6.

1 Maxima and minima

GOAL: Find a vertex from a standard form.
Y=ax2+bx+c standard form
Y=3x2+6x+11 a=3, b=6, c=11
Y=a(x-h)2+k vertex form :
Y= 3(x-1)2+8
Vertex (-1,8)
Minimum y=8 at x=1
In general, for y=a(x-h)2+k
K is a maximum if a¿ 0
K is a minimum if a¿ 0

Completing the square: converting standard form

y=ax2+bx+c into vertex form y=a(x-h)2+k.

Perfect square: (a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2

(a-b)2=a2-2ab+b2
Example: Given trinomial: y=x2+4x+k.
Which value of k makes it perfect square?
K=(4/2)2=4
Y=x2+4x+4=(x+2)2
(4/2)2=4 , so k=4
Given y=x2+bx+k. When is it a perfect square?
USE NUMBER IN FRONT OF X, DIVIDE BY 2
AND SQUARE IT.

Other examples (practicing perfect square)

Find the value of k that makes each trinomial a perfect square.
x2+6x+k= x2+6x+9 =(x+3)2 k=(6/2)2=9

x2+14x+k= x2+14x+49 =(x+7)2 k=(14/2)2=49

x2-12x+k= x2-12x+36 =(x-6)2 k=(12/2)2=36

x2+2x+k= x2+2x+1 =(x+1)2 k=(2/2)2=1

x2-10x+k= x2-10x+25 =(x-5)2 k=(10/2)2=25

x2 -80x+k= x2 -80x+1600 =(x-40)2 k=(80/2)2=1600

COMPLETING THE SQUARE
Example. 1) Convert into vertex form by
completing the square.
Y=x2+4x+5=
(x2+4x)+5=
(x2+4x+4-4)+5= (4/2)2=4
2
(x +4x+4)-4+5=
(x+2)2+1 y=a(x-h)2+k
h=-2 k=1
Vertex (-2,1) Minimum y=1 at x=-2
2) x2+8x+5=
(x2+8x)+5 (8/2)2=16
2
(x +8x+16-16)+5=
(x2+8x+16)-16+5=
(x+4)2 -11
Vertex (-4, -11)
Minimum y=-11 at x=-4
3) y=x2-6x+5=
(x2-6x)+5= (6/2) 2=9
(x2-6x+9-9)+5=
(x2-6x+9)-9+5 =
(x-3)2 -4
Vertex (3, -4)
Minimum y=-4 at x=3
4) y=x2 – 10x +13
x2 – 10x+25 -25 +13
(x -5)2 -12
Vertex (5,-12)
Minimum y=-12 at x=5
PRACTICE:
Rewrite each relation in the form y a(x-h)2+ k by completing the square.

a) x2+6x+9-9-1= (6/2)2=9
(x+3)2-10
b) x2+2x+1-1+7= (2/2)2=1
(x+1)2+6
c) x2 +10x +25-25+20= (10/2)2=25
2
(x+5) -5
Completing the square ax2+bx+c, when a≠1
2
5) y=2x +24x+11= Factor 2 out
(2x2+24x)+11=
2(x2+12x)+11=
2(x2+12x+36-36)+11= (12/2)2=36
2((x+6)2-36)+11=
2(x+6)2-72+11=
2(x+6)2-61
 2
6) y=4x +24x+41=
2
4(x +6x)+41=
4(x2+6x+9-9) +41= (6/2)2=9
4((x+3)2-9)+41=
4(x+3)2-36+41=
4(x+3)2+5
Vertex : (-3,5)
Minimum of 5 at x=-3 OR at(-3,5)
7) y=5x2-30x+43=
5(x2-6x)+43=
5(x2-6x+9-9)+43= (6/2)2=9
5((x-3)2-9)+43=
5(x-3)2-45+43=
5(x-3)2-2 Vertex :(3, -2)

