Solar Power Plant

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 1
SOLAR POWER PLANT
Dept of EEE, RVCE 1

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either
directly using photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly using concentrated solar
power. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using
the photovoltaic effect. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors
and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight to a hot spot, often to
drive a steam turbine.
Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small
and medium-sized applications, from the calculator powered by a single solar cell
to remote homes powered by an off-grid rooftop PV system. Commercial
concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s. Since then, as
the cost of solar electricity has fallen, grid-connected solar PV systems have grown
more or less exponentially. Millions of installations and gigawatt-
scale photovoltaic power stations continue to be built, with half of new generation
capacity being solar in 2021.
In 2021 solar generated 3.8% (1040 TWh) of the world's electricity-
compared to 1% (253 TWh) in 2015 when the Paris Agreement to limit climate
change was signed. Wind and solar generated over 10% of the world's electricity in
2021. Along with onshore wind, the cheapest levelised cost of electricity is utility-
scale solar.
Much more low carbon power, such as solar, is urgently needed to limit
climate change, but the International Energy Agency said in 2022 that more effort
was needed for grid integration and the mitigation of policy, regulation and
financing challenges.
Technologies
Solar power plants use one of two technologies:
 Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-

mounted solar farms, converting sunlight directly into electric power.
 Concentrated solar power (CSP) uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight
to extreme heat to eventually make steam, which is converted into electricity by
a turbine.
Dept of EEE, RVCE 2

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light into electric
current using the photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed
by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. The German industrialist Ernst Werner von
Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery. In
1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver
selenide in place of copper oxide, although the prototype selenium cells converted
less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work of Russell Ohl in
the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created
the silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost US$286/watt and reached
efficiencies of 4.5–6%. In 1957, Mohamed M. Atalla developed the process of
silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation at Bell Labs. The surface
passivation process has since been critical to solar cell efficiency.
As of 2022 over 90% of the market is crystalline silicon. The array of
a photovoltaic system, or PV system, produces direct current (DC) power which
fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires
conversion to alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters. Multiple solar
cells are connected inside panels. Panels are wired together to form arrays, then
tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC, the
desired frequency/phase.
Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available,
especially in developed countries with large markets. In these grid-connected PV
systems, use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites,
lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are
often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at
night and at other times of limited sunlight.
Dept of EEE, RVCE 3

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Thin-film solar
See also: List of CIGS companies
A thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by
depositing one or more thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a
substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are commercially
used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium
gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si).
Thin-film solar on standing seam metal roofs
Thin film solar running down standing seam metal roof
With the increasing efficiencies of thin film solar, installing them on metal roofs
has become cost competitive with traditional Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline
solar cells. The thin film panels are flexible and run down the standing seam metal
roofs and stick to the metal roof with Adhesive, so no holes are needed to install.
The connection wires run under the ridge cap at the top of the roof. Efficiency
Dept of EEE, RVCE 4

INTERSHIP 2022-23
ranges from 10-18% but only costs about $2.00-$3.00 per watt of installed
capacity, compared to Monocrystalline which is 17-22% efficient and costs $3.00-
$3.50 per watt of installed capacity. Thin film solar is light weight at 7-10 ounces
per square foot. Thin film solar panels last 10-20 years[20] but have a
quicker ROI than traditional solar panels, the metal roofs last 40-70 years before
replacement compared to 12-20 years for an asphalt shingle roof.
Technologies
Solar power plants use one of two technologies:
 Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-

mounted solar farms, converting sunlight directly into electric power.
 Concentrated solar power (CSP) uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight
to extreme heat to eventually make steam, which is converted into electricity by
a turbine.
Photovoltaic cells
Main articles: Photovoltaics and Solar cell
Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system[8]

A solar cell, or photovoltaic cell, is a device that converts light into electric
current using the photovoltaic effect. The first solar cell was constructed
by Charles Fritts in the 1880s.[9] The German industrialist Ernst Werner von
Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery.[10] In
1931, the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver
selenide in place of copper oxide,[11] although the prototype selenium cells
converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity. Following the work
of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl
Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954.[12] These early solar cells cost
US$286/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%.[13] In 1957, Mohamed M.
Atalla developed the process of silicon surface passivation by thermal
Dept of EEE, RVCE 5

