UNIT 1

PROCEDURE TEXT

It happens to all of us. You're browsing the internet and suddenly you get the "Page Not Found" error.
You check your modem and everything seems to be working and now you decide to call customer
service--what a hassle. Often, the problem is that you need to renew your computer's Internet
Protocol (IP) address. These steps explain how to renew your IP address and hopefully save you a
call to customer service.

Steps :

1. Click on the "Start" button and choose "Run."

2. Type "cmd" in the box and click on "OK." A window with a command prompt appears. It
resembles the old DOS operating system.

3. Type "ipconfig /release" and press "Enter." This releases your computers current IP
addresses.

4. Type "ipconfig /renew" and press "Enter." This assigns your computer a new set of IP
addresses.

5. Type "Exit" and press "Enter" to close the window. You computer now has a new IP address.

Answer these questions based on the procedure text above!

1. What is the procedure text about?

2. What will the people do when their internet shows "Page Not Found"?

3. What should the people do after choose run?

4. What should the people do to release their computer current IP address?

5. How many steps do the people do to renew their IP address?

Rearrange these sentences into good paragraph!

a. The fifth step is to alight the golden contact of the battery with the corresponding corners on the
phone, and push the opposite end of the battery until it snaps into the place.

b. After the opened, you should open the memory cardholder by pulling it up gently. Insert the SIM
card into the lower slot. Make sure that the beveled corner of the SIM card is facing toward the
top of the phone and that the golden contact area on the card is facing downward.

c. The first step is to open the phone by sliding the phone cover towards the bottom of the phone.

d. The eighth step is to connect the charger to an AC wall outlet. The battery indicator bar on the
display starts scrolling. When the battery is fully charged, the bar stops scrolling.

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e. The third step is to insert the Multimedia Card into the holder’s slot. Make sure that the beveled
corner and the golden contact area of the MMC are facing downward.

f. The last step is to turn on the phone by pressing and holding the power button on the top of the
phone.

g. You should close the memory cardholder by pressing it downward until locked after insert the
Multimedia Card.

h. If you have finished the fifth step, you should close the phone cover by sliding it towards the top
of the phone.

i. Next, please connect the power cord to the charger and the other end of the power cord from the
charger to the base of the phone after you close the phone cover.

STRUCTURE – DETERMINER

a. Article

1. a/an For example :

Article a is a used before a singular noun
which is begun with consonant sound,
meanwhile an is used before a vowel sound.
These indefinite articles are used before
singular countable noun which mentioned for
the first time.
2. The
Definite article the is used before singular,
plural, countable, or uncountable noun.
The can be used before a noun that has
already mentioned or when both the speaker
and listener know what is being talked.
a. We are going to buy a car tomorrow.
b. George will sing a song in our party next
week.
c. The little girl cried and asked for a balloon to
her room.
d. The desk which is located in the hall
is for the receptionist.
e. The person stands by the door is the
Chemistry’s teacher.
f. Nobody knows the cure to Ebola
Virus.

b. Demonstrative

Singular Plural This and these refer to an

This These object or person near the
That Those speaker, meanwhile that and
those refer to an object or
person farther away.
For example :
1. This class will be renovated soon.
2. That book consists of three chapters.
3. These boxes will be delivered to the customers.
4. That car is mine.

c. Quantifiers
Countable Noun Uncountable Noun
1. Few 4. Little
2. A few 5. A little

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 3. Many 6. much
Explanation: Example:
1. ‘Few’ puts before countable 1. I’m very sad, I have few good friends.
that indicates plural for a negative idea. (means : I don’t have many friends)

2. ‘A few’ puts before countable nouns 2. Fortunately, our financial situation is good.
that indicates plural for a positive We still have a few good customers.
idea
3. She is philately, she can collect many
3. Many is used before countable nouns stamps.
that indicate plural forms.
4. I can’t help you. I speak little English.
4. Little is used before non-countable
nouns to show its quantity, that means
negative idea. 5. I can help you. I can speak a little English.
5. A little is used before non-countable
nouns to show its quantity, that means 6. Rosa works hard today, she can earn much
positive idea. money.
6. Much is used before uncountable
nouns to show its quantity.

d. Some and Any

Some is used to show quantity for the affirmative and negative sentence. Any is used to show
quantity for the negative and interrogative sentence. Both of them describe an indefinite or incomplete
quantity.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

She puts some books on She puts any books on her Does she put any books on her
her desk. desk. desk?

Choose the correct answer and give reason for your answer!

1. We took a new routes to the beach. 4. There are many children playing in the park.
We took a new route to the beach. There are much child playing in the park.

Reason Reason

2. He gave too many different reasons for his 5. There were not much people came to my
actions. birthday party.
He gave too much different reasons for his There were not many people came to my
actions. birthday party.

Reason Reason

3. You need to show a little kindness then she will 6. These apples were bought yesterday by my
be yours. mom.
You need to show a few kindness then she This apples were bought yesterday by my
will be yours. mom.

Reason Reason

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Choose the correct answer!
1. Do you have …….to do today? 4. Our company didn’t pay…..for that banner
a. Many work advertisement.
b. Work a. Much bills
c. Many works b. Many bill
d. Much works c. Many money
d. Much money
2. Our company didn’t pay…..for that banner
advertisement. 5. We saw quite ……. Wild animals while on
a. Much funds vacation.
b. Many funds a. A little
c. Many money b. Much
d. Much money c. little
d. Some
3. I am familiar with the product. I don’t know
…..times, I’ve seen it in TV. 6. In……., the man has begun to show some
a. How many form again and has won some big games.
b. How often a. Few weeks
c. How much b. Few past weeks
d. Many often c. The past few weeks
d. A few weeks since
Find the errors and correct it!

1. There is many windows in my home.

2. A people will go to beach by car.
3. I saw few sugar on the floor.
4. Does any one bring an pen here?
5. You don’t need to fry some fishes for this afternoon.

Date

We say the first of January, the second of February, etc. or January the first.
1st = first 11th = eleventh 21st = twenty-first 31st = thirty-first
2nd = second 12th = twelfth 22nd = twenty-second
3rd = third 13th = thirteenth 23rd = twenty-third
4th = fourth 14th = fourteenth 24th = twenty-fourth
5th =fifth 15th= fifteenth 25th = twenty-five
6th = sixth 16th= sixteenth 26th = twenty-sixth
7th = seventh 17th= seventeenth 27th = twenty-seventh
8th = eighth 18th= eighteenth 28th = twenty-eighth
9th = ninth 19th= nineteenth 29th = twenty-ninth
10th = tenth 20th= twentieth 30th = thirtieth

Complete with the correct form of the dates!

Example:
th
12 April, 1952 The twelfth of April, nineteen fifty-two
th
April 12 , 1952 April twelfth, nineteen and fifty two

1. 2nd February, 2014 ………………………………………………...

2. 15th August, 1989 ……………………………………………….
…………………………………………. 3. The first of December, two thousand and one
…………………………………………. 4. The third of January, eighteen twenty-one
…………………………………………. 5. The fourth May, twenty and eleven

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 UNIT 2

TECHNOLOGY

Technology has brought about a revolution in the modern world. It has made our lives easy and fast.
Technology has made the world a global village. Technology is a double edged weapon. Today I am
going to talk about the advantages and disadvantages of technology.
Let us look into the advantages of technology first. Traveling was time consuming since animals were
being used as vehicles. Now we have planes, trains, etc which has made our lives easy. We have
made vast progress in the medical field too. Almost all vital organs can be transplanted. This includes
heart, liver, kidney, lungs etc. We also have advanced machines to perform various operations. Just
by sitting in our room we can see a person and speak to our near and dear ones, no matter how far
they are. Incidents that have happened anywhere in the world reach us within seconds. We can even
shop, book ticket, read books etc by sitting at home. Things like fridge, microwave oven, AC etc have
made our lives easier. So you see technology has made the world a global village.
Now let us look into the disadvantages. Technology has made man machine addicted. As we are
progressing, our lifespan has become short. This is due to the lack of physical activities. Many people
are addicted to various gadgets around them like, remote controls, mobile phones, Lifts etc. All these
things make us lazy. Children are addicted to games on phones and laptops. They have stopped
playing outside. At a very young age, they have various diseases like diabetes, obesity, blood
pressure etc. There is less communication between people. People lead a sedentary lifestyle and
hence diseases are the constant companions.
So we as a new generation, let us take an oath that we will use technology wisely as a means to
progress and lead a healthy lifestyle. Thus we shall leave behind a better platform for the coming
generations.

