Three Phase Systems

Conducted by: M.L.A.Dilrukshi

Lecturer
Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Engineering Technology
Katunayake
Balanced three phase system
 Having three single phase voltages
• Same magnitude
• Same frequency
• Time-displaced from one another by 120°
Star connection (Y connection)
• The common terminal is called as the neutral (n)
• The voltage between any of the phases and the neutral is called the “phase-to-neutral
voltage” or “phase voltage” Vp
• In a balanced three phase system, the sum of the voltages is zero

VR  VP 0
VY  VP   2 / 3
VB  VP 2 / 3

VR  VY  VB  0
The voltage between any two lines is called as the “line-to-line voltage” or “line voltage” VL

VRY

VRY  VRN  VNY  VRN  VYN

VRY  VR  VY
VYB  VY  VB
VBR  VB  VR
VRY  VRN  VNY  VRN  VYN • So the magnitude of the line voltages are
VRY  VR  VY √3 times the phase voltages
VRY  VP 0  (VP   2 / 3)  3VP  / 6 • Line voltages would be 30ᵒ leading the
nearest phase voltage.
VYB  VY  VB VL  3 (VP )
VYB  (VP   2 / 3)  (VP 2 / 3)  3VP    / 2 IL  IP

VBR  VB  VR
VBR  (VP 2 / 3)  VP 0  3VP 5 / 6
Q1. A star connected balanced three phase load consists with 1030
impedance of each phase. The voltage between phase R and neutral is
given as 2200 . (Take phase R voltage as the reference voltage).
1) Find out the other two phase voltages
2) Calculate the phase currents
3) Calculate the line voltages
VRN  2200 , z  1030

(1) Phase voltages

VYN  220  120  220240V
VBN  220120V

(2) Line currents

2200
IR   22  30 
A
1030 

220  120
IY   22   150 
 22 240 
A
1030 

220120
IR   22 90 
A
1030 
(3) Line voltages
VRY  VRN  VNY  VRN  VYN
VRY  VRN  VYN
VRY  2200  220  120  381.0530V
VRY  3VP  3 (2200 * 30 )V  381.0530V

VYB  VYN  VBN

VYB  220  120  220120  381.05  90V

VBR  VBN  VRN

VBR  220120  2200  381.05150V
 Delta connection
• Line voltage and phase voltage are equal in magnitude
• But the line and phase currents are different in magnitude
• No neutral point
I RY  I P 0
IYB  I P   2 / 3
I BR  I P 2 / 3

I R '  I RY  I BR  ( I P 0)  ( I P 2 / 3)  3I P    / 6

IY '  IYB  I RY  ( I P   2 / 3)  ( I P 0)  3I P   5 / 6
I B '  I BR  IYB  ( I P 2 / 3)  ( I P   2 / 3)  3I P  / 2

• So the magnitude of the line currents are √3 times the

phase currents
Q2. A delta connected balanced three phase load consists with 1030
impedance of each phase. The voltage between phase R and phase Y( VRY )
is given as 220 330.
1) Calculate the phase currents
2) Calculate the line currents
VRY  3VP  220 330  381.0530
VYB  220 3  90  381.05  90
VBR  220 3150  381.05150
  𝑉𝐵𝑅 𝑉𝑅𝑌

(1) Phase Currents

220 330
I RY   22 3 0 
 38 .15  0 
A
1030 
𝑉𝑌𝐵

220 3  90
I YB   22 3  120 
 38 .15   120 
A
1030 

220 3150
I BR   22 3 120 
 38.15  120 
A
1030 
(2) Line currents
I R '  I RY  I BR I B'
I R '  (22 30 )  (22 3120 )  66  30 A
I BR
I R '  3 (22 30 ) *   30  66  30 A
I RY
I Y '  I YB  I RY
I Y '  (22 3  120 )  (22 30 )  66  150 A IY ' I YB I R'

I B '  I BR  I YB
I B '  (22 3120 )  (22 3  120 )  6690 A
Balance load
• Three phase balanced loads may also represent in two ways as star connected load and
delta connected load
• Each of the three phase will have the same impedance

Star connection Delta connection

 Star-Delta transformation

• For a balanced load the equivalent delta connected impedance is 3 times that of the star
connected impedance

ZD * ZD
ZS 
ZD  ZD  ZD
2
ZD ZD
ZS  
3Z D 3
 Z D  3Z S
Analysis of three phase balanced systems

Three phase star-star circuit

Single phase equivalent circuit

Q3. A balanced three phase Y-connected generator with positive sequence has an impedance
of 0.2+j0.5Ω/phase and internal voltage 120V/phase. The generator feeds a balanced three
phase Y-connected load having an impedance of 39+j28 Ω /phase. The impedance of the line
connecting the generator to the load is 0.8+j1.5 Ω /phase. Take R phase as the reference.
i. Draw the R phase equivalent circuit
ii. Find the line currents
iii. Phase voltages at the load of each phase
iv. Line voltages at the load
(1)