INTERSHIP 2022-23
oxidation at Bell Labs.[14][15] The surface passivation process has since been critical
to solar cell efficiency.[16]
As of 2022 over 90% of the market is crystalline silicon.[17] The array of
a photovoltaic system, or PV system, produces direct current (DC) power which
fluctuates with the sunlight's intensity. For practical use this usually requires
conversion to alternating current (AC), through the use of inverters.[8] Multiple
solar cells are connected inside panels. Panels are wired together to form arrays,
then tied to an inverter, which produces power at the desired voltage, and for AC,
the desired frequency/phase.[8]
Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available,
especially in developed countries with large markets.[18] In these grid-connected PV
systems, use of energy storage is optional. In certain applications such as satellites,
lighthouses, or in developing countries, batteries or additional power generators are
often added as back-ups. Such stand-alone power systems permit operations at
night and at other times of limited sunlight.
Thin-film solar
See also: List of CIGS companies
A thin-film solar cell is a second generation solar cell that is made by
depositing one or more thin layers, or thin film (TF) of photovoltaic material on a
substrate, such as glass, plastic or metal. Thin-film solar cells are commercially
used in several technologies, including cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium
gallium diselenide (CIGS), and amorphous thin-film silicon (a-Si, TF-Si).[19]
Thin-film solar on standing seam metal roofs
Thin film solar running down standing seam metal roof
Dept of EEE, RVCE 6

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Installation prices
With the increasing efficiencies of thin film solar, installing them on metal roofs
has become cost competitive with traditional Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline
solar cells. The thin film panels are flexible and run down the standing seam metal
roofs and stick to the metal roof with Adhesive, so no holes are needed to install.
The connection wires run under the ridge cap at the top of the roof. Efficiency
ranges from 10-18% but only costs about $2.00-$3.00 per watt of installed
capacity, compared to Monocrystalline which is 17-22% efficient and costs $3.00-
$3.50 per watt of installed capacity. Thin film solar is light weight at 7-10 ounces
per square foot. Thin film solar panels last 10-20 years but have a
quicker ROI than traditional solar panels, the metal roofs last 40-70 years before
replacement compared to 12-20 years for an asphalt shingle roof.
Types of Solar Panels
The solar panels can be divided into 4 major categories:
 • Monocrystalline solar panels

 • Polycrystalline solar panels
 • Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact cells (PERC) solar panels
 • Thin-film solar panels
The solar panels are determined by the type of solar cells present in it. Each cell
has a unique characteristic and has a different appearance.
Dept of EEE, RVCE 7

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Comparison of Types of Solar Panels on Cost, Efficiency &

Appearance
Particulars Monocrystalline Polycrystallin Mono- Thin-film

e PERC
Cost High Medium Highest Lower
Efficiency High Medium Highest Less
Appearance Black/ Darker Blue colour Black and Depends on
colour with with square rounded the variant
octagonal shape edges edges
Advantages Energy efficient Affordable Most Lowest
Heat resistant Less wastage efficient installation
Less space cost
required Lightweigh
t
Disadvantage Expensive Low heat Most Shorter life
s High carbon resistance expensive span
footprint Lower energy Lower
efficiency efficiency
Pros and Cons of Solar Energy
Advantages of Solar Energy Disadvantages of Solar Energy
Reduces Electricity Bills Weather Dependent
Diverse Applications Solar Energy Storage is Expensive
Low Maintenance Costs Uses a Lot of Space
Technology Development Associated with Pollution
Conclusion
Choosing the right and suitable type of solar panels for your home may seem
challenging but once you have gathered all the information it is easier to make the
decision. When selecting the right solar panel for your home you should always
consider all the pros and cons of each option.
Dept of EEE, RVCE 8

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 2
ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT
CHAPTER 2
ACTIVITIES OF THE DEPARTMENT
This chapter focuses on the activities of the organization, Internshala. It puts forward the
activities like training, placement guarantee courses, fresher jobs, internships which help many
students and people searching for part time and full-time jobs, and other activities.
Dept of EEE, RVCE 9

INTERSHIP 2022-23
2.1 Internshala
The tagline of Internshala is ‘internships that matter’; it means that the company provides
you a platform for seeking meaningful and helpful internships. Internshala's mission is to equip
every student with practical skills and exposure so that they can build their dream careers. A
world where you do not have to wait till 21 to taste your first work experience Internshala
trainings certificate is recognized by over 1.8 lakh companies. The website helps students find
internship with organization in India. It is India’s no. 1 internship and training platform with
40000+ paid internships in engineering, MBA, media, laws, arts and other streams.
Internshala courses are largely divided into Summer Training and Winter Training.
Internshala offers different kinds of internships—full time, part-time, and work from home. The
top Internshala competitors are StuMagz, twenty19, Letsintern and Interworld. In 2011, the
website became a part of NASSCOM 10K Startups. In august 2016, Telangana’s non-profit
organization, Telangana Academy for Skill and Knowledge (TASK) partnered with Internshala
to help students with internship courses and career services. In September 2016, Team Indus,
Google XPRIZE shortlisted, partnered with Internshala for college outreach for its initiative,
Lab2Moon.
2.2 Training
Dept of EEE, RVCE 10

