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Lesson 2: Delta-delta
Lesson 3: Delta-wye
Lesson 4: Wye-delta
Lesson 5: Wye-wye
MODULE II
Three-phase systems are important for at least three reasons. First, nearly
all electric power is generated and distributed in three-phase, at the operating
frequency of 60 Hz (or ω = 377 rad/s) in the United States or 50 Hz (or ω = 314
rad/s) in some other parts of the world. When one phase or two-phase inputs are
required, they are taken from the three phase system rather than generated
independently. Even when more than three phases are needed—such as in the
aluminum industry, where 48 phases are required for melting purposes—they can
be provided by manipulating the three phases supplied. Second, the instantaneous
power in a three-phase system can be constant (not pulsating). This results in
uniform power transmission and less vibration of three-phase machines. Third, for
the same amount of power, the three-phase system is more economical than the
single-phase. The amount of wire required for a three-phase system is less than
that required for an equivalent single-phase system
OBJECTIVES
There are five lessons in the module. Read each lesson carefully then
answer the exercises/activities to find out how much you have benefited from it.
Work on these exercises carefully and submit your output to your instructor.
In case you encounter difficulty, discuss this with your instructor during the
face-to-face meeting.
.
Voltage and Current Relationships in
Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send
together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a phase difference
of 120°, i.e 120° angle electrically. So from the total of 360°, three phases are
equally divided into 120° each. The power in three phase system is continuous as
all the three phases are involved in generating the total power. The sinusoidal
waves for 3 phase system is shown below. Note that the generated voltages are
120◦ apart from each other.
v a Vm cos t
v b V m cos t 120
v c Vm cost 240 ,
(1)
Va Vm
Vb Vm e j120
Vc Vm e j240 .
(2)
Fig.2.2 A three- phase system
diagram
Va Ia Za
A three-phase system is shown
in Fig 2.2. In a special case all
impedances are Vb Ib Zb identical
Za = Zb = Zc = Z .
Vc Ic Zc (3)
Va Vb Vc
Ia Ib Ic
Z Z Z .
Va Vb Vc Vm 1 e j120 e j240
1 3
Vm 1 cos120 j sin 120 cos 240 j sin 240 Vm 1 j
3 1
j 0.
2
2 2 2
In 0 .
(5)
Since the current flowing though the fourth wire is zero, the wire can be
removed (see Fig.2)
Va Ia Z Fig. 2
The system of
connecting the voltage sources
and the load Vb Ib Z branches, as
depicted in Fig. n n’ 2, is called the Y
system or the star system. Point
n is called the Vc Ic Z neutral point of
the generator and point n’ is
called the neutral point of
the load.
Each branch of the generator or load is called a phase. The wires connecting
the supply to the load are called the lines. In the Y-system shown in Fig. 2 each
line current is equal to the corresponding phase current, whereas the line-to-line
voltages ( or simply line voltages ) are not equal to the phase voltages.
Y-connected System
Fig.3
Va
The a phasors of the
phase voltages can be
generally written Vab as follows
Vb b
n Vca
Va V Vme j (6)
o
Vc Vbc
Vb Ve j120 c
o
Vc Ve j240 .
We determine the line voltages Vab, Vbc, Vca ( see Fig.3). Using KVL, we obtain
1 3 3 3
Vab Va Vb Va 1 j Va j
2 2 2 2
2
3 3 j tan 1
2 3
Va e 3
Va 3e j30 .
2 2
Thus,
o
Vab Va 3 e j30 .
(7)
o
Vbc Vb 3 e j30
(8)
o
Vca Vc 3 e j30 .
(9)
The phasor diagram showing the phase and line voltages is shown in Fig.4.
Fig.4
Thus,
the line Vab voltages
Vab, Vbc, Vca form
a Vc
30 Va
30
Vca
30
Vb
Vbc
symmetrical set of phasors leading by 30 the set representing the phase voltages
and they are 3 times greater.
