ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 10

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND BLOOD

(LECTURE) ü Heart Characteristics
PART 1
• Location
HEART o located in the THORACIC CAVITY between
the 2 PLEURAL CAVITIES that surround
the lungs.
• Weight and size
o Weighs approximately 250-300 g
o 12 cm (5 in.) long
o 9 cm (3.5 in.) wide at its broadest point
o 6 cm (2.5 in.) thick
• Base
o Located DEEP TO THE STERNUM extends
superiorly to the second intercostal space
• Apex
o Located DEEP TO THE 5TH
INTERCOSTAL SPACE
o Approximately 7–9 cm to the left of the
sternum where the midclavicular line
intersects with the fifth intercostal space

The heart is actually two pumps in one. The right side of the
heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the left side of the
heart through vessels of the pulmonary circulation. The left side
of the heart pumps blood to all other tissues of the body and
back to the right side of the heart through vessels of the systemic
circulation.

FUNCTIONS OF THE HEART

Contractions of the heart
generate blood pressure,
Generates blood pressure which is required to force
blood through the blood
vessels.
The heart separates the
pulmonary and systemic ü Layers of the heart
Routes blood circulations, which • ENDOCARDIUM
ensures the flow of § The INNERMOST
oxygen rich blood to § It provides a SMOOTH LINING for the
tissues. chambers of the heart and COVERS THE
The valves of the heart VALVES of the heart
Ensures one-way blood ensure a one-way flow of • MYOCARDIUM
flow blood through the heart § The MIDDLE part
and blood vessels. § Responsible for the PUMPING ACTION of
Changes in the rate and the heart and is composed of CARDIAC
force of heart contraction MUSCLE TISSUE
Regulates blood supply match blood flow to the § It makes up approx. 95% of the heart wall
changing metabolic needs • PERICARDIUM
of the tissues during rest, § The OUTERMOST
exercise, and changes in § The membrane that SURROUNDS AND
body position. PROTECTS
§ Composed of two main parts:
o Fibrous layer
o Serous layer

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ü Pericardium CHAMBERS OF THE HEART

1. Fibrous pericardium
• Tough, fibrous connective tissue OUTER layer.
• It resembles a bag that RESTS ON and
ATTACHES TO THE DIAPHRAGM
• PREVENTS OVERSTRETCHING of the heart,
PROVIDES PROTECTION, and anchors the
heart in the mediastinum.
2. Serous pericardium
• A thinner, more delicate membrane that FORMS
A DOUBLE LAYER around the heart.
• Has two layers:
o Parietal layer
-Portion of the serous pericardium
lining the fibrous pericardium
o Visceral layer
-Portion of the serous pericardium
covering the heart surface
ü Atria
• Two SUPERIOR RECEIVING CHAMBERS of the
heart.
• Functions primarily as reservoirs, where blood
returning from veins collects before it enters the
ventricles.
• Auricle
§ Wrinkled pouch-like structure that can be seen
on the anterior surface of each atrium.
§ Slightly INCREASES THE CAPACITY OF
AN ATRIUM so that it can hold a greater
volume of blood.

• Sulcus
§ Series of grooves, that contain CORANARY
BLOOD VESSLES and a variable amount of
fat.
§ Marks the EXTERNAL BOUNDERY between
two chambers of the heart.

ü Heart External Anatomy

§ Posterior Intraventricular sulcus
o A shallow groove on the
POSTERIOR surface of the heart
o MARKS THE EXTERNAL
BOUNDARY between the ventricles
on the posterior aspect of the heart
§ Coronary sulcus
o Encircles most of the heart
o MARKS THE EXTERNAL
BOUNDARY between the superior
atria and inferior ventricles
§ Anterior intraventricular sulcus
ü Heart Internal Anatomy o A shallow groove on the ANTERIOR
surface of the heart
o MARKS THE EXTERNAL
BOUNDARY between the right and
left ventricles on the anterior aspect
of the heart.
• Septum
§ A THIN PARTITION between the chambers
of the heart.
o Interatrial septum
o Interventricular septum

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• Fossa ovalis • Chordae Tendineae
§ The remnant of the foramen ovale § Tendon-like, fibrous cords that CONNECT
§ A prominent oval depression feature seen on atrioventricular valves of the heart with papillary
interatrial septum muscles
• Papillary muscles
§ RAISED ARES OF CARDIAC MUSCLE in the
ventricle to which the chordae tendinae attach

• Right Atrium
§ RECEIVES BLOOD through three major
openings:
• Interventricular septum
o Superior vena cava
§ Cardiac muscle PARTITION separating the
o Inferior vena cava
o Coronary sinus right and left ventricles.