State whether the statements true (T) or (F) and give reason for your answer!
Statement T/F Reason
1. Technology brings great change to this world.
2. There are few advantages and no
disadvantages of technology.
3. Last time, traveling used good vehicle.
4. Now, all of the people can have communication
where and when they want.
5. We don’t need to go outside when shopping.
6. People have less activity because of
technology.
7. Technology helps the students more diligent.
8. Many children got various diseases because of
technology.
9. There is good communication between people.
10. We should use technology wisely.

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STRUCTURE – PRONOUN
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
I Me My ......... (noun) Mine Myself
You You Your ......... (noun) Your Yourself
They Them Their ........ (noun) Theirs Themselves
We Us Our ......... (noun) Ours Ourselves
He Him His ......... (noun) His Himself
She Her Her ......... (noun) Hers Herself
It It Its ......... (noun) Its Itself

Choose the best answer of these sentences!

1. The jaw structure of a snake permits it to eat 6. My grandparents live in Berlin. We visit ......
and digest animals much larger than ……… often.
a. It c. itself a. they c. them
b.Its d. it has b. their d. theirs

2. There are ten children playing in the yard near 7. Let ...... help you carry these bags.
my house, but your child is not………. a. me c. I am
a. Among them c. Among their b. I d. my
b. Among us d. Among theirs
8. James should stay back after school. ....has
3. The human body relies on certain nutrients for football practice.
……. Survival. a. he c. they
a. It c. his b. him d. their
b. Its d. hers
9. That car is ...... It is not .....
4. Seals can keep ………..because they have a a, my, your c. my, yours
thick layer of blubber under their fur. b. mine, yours d. mine, your
a. Their warm c. warm themselves
b. They warm d. Them warm 10. This is....bedroom. That is ....
a. my, her c. my, hers
5. My name is Samuel. ...... am a German. b. mine, hers d. mine, her
a. I c. my
b. me d. mine

Choose the errors and change into right!

th st
1. My birthday is on 18 May and his is on 21 June.
A B C D
2. This is some of the nicest weather our’ve had lately.
A B C D
3. Would you like something to drink with you friends?
A B C D
4. After she had bought himself a new automobile, she sold her bicycle.
A B C D
5. If it is kept dry, a seed can still sprout up to forty years after their formation.
A B C D
6. Peter and me play tennis every morning with our friends in the yard.
A B C D
7. I searched all over, but mine couldn’t find my notes anywhere.
A B C

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 UNIT 3

WIND TURBINE

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power. The term
appears to have migrated from parallel hydroelectric technology (rotary propeller). The technical
description for this type of machine is an aero foil-powered generator.

The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering, today's wind
turbines are manufactured in a wide range of vertical and horizontal axis types. The smallest turbines
are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power for boats or caravans or to
power traffic warning signs. Slightly larger turbines can be used for making contributions to a
domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid.
Arrays of large turbines, known as wind farms, are becoming an increasingly important source of
renewable energy and are used by many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on
fossil fuels.

Give true or false for these statements and give reason for your answer!

1. Electrical power can be produced by a wind turbine.

Reason:

2. A wind turbine used an aero foil generator for the machine.

Reason:

3. Many types of turbine have been produced in this modern era.

Reason:

4. The smallest turbine is only for few tools at home.

Reason:

5. Wind turbine helps people to renew much energy.

Reason:

Chose a word or phrase that appropriate with the sentences!

1. I …… red apples in the refrigerator.

a. Have b. has

2. The surveyor ….. coming to industry area.

a. Are b. is

3. The plane cannot take off until the rain…..

a. Stop b. stops

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4. ……………teaches the students out of the classroom.
a. The teacher b. teacher

5. The secretary ordered two ……….. for the meeting.

a. Trays of food b. foods

STRUCTURE: SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Simple Present Present Continuous

S + V1 S + auxiliary + V-ing

1. To express an activity that is in progress at the

1. To show that something was true in the past, in moment of speaking.
the present and in the future. 2. To express something generally in progress this
2. To express habitually or daily activity week, month, or year.

Change these sentences into symbol asked!

1. He is playing football in the yard right now. 6. The teacher asks the students to do the task.

(Yn) (Yn)

2. Andi doesn’t go to school every Sunday. 7. My parents are eating in the restaurant.

(wh) (wh)

3. Are you listening to this conversation well? 8. She wants to wash her hands.

(+) (yn)

4. Where do the students find this purse? 9. What are you watching in the cinema?

(-) (+)

5. My mom washes the clothes every morning. 10. Does he study hard?

(Yn) (-)

Complete the sentences by using either the simple present or the present progressive of
the verb list!

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 NOTE: Each tense has the same formula but the differences are in auxiliary
and verb used

(+) Subject + auxiliary + Verb

(-) Subject + auxiliary + not + Verb

(y/n questions) Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

(WH Questions) WH + Auxiliary + Subject + Verb?

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 UNIT 4

RECYCLE

Recycling is a process to convert waste materials into new products to prevent waste of potentially
useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage, reduce air
pollution (from incineration) and water pollution (from land filling) by reducing the need for
"conventional" waste disposal and lower greenhouse gas emissions as compared to plastic
production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third component of
the "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle" waste hierarchy.
Recyclable materials include many kinds of glass, paper, metal, plastic, textiles and electronics. The
composting or other reuse of biodegradable waste—such as food or garden waste—is also
considered recycling. Materials to be recycled are either brought to a collection center and picked up
from the curbside, then sorted, cleaned and reprocessed into new materials destined for
manufacturing.
In the strictest sense, recycling of a material would produce a fresh supply of the same material—for
example; used office paper would be converted into new office paper, or used polystyrene foam into
new polystyrene. However, this is often difficult or too expensive (compared with producing the same
product from raw materials or other sources), so "recycling" of many products or materials involves
their reuse in producing different materials (for example, paperboard) instead. Another form of
recycling is the salvage of certain materials from complex products, either due to their intrinsic value
(such as lead from car batteries, or gold from circuit boards), or due to their hazardous nature (e.g.,
removal and reuse of mercury from thermometers and thermostats).

Answer the question based on the passage!

1. What do you know about recycling before you read this passage?

2. What is the function of recycling?

3. What kind of things which are able to be recycled?

4. What is the step to recycle things?

5. How can the people solve their difficulty to get the materials to reduce?

6. What is the similar with "hazardous" in the last paragraph?

STRUCTURE – SIMPLE PAST AND PAST CONTINUOUS

Simple Past Past Continuous

S + did + V1  S + V2 S + was/were + V-ing
I ate meatball yesterday. I was watching TV when my mom called me.
1. To indicate that an activity began and 1. To indicate an activity that interrupted
done in the past actions.
2. To indicate an activity that occurred over 2. To show a continuous state in the past

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 a period of time but was completed in the 3. To show an event planned in the past.
Past
3. To show an activity that took place
regularly in the past

Exercise!

1. I …… movie at that time. 4. She ……… to continue her study but she
a. Was watching didn’t have a chance to do it.
b. Watched a. Plan
c. Is watching b. Planed
d. Watch c. Planning
d. Was planning
2. I ….. in USA last year.
a. Living 5. The teacher was explaining in front of the
b. Lives class when someone ……the door.
c. Live a. Knock
d. Lived b. Is knocked
c. Was knocking
3. My mother …….. in the office in 2004. d. Knocked
a. Worked
b. Working 6. My mother ……. me when I was watching TV
c. Works in my room.
d. Was working a. Called
b. Calling
c. Is calling
d. Calls

Change the verbs in the brackets to become right sentences!