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Learn new-age skills are on the go with these short-term online trainings. Best online courses
with certificates like python, web development, digital marketing & more are available at
Internshala Trainings. Internshala Student Partner (ISP) is India's largest campus ambassador
program where college students get a chance to become the face of Internshala. This program
helps students learn, earn & grow at the same time while developing essential marketing and
communication skills.
2.3 Internship
It provides 10,000+ internships from great companies to give a kickstart to your career.
Internshala Trainings certificate is recognized by over 1.8 lakh companies. We get internship
& job preparation training free on purchase of any online training. It makes us job ready in 6
weeks. It has 1:1 Doubt Solving and rated 4.5+ by 5 Lakh Students. 6 Lac+ Students are
certified through intenshala trainings.
2.4 Partnerships
In August 2016, Telangana's not-for-profit organization, Telangana Academy for Skill and
Knowledge (TASK) partnered with Internshala to help students with internship resources and

INTERSHIP 2022-23
career services. In September 2016, Team Indus, Google XPRIZE shortlisted entity, partnered
with Internshala for college outreach for its initiative, Lab2Moon.
2.5 Awards and Achievements

In 2011, the website became a part of NASSCOM 10K Startups. In 2015, Internshala was
a finalist in People Matters TechHR 2015 Spotlight Awards under 'Futurism in Recruitment'
category.
2.6 Freshers jobs

It has premium fresher jobs with a minimum CTC of 2LPA. Applying to 6775 fresher jobs
on Internshala.com to explore the latest jobs for freshers online in top leading companies can get
your dream job in your location. Fig 2.2: Snapshot of 2021. The chapter briefed about the
possible opportunities and activities performed by the organization which helps many people to
excel in their life and acquire knowledge by making innovative projects. The next chapter
focuses on the task performed in the internship followed by the outcome obtained by the
internship.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED
This chapter includes all the tasks performed in the internship which included quiz and module
test after each video and module respectively.
WEEK 1
3.1 Introduction to Hardware Components & Development Process
3.1.1 What is PCB?
A printed circuit board is a rigid structure that contains electrical circuitry made up of
embedded metal surfaces called traces and larger areas of metal called planes. Components are
soldered to the board onto metal pads, which are connected to the board circuitry. This allows
components to be interconnected. A board can be composed of one, two, or multiple layers of
circuitry.Circuit boards are built with a dielectric core material with poor electrical conducting
properties to ensure pure circuitry transmission and interspaced with extra layers of metal and
dielectric as needed. The standard dielectric material used for circuit boards is a flame-resistant
composite of woven fiberglass cloth and epoxy resin, known as FR-4, while the metal traces and
planes for the circuitry are usually composed of copper.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
3.1.2 Resistors
Resistor is defined as “A passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either
limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits.”
The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any
particular portion of the circuit. It is made of copper wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod
and the outer part of the resistor is coated with an insulating paint.
There are two basic types of resistors as follows:
⮚ Linear resistor : Fixed Resistors and Variable Resistors
⮚ Non-linear resistor : Thermistors and Photo resistors
Resistors may not display the value outside but their resistance can be calculated through their
colour pattern PTH (plated-through-hole) resistors use a colour-coding system (which really adds
some flair to circuits), and SMD (surface-mount-device) resistors have their own value-marking
system.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
3.1.3 Potentiometer
Fig 3.5 Potentiometer

INTERSHIP 2022-23
The potentiometer is basically a long piece of uniform wire across which a standard cell is
connected. In the actual design, the long wire is cut into several pieces and it is placed side by
side and connected at the ends with a thick metal strip. The current flowing through the wire can
be varied using a variable resistance (rheostat) connected to the circuit. The resistance can be
changed manually for measuring the potential difference. The potential difference between any
two points in a circuit is the amount of work done in bringing the charge from the first point to
the second point. When there is a potential difference there will be a current flow in the circuit.
The potentiometer is an instrument used for measuring the unknown voltage by

comparing it with the known voltage. It can be used to determine the emf and internal resistance
of the given cell and also used to compare the emf of different cells. The comparative method is
used by the potentiometer. The reading is more accurate in a potentiometer.
Working Principle of Potentiometer:
The basic principle of the potentiometer is that the potential drop across any section of the
wire will be directly proportional to the length of the wire, provided the wire is of the uniform
cross-sectional area and a uniform current flows through the wire.
3.1.4 Capacitors