(2) Line currents

z  (0.2  0.8  39)  j (0.5  1.5  28)  40  j 30
1200
IR   2.4  36.87  A
40  j 30
I Y  2.4(36.87   120 ) A  2.4  156.87  A
120  120
IY   2.4  156.87  A
40  j 30
I B  2.4(36.87   120 ) A  2.483.13 A
120120
IB   2.483.13 A
40  j 30
 Phase voltages at load
(3)
VRN  (2.4  36.87  ) * (39  j 28)  115.2  1.19V

VYN  (2.4  156.87  ) * (39  j 28)  115.2  121.19V

VYN  115.2  (1.19  120)  115.2  121.19V

VBN  (2.483.13 ) * (39  j 28)  115.2118.81V

VBN  115.2(1.19  120)  115.2118.81V
(4) Line voltages at load
VRN  115.2  1.19V
VYN  115.2  121.19V
VBN  115.2118.81V

VRY  VRN  VNY  VRN  VYN

VRY  VRN  VYN
 
VRY  115.2  1.19  115.2  121.19  199.5328.81V
VRY  3VP  3 (115.2  1.19 ) * 30  199.5328.81V

VYB  199.53(28.81  120)  199.53  91.19V

VBR  199.53(28.81  120)  199.53148.81V
Q4. A balanced three phase Y-connected generator has an impedance of 0.2+j0.5Ω/phase and
internal voltage 120V/phase. The generator feeds a balanced three phase delta-connected
load through a distribution line having an impedance of 0.3+j0.9Ω /phase. The load impedance
is 118.5+j85.8 Ω /phase.
1) Draw the R phase equivalent circuit
2) Find the line currents
3) Phase voltages at the load of each phase
4) Calculate phase currents of the load
Using the relationship between the impedances in star and delta connections,

ZD
ZS 
3
118.5  j85.8
ZS   39.5  j 28.6 / phase
3
(2)
z  (0.2  0.3  39.5)  j (0.5  0.9  28.6)  40  j 30
1200
IR   2.4  36.87 A
40  j 30
I Y  2.4(36.87  120 ) A  2.4  156.87 A
I B  2.4(36.87  120 ) A  2.483.13 A

(3)
VRN  (2.4  36.87  ) * (39.5  j 28.6)  117.04  0.96V
VRY  3 (117.04  0.96 )30  202.7229.04V
VYB  202.72(120  29.04 )V  202.72  90.96V
VRY  202.72(120  29.04 )V  202.72149.04V
(4)
1200
IR   2.4  36.87  A
40  j 30
2.4  36.87 
I RY  * 30  1.39  6.87  A
3
202.7229.04
I RY   1.39  6.87  A
118.5  j85.8

I YB  1.39(120  6.87  )  1.39  126.87  A

I BR  1.39(120  6.87  )  1.39113.13 A
 Three phase power
For single phase load the active power
P=V.Icos(θ)
V = phase voltage
I = phase current
θ = phase angle in between the phase voltage and current
Therefore for three phase load the total power should be the sum of each phase power
For three phase the active power
P=3V.Icos(θ)
For three phase systems the power is expressed in line quantities.
For star connected load, For delta connected load,

IL  IP VL  VP
VL  3VP IL  3I P
VL IL
VP  IP 
3 3
P  3VP I P cos( ) P  3VP I P cos( )
VL IL
P3 I L cos( ) P  3VL cos( )
3 3
P  3VL I L cos( ) P 3VL I L cos( )
Q  3VL I L sin( ) Q 3VL I L sin( )
S  3VL I L S 3VL I L
Q5. A balanced three phase Y-connected generator with positive sequence has an impedance
of 0.2+j0.5Ω/phase and internal voltage 120V/phase. The generator feeds a balanced three
phase Y-connected load having an impedance of 39+j28 Ω /phase. The impedance of the line
connecting the generator to the load is 0.8+j1.5 Ω /phase.
1. Calculate the average power(true power)/phase
2. Calculate total average power
3. Total average power loss in the line
4. Total internal power loss in the generator
5. Total reactive power at the load
(1)
P  VP I P cos( )
  36.87   1.19  35.68
P  115.22 * 2.4 * cos(35.68 )
P  224.62W

P  I P R  (2.4) 2 39  224.64W
2

(2)
PT  3VL I L cos( )  3 *199.53 * 2.4 cos(35.68 )
PT  673.73W
PT  3 * 224.64  673.92W
(3)
Ploss ,line  3 * I 2 R  3 * 2.4 2 * 0.8
Ploss ,line  13.824W