1. Mom (cut) up vegetables in the kitchen when I (hear) music.

2. Why you (laugh) all through the history lesson yesterday?

3. We (listen) carefully all the time, they (explain) the plan to us.

4. Steve (drive) his car when a bird (fly) into his windscreen.

5. She (brush) into tears when she (recognize) her name as the winner.

Arrange these words into good sentences!

1. Did – not – borrow – Nia - pen - yesterday – my

2. To - were – get - running – your - quickly – you - ? -target

3. Father – bought – my – apples – in the – some – market.

4. Did – separate – why – last – he – night - ?

5. Gift - was - Desy – good – getting – her – from – boyfriend.

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 UNIT 5

THE STORY OF AMERICA’S OIL

During the summer of 2000, lots of car-drivers in America were angry. The cost of gasoline
went above $2 a gallon in some states. The age of cheap gasoline was over. Today, in 2016, gas
costs at least $ 2 a gallon throughout the USA. In California, even regular gas costs about $2.80 a
gallon. This is very cheap compared to Europe, but Americans think that it is very expensive. The
United States is the land of relatively cheap energy; America is the second biggest producer of oil in
the world, but it is also the biggest importer. In fact, the USA imports over 20% of its energy, mostly
in the form of oil.

There is oil under the ground in many parts of the USA. America's first oil wells were drilled
in the year 1859, in Pennsylvania; and since then, more and more wells have been made in other
states. Today, oil companies are "fracking", and finding lots more oil under the ground. The center of
America's oil industry today is the state of Texas; and America's "oil capital" is the city of Dallas.
Texas is by far the biggest producer of oil in the USA. It was not always the case; the first Texan oil-
wells were opened in 1901, when there was already a big oil industry in other parts of the USA. But
without the oil from Texas, America's history would have been very different. In 2001, Texans
celebrated their "oil centenary". Cheap oil and cheap gasoline helped to make modern America.
They shaped America's cities, and they were an essential part of the American lifestyle. They were
also essential in the great empty states of the West, where people often have to travel long
distances.

Today, Americans consume about 25% of the world's energy.... far more than people in other
countries; but the situation is slowly changing. Americans are already buying smaller cars, and
American cars consume much less gas than they used to. But in the coming years, they will use less
and less oil. They will have to. There is still a lot of oil under the ground, but oil and gas must become
more expensive in the future. Over 50% of America's traditional oil reserves have already been used -
mostly since 1950. Nobody knows when America's oil will start running out, but the first problems
could come in less than 20 years. And as soon as oil starts running out, its price will go up very
quickly! In conclusion, the "two dollar gallon" was good for America. It has encouraged Americans to
buy smaller cars, and to use less energy. That way, America's oil will last longer... perhaps until the
age of clean green energy arrives.

WORD GUIDE

case: situation - centenary: 100th anniversary - consume: use - crude oil:

oil that comes out of the ground - drill: make a hole - fracking: a
controversial new technology to extract oil from rocks - gasoline (USA) =
petrol (GB) - a gallon (US) : 3.78 liters - oil well: crude oil comes out of the
ground through oil wells - run out: come to an end.

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Exercise - comparisons

Here is some information which comes from the article: unfortunately the sentences have been
put together

wrongly: each sentence contains two parts, (a) and (b). Join the parts correctly:

List a List b
1. Petrol is much cheaper in the USA b1. than in Pennsylvania
2. Petrol is more expensive today b2. than it is in Europe.
3. Americans consume more energy b3. than people in Europe.
4. Americans cars consume less petrol b4. than it is today
5. More oil is produced in Texas b5. than it was in the past.
6. Oil will be more expensive in the future B6. than they used to

Arrange these sentences into good paragraph!

1. The pipes carry a special fluid that heats up rapidly.

2. Modern solar panels are a combination of magnifying glasses and fluid filled pipes.

3. They are painted black to absorb the heat from the sun.

4. This saves using electricity or gas to heat up the water tank.

5. The heat produced in the pipes is then used to heat a tank of water.

6. The silver reflective surface behind the pipes reflects sun light back, further heating the pipes and
the fluid they contain.

7. The reflective surface also protects anything behind the solar panel (such as a roof).

8. The solar panel seen opposite has a glass front which is specially made to focus the power of the
sun on pipes behind it.

STRUCTURE – MODAL

Modal Uses Examples

Must 1. Strong Necessity 1. You must study hard.
2. Prohibition 2. You mustn’t leave the class.
3. 95% certainly 3. He isn’t in the office now. He
must have something to do
outside.
May 1. Polite request 1. May I have a glass of water?
2. Formal permission 2. You may go to Australia.
3. Less than 50% 3. He may be learning in his
room.
Might Less than 50% certainly Robert might be sleeping now
Can 1. Ability 1. I can speak English.
2. Informal polite request 2. Can you lend me your

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 computer?
3. Informal permission 3. You can use my computer.
Could 1. Past ability 1. I could pay badminton well
when I was young.
2. Polite request 2. Could I borrow your book?
3. Suggestion 3. You could see the doctor to
get better soon.
4. Certainly less than 50% 4. Sara could be at home.
5. Impossible thing 5. It couldn’t be false.
Will 1. 100% certainly 1. I will be in the office before 8.
2. Willingness 2. Someone knocks the door. I’ll
open it
3. Polite request 3. Will you lend me your car?
Would 1. Polite request 1. Would you lend me your car?
2. Preference 2. I would rather to study in my
room than play in the yard.
3. repeated action in the past 3. I would play every afternoon
in the yard with my friends
when I was young.
Shall 1. polite request to make 1. Shall I turn off the lamp?
suggestion
2. future with I and we as 2. We shall visit her soon.
subject
Should 1. Advisability 1. You should study hard before
exam.
2. 90% certainty 2. She should consume her
medicine.

Choose the best answer for these sentences!

1. It's a hospital. You .....not smoke.
a. must b. may c. will
2. I .... speak Arabic fluently when I was a child and we lived in Morocco.
a. can b. could c. should
3. The teacher said we .... read this book for our own pleasure as it is optional.
a. can b. shall c. will
4. Take an umbrella. it .... rain later.
a. may b. might c. would
5. You ...... look at me when I am talking.
a. could b. should c. would

Complete these sentences using appropriate modal!

1. You really ....not be late again.

2. If you don’t start working harder, you ....have to repeat the course next year.

3. I ....be able to help you, but I'm not sure yet.

4. Already as a child Mozart .... play the piano beautifully.

5. .... I go to the bathroom, please!

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Choose the most suitable modal verb in each of the following sentences: these sentences are
not necessarily related to the article!

1. People who live in New York can /will / must see the Statue of Liberty.

2. You will / may / must / can pass your driving test before you will / may / must / can drive.

3. In 2100, people cannot / will not / will not be able to use oil as we do today.

4. In 15 years’ time, people must / will have to / will use more electric cars.

5. I am 15 today, so I will / can / may / must still be alive in the year 2050.

6. If I buy a lottery ticket, I may / can / must / will win the jackpot. If I don’t, I may not / will.

Calculation

Match the symbols! Fill in the blank!

1)+ 2) = 3) X or * 4) - 5) / or : 1) 8 …… 4 = 2 3) 7…….12=19
a. Minus d. equals 2) 15 … 10 = 5 4) 6……..2 = 12
5)five minus, nine divided by three
b. Plus e. divided by equals……
6) nine multiplied by three, minus six, plus four
c. multiplied by equals……
Number

 Write decimal points as a point (.), not a Exercise

comma (,) : 3.5 3,5 1. 3.46 =
 After the number, say number separately 2. = twenty-three point four
1.25 = one point two five 3. 0.8 =
 Before the point say numbers together 4. 1.06 =
25.25 = twenty-five point two five 5. 2001 =
 Before the point 0 is zero or nought (not oh) 6. 755 =
0.3 = zero point three or nought oh point 7. = nineteen and eighty eight
three 8. 55 =
 After the point, o is zero or oh 9. = seventeen
0.03 zero point zero three or zero point 10. 203 =
oh three 11. =
 1800 can say in two ways; one thousand and
12 =
eight hundred or eighteen hundred.
 2015 -year- = twenty and fifteen or two 13. = two third
thousand fifteen. 14. = thirty – three point six four five
 634 = six hundred and thirty four 15. = zero point zero two three
 = one second / one half
 = five sixths
 = one fourth /one quarter

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 UNIT 6

WILL THERE BE LIFE AFTER OIL?