INTERSHIP 2022-23
A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric
charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance. The space
between the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a
dielectric. The ability of the capacitor to store charges is known as capacitance.Capacitors store
energy by holding apart pairs of opposite charges. The simplest design for a capacitor is a
parallel plate, which consists of two metal plates with a gap between them. But, different types
of capacitors are manufactured in many forms, styles, lengths, girths, and materials.
The different types of capacitors are following.
⮚ Electrolytic Capacitor
⮚ Mica Capacitor
⮚ Paper Capacitor
⮚ Film Capacitor
⮚ Non-Polarized Capacitor
⮚ Ceramic Capacitor
3.1.5 Hardware Development
The hardware product development process begins with the raw idea of a product and ends
once that product is produced. Hardware product development may begin with or without a
formal roadmap; however, without a proper plan, designers may run out of money, go past
deadlines, or face unseen difficulties due to economic changes, company policies, or competitor
influence. To create a successful product for the electronics market, it is best to follow a strictly
disciplined process called product lifecycle management (PLM). PLM covers all aspects of
hardware product development, including specification, research, design, manufacturing, sales,
and maintenance.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Product development teams have to balance many tasks and priorities at once. They must
design and develop outstanding products that meet all requirements. At the same time, they must
ensure their products minimize manufacturing costs and are manufactured to meet deadlines. A
tiny mistake in any step of the hardware product development process can cost money, time, or
both. That is why most engineers adhere to the standard hardware product development lifecycle
in order to ensure efficient and effective hardware product development.
There are seven different phases in the hardware product development lifecycle:
Requirements or ideation→ Design→ Manufacturing→ Testing
3.2
Introduction to Autodesk Eagle

3.2.1 About Autodesk Eagle
EAGLE contains a schematic editor, for designing circuit diagrams. Schematics are stored
in files with .SCH extension, parts are defined in device libraries with .LBR extension. Parts can
be placed on many sheets and connected together through ports. The PCB layout editor stores

INTERSHIP 2022-23
board files with the extension .BRD. It allows back-annotation to the schematic and auto-routing
to automatically connect traces based on the connections defined in the schematic.
EAGLE saves Gerber and PostScript layout files as well as Excellon and Sieb &
Meyer drill files. These are standard file formats accepted by PCB fabrication companies, but
given EAGLE's typical user base of small design firms and hobbyists, many PCB fabricators
and assembly shops also accept EAGLE board files (with extension .BRD) directly to export
optimized production files and pick-and-place data themselves.
EAGLE provides a multi-window graphical user interface and menu system for editing,
project management and to customize the interface and design parameters. The system can be
controlled via mouse, keyboard hotkeys or by entering specific commands at an
embedded command line. Keyboard hotkeys can be user defined. Multiple repeating commands
can be combined into script files (with file extension .SCR). It is also possible to explore design
files utilizing an EAGLE-specific object-oriented programming language (with extension .ULP).
3.2.2 Schematic Editor and Layout Editor
A schematic editor is a tool for schematic capture of electrical circuits or electronic circuits.
Schematic editors replaced manual drawing of schematic diagrams, but they still retain the
capability of outputting schematics on specially formatted sheets. At the same time modern
schematic editors capture schematic data in a way suited for automatic processing by further

INTERSHIP 2022-23
stages of the design cycle. Besides basic drawing and visualization capabilities, modern
schematic editors typically provide the following capabilities:
⮚ Capture electrical properties and other attributes of components, wires, nets and pins.
⮚ Hierarchical way of design.
⮚ Generate netlists and other common representations of the designed circuit from
schematic.
⮚ Generate documentation.
⮚ Generate Gerber files to CAM.
⮚ Libraries of standard components.
⮚ Automatically detect and report errors in the schematic.
3.2.3 Library Creation and Installation

INTERSHIP 2022-23
To create a managed library in EAGLE, follow these steps:
⮚ In EAGLE, in Control Panel right-click on the local library.
⮚ Select "Create managed library".
⮚ In the new window click "Create".
⮚ Then click "Ok".
Installing of Library
⮚ Select the Arrow icon to expand your Libraries folder in the Control Panel until you see
your new Sparkfun and Adafruit folders.
⮚ Next, right-click your Sparkfun and/or Adafruit libraries folder and select Use all.
3.2.4 Backup

INTERSHIP 2022-23
The WRITE command creates backup copies of the saved files. These backups have the same
name as the original file, with a modified extension that follows the pattern “.x#n” In this
pattern 'x' is replaced by the character
'b' for board files

's' for schematic files
'l' for library files
'n' stands for a single digit number in the range 1..9. Higher numbers indicate older files.
The fixed '#' character makes it easy to delete all backup files with the operating system
command
rm *.?#?
Auto backup interval If a drawing has been modified a safety backup copy will be automatically
created after at most the given Auto backup interval.
This safety backup file will have a name that follows the pattern
.x##
In this pattern 'x' is replaced by the character
'b' for board files