• Left Atrium • Right Ventricle

§ Forms MOST of the BASE of the heart § About 4–5 mm (0.16–0.2 in.) in average
§ RECEIVES blood FROM THE LUNGS through 4 thickness
pulmonary veins § Forms MOST OF THE ANTERIOR surface of
the heart.
• Left Ventricle
§ The THICKEST CHAMBER of the heart
§ Average 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in.)
§ Forms the APEX of the heart

ü Heart Valves
• Open and close in response to PRESSURE
CHANGES as the heart contracts and relaxes.
§ Atrioventricular valves
ü Ventricle o Located between an atrium and a
ventricle.

• MAJOR PUMPING CHAMBERS of the heart Tricuspid valves

• EJECT BLOOD INTO THE ARTERIES and force it -The AV valve between the
to flow through the circulatory system right atrium and the right
ventricle.
-Composed of three cusps
Bicuspid valves
-The AV valve between the
left atrium & the left ventricle.
Composed of two cusps.

• Trabeculae carneae § Semilunar valves

§ A series of ridges formed by RAISED o Also known as AORTIC &
BUNDLES of cardiac muscle fibers PULMONARY VALVES
o Made up of three crescent moon–shaped
cusps

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 ü Blood Supply to the Heart

ü Cardiac Skeleton Right side of the heart Left side of the heart

• Pump for PULMONARY • Pump for SYSTEMATIC

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION
• Receives all the DARK- • Receives BRIGHT RED
RED DEOXYGENATED OXYGENATED (oxygen-
BLOOD rich) blood FROM the lungs

ü Coronary Artery

ü Blood Flow through Heart

ü Right coronary artery

§ Originates on the right side of the aorta.
§ Supply most of the wall of the right ventricle.
§ Two Major Branches:
1. RA 8. Pulmonary veins
2. Tricuspid valve 9. LA ü Follows the posterior
Posterior Interventricular interventricular sulcus
3. RV 10. Bicuspid valve Artery ü Supplies walls of the
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve 11. LV two ventricles with
5. Pulmonary trunk 12. Aortic semilunar valve oxygenated blood
ü Extends inferiorly along
6. Pulmonary arteries 13. Aorta the lateral wall of the
7. Lungs 14. Body right ventricle
Right Marginal Artery ü Transports oxygenated
blood to
the wall of the right
ventricle. 4
• Left coronary artery
§ Originates on the left side of the
aorta
§ Supply much of the anterior wall of the heart and
most of the left ventricle.
§ Three Major Branches:

• a.k.a. LEFT ANTERIOR

Anterior • DESCENDING ARTERY
interventricular • Lies in the anterior
artery • intraventricular sulcus
• Supplies oxygenated
blood to the walls of both
ventricles
ü Lies in the coronary sulcus
Circumflex Artery ü Distributes oxygenated blood
to the walls of the left
ventricle and
left atrium.
ü Extends inferiorly along the
Left Marginal Artery lateral wall of the left
ventricle from the circumflex
artery

ü Coronary veins

ü Located on the anterior

Anterior Cardiac Veins surface of the right atrium
ü They drain directly into the
right atrium
ü Located on the lateral right
Small Cardiac Veins ventricle, parallel to the
right marginal artery.
ü Drain at the lateral right
ventricle
ü Located on the lateral right
Middle Cardiac Veins ventricle, parallel to the
right marginal artery.
ü Drain at the lateral right
ventricle
ü Located in the anterior
interventricular sulcus,
Great Cardiac Veins parallel to the anterior
interventricular artery.
ü Anterior portions of the
right and left ventricle
ü Located on the coronary
Coronary Veins sulcus on the posterior
surface of the heart; drains
into the right atrium.