Y= -7(x2-2x)-3=
-7(x2-2x+1-1)-3
-7((x-1)2 -1) -3
- 7(x-1)2+7 -3
-7(x-1)2 +4
Vertex (1,4)
Maximum y=4 at x=1
9)Y= -5x2 +20x -120
-5(x2-4x) -120 =
-5(x2-4x+4-4) -120= (4/2)2=4
-5((x-2)2 -4) -120=
-5(x-2)2+20-120 =
-5(x-2)2 -100
Vertex : (2,-100)
Maximum y=-100 at x=2
10) y= -x2-10x+5=
(-x2-10x)+5=
-1(x2+10x)+5=
-1(x2+10x+25-25)+5=
-1((x+5)2 -25) +5=
- (x+5)2 +25 +5
-(x+5)2+30
Vertex (-5,30)
11) y=-x2+8x-10=
(-x2+8x)-10=
-1(x2-8x)-10=
-1(x2-8x+16-16)-10
-1((x-4)2 -16) -10=
-1((x-4)2+16-10
- (x-4)2 +6 Vertex (4,6)
12) y=0.5x2 -6x +12=
0.5(x2-12x) +12= 6/0.5=12
2
0.5(x -12x+36-36) +12=
0.5 ((x-6)2-36) +12=
0.5(x-6)2-18 +12=
0.5(x-6)2 -6 Vertex (6,-6)
PRACTICE :
Rewrite the relation in a form
y=a(x-h)2+k by completing the square.
a) Y=-x2+80x-100
b) Y=-x2-6x+4
c) Y=3x2+90x+50
d) Y=2x2-16x+15
a) y=-1(x2-80x)-100=
-(x2-80x+1600-1600)-100= (80/2)2=1600
-((x-40)2-1600)-100=
-(x-40)2+1600-100=
-(x-40)2+1500

b) y=-1(x2+6x) +4 (6/2)2=9
-(x2+6x+9-9) +4=
-((x+3)2-9)+4=
-(x+3)2+9+4=
-(x+3)2+13 Vertex (-3,13)
 c)y=3(x2+30x)+50
3(x2+30x+225-225)+50=
3((x+15)2-225) +50=
3(x+15)2-675+50=
3(x+15)2-625 Vertex (-15, -625)
2
d) 2(x -8x)+15
2(x2-8x+16-16)+15=
2((x-4)2-16)+15=
2(x-4)2-32+15=
2(x-4)2-17
Example.
Rewrite relation y = 2x2  12x + 22 in the form
y = a(x  h)2 + k by completing the square. Then,
sketch a graph of the relation,
labelling the vertex, the axis of symmetry,
and two other points on the graph.
y = 2x2  12x + 22
2(x2-6x)+22=
2(x2-6x+9-9)+22=
2((x-3)2-9)+22=
2((x-3)2-18+22=
2(x-3)2+4
Vertex (3,4)
Axis of symmetry : x=3
Other points :
y-intercept : x=0
y = 2(0)2  12(0) + 22=22
(0,22) is 3 units to the left from the axis of symmetry
(6,22) is 3 units to the right from the axis of symmetry.

WORD PROBLEM SOLVING

 The path of a ball is modelled by the equation
y=-x2+4x+1, where x is the horizontal distance,
in meters, travelled and y is the height, in meters,
of the ball above the ground. What is the maximum
height of the ball, and at what horizontal distance
does it occur?
y=-x2+4x+1=
- (x2-4x) +1=
-(x2-4x+4-4) +1=
-((x-2)2-4) +1=
-(x-2)2+4 +1=
-(x-2)2+5
Maximum height is 5 meters at
horizontal distance of x=2 meters.
Example 2. A pipe cleaner is 20 cm long. It is bent into
a rectangle. Use a quadratic model to determine the
dimensions that give the maximum area.

L
Perimeter=20 cm
A=LW (1)
P=2L+2W
20=2L+2W Divide by 2
10=L+W
W=10-L Sub into (1)
A=LW=L(10-L)=
10L-L2=
-L2+10L=
-(L2-10L)=
-(L2-10L+25-25)=
-((L-5)2-25)=
-(L-5)2 + 25 Vertex (5,25)
Maximum area is A=25 at L=5 and W=10-5=5,
it is a square.

Example 3 A field is bounded on one side by a river.

The field is to be enclosed on three sides by a fence,
to create a rectangular enclosure. The total length of
fence to be used is 200 m. Determine the dimensions
that maximize the area.
 200-2x

X X

A=LW =
x(200-2x)=
200x -2x2=
-2x2+200x=
-2(x2-100x)=
-2(x2-100x+2500-2500)=
-2 ((x-50)2-2500)=
-2(x-50)2 + 5000
Dimensions:
Length :X=50 m
Width 200-2(50)=100 m
Maximum area: 5000 m2
Example 4.
Alex runs a snowboard rental business that charges $12 per
snowboard and averages 36 rentals per day. She discovers that
for each $0.50 decrease in price, her business rents out two
additional snowboards per day. At what price can Alex maximize
her revenue?
SOLUTION
Let R represent the total revenue, in dollars.
Let x represent the number of $0.50 decreases in price.
Then, the price, in dollars is 12 - 0.5x
and the number of rentals is 36 +2x.
Revenue is the product of the price and the number rented.
R =(12 -0.5x)(36 +2x)
432+24x-18x-x2 =
-x2+6x+432=
-(x2-6x)+432
-(x2-6x+9-9)+432
-(x-3)2+9+432
-(x-3)2+441
The maximum revenue is 441 at x=3
Maximizing price is 12-0.5(3)=10.5

Example 5 (See next page)