's' for schematic files
'l' for library files
The safety backup file will be deleted after a successful regular save operation. If the drawing
has not been saved with the WRITE command (e.g. due to a power failure) this file can be
renamed and loaded as a normal board, schematic or library file, repectively.
The auto backup interval can be set in the backup dialog.
3.1 Circuit Explanation, Schematic Design, & ERC Errors

INTERSHIP 2022-23
3.1.1 Power Budget calculation and PSU

Power budget is power utilization and consumption calculation associated with a system.
It can be seen as net power balance of the system while in operation. The power generated and
consumed can vary according to mode of operation.In case of a satellite, typically, solar panels
generate power and battery stores it for use. While designing the satellite, we have to calculate
how much power needs to be generated so as to cater the needs of all the electronics onboard.
This calculation of how much power needs to be generated will be responsible for solar panel
parameters. A storage capacity of battery is also dictated by the power needs in the eclipse region
of the orbit, wherein solar panels do not generate power. It may seem as if the power budget can
be calculated only when entire design of all the electrical components is known. But a tentative
budget calculation starts at the beginning.
The parameters for the solar panels, battery and various loads get fixed iteratively and
eventually the power budget gets refined. Starting with ballpark values, helps us get to the initial
design parameters which are later analyzed and changed iteratively, as required to meet the

INTERSHIP 2022-23
requirements from various subsystems. The ballpark values can be obtained by studying the
literature of previous satellite missions, from studying particular class of components etc. System
Engineer plays an important role in making and maintaining the power budget of the system.
PSU:
A power supply is an electrical device that supplies electric power to an electrical load.
The main purpose of a power supply is to convert electric current from a source to the
correct voltage, current, and frequency to power the load. As a result, power supplies are
sometimes referred to as electric power converters. Some power supplies are separate standalone
pieces of equipment, while others are built into the load appliances that they power. Examples of
the latter include power supplies found in desktop computers and consumer electronics devices.
Other functions that power supplies may perform include limiting the current drawn by
the load to safe levels, shutting off the current in the event of an electrical fault, power
conditioning to prevent electronic noise or voltage surges on the input from reaching the
load, power-factor correction, and storing energy so it can continue to power the load in the
event of a temporary interruption in the source power (uninterruptible power supply). By using
the schematic editor tool the below PSU was designed according to the required specification of
our project. Here IC7805 is used for regulating the 12v input for a 5v output. A diode is also
placed in the positive terminal for reverse polarity protection.
3.3.2 Microcontroller

INTERSHIP 2022-23
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in

an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor, memory and input/output
(I/O) peripherals on a single chip. Sometimes referred to as an embedded controller or
microcontroller unit (MCU), microcontrollers are found in vehicles, robots, office machines,
medical devices, mobile radio transceivers, vending machines and home appliances, among other
devices. They are essentially simple miniature personal computers (PCs) designed to control
small features of a larger component, without a complex front-end operating system (OS).
Working of microcontrollers
A microcontroller is embedded inside of a system to control a singular function in a

device. It does this by interpreting data it receives from its I/O peripherals using its central
processor. The temporary information that the microcontroller receives is stored in its data
memory, where the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory to
decipher and apply the incoming data. It then uses its I/O peripherals to communicate and enact
the appropriate action. Microcontrollers are used in a wide array of systems and devices. Devices
often utilize multiple microcontrollers that work together within the device to handle their
respective tasks.
ATMEGA328 is used as the microcontroller for this project. This is the same
microcontroller which is present on the Arduino UNO board. This is the most convineant and
less power consuming microcontroller for this project. Below is the schematic design of
microcontroller interfacing with different sensors and components

INTERSHIP 2022-23
3.3.3 Motor Driver

In this project L293D motor driver is used for controlling the motors in any direction
accordingly. DC motor drives are defined as amplifiers or power modules that interface between
a controller and a DC motor. They convert step and direction input from the controller to
currents and voltages compatible with the motor. These units are sometimes called variable
speed drives, referring to a majority of DC motor drives which adjust shaft speed. In industry, a
'drive controller' is a motor drive which incorporates functions of a programmable logic
controller (PLC) and drive interface to regulate the speed, torque, horsepower, and direction of a
DC motor.
DC motors tend to be less complex than AC motors and are normally less expensive for
most horsepower ratings. They are capable of providing large startup torques exceeding 400% of
the rated continuous torque. They have a long history of use in variable speed applications with a
wide range of options available for this purpose.
Fig 3.15 Motor Driver
3.3.4 Seven Segment Display

INTERSHIP 2022-23
A seven-segment display is a form of electronic display device for

displaying decimal numerals that is an alternative to the more complex dot matrix displays.
Seven-segment displays are widely used in digital clocks, electronic meters, basic calculators,
and other electronic devices that display numerical information. Schematic for Seven segment
display is given below and is controlled using the IC4511 and with some resistors.
3.3.5 Switch, Preset,