To start with, we cannot go on using oil forever. We can do so for a few more decades -
perhaps until 2070, then it will run out. There will be none left - or at least, there will be hardly any
left. At present, there is still plenty of oil under the ground. There is oil under the North Sea and
under the Atlantic Ocean. Engineers keep finding new sources of oil. But there are some realities
which cannot be avoided: a) The quantity of oil under the ground and under the sea is not infinite. It
will not last forever; b) As oil becomes rarer, it will become harder to extract. It will also become
more and more expensive. It will therefore become more expensive than other fuels; c) Oil will
always cause pollution. Of course, there are also other truths: d) Scientists are making new forms of
oil, using plants; e) Most of the oil that we eat comes from plants; and it is sometimes possible to
make petrol from this oil. For instance, some types of diesel-fuel already contain sun-flower oil.

Sun-flower oil is cleaner than mineral oil, so it causes less pollution. But perhaps, in the long term,
vegetable oils are not a good solution for the future; in the future we may need all the land for
producing food. In reality, the future will have to be a future without oil - or with very little oil.
Scientists are already developing cars, houses and plastics that do not use oil. Electricity will be the
energy of the third millennium, but it will have to be clean electricity. Today, electricity is produced in
Britain in several different ways; some of it is produced using oil; but already oil-burning power-
stations are being closed. Nuclear power-stations will be closed too, because they are very
expensive and people do not want them.

Tomorrow's electricity will be made from gas, and from "renewable sources". In the short term, gas
will be an important source of energy. It is cleaner than oil, and easier to extract. There is also a lot
more gas than oil under the ground! Gas can be used in cars and houses too. In the long term, all
our energy will come from "renewable sources" - including water! The sun, the wind, the rivers and
the oceans will give us all the energy that we need! It will be clean energy - with no pollution - and it
will last forever.

Answer the questions based on the text!

1. What are the problems about oil that can’t be avoided?

2. Where can we find oil?

3. What is the better solution for the future to reduce the pollution?

4. How does Britain produce the electricity?

5. Find 5 verbs 5 adjectives and 5 nouns from the text and create sentences from the text!

16
 STRUCTURE – ACTIVE PASSIVE VOICE

TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE

Simple Present Rika eats meatball. Meatball is eaten by Rika.
S Vs/es O
Simple Past Rika ate meatball. Meatball was eaten by Rika.

Simple Future Rika will eat meatball. Meatball will be eaten Rika.

Present Continuous Rika is eating meatball. Meatball is being eaten Rika.

Past Continuous Rika was eating meatball. Meatball was being eaten by
Rika.

Present Perfect Rika has eaten meatball. Meatball has been eaten by
Rika.

Past Perfect Rika had eaten meatball. Meatball had been eaten by
Rika.

Modal Rika will eat meatball. Meatball will be eaten Rika.

Change these sentences into active or passive!

1. The pilot will cancel the flight because of the fog.

2. All the victims of the accident have been sent by the policemen to the nearest hospital.

3. The government has planned to build the ring-road round the city.

4. Our class is exhibiting some beautiful paintings in the art and culture exhibition now.

5. The car was being repaired by the mechanics when I called my friends.

Choose the incorrect parts and change them into right!

1. All the participants of the seminar have been informing by the committee.
A B C D

2. The house were renovated by some workers several weeks ago.

A B C D

3. The real estate office will sent you a copy of the sales contract.
A B C D

4. People didn't builded Rome in a day.

A B C

5. Someone have offered Mike the opportunity to study abroad.

A B C D

17
 Choose the best answer!

1. He teaches English. English.....by him.

a. taught b. is taught c. was taught d. is teaching

2. May God bless you with happiness!...with happiness.

a. may you blessed b. may you be blessed
c. may blessed you be d. may you bless

3. I sent the report yesterday. The report ...yesterday.

a. is sent b. was sent c. had sent d. sent

4. She is writing a letter. A letter .... by her.

a. is written b. is being written c. has been written d.is writing

5. The child is eating bananas. Bananas ... by the child.

a. are eaten b. are being eaten c. have been eaten d. were being eaten

Units and Measurement

Scientific measurements are made using SI units. The system starts with a series of base
units. Match each physical quality/parameter with the correct unit name and symbol!

Physical quality/ Unit

Parameter Name Symbol
1. Length Kilogram A
2. Mass Ampere K
3. Time Kelvin (always singular) kg
4. Current Second m
5. Temperature Meter s

Complete the sentences with unit names above!

1. The heating system draws 30 ……………… on its highest setting.

2. Liquid helium boils at about 4 ………………..
3. It took four ……………….. for the motorcycle to reach kph.
4. The bridge is 927……………..from the west end to the east end.
5. The concrete contains 30……………..of sand.

18
 UNIT 7

LIVING WITHOUT ENERGY

Most houses use energy - lots of it. We use energy for heating, lighting, for running our household
appliances - TV's, washing machines, fridges, and so on. In winter time, most houses use dozens of
kilowatts of electricity every day, or the equivalent in gas. The house in the photo, on the other hand,
uses virtually nothing: most of the energy that it uses comes straight from the sun, the wind or the
ground. This is an experimental house at the University of Nottingham, and it could be the kind of
house that most people are living in fifty years from now.

During the daytime, it is rarely necessary to turn on an

electric light, even in rooms without windows. Sunlight,
or daylight, is "piped" through the house, into each
room, through special high-reflection aluminum tubes.
You can see how well they reflect light, by looking at the
reflections of the faces in the picture! At night, of course,
energy is necessary - but most of this comes from the
sun or the wind. The house is fitted with photovoltaic
solar panels that generate electricity during the daytime
and a wind turbine power generator too; electricity from
these can be used directly, or else stored in batteries,
and used when it is needed.

For heating, the house uses direct solar energy (sunshine heating water that circulates through a
radiator system), or geothermal energy. This takes low-level heat out of the ground, and uses a heat-
pump to convert it into high-level heat for use in radiators - the same principle as a refrigerator, but in
reverse. As for water, most daily needs are provided for by the house's own supply; rainwater is
collected on the roof, filtered, and used for all toilets, baths and showers. If, one day, most people in
developed countries live in houses like this one, most of today's pollution will have disappeared, and
global warming may be a problem of the past.

WORDS:
fitted: equipped - generate: make, create - store: conserve, keep -
geothermal: from under the ground, from the earth - in reverse: backwards
- supply: provision

Answer these questions below:

1. What is the topic of this text?

2. Where did the Experimental House take place?

3. What is energy used for?

4. What kind of devices are the house equipped?

5. How does the house work for heating and water supply?

19
Phrasal verbs:
Pay attention to the verbs below, which are used in the article. ....Do you know, or can you
guess, the meanings of each of these?
Came out = Bring out =
Bring back = Get hold of =
Snap up = Find out =
Take over = Keep up =

Complete these sentences with appropriate answer!

1. My mom brings …… apple. 2. There are three …… on the table.

a. a b. An a. book b. Books
3. I will come to her house…….. 4. Surabaya people speak…….language
a. tomorrow b. Now a. Javanese b. Java
5. They ..... football in the yard. 6. Fatir ..... to campus every day.
a. play b. plays a. goes b. go

STRUCTURE – CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Type Conditional Sentences

I If + S + simple present, S + will + simple verb form
*If I have enough money, I will go abroad
II If + S + simple past, S + would + simple verb form
*If I went to the party, I could meet him.
III If + S + had + V3, S + Would have + past participle
*If I had known her address, I would have visited her house.

Choose the best answer for the blank!