(4)
Ploss , generator  3 * I 2 R  3 * 2.4 2 * 0.2
Ploss , generator  3.456W

(5)
QT  3VL I L sin( )
QT  3 *199.53 * 2.4 sin(35.68 )
QT  483.77Var
Q6. A star connected balanced supply with internal voltage of 230V/phase feeds a balanced
load consisting of
• Three equal single phase loads of (20 + j15) Ω connected in star
• Three phase heating load (purely resistive) of 1.2 kW.
Determine
1. Supply current
2. Supply power factor
3. Active power at load
 (1)
2300
I p1   9.2  36.87  A
20  j15
400
I p2   1.7390 A
230
I p  I p1  I p 2  9.2  36.87   1.7390
I p  10.64  31.24 A

(2)
pf  cos(31.24)  0.855
(3)
P  3VL I L cos( )  3VP I P cos( )
P  3 (230 3 ) *10.64 cos(31.24)  6277.08W
P  6277.08W  6.277kW
 Three Phase power measurements
Wattmeter is used to measure power
There are two coils in the wattmeter
• Current coil : Stationary, carries a current proportional to
the load current
• Voltage coil/Potential coil : Movable, Carries a current
proportional to the load voltage
The average deflection of the pointer is proportional to
• Current in the current coil,
• Voltage on the potential coil
• cosine of the phase angle between the voltage and current
 Two wattmeter method
• Take two watt meters to measure the total power in a system
• Consider one conductor as a reference and find the other two line voltages and currents
• Assumption : Current drawn by the potential coil of the wattmeter is negligible compared
with the line current measured by the current coil.
W1  VRY * I R * cos(1 )
W1  VL * I L * cos(1 )
VRY
θ

W2  VBY * I B * cos( 2 )
W2  VL * I L * cos( 2 )
1  30  
 2  30  

W  W1  W2
W  VL * I L * cos(30   )  VL * I L * cos(30   )
W  2VL * I L * cos( ) cos(30 )  3VL * I L * cos( )
Q7. For the following figure the phase voltage is 120V at load and the per-phase load
impedance is 8+j6Ω.
1) Find the two wattmeter readings and take the sum
2) Verify that this sum is equal to the total power delivered to the load.
(1) VL  120 3V
Z  8  j 6  1036.87  W  W1  W2
I L  120 / 10  12 A W  979.75  2476.25  3456W

1  36.87   30  66.87 

 2  36.87   30  6.87  (2)
P  3I 2 R  3 *12 2 * 8
W1  VL * I L * cos(  30 ) P  3456W
W2  VL * I L * cos(  30 )
P  3VL I L cos( )
W1  120 3 *12 * cos(66.87  )
P  3 (120 3 *12 * cos(36.87)  3456W
W2  120 3 *12 * cos(6.87  )
W1  979.75W
W2  2476.25W
 Unbalanced three phase systems
 A three phase system is one which is not perfectly balanced
 Due to
• Supply being unbalanced,
• Load being unbalanced or both.
If the neutral impedance is zero,
The line currents are as follows Phase voltages at load,
ER  I R ( Z s  Z line  Z LR ) VRN  I R ( Z LR )
ER ER .Z LR
IR  VRN 
( Z s  Z line  Z LR ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LR )

EY  I Y ( Z s  Z line  Z LY ) VYN  I Y ( Z LY )
EY ER .Z LY
IY  VYN 
( Z s  Z line  Z LY ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LY )

EB  I B ( Z s  Z line  Z LB ) VBN  I B ( Z LB )
EY ER .Z LB
IB  VBN 
( Z s  Z line  Z LB ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LB )
If the neutral impedance is not zero,

V 1
V  IZ  I   V ( )  VY
Z Z
YV 1
VSN     YV *
Y Y
1 1 1 1
.ER  .EY  .EB  .0
( Z s  Z line  Z LR ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LY ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LB ) ( Z neutral )
VSN 
1 1 1 1
  
( Z s  Z line  Z LR ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LY ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LB ) ( Z neutral )
The line currents Phase voltages at load,
ER  I R ( Z s  Z line  Z LR )  VSN VRN  I R ( Z LR )
ER  VSN ER  VSN
IR  VRN  * Z LR
( Z s  Z line  Z LR ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LR )

EY  I Y ( Z s  Z line  Z LY )  VSN VYN  I Y ( Z LY )

EY  VSN ER  VSN
IY  VYN  * Z LY
( Z s  Z line  Z LY ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LY )

EB  I B ( Z s  Z line  Z LB )  VSN VBN  I B ( Z LB )

EY  VSN ER  VSN
IB  VBN  * Z LB
( Z s  Z line  Z LB ) ( Z s  Z line  Z LB )
I T  I1  I 2  I 3  I 4
1 1 1 1 1
   
RT R1 R2 R3 R4

V  I T .RT  I T .
1

IT

I
1 1 1
( ) ( )
RT RT
R
THE END