RGB
Switch is used for Clear the memory and reset the program present in the microcontroller. RGB
led is used for controlling the lights as required by modifying the code for microcontroller. And

INTERSHIP 2022-23
preset is used for controlling the speed of the motor, it can also be used for increasing and
decreasing the intensity of light. Schematic of all of these is shown in the above figure.
3.3.6 ERC Error

Types of ERC crimes When you run an ERC for the first time, you ’ll be
presented with several error orders, including thickness crimes thickness- error This error
means that commodity is n’t right between your schematic and PCB layout, and your
changes likely are n’t in sync between both files. However, consider it a major red flag to
compare both performances of your design before moving ahead, If you get one of these
crimes. crimes error crimes are the red stoplights. You need to step on the breaks and
check these out before proceeding. crimes can be enough significant, like having an
unconnected leg that will throw your whole circuit out of whack. Warnings advising
Warnings are the unheroic stoplights. While these types of crimes might not
mess up your design if you move forward without fixing them, it’s good practice to
decelerate down and review them one by one. These guys are minor compared to crimes,
and include numerous non-design breaking issues like missing net values.
Fig 3.18 ERC errors

INTERSHIP 2022-23
3.4 BOM, Manufacturing Data, & Component Soldering

3.4.1 Gerber Data
Fig 3.19 Gerber Data
The Gerber format is an open, ASCII, vector format for printed circuit board (PCB) designs.
It is the de facto standard used by PCB industry software to describe the printed circuit board
images: copper layers, solder mask, legend, drill data, etc. The official website contains the
specification, test files, notes and the Reference Gerber Viewer to support users and especially
developers of Gerber software.
Gerber is used in PCB fabrication data. PCBs are designed on a specialized electronic
design automation (EDA) or a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The CAD systems output
PCB fabrication data to allow fabrication of the board. This data typically contains a Gerber file
for each image layer (copper layers, solder mask, legend or silk...). Gerber is also the standard
image input format for all bare board fabrication equipment needing image data, such
as photoplotters, legend printers, direct imagers or automated optical inspection (AOI) machines
and for viewing reference images in different departments. For assembly the fabrication data
contains the solder paste layers and the central locations of components to create the stencil and
place and bond the components.
There are two major generations of Gerber format:

INTERSHIP 2022-23
⮚ Extended Gerber or RS-274 X. This is the current Gerber format. In 2014, the graphics
format was extended with the option to add meta-information to the graphics objects.
Files with attributes are called X2 files; those without attributes are X1 files.
⮚ Standard Gerber, or RS-274-D. This obsolete format was revoked.
The standard file extension is .GBR or .gbr though other extensions like .GB, .geb or .gerber are
also used.
In Autodesk eagle the designed schematic can be saved in Gerber format for ordering the
PCB from online through the different websites. Gerber data plays major role in PCB Design
3.4.2 Order Placing

The following steps show how to place an order on JLCPCB easily:
⮚ The home page displays a quotation calculator that takes you to the ordering page. On the
quotation calculator, simply enter the size of the PCB, quantity, layers and thickness.
⮚ Enter the board details into the online Price calculator to get your price (The cheapest
option is $2 for 5pcs, 2-layer, PCB sizes <= 10cmx10cm).

INTERSHIP 2022-23
⮚ Click " Gerber Viewer" to check your design. Please carefully check your gerber
file once a problem is detected, if there is no problem, just click "Save to Cart" to
continue.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
⮚ Click " Add new item", repeat 4-6 for each additional PCB you want to order.
⮚ In the cart, you can view the details of each item by expanding it.
⮚ Once you have all your PCBs in the Cart click the " Checkout Securely" button.
⮚ On the checkout page you add your shipping address, the country determines the shipping
rate. The shipping options are below the address. DHL takes about 3-5 days to deliver
(not including the 3-4 day manufacturing time), Airmail takes 15-25 days.
3.4.3 Bill of Material

INTERSHIP 2022-23
A bill of materials (BOM) is an extensive list of raw materials, components, and instructions
required to construct, manufacture, or repair a product or service. A bill of materials usually
appears in a hierarchical format, with the highest level displaying the finished product and the
bottom level showing individual components and materials.
There are different types of bills of materials specific to engineering used in the design process;
they're also specific to the manufacturing used in the assembly process.
3.4.4 Soldering of Components