1. If he …… all that he will be ill. 4. I … to help him if I had realized that he was ill.
a. Eaten c. Eats a. Will have offer
b. Ate d. Eating b. Would have offered
2. If you ………. he wouldn't have known that we c. Would have offer
were there. d. Would has offer
a. Isn’t sneezed c. Hadn’t sneezed 5. More tourists would come to this country if it
b. Haven’t sneezed d. Hasn’t sneezed …… a better climate.
3. If someone …….. you a helicopter what would a. Had c. Having
you do with it? b. Has d. will have
a. Gave c. Gives 6. What will happen if my parachute …….?
b. Given d. Give a. Is not open c. Doesn’t open
b. don’t open d. is not opening

Match the sentence in right and left column!

a) If I were a millionaire, 1. I will serve another food.

b) She wouldn't have had an accident, 2. if the dog chased me
c) I'll watch the film, 3. If he likes fruit.
d) If the meatball is eaten, 4. if I finish early.

20
 e) I would run quickly 5. She would have spent money for her car.
f) If she had bought this car 6. I would buy a beautiful car.
g) Andy will buy apples. 7. If she had driven carefully.

Complete these blank sentences using conditional sentence!

1. Boys can become Cub Scouts if they (complete) the second grade.

2. If dinosaurs (continue) roaming the earth, man would have evolved quite differently.

3. If you sat in the position for too long, you might (get) a cramp in your leg.

4. We would have bought a new car if we (have) a lot of money.

5. If biennials (plant) this year, they would be likely to bloom next year.

6. If you heat this ice cream, it (would) melt.

7. I would be bed earlier if I (was) so tired.

8. If my parents have much money, the will (paid) my school fee.

9. I (will) get wet if this morning was rain.

10. If i had (accept) that promotion, I would have been working in London.

21
 UNIT 8

SOLAR CAR

Solar car is a solar vehicle used for land transport. Solar cars are often fitted with gauges as seen in
conventional cars. To keep the car running smoothly, the driver must keep an eye on these gauges
to spot possible problems. Cars without gauges almost always feature wireless telemetry, which
allows the driver's team to monitor the car's energy consumption, solar energy capture and other
parameters and thereby freeing the driver to concentrate on driving.

Solar cars combine technology typically used in the aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy and
automotive industries. The design of a solar vehicle is severely limited by the amount of energy input
into the car. Most solar cars have been built for the purpose of solar car races. Since 2011 solar-
powered cars have been designed for daily use on public roads: List of solar cars (with
homologation).

Solar cars depend on a solar array that uses photovoltaic cells (PV cells) to convert sunlight into
electricity. Unlike solar thermal energy which converts solar energy to heat for either household
purposes, industrial purposes or to be converted to electricity, PV cells directly convert sunlight into
electricity. When sunlight (photons) strike PV cells, they excite electrons and allow them to flow,
creating an electric current. PV cells are made of semiconductor materials such as silicon and alloys
of indium, gallium and nitrogen. Crystalline silicon is the most common material used and has an
efficiency rate of 15-20%.

Give T if the statement true and F if the statement false! Write your reason for each answer in
the right column!

Statement T/F Reason

1. The driver should pay attention to make the car
run smoothly.
2. Telemetry wireless helps the driver’s team to
monitor four aspects.
3. Aerospace, bicycle, alternative energy,
and automotive industries are needed to
support solar cars.
4. Solar cars only designed for solar car races.
5. Sunlight should convert into electricity use strike
PV cells

22
 TIME

Tell the time, please!

1) 4:11 =

2) 6:45 =

3) 2:56 =

4) 8:30 =

5) 11:41=

6) 5:15 =

7) 1:23 =

8) 12:47 =

STRUCTURE – CONJUCTIONS

And 1. I have a book and a pencil.

2. To improve her skill and to study hard are
two important goals of her courses.
But We are not going to force you but to guide you.
Our home is old but comfortable.
Audry listens music in her room.
Barney listens music in his room.
So ….. Subject
1. Audry listens music in her room and so
Subject ……. too does Barney.
2. Barney listens music in his room and
Audrey does too.
Both …..and.... I love both English and math.
Not only …..but also..... My girlfriend is not only smart but also beautiful.
Either….or..... We will either go to Australia or go to Singapore.

The music is either easy listing or good.

Neither ….nor..... We love neither dancing nor singing.

The film is neither interesting nor good.

Additional

1. Because VS Because of

Because : a conjunction which introduce a clause with a subject and a verb.

I will be there because I love you.

Because : a prepositional phrase which introduce a noun or a noun phrase.

I will be there because of you. (as a noun)

I will be there because of your love. (as a noun phrase)

23
 2. Despite VS in spite of

The meaning of despite and in spite of are similar. They indicate contradiction in a sentence or
clause.

Example : Despite his anger, he is a good teacher. In spite of his anger, he is a good teacher.

Complete these sentences using appropriate conjunction!

1. We delayed our trip ...... the bad weather.

2. Sue's eyes were red ....... she had been crying.

3. My notes were not only incomplete ....... mussy.

4. ........its inherent dangers, Carl enjoyed his helicopter trip over the Grand Canyon in
Arizona.

5. Everybody likes him because he is nice .... helpful.

Choose the best answer from these sentences!

1. Receptionists must be able to relay information ______ pass messages accurately.

a. or b. and c. but

2. Susie was busy, so, she just ______ called someone ______ wrote a letter.

a. either, or b. neither, nor c. not only, but also

3. I like chicken .... not fish.

a. but b. and c. neither

4. Neither my mother .... my father will be able to attend the party on Sunday.

a. Or b. and c. Nor

5. Both Lukas ...... Lukman were late to the party.....his car broke down on the highway.

a. and, because b. nor, because of c. but also, and

Find the errors and correct it!

1. Risa will get good score if she study harder, so does Fandi.

2. Not only flowers but trees grow during warm weather.

3. My car has not only a radio but a Cd player.

4. I will go to either Jakarta or go to Sydney.

5. The students will do both math and do science in next week.

6. Although not really handsome, I love him.

7. I ate too much despite hungry.

24
 UNIT 9

THE LEGENDARY MINI COOPER

The original "Mini", which first came out in 1959, remained in production for over 40 years -
an incredible success story in the rather unsuccessful modern British car industry. And for most of
that time, the most exciting Mini of them all was the Cooper. During the 1960's in particular, the Mini
Cooper was the car of the stars. Mini Coopers won the Monte Carlo Rally four times in a row, from
1964 to 1967 (though the 1966 result was contested); they also won races and other rallies
throughout the world. Everyone, film stars, pop stars, sports stars, wanted to have a Mini -
preferably a Mini Cooper. The production of Mini Coopers ceased in the 1970's, but people kept
wanting them; so the Cooper Car Company - who designed and made Cooper engines for the Mini -
sold conversion kits, to change ordinary Minis into Mini Coopers. In the 1990's - after 17 years -
Rover (who then owned the Mini marque) brought back the Mini Cooper , and new Mini Coopers
again rolled off the production line. As before, they were all quickly snapped up by keen buyers -
proving that the legend was still very much alive!

Nevertheless, when production of the old Mini came to a stop that meant the end of the line
for the original Mini Cooper; but not for long! BMW, who had taken over Rover, had already decided
to bring out a new Mini, and with it a new Mini Cooper! The new Mini Cooper was thus launched on
1st December 2001, and within a few days all the original batch of cars had been sold! All over the
world, racing teams were desperate to get hold of one of the new cars, and to be the first to revive a
great legend on the race track or in rallies. And the new Mini Cooper has played a big role in some
recent films, such as the remake of the "Italian Job". The new ordinary Mini has certainly achieved
the same commercial and popular success as its ancestor; there are waiting lists for the new cars in
many countries, including the USA! The legend of the Mini is now over fifty years old; and it is still
going strong! The Cooper Works is one of several small British companies, which have a high
reputation in the world of motor engineering. Other similar companies include Mac Laren and
Williams (for Formula 1 cars), or Morgan and Lotus for sports cars.