Summary of Balanced 3
Circuits Va Za=Z /System:
1. Wye Vab (Star)
L
Connected
System Vca Zc=Z
IL = IΦ Zb=Z
VΦ ZΦ Vc
VL Vb
VL b
Vbc
VL c
IL = IΦ
ZΦ
Relationships: ZΦ
IL = IΦ
IL = IΦ
Delta (Mesh) Connected System
VΦ
IL IΦ
VL ZΦ
VL
IL
VL IΦ
IL
ST
Zφ
QT XT
θT θT
0 PT 0 RT
Phase Sequence is the order in which the generated voltages in the phase
windings of an alternator reach or attain their peak or maximum values.
a. Positive Phase Sequence
AB - BC - CA → BC - CA - AB → CA - AB - BC
AN - BN - CN → BN - CN - AN → CN - AN - BN
Examples of Vector Representations
VC = |VC| < -240° VA = |VA| < -240° VB = |VB| < -240°
120° 120°
120° VAB = |V| < 0° 120° VAN = |VAN| < 0° 120°
120° 120°
VB = |VA| < -240° VA = |VC| < -240° VC = |VB| < -240°
120° 120° 120°
120° VA = |VA| <0 120° VC = |VC| < 0° 120° VB = |VB| < 0°
120° 120° 120°
VC = |VA| <-120° VB = |VC| <-120° VA = |VB| <-120°
Phase sequences:
Note:
In the ACB sequence, Vab lags Van by 30°. Hence, if Vab = 400 V,
then
Problem:
Solution:
Since Van = 240 90°, the other two phase voltages are:
Line - refers to the "transmission line" or wires that connect the source (supply) to
the load. The conductors connected to the three points of a three-phase
source or loads are called lines. It may be modeled as a small impedance
(actually 3 of them), or even by just a connecting line.
Neutral - the 4th wire in the 3-phase system. It's where the phases of a Y
connection come together.
Phase current is the current through any one component comprising a three-phase
source or load.
Line Currents - the currents flowing in each of the lines (Ia, Ib, and Ic). This
definition does not change with connection type.
Line Voltages - the voltages between any two of the lines (Vab, Vbc, and Vca) in a
three-phase circuit. These may also be referred to as the line-to-line
voltages. This definition does not change with connection type.
Line to Neutral Voltages - the voltages between any lines and the neutral point
(Va, Vb, and Vc). This definition does not change with connection type, but
they may not be physically measureable in a Delta circuit.
Line to Neutral Currents - same as the line currents (Ia, Ib, and Ic).
In balanced “Y” circuits, line voltage is equal to phase voltage times the
square root of 3, while line current is equal to phase current.
Lesson 2
Both the three phase source and the three phase load can be connected
either Wye or DELTA. Balanced Δ connected load is more common while Y
connected sources are more common.
Vca = Vp -210° =
Phase Currents: =; =; =;
Example
Problem:
Solve for the line currents in the Y-Δ circuit. Take ZΔ = 60 45°Ω .
Solution:
Problem:
Ia = = 9.76 (– 6.28°) A
Solution:
Circuit representation:
For the line current Ia,
Problem:
For the Y-Y circuit, find the line currents, the line voltages, and the load
voltages.
Solution:
Problem:
Ia = = 2.91 -14.04° A
Ib = = 2.91 -134.04° A
Ic = = = 2.91 105.96° A
Lesson 4
Example
Solution:
Lesson 5
A balanced Δ-Δ system is one in which both the balanced source and
balanced load are Δ-connected.
Vab = Vp 0°
Vbc = Vp -120°
Vca = Vp +120°
Line currents are obtained from the phase currents by applying the KCL at
nodes A, B, C:
Example
Solution:
a)
b)
References:
http://christinejuvinalba.blogspot.com/2014/
https://www.slader.com/subject/science/engineering/questions/
https://circuitglobe.com/advantages-of-3-phase-over-single-phase-
system.html