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Fig 3.26 Soldering
Soldering means joining metal components with a melted metal called solder, which has
a low melting point compared to other metals. Soldering is crucial in the electronics industry and
is the primary method of joining electrical components. In addition to constructing printed circuit
boards (PCBs), soldering is used in roofing, making jewellery, plumbing and joining pipes.
There are different solder types, though they're typically mixed to have low melting
points. The most common combination is a tin or lead metal alloy mixed with silver or brass.
The soldering iron melts the metal so it can be used like glue to connect two pieces. Once the
solder cools and hardens, the two pieces become a single component. Usually, the solder looks
like a thin wire or tube. Inside the tube is an acidic mixture called flux, which prevents oxidation.
In the interest of reducing lead use due to safety and environmental concerns, some lead-
free versions of solder are now available, though they're typically less effective. These
alternatives often include copper, brass, silver or tin.
3.5 Hardware Testing And Troubleshooting

INTERSHIP 2022-23
Manual visual inspection (MVI) used to be one of the earliest PCB testing methods for
inspecting electronic circuits. It allows one to find out those visible shortcomings which can be
done right on a PCB assembly jig:
⮚ poor solder,
⮚ components absence,
⮚ components incorrect orientation,
⮚ broken joints
⮚ interrupted traces.
Human errors and growing PCB complexity make this method less effective in large batch
production. Nevertheless, it is commonly used in PCB design and prototyping. During
manufacture and assembly, specialists conduct a series of printed circuit board tests. PCB board
testing aims to rate its yield and quality, and make sure the design was not damaged during
assembly. These PCB checks are usually run on prototypes or small batches. They examine
boards for probable electrical short circuits, imperfect solder joints, and test their functionality.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 4
Final Project
CHAPTER 4
Final Project

INTERSHIP 2022-23
4.1 Final PCB Designed using Autodesk Eagle
Fig 3.28 Final PCB Design
The above Schematic is the one which was designed as the final project in PCB
Designing course which was for 6 weeks. In this course the trainer explained how the
designing works in Autodesk Eagle software and started teaching how to design a PCB in a
much simpler and faster way.
Here, this PCB is reprogrammable board which is powered by 12V supply which is
then converted to 5V to a required current. The brain of the PCB is the same IC which is
used on the Arduino UNO board. It consists of RGB led which is programmed as Traffic
Signal light as it also displays the countdown on the SSD- Seven Segment Display which is
also soldered onto the PCB and at the same time any Motor can also be powered and made
to run in a required speed using the Preset switch used.
It also consists of two switches where one is used as Reset switch and another switch as
Refresh Switch. As it is Programmable the PCB designed here can be used for wide range
of application apart from this.

INTERSHIP 2022-23

INTERSHIP 2022-23
CHAPTER 5
REFLECTIONS
CHAPTER 5
REFLECTIONS

INTERSHIP 2022-23
5.1 Technical Knowledge Acquired
Technical skills are sets of abilities or knowledge used to perform practical tasks in the
areas of science, the arts, technology, engineering, and math. These skills typically require the
use of certain tools and the technologies required to use those tools. The technical skills
developed by me after the completion of the internship are listed below:
⮚ PCB knowledge.
⮚ PCB design software.
⮚ PCB layers stack up.
⮚ Mechanical design.
⮚ Design review process.
⮚ Communication skills.
Soft Skills Acquired
An internship is a learning experience of its own kind. The importance it has got over the
years in building one’s career is not exaggerated. Learnt emotional intelligence quotients that
enabled me to navigate my work environment, work well with others, perform well, and achieve
the goals. The deadlines had to be met on time so that made me understand the importance of
manage time management and have a planned schedule for all the tasks. Every week the team
meeting improved my communication skills and my ability to put forward my ideas in a way that
could be understood by everyone.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
⮚ Problem Solving Skills
⮚ Teamwork
⮚ Adaptability Skills
⮚ Communication Skills
⮚ Responsibility
⮚ Time Management
⮚ Work Ethics
⮚ Creativity
⮚ Inter – personnel skills
⮚ Flexibility
⮚ Critical thinking
⮚ Planning/prioritizing
⮚ Decision making

INTERSHIP 2022-23
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]Cohen, Patricio, Concepts and terminology used in Printed Circuit Boards (PCB), Electrosoft
Engineering, Web, May 25, 2013.
[2] Mauney, Charles, Thermal Considerations for Surface Mount Layouts, Texas Instruments,
Web, May 13, 2013.
[3] David Lieby. "The constraint Manager from a User Perspective." Web. 22 Oct. 2011
[4] Wikipedia contributors. "Altium Designer." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 14 Oct. 2011.
Web. 28 Oct. 2011. [5] Gabe Moretti. “Altium releases 3D PCB visualization". EE Times. 26
Nov. 2011. Web. 25 Oct. 2011
[6] "A Guide to Low-Cost PCB Tools". Adam Carlson, Lead Engineer, GE Aviation 10/28/2013
[7] Advanced Design System - ADS Software - Current Version
[8] "PCB tools supporting ODB++". Artwork.com. Artwork Conversion Software Inc. Retrieved
2011-09- 25.
[9] "ODB++ Data Exchange". Mentor.com. Mentor Graphics. Archived from the original on
2012-10-06. Retrieved 25 September 2011.

