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Unbalanced Three-Phase
Systems
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• The star point, NL, of the load is connected to the star point, NS of
the supply.
• It is the simplest case of an unbalanced load because of the
presence of the neutral wire; the star points of the supply NS
(generator) and the load NL are at the same potential.
Unbalanced Four Wire Star-Connected Load (continued)
V RN V 0 V
as reference, and assuming RYB phase sequences, we have the
three phase voltages as follows:
V RN V 0 V; V YN V 120 V
V BN V 120 V
Unbalanced Four Wire Star-Connected Load (continued)
V RN V0 V
IR 1 A
Z1 Z 11 Z 1
VYN V 120 V
IY 120 2 A
Z2 Z 2 1 Z2
Unbalanced Four Wire Star-Connected Load (continued)
V B V120 V
IB 120 3 A
Z3 Z 3 3 Z3
Unbalanced Four Wire Star-Connected Load (continued)
Obviously, the current in each phase (or line) will be different. Hence,
the vector sum of the currents in the three lines is not zero, but is
equal to neutral current, i.e.
I N I R IY I B 0
Worked Example 1
ZR = (10 + j10)
208 V
208 V IN
N
ZB = (12 + j12)
IY ZY = (2 + j2)
Y
208 V
IB
B
Solution
VRN 1200
IR 6 j 6 8.485 45 A
Z R 10 j10
VBN 120120
IB 1.83 j 6.83 7.0775 A
Z3 12 j12
39.654 163.23 A
Worked Example 2
Z 1 4 j8 8.9463.40
Z 2 3 j 4 553.1
VRN 230.940 V
.
VYN 230.94 120 V
VBN 230.94120 V
Solution
VB 230120
IB 9.23 293.13 A
Z 3 2553.13
Solution
(i) To find the neutral current, we must add the three line currents.
The neutral current must then be equal and opposite to this sum.
Thus
I N I R I Y I B
30.67 j 20.15 A
In polar form,
I R 36.6933.30 A
Solution
It’s phase with respect to is 33.3, the disposition of all the currents
is shown in the figure below.
Power in R phase,
PR I R2 25.83 4 2668.75 W
2
Power in Y phase,
PY I Y2 46.18 3 6397.77 W
2
Power in B phase,
PB I B2 9.23 15 1277.89 W
2
PT PR PY PB
2668.75 6397.77 1277.89 W
10344.41 W
Unbalanced Three Wire Star-Connected Load
• The potential of the load star point is different from that of the
supply star point. The result is that the load phase voltage is not
equal to the supply phase voltage; and they are only unequal in
magnitude, but also subtend angles other than 120 with each
other.
• The magnitude of each phase voltage depends upon the
individual phase loads.
Unbalanced Three Wire Star-Connected Load
Z R ZY ZY Z B Z B Z R
Z YB
ZY
Z RZY ZY Z B Z BZ R
Z BR
ZY
Find the line currents and voltage across each phase impedance.
Assume RYB sequence.
Solution
The unbalanced star load and its equivalent delta () is shown in the
figures below.
Z R 4 j8 8.9463.40
Z Y 3 j 4 553.1
Z B 15 j 20 2553.13
Solution
Calculate Z RY , Z YB and Z BR .
Z R Z Y Z Y Z B Z B Z R 8.9463.40553.1 55.312553.1
2553.18.9463.4
391.80113.23
Therefore,
Z R ZY ZY Z B Z B Z R
Z RY
ZB
391.80113 .23
2553.1
15.6760.13
Solution
Z R Z Y Z Y Z B Z B Z R 391.80113 .23
ZYB
ZY 8.9463.4
43.8349.83
Z R Z Y Z Y Z B Z B Z R 391.80113.23
Z BR
ZY 553.1
78.3660.13
Solution
V BR 400120 V
Therefore,
VRY 4000
IR 25.52 60.13 A
Z RY 15.6760.13
VBR 400120
I BR 5.10 300.13 A
Z BR 78.3660.13
Solution
28.41 - 69.07 A
29.85136.83 A
1327.60 A
These line currents are also equal to the line (phase) currents of the
original star-connected load.
Solution
149.2189.68 V
Voltage drop across Z B ,
V Z B I 3 Z B 1327.602553.1 32580.7 V
END OF FIRST PART
MILLMAN’S METHOD OF SOLVING UNBALANCED LOAD
I1 I2 I3 I4 In
Z1 Z2 Z3 Zi Zn
V1 V2 V3 Vi Vn
N
Application of Ohm’s law to the circuit leads to the following
equations:
V 1 V N 'N
I !Z 1
Z1 N’
I1 I2 I3 I4 In
V 2 V N 'N
I Z2
Z2 Z1 Z2 Z3 Zi Zn
V 3 V N 'N V1 V2 V3 Vi Vn
I Z3
Z3 N
V n V N 'N
I Zn
Zn