you do not need the
article >the<, use x.

a. My grandmother likes __________flowers very much.

b. I love__________ flowers in your garden.
c. See you on__________ Wednesday.
d. I always listen to__________ radio in the morning.
e. Alex goes to work by __________ bus.
f. Don't be late for __________ school.
g. Listen! Dennis is playing__________ trumpet.
h. We often see our cousins over __________ Easter.
i. She has never been to __________ Alps before.
j. What about going to Australia in__________ February?
k. Last year we visited __________ St. Paul's Cathedral and __________ Tower.
l. __________ Mount Everest is __________ highest mountain on earth.
m. __________ Loch Ness is __________ most famous lake in Scotland.
n. __________ most children like __________ sweets.
o. __________ summer of 1996 was hot and dry.
p. ___________ Plaza Hotel is on the corner of __________ 59th Street and __________ 5th
Avenue.
q. My sister often stays at__________ Uncle Tim's house in Detroit.
r. Our friends __________ Millers moved to Florida last August.
s. __________ smog is a problem in __________ big cities.
t. Our children go to __________ school by __________ bus.

3. Decided whether to use the definite article >the< or not. If you do not need
the article >the<, write an x.

Hi John,
I arrived in _______ USA last Monday. We left _________ Rome, flew over ________ Alps and
made a quick stop in_______ London. There we went shopping in ________ Harrods, visited
__________ Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in ________ Hyde Park. On _______ following
day we left for________ New York.__________ time on board wasn't boring as there were two
films to watch on_________ monitor. ________people on________ plane were all ________
Italian. Before we landed at _________ JFK airport, we saw __________ Statue of Liberty,
___________ Ellis Island and _________ Empire State Building. ________hotel I stayed in was on
_________ corner of_________ 42nd Street and _________ 5th Avenue. I don't like
___________ hotels very much, but I didn't have _________ time to rent an apartment.

Please say hello to Peter and Mandy.

Yours, Peter

25
Exercise III Unlike most of my friends I sepeak
English!
1. Read this information about the U.S. Then complete the sentences about
your country. Compare with a partner.

Age: 32.7 years old spent $375 on gifts last year

Sex: female Possessions: Owns a car, two TVs, one
Education: High VCR, two telephones
school graduate Everyday habits: TV watching (28 hours, 13
Employment: minutes last week), driving (2 hours
Works for a yesterday), reading the newspaper
manufacturing Hobbies: Spectator sports, comedy movies,
company as a eating out
clerical worker Health: Exercises twice a week, doesn’t
Housing: Pays a smoke, isn’t worried about her weight
monthly mortgage Favorite meal: Green salad, vegetable soup,
of $737 for a three- steak, potatoes, broccoli
bedroom home Beliefs: Religious, environmentalist doesn’t
Expenses: Owes believe in ghosts.
$2,317 on credit
cards;

a. In contrast to the average American, people in my country don’t usually

_______________________.
b. People in my country like to __________________ except that we don’t do it as often as
American do.
c. Unlike the average American, people in my country
________________________________________.
d. While many Americans _______________________, people in my country
____________________.

Showing contrast and exception

Use while, unlike, and in contrast to to present contrasting information
While many American, drive every day, people in my country use public
transportation.
Unlike the average American, people in my country don’t use credit cards very
often.
In contrast to the average American, people in my country don’t usually eat out.
Use except that and except for to show an exception.
I’m very similar to the average American except (that) I don’t have a car.
People in my country don’t eat out except (for) on special occasions.

2. Here’s some information about American customs. How different are

customs in your country? Write sentences showing contrasts and indicating
exceptions.
26
a. If people study a foreign language, it is often Spanish.
While Americans often study Spanish, if people in my country
study a foreign language, it’s usually English.
b. If two friends meet on the street, they usually shake hands.
c. If two people get married, the bride’s parents pay for most of the wedding.
d. If friends go out to eat together, they usually split the bill.
e. If children misbehave, they’re often sent to their rooms.
f. If someone wants to visit a friend, he or she normally calls first.

3. Are you completely typical? What are some ways in which you are different
from other people in your country? Complete these sentences and compare
with a partner.
a. Unlike most (men/women) in my country,…
b. In contrast to the majority of my friends,…
c. While quite a few of the people in my class…
d. Unlike most people who are my age,….

Exercise IV Writing persuasive

To convince readers that his or her point of view is valid, the writer must
present supporting evidence that appeals to his or her specific audience.

1. Read these persuasive paragraphs. Who is each paragraph directed at?

Match each paragraph to its intended audience.

1. parents _______ 2. a teacher ________ 3. classmates _______

A I’d like to propose that our classes be shorter. I think that two hours is too long to attend class
without a break. After about 50 minutes, it’s difficult to pay attention, and students’ minds begin to
wander. Some students actually fall asleep during class! I realize that our school probably has
reasons for scheduling our classes this way, but I feel that two-hour classes are very ineffective. I
hope that you will do something about scheduling this class differently next semester.

B I firmly believe that you should be careful about how much violence your children see on
television. When children see too much violence on TV, it may make them think that violence is
acceptable and encourage them to be violent in their own lives. For this reason, I think there should
be much less violence on TV, and I think that as parents you should carefully monitor the shows
that your children watch.

C There is a serious problem with graffiti in our school that must be addressed. I think it’s
terrible that anyone would damage our school in this way. The school janitors have to work extra
hours to remove the graffiti, and it makes me feel ashamed to think that some of us would think so
little of our school. Think about this the next time you have the urge to write on the walls.

2. Pair work Which of the paragraphs is most effective for its intended
audience?Which could be improved?
27
3. Write a persuasive paragraph about a topic presented in this unit or a topic
of your own. Choose a specific audience, and make sure the evidence you
present appeals to this person or group.

4. Pair work Exchange paragraphs with a partner, and answer these questions.

a. Who is your partner’s intended audience?

b. Is the evidence presented in an effective way? Why or why not?
c. Can you offer any suggestions to your partner?

Exercise V Song
We are the champions

I've paid my dues time after time

I've done my sentence but committed no crime
And bad mistakes, I've made a few
I've had my share of sand kicked in my face
But I've come through
And we mean to go on, and on, and on, and on
We are the champions, my friends
And we'll keep on fighting till the end
We are the champions, we are the champions
No time for losers, 'cause we are the champions of the world
I've taken my bows and my curtain calls
You brought me fame and fortune
And everything that goes with it, I thank you all
But it's been no bed of roses, no pleasure cruise
I consider it a challenge before
The whole human race and I ain't gonna lose
And we mean to go on, and on, and on and on
We are the champions, my friends
And we'll keep on fighting till the end
We are the champions, we are the champions
No time for losers, 'cause we are the champions of the world
We are the champions, my friends
And we'll keep on fighting till the end, oh
We are the champions, we are the champions
No time for losers, 'cause we are the champions

28