END of PART 1 LEC

REFERENCES:

SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY, 9th and 10th Edition

NO COPYRIGHT INTENDED

5
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 10
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM AND BLOOD
(LECTURE)
PART 2
ü Heart Wall
ü Cardiac Muscle Action Potentials
1. Depolarization phase
• Na+ channels open
• Ca2+ channels open
2. Plateau phase
• Na+ channels close
• Some K+ channels open
• Ca2+ channels remain open
3. Repolarization phase
• K+ channels are open
• Ca2+ channels close
CARDIAC MUSCLE
ü Conduction System of the Heart
• The conduction system of the heart includes the
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node,
atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle
branches, and Purkinje fibers
• The heart’s pacemaker
Sinoatrial node (SA • Located in the superior wall of
node) the right atrium & initiates the
contraction of the heart.
• Located in the lower portion of
Atrioventricular the right atrium
node (AV node): • The action potential slows
because of differences in cell
structure in AV node.
• action potentials from AV node
Atrioventricular travel to AV bundle
bundle: • AV bundle divides into a left
and right bundle branch
• The only site where action
AV Bundle of HIS potentials can conduct from the
atria to the ventricles
• Pass to the apex of the heart and
Purkinje Fibers then extend to the cardiac
muscle of the ventricle walls
1. Action potentials originate in the sinoatrial (SA) node
and travel across the wall of the atrium (arrows) from
the SA node to the atrioventricular (AV) node.
2. Action potentials pass through the AV node and along
the atrioventricular (AV) bundle, which extends from
the AV node, through the fibrous skeleton, into the
interventricular septum.
3. The AV bundle divides into right and left bundle
branches, and action potentials descend to the apex of
each ventricle along the bundle branches.
4. Action potentials are carried by the Purkinje fibers
from the bundle branches to the ventricular walls.
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ü Action Potential Path through Heart ü Electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)
1. SA node
2. AV node (atrioventricular) • record of ELECTRICAL EVENTS in heart
3. AV bundle • diagnoses CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES
4. Right and Left Bundle branches
• uses electrodes
5. Purkinje fibers
• contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave

ü Heart Sounds
Auscultation- act of listening to sounds within the body
P wave – atrial
usually done with a stethoscope.
depolarization
• Comes primarily from BLOOD TURBULENCE
caused by the CLOSING OF THE HEART VALVE QRS Complex-
• There are four (4) heart sounds: S1, S2, S3, & S4 ventricular
§ S1 depolarization
o S1 heart sound: LUBB sound
o Louder and a bit longer than the second T wave- ventricular
sound repolarization
o Caused by BLOOD TURBULENCE
associated with CLOSURE OF THE AV
VALVES soon after ventricular systole
begins ü Cardiac Cycle
§ S2
o S2 heart sound: DUPP sound
o Shorter and not as loud as the first sound
o Caused by BLOOD TURBULENCE
associated with CLOSURE OF THE SL
VALVES soon after ventricular systole
begins
§ S3
o Due to blood turbulence during
RAPID VENTRICULAR FILLING
§ S4
o Due to blood turbulence during ATRIAL
SYSTOLE

ü Heart Valve Locations

ü Regulation of Heart Function

1. Stroke Volume
volume of blood pumped per ventricle per
contraction
2. Heart Rate
number of heart beats in 1 min
3. Cardiac Output
volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min.

ü Intrinsic Regulation of Heart

• refers to the mechanisms contained WITHIN
THE HEART itself that control cardiac output

Venous return The AMOUNT OF BLOOD that

RETURNS to the heart.
Preload The degree to which
VENTRICULAR WALLS ARE
STRETCHED at the end of
diastole
Starlings Law of the The direct relationship between
Heart PRELOAD and CARDIAC
OUTPUT
After load PRESSURE against which the
ventricles must pump blood.

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ü Extrinsic Regulation of Heart ü Heart Disease
• refers to mechanisms EXTERNAL to the heart, • Coronary Artery Disease
such as either nervous or chemical regulation §due to DECREASE BLOOD
SUPPLY to the heart
§ coronary arteries are NARROWED
for some reason
• Myocardial Infarction (heart attack)
§ due to CLOSURE of one or more
coronary arteries
§ area(s) of cardiac muscle lacking
adequate blood supply die, and scars
(infarct)

ü Heart Procedures

• Angioplasty
§ procedure OPENS BLOCKED BLOOD
ü Baroreceptor Reflex VESSELS
• Stent
§ STRUCTURES inserted to KEEP
VESSELS OPEN
• Bypass
§ procedure REROUTES BLOOD AWAY
from blocked arteries

ADDITIONAL INFO:

ü Chemoreceptor Reflex
• involves CHEMICAL REGULATION of
the heart.
• Chemicals can affect HEART RATE and
STROKE VOLUME

Diseases and Disorders: Heart

END of PART 2 LEC ◆

v
:
REFERENCES: SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY, 9th and 10th Edition
8
NO COPYRIGHT INTENDED