The Cooper Car Company was started by Charles Cooper and his son John, just after the Second
World War. Coopers specialized in building high performance cars for racing and motor sport - from
Formula 1 to rally cars. They were in fact the biggest of the post-war "privateers", small companies
who designed and built racing cars for private individuals. One of their customers was Stirling Moss,
the great F1 champion. Today both John and Charles Cooper are dead; but Michael Cooper, John's
son, is still in the company, helping to keep up its long reputation.

WORDS GUIDE

Achieve: obtain - batch: group - cease: stop - customer: client - event: special occasion -
for long: for a long time - get hold of - obtain - in a row: in succession, one after the
other - keen: avid, very determined - kit: equipment - launch: bring out - marque: name
brand - preferably: and they preferred to have - remain: continue - Snap up: buy very
quickly -
25
 After you have read the text, now answer these following questions!

1. What is Cooper Car Company specialized about?

2. Where is the origin of Mini Cooper?

3. When was the original Mini Cooper released?

4. What is the other success of Cooper Company?

5. What is the name of the company which took over the Mini Cooper car?

STRUCTURE – Adjective Clause

Adjective Clause Function Example

Who Explain People as a Subject The man looks sad.
He lost his car.
 The man who lost his car looks sad.
Whom Explain People as an Object Andi is old friend.
I saw him yesterday.
 Andi whom I saw yesterday is my
friend.
Whose As pronoun The man reported to the police.
His car was stolen by someone.
 The man whose car was stolen by
someone reported to the police.
Which Explain thing as a Subject This spaghetti is hot.
It tastes so delicious.
This spaghetti which taste so delicious is
hot.
Which Explain thing as an Object Linda lent me her book.
I took it at her house.
 Linda lent me her book which I took at
her house.

Change these sentences into adjective clause!

1. They are eating meatball. 6. The cat has been found.

Rio and Ria go to mall. Someone stole it yesterday.

2. My father will buy flowers. 7. I came to her house yesterday.

They will be planted in the garden. Ani is my friend.

3. I invite her to go with me. 8. Hendry went to Japan.

Sinta is my girlfriend. He traveled around the world.

4. This laptop was bought by Mr. Ganesh 9. It leaves me in the airport.

His daughter is cute. The plane flies at 9.

26
 5. Indah has a good worker. 10. I love this meatball.
She will graduate next year. Somebody ate it after I had gone.

Complete these sentences using adjective clause!

1. The police has caught the man …….. committed the theft last night.

2. The French language is different from the Latin language ……. was once spoken throughout
Europe.

3. Dicky and Sintia …….. I bought book are my students.

4. Show me the place ……. you put the keys.

5. Do you know Mr Hadi ………. I talked with yesterday?

6. The patient carried out in the ambulance…….brought the patient in to hospital.

7. The water…… was drunk by my brother had had much sugar.

8. The teacher …… the students saw in the classroom is beautiful.

9. The rain …… was coming so hard came with hard wind.

10. I will teach the students this afternoon ….. celebrate their friends winner in match competition.

Find the errors and correct it!

1. The phone who I bought yesterday is expensive.

2. Broccoli whom people often leave uneaten is very nutritious.

3. The lady whom lives across the street is my aunt.

4. I don't like the man whose is really arrogant.

5. Randy whom children are cute had so many good moments last year.

6. Vika whose I gave apples has five sisters.

27
 UNIT 10

THE HISTORY OF COCA COLA

What is the most recognizable object in the world? Could it be a football? Or a Big-Mac? No,
the answer is a Coca-Cola bottle. The famous Coca-Cola bottle is almost 100 years old ! Footballs
and big macs are certainly part of life for lots of people; but Coca-Cola is now a permanent part of
world culture. People know and drink Coca-Cola all over the world. It is said that the Coca-Cola
bottle is the most recognized object in the world. Hundreds of millions of people can recognize a
Coke bottle by its shape, even if they cannot see it! And the famous Coca-Cola logo is the most
famous logo in the world. Unlike any other famous commercial logo, it has not changed in 100
years!

But the story of Coca-Cola is even older than that. It was in 1886 that John Pemberton, a
druggist in Atlanta, Georgia, invented a new type of syrup, using coca leaves, sugar and cola nuts,
plus a few other secret ingredients! Pemberton sold it as a medicine; and with its coca (the source
of cocaine), it must have made people feel good! Nevertheless, Pemberton's medicine was not very
successful, so he sold his secret formula to another druggist, Asa Candler. Candler was interested,
because he had another idea; he thought that Pemberton's "medicine" would be much better if it was
mixed with soda. Candler was thus the man who really invented the drink Coca-Cola. At first he sold
it in his drugstore; then he began selling the syrup to other drugstores, who used it with their soda
fountains. Candler also advertised his new drink, and soon people were going to drugstores just to
get a drink of Coca-cola. Before long, other people became interested in the product, including a
couple of businessmen who wanted to sell it in bottles. Candler sold them a licence to bottle the
drink, and very quickly the men became millionaires. The famous bottle, with its very distinctive
shape, was designed in 1916.

During the First World War, American soldiers in Europe began asking for Coca-Cola, so the Coca-
cola company began to export to Europe. It was so popular with soldiers, that they then had to start
bottling the drink in Europe. Today, Coca-Cola is made in countries all over the world, including
Russia and China; it is the world's most popular drink. As for the famous formula, it is probably the
world's most valuable secret! The exact ingredients for making Coca-Cola are only known to a
handful of people. And as for the "coca" that was in the original drink was eliminated in 1903. It
was a drug, and too dangerous. Today's Coca-Cola contains caffeine, but not cocaine!

WORD GUIDE

shape: form - logo: logotype, name-image - unlike: differently to - druggist: pharmacist

- syrup: concentrated sweet drink - nuts: hard round fruits - ingredient: element -
source: origin - formula: recipe, instructions for making something - soda: bubbling
water, fizzy water - advertise: publicize - license: permit, authorization - distinctive:
memorable, special - as for: concerning - a handful of: a very small number of -
eliminate: take out

28
Using information from the article, complete this résumé in your own words..

Coca Cola was ____________ by John Pemberton, a ___________ living in Atlanta. The original
drink was a __________ , and Pemberton sold it ____ ____ medicine. It was really _____, being
made from coca _________. Pemberton _____ his __________ to Asa Candler,______ decided to
sell ____ ____ drink, ______ _______ soda. At first he _______ it in his drugstores, then he
_________ the ___________ to ___________ drugstores. After that, he________ a ___________
to some businessmen, and they began to _________ the drink. That was the ___________ of the
__________ of Coca Cola.

Chose a word or phrase that appropriate with the sentences!

1. I …… red apples in the refrigerator. a. Have b. has

2 The surveyor ….. coming to industry area. a. Are b. is

3. The plane cannot take off until the rain….. a. Stop b. stops

4. ……teaches the students out of the classroom. a. The teacher b. teacher

5. The secretary ordered two ……….. for the meeting. a. Trays of food b. foods

STRUCTURE- COMPARATIVE DEGREE

Positive Degree
N1 + be + as + adjective + as + N2 Example : Mira is as beautiful as Risa.

Comparative Superlative
A syllable A syllable
N1 + be + adjective +er + than + N2 N + be + the + adjective +est
Ant is smaller than bee. Elephant is the biggest animal.
More than a syllable More than a syllable
N1 + be + more + adjective + than + N2 N1 + be + the +most + adjective + N2
Bella is more diligent than Sera. Jack is the most handsome students in the class.

Choose the right answer!

1. Dewi is the……. student in the class.

a. Smarter b. smartest c. most smartest d. most smarter

2. Bondan is as …… as Danu.

a. Taller b. tallest c. more taller d. tall

3. My father is …. than my mother.

a. Oldest b.older c. Old d. more older

29
4. Lina is popular singer. However, Sari is….. than her.

a. Popular b. popularer c. more popular d. popularest

5. The blue watch is very expensive. It is ….. watch.

a. Expensivest b. more expensive c. the most expensive d. Expensive

Please change these sentences based on gives command!