INTERSHIP 2022-23
[10] A. Estrov, “Low-profile planar transformer for use in off-line switching power supplies,”
Apr. 1991. [11] R. Drapeau, “A wide bandwith, high-ratio, planar transmission-line transformer
for use at cryogenic temperatures,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 3, pp. 64–71, mar
1967.
[12] O. Oshiro, H. Tsujimoto, and K. Shirae, “Structures and Characteristics of Planar

Transformers,” IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan, vol. 3, pp. 543–544, jul 1988.
[13] J. Biela and J. Kolar, “Electromagnetic integration of high power resonant circuits
comprising high leakage inductance transformers,” in 2004 IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics
Specialists Conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551), IEEE, 2004.
[14] T. A. Pereira, F. Hoffmann, P. K. Prasobhu, M. Liserre, V. Golev, J. Schnack, and U.

Schumann, “Optimal Design of Planar Transformer for GaN based Phase-Shifted Full Bridge
Converter,” in 2020 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), IEEE,
mar 2020.
[15] A. Ammouri, H. Belloumi, T. B. Salah, and F. Kourda, “High-frequency investigation of

planar transformers,” in 2014 International Conference on Electrical Sciences and Technologies
in Maghreb (CISTEM), IEEE, nov 2014.
[16] S. Djuric, G. Stojanovic, M. Damnjanovic, M. Radovanovic, and E. Laboure, “Design,

Modeling, and Analysis of a Compact Planar Transformer,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics,
vol. 48, pp. 4135–4138, nov 2012.
[17] S. M. Djuric and G. M. Stojanovic, “A Compact Planar Transformer With an Improved

Winding Configuration,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 50, pp. 1–4, nov 2014.
[18] F. Alam, Z. Ullah, A. Majid, J. Saleem, and A. Haider, “Design of high frequency (MHz)
planar pot-core transformer,” in 2018 1st International Conference on Power, Energy and Smart
Grid (ICPESG), IEEE, apr 2018.

Solar Power Plant

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solar Power Plant

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTERSHIP 2022-23

SOLAR POWER PLANT

Dept of EEE, RVCE 1

 Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-

Dept of EEE, RVCE 2

Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system

Dept of EEE, RVCE 3

Dept of EEE, RVCE 4

 Photovoltaic (PV) systems use solar panels, either on rooftops or in ground-

Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system[8]

Dept of EEE, RVCE 5

Dept of EEE, RVCE 6

The solar panels can be divided into 4 major categories:

 • Monocrystalline solar panels

Dept of EEE, RVCE 7

Comparison of Types of Solar Panels on Cost, Efficiency &

Particulars Monocrystalline Polycrystallin Mono- Thin-film

Pros and Cons of Solar Energy

Advantages of Solar Energy Disadvantages of Solar Energy

Reduces Electricity Bills Weather Dependent

Diverse Applications Solar Energy Storage is Expensive

Low Maintenance Costs Uses a Lot of Space

Technology Development Associated with Pollution

Dept of EEE, RVCE 8

Dept of EEE, RVCE 9

Dept of EEE, RVCE 10

Dept of EEE, RVCE 11

2.5 Awards and Achievements

2.6 Freshers jobs

Dept of EEE, RVCE 12

Dept of EEE, RVCE 13

3.1 Introduction to Hardware Components & Development Process

3.1.1 What is PCB?

Dept of EEE, RVCE 14

There are two basic types of resistors as follows:

⮚ Linear resistor : Fixed Resistors and Variable Resistors

⮚ Non-linear resistor : Thermistors and Photo resistors

Dept of EEE, RVCE 15

Fig 3.5 Potentiometer

Dept of EEE, RVCE 16

The potentiometer is an instrument used for measuring the unknown voltage by

Working Principle of Potentiometer:

Dept of EEE, RVCE 17

The different types of capacitors are following.

3.1.5 Hardware Development

Dept of EEE, RVCE 18

Requirements or ideation→ Design→ Manufacturing→ Testing

Introduction to Autodesk Eagle

Dept of EEE, RVCE 19

3.2.2 Schematic Editor and Layout Editor

Dept of EEE, RVCE 20

⮚ Hierarchical way of design.

⮚ Generate Gerber files to CAM.

⮚ Libraries of standard components.

⮚ Automatically detect and report errors in the schematic.

3.2.3 Library Creation and Installation

Dept of EEE, RVCE 21

To create a managed library in EAGLE, follow these steps:

⮚ In EAGLE, in Control Panel right-click on the local library.

⮚ Select "Create managed library".

⮚ In the new window click "Create".

⮚ Then click "Ok".

your new Sparkfun and Adafruit folders.