1. Right now, my hair is longer than last year.

Superlative 
2. My car was the most luxurious in that era.
Comparative 
3. My score was as bad as Tony’s score.
Superlative 
4. You must study hard to get the best score.
Comparative 
5. I am the happiest child to be their daughter.
Positive degree 

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good ………………………………. ……………………………….
Bad Worse ……………………………….
………………………………. Less The least
………………………………. More The most
……………………………… Farther/Further ……………………………….
Old ………………………………. ……………………………….
Late ………………………………. The latest

Write 3 sentences in each adjective given!

1. Salty 3. Great

a. Positive Degree ; a. Positive Degree ;

b. Comperative Degree b. Comperative Degree

c. Superlative Degree c. Superlative Degree

2. Quiet d. Wide

a. Positive Degree ; a. Positive Degree ;

b. Comperative Degree b. Comperative Degree

c. Superlative Degree c. Superlative Degree

30
 UNIT 11
TRACTOR

The first powered farm implements in the early 19th century were portable engines – steam engines
on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. Richard
Trevithick designed the first 'semi-portable' stationary steam engine for agricultural use, known as a
"barn engine" in 1812, and it was used to drive a corn threshing machine. The truly portable engine
was invented in 1839 by William Tuxford of Boston, Lincolnshire who started manufacture of an
engine built around a locomotive-style boiler with horizontal smoke tubes. A large flywheel was
mounted on the crankshaft, and a stout leather belt was used to transfer the drive to the equipment
being driven. In the 1850s, John Fowler used a Clayton & Shuttle worth portable engine to drive
apparatus in the first public demonstrations of the application of cable haulage to cultivation.
The first half of the 1860s was a period of great experimentation but by the end of the decade the
standard form of the traction engine had evolved and would change little over the next sixty years. It
was widely adopted for agricultural use. The first tractors were steam-powered plowing engines. They
were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow back and forth between them using a
wire cable. In Britain Mann's and Garrett developed steam tractors for direct plugging, but the heavy,
wet soil of England meant that these designs were less economical than a team of horses. In the
United States, where soil conditions permitted, steam tractors were used to direct-haul plows. Steam-
powered agricultural engines remained in use well into the 20th century until reliable internal
combustion engines had been developed.

Answer the question based on the text!

1. Explain about portable engines which used in early 19th century!

2. How could the farmer do their job in agricultural field in 1812?

3. What is the specification of tractor which designed by William Tuxford?

4. What is the function of Clayton and Shuttle?

5. What did happen to the tractor in the end of decade?

6. How can the first tractors work?

7. Explain the difference of tractors which used in England and America!

STRUCTURE – CAUSATIVE

Let I don’t let my kids watch violent

Let + person/thing +V
Permit something to happen movies.
Make After Billy broke his friend's
Force or require someone to make + person + verb shoes, his parents made him
take an action pay for it.
Have  have + person + verb  I’ll have my assistant call

31
Give someone else the you to reschedule the
responsibility to do something  have + thing + past appointment.
participle of verb  We’re having our house
painted this weekend.
GET My husband hates housework; I
Convince/encourage someone get + person + to + verb can never get him to wash the
to do something dishes!
HELP  help + person + verb  He helped me carry the
Assist someone in doing boxes.
something  help + person + to + verb  He helped me to carry the
boxes.
ASK  ask + person + to + verb  Sari asks her son to take a
Want someone to do something bath.

PASSIVE Subject + Causative verb + I get the plates washed.

Noun + V3

Change the words in brackets into their correct forms!

1. The management asked all employees (take) the bonus before holiday

2. I will get my car (repair).

3. They have Rudy (play) football.

4. The management of the mall got the shop assistant (replace) the broken item I bought.

5. Penny had their house (sell) by her husband.

6. The cake shop let the customers (taste) the cake first.

7. My teacher let the test (take).

8. Mother (help) me do shopping for daily needs yesterday. Mother asks me (do) shopping.

9. My lecturer asked the paper (revise).

10. The student is helping the paper (translate).

Choose the best answer for the blank sentences!

1. I am going .....at new hairdresser's. 2. She needs to....

a. to get my hair cut a. have her car repairs
b. to cut my hair b. have her car repaired

3. I really must get .... the central heating. 4. They ought to have .... replace the broken windows.
a. somebody to fix a. somebody to
b. somebody fix b. somebody

5. He.... tickets sent to his address yesterday. 6. You should ..... a long time ago.
a. had a. have it fixed
b. has had b. had it fixed

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7. After winning a fortune, she....her family to do 8.Sinta is helping the whiteboard ........
everything for her. a. cleaned
a. gets b. cleaning
b. has

Question Tag

Question tag position is at the end of a sentence. It uses question tags in conversation to ask if what
the speaker said is true or not, or if the other person agree or not.

There are positive and negative question tags. These are the examples:

a. This cake is delicious, isn’t it? a. Sentence "a" shows positive sentence.
s be(+) be(-) s So, the question tag must be negative.
b. Sentence "b" show negative sentence. If
b. He will not come late, will he? there is negative sentence, the question tag
s modal(-) modal(+) s must be positive.

Exercise

1. It’s cold, ………………..?

2. You love this bag, ………………..?

3. It was very cold yesterday, ………………..?

4. He hasn’t submitted his homework, ………………..?

5. It often snows there, ………………..?

6. But it’ll be spring soon, ………………..?

7. It’s snowing in the north, ………………..?

8. Raisa has a daughter, ………………..?

9. My parents didn’t give me a new phone, ………………..?

10. They hadn’t had a pie, ………………..?

11. We must pass our post-test to get certificate, ………………..?

12. He often plays game in his leisure time, ………………..?

13. The baby was born 2 days ago, ………………..?

14. My friends had had good score for English, ………………..?

15. Michel Jackson’s monkey is the most rich monkey, ………………..?

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 UNIT 12

Biopore

The living soil is the basis for crop production in organic agriculture. Biopores are voids in
the soil which were formed by the activity of soil life. The first scientific studies on biopores were
published in the 1870s–90s by Victor Hensen who stated that earthworms were opening channels to
the subsoil and coating them with humus, thus creating a beneficial environment for root growth. His
work was originally widely recognized, but then research on biopores was neglected for many
decades and was only revitalized with the rise of ecological concerns in the 1960s. In recent times,
biopores have attracted the attention of agronomists with a focus on organic agriculture. New
visualization techniques, such as X-ray micro computed tomography, in-situ endoscopy and nuclear
magnetic resonance imaging have been applied. Biopores contribute to air transport through the soil,
increase water infiltration, reduce water runoff and soil erosion, serve as preferential pathways for
root elongation and can facilitate the acquisition of water and nutrients from the subsoil. The

relevance of biopores for nutrient acquisition can be

pronounced particularly in organic production systems,
where crops are more dependent on nutrient acquisition
from the solid soil phase than under conditions of
conventional agriculture. Organic land-use strategies
should aim to increase number, stability and quality of
biopores. The biopore density can be increased by the
share of dicotyledons in the crop rotation and by
cultivating perennial crops with taproot systems.
Moreover, density and—in particular—the quality of
biopores, e.g., the nutrient contents of pore walls, can be
influenced by anecic earthworms which can be promoted
by adapted tillage practices. (Kautz. 2014. Renewable
Agricultural and Food Systems. Journals.cambridge.org)

Answer the question based on the text!

1. What are biopores?

2. What are the advantages of biopore?

3. What kinds of techniques are applied in biopore visualization?

4. How can we increase the quality of biopore?

5. What is the function of anecic earthworms?

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STRUCTURE – GERUND & INFINITIVE

A. Gerund

Gerunds are _ing form that used as noun. As the result, the gerund can act as a subject, object, or
object of preposition. Example :

1. Singing is my hobby.

2. My friends and I like playing football.

3. He’s excited about chatting with his old friend.

The following verbs are followed by gerund:

Admit Delay finish permit resist

Advise Deny forbid postpone resume
Appreciate Detest get through practice risk
Avoid Dislike have quit spend (time)
can't help Enjoy imagine recall suggest
Complete Escape mind report tolerate
Consider Excuse miss resent waste (time)

B. Infinitives

Infinitive is the base form of a verb. It is introduced by to. Used as a noun. The infinitive can also act
as a subject or object. Example :

1. The students forgot to do their homework.

2. They ask me to consume medicine.

The following verbs are followed by infinitives:

Agree Consent have offer shoot

Aim Continue hesitate ought start
Appear Dare hope plan stop
Arrange Decide hurry prefer strive
Ask Deserve intend prepare swear
Attempt Detest leap proceed threaten
be able Dislike leave promise try
Beg Expect like propose use
Begin Fail long refuse wait
Care Forget love remember want
Choose Get mean say wish
condescend Happen neglect manage

Change the word in the brackets to become true!

1. It is hot here. Would you mind…….(open) the door?

2. Can you manage ………(pack) these parcele alone?

3. Suzan enjoy ………(chat) for hours in a day.

35
4. Fred didn’t have any money, so he decided ………..(take).

5. The plane delayed ……(fly) this morning.

Range these phrases into good sentence!

Example : iji wanted to go abroad.

1. Her mother/ suggest/go/to Canada.

2. She/ decide/visit/ British Columbia.

3. She/consider/study/in Vancouver.

4. However, she/ hate/live/in big cities.

5. Finally, she/choose/go/to Victoria

In, On, and At

Complete the sentences using in, on, or at!

1. I was born…..March 22, 1996.

2. I saw the happening news ….TV.
3. I was going to my brother’s house….. Saturday.
4. I want to go traveling ….Holland.
5. I will come to your home ……3 P.M
6. He stayed here………30 minutes.
7. The campus was built ….1952.
8. We will find technology …..the future.
9. Let’s meet …….dinner time.
10. Are you going to the course …….the summer?

36
 UNIT 13
Review of Modal

1. She ..... watching TV when her mom called her.

a. Was b. Were c. Is d. Are

2. ...... my apple on the table.

a. These is b. There are c. That is d. There were

3. I continued ..........last night because i have pretest today.

a. To study b. Study c. Studying d. studied

4. I got new e-mails .......morning.

a. In b. At d. On d. The

5. Andre ......to campus every morning with his friend.

a. Is going b. Go c. Goes d. Gone

6. Every weekend, my family and I ....... apples from those trees.

a. Take b. Takes c. Is taking d. Took

7. Indonesia got its freedom ........ August 17, 1945.

a. In b. On c. At d. Before

8. I ......... arrive in Jakarta tomorrow morning

a. Will b. Must c. Should d. Can

9. Fina is ............... student in my class. She always gets good score.

a. The smartest b. Smarter c. As smart as d. The most smart

10. I got ...... uniform to wear next week.

a. an b. a c. Many d. much

11. Afif is ................ than Rika.

a. More diligent b. Diligenter c. Most diligent d. As diligent as

12. I ate too much....... mom was cooking my favorite food.

a. Because of b. Because c. But d. Despite

13. ......... do you bring on your bag? I bring my makeup tools.

a. Where b. Which c. What d. How

14. The woman ........bring pen will go to China

a. Who b. Whom c. Whose d. Which

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 15. I always get my friend ........ me to go to mall in the weekend.

a. To accompany b. Accompany c. Accompanied d. Accompanying

16. The books ........... by Marry to my office.

a. Was being brought b. Were bringing c. Bought d. Were brought

17. The police ..........friend is wearing red t-shirt has two children.

a. Which b. Whose c. Whom d. Who

18. He would get scholarship if he .......... motivation letter.

a. Send b. Sent c. Had sent d. Sending

19. My parents have finished .......... bike.

a. Riding b. To ride c. Rode d. Is riding

20. The students try........hard every night.

a. Studying b. To study c. Studied d. Is studying

21. The radio ........... in the living room.

a. Had been listened b. Has listened c. listening d. was listening

22. Each ...... in my class must submit the task.

a. Students b. Student c. People d. Children

23. My mom add ........ sugar to make tea.

a. Much b. many c. Few d. A few

A mineral is 24........ natural, inorganic material (one of in hot living) which is 25......... in the ground,
often within rocks. Minerals 26....... quite pure. Rocks, 27...... the other hand, can be mixture of
several minerals, and may also contain previously organic material. Examples of minerals 28.........
different types of ore – from which metal can be extracted – such as iron ore.
24. a. An b. The c. A d. At
25. a. Find c. Finding c. Founded d. Found
26. a. Are c. Were c. Have d. Had
27. a. In b. On c. at d. Under
28. a. Include b. Includes c. Including d. Included

Complete the tables below!

NUMBERS LETTERS
16 2555
17 ⁄
18 Four thousand and forty
19 23.56
20 3.758

38
 21 Three seventh
22 08;42
23 02;23
24 The time is nine to seven
25 29-02-2018
(d-m-y)

Read the text and State whether the statement is T (true) or F (false)!
Materials technology is a relatively comprehensive discipline that begins with the production of goods
from raw materials to processing of materials into the shapes and forms needed for specific
applications.
Materials - metals, plastics and ceramics - typically have a completely different property, which means
that the technologies involved in their production are fundamentally different. Materials technology is a
constantly evolving discipline and new materials with interesting properties lead to new applications.
For example, the combination of different materials into composites gives rise to entirely new material
properties. Materials Science is closely related to materials technology. Materials Science is a
multidisciplinary field that connects material properties to the material’s chemical composition, micro-
structure and crystal structure.

41. The process of materials into the shapes and forms are produced in the beginning. T/F

42. Metals and plastics have completely different properties. T/F

43. Materials technology is a relatively comprehensive discipline that begins with choosing of goods.

T/F

44. Materials technology is constantly evolving discipline and innovative materials. T/F

45. Material's chemical composition, micro-structure and crystal structure connect with the materials of

materials science. T/F

Answer the questions based on the text!

When we accept the evidence of our unaided eyes and describe the Sun as a yellow
star, we have summed up the most important single fact about it-at this moment in time.

It appears probable; however, that sunlight will be the color we know for only a
negligibly small part of the Sun's history. Stars, like individuals, age and change. As we look
out into space, we see around us stars at all stages of evolution. There are faint blood-red
dwarfs so cool that their surface temperature is a mere 4,000 degrees Fahrenheit, there are
searing ghosts blazing at 100, 000 degrees Fahrenheit and almost too hot to be seen, for the
great part of their radiation is in the invisible ultraviolet range. Obviously, the "daylight"
produced by any star depends on its temperature; today(and for ages to come) our Sun is at
about 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit, and this means that most of the Sun's light is concentrated

39
 in the yellow band of the spectrum, falling slowly in intensity toward both the longer and
shorter light waves.

That yellow "hump" will shift as the Sun evolves, and the light of day will change
accordingly. It is natural to assume that as the Sun grows older, and uses up its hydrogen
fuel-which it is now doing at the spanking rate of half a billion tons a second-it will become
steadily colder and redder.

46. What is the passage mainly about?

a. Faint dwarf stars b. The Sun's fuel problem

c. The evolutionary cycle of the Sun d. The dangers of invisible radiation

47. What does the author say is especially important about the Sun at the present time?

a. It appears yellow b. It has a short history

c. It always remains the same d. It is too cold

48. Why are very hot stars referred to as "ghosts"?

a. They are short- lived. b. They are frightening.

c. They are mysterious. d. They are nearly invisible.

49. According to the passage as the Sun continues to age, it is likely to become what color?

a. Yellow b. Violet c. Red d. White

50. In line 15, to which of the following does "it" refer?

a. yellow "hump" b. day c. Sun d. hydrogen fuel

51. She is beautiful, ...... ?

a. isn’t it b. isn’t she c. is it d. is she

52. You won’t go to the hospital, ..... ?

a. will you b. won’t you c. would you d. wouldn’t you

53. Rina is not only smart..... diligent.

a. but also b. or c. nor d. and

54. They will meet .... in this mall.

a. we b. us c. our d. ours

55. ..... tables will be delivered in Jakarta.

a. these b. this c. that d. it

40