3.4.1.3 Motion Along A Straight Line

Colonel Frank Seely School
Exampro A-level Physics Name:
(7407/7408) Class:
3.4.1.3 Motion along a straight line
Author:
Date:
Time: 761
Marks: 631
Comments:
Page 1
Q1.A perfectly elastic rubber ball falls vertically from rest and rebounds from the floor. Which
one of the following velocity-time, v–t, graphs best represents the motion from the
moment of release to the top of the first rebound?
(Total 1 mark)
Q2.The diagram shows a strobe photograph of a mark on a trolley X, moving from right to left, in
collision with another trolley Y which had no mark on it.
After the collision both trolleys are in motion together.
Which one of the following is consistent with the photograph?
A Trolley Y has the same mass as trolley X and was initially stationary
B Trolley Y had a smaller mass than X and was moving from right to left
C Trolley Y had the same mass and was initially moving left to right at the same speed
as trolley X
D Trolley Y had the same mass and was initially moving left to right at a higher speed
than trolley X
(Total 1 mark)
Q3.(a) Explain why a particle is accelerating even when it is moving with a uniform speed in a
circular path.
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(2)
(b) Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of a proton synchrotron. This is a device for
accelerating protons to high speeds in a horizontal circular path.
Figure 1
In the synchrotron the protons of mass 1.7 × 10–27 kg are injected at point A at a
speed of 8.0 × 106 m s–1. The diameter of the path taken by the protons is 400 m.
(i) Show on Figure 1 the direction of the force required to make a proton move in
the circular path when the proton is at the position marked P.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the force that has to be provided to produce the circular path when
the speed of a proton is 8.0 × 106 m s–1.
(2)
(iii) Sketch on Figure 2 a graph to show how this force will have to change as the
speed of the proton increases over the range shown on the x-axis. Insert an
appropriate scale on the force axis.
Page 3
Figure 2
(c) Before reaching their final energy the protons in the synchrotron in part (b) travel
around the accelerator 420 000 times in 2.0 s.
acceleration of free fall, g = 9.8 m s–2
(i) Calculate the total distance travelled by a proton in the 2.0 s time interval.
(2)
(ii) Unless a vertical force is applied the protons wold fall as they move through
the horizontal channel.
Calculate the distance a proton would fall in two seconds.

(2)
(iii) Determine the force necessary to prevent the vertical movement.

(1)
(Total 12 marks)
Q4.A steel ball of weight W falls through oil. At a time before the ball reaches terminal velocity,
the magnitude of the viscous resistance force on the ball is
Page 4
A zero
B between zero and W
C equal to W
D greater than W
(Total 1 mark)
Q5.The figure below shows a pile driver being used to drive a metal bar into the ground.
The heavy metal hammer of mass 500 kg is raised so that its bottom end is 4.00 m above
the top of the metal bar. The bar has negligible mass compared with that of the hammer.
When the hammer is released it falls freely. On striking the metal bar the hammer remains
in contact with it and the hammer moves down a further 0.50 m.
acceleration of free fall, g = 9.8 m s–2
(a) Calculate:
(i) the speed of the hammer at the instant it comes into contact with the bar;
(2)
(ii) the time for which the hammer is falling freely.

(2)
(b) (i) Determine the total change in potential energy of the hammer during one drop.
(2)
(ii) Assuming that the force resisting movement of the bar is constant and that all
the potential energy of the hammer is used to drive in the bar, determine the
value of this resistive force.
(2)
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(c) The time for which the bar moves when being driven in is 0.10 s. Sketch a graph to
show how the distance fallen by the hammer varies with time from the instant of
release until it comes to rest.
Include scales on the distance and time axes. Indicate with a letter T the point on
your graph at which the hammer and bar make contact.
(3)
(Total 11 marks)
Q6.A lunar landing module is descending to the Moon’s surface at a steady velocity of 10.0 m s –
1
. At a height of 120 m a small object falls from its landing gear. Assuming that the Moon’s
gravitational acceleration is 1.60 m s–2, at what speed, in m s–1 does the object strike the
Moon?
A 22.0
B 19.6
C 16.8
D 10.0
(Total 1 mark)
Page 6
Q7.A body is accelerated from rest by a constant force.
Which one of the following graphs best represents the variation of the body’s momentum
p with time t?
(Total 1 mark)
Q8.A horizontal force of 1.5 kN acts on a motor car of mass 850 kg that is initially at rest.
(a) Calculate:
(i) the acceleration of the motor car;

(1)
(ii) the speed of the motor car after 15 s;

(2)
(iii) the distance travelled by the motor car in the first 7.5 s of the motion;
(2)
(iv) the distance travelled by the motor car in the first 15 s of the motion.
Page 7
(1)
(b) The diagrams below show the graph of force against time together with three
incomplete sets of axes. Sketch on these axes the corresponding graphs for
acceleration, speed and distance travelled for the first 15 seconds of the car’s
motion.
You should include labels for the axes and any known numerical values.
(4)
Page 8
(c) In practice the resultant force exerted on the motor car will not be constant with time
as suggested by the force-time graph. Air resistance is one factor that affects the
resultant force acting on the vehicle.
(i) Suggest how the force-time graph will change when air resistance is taken into
account. Explain your answer. You may wish to sketch a graph to illustrate
your answer.
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(3)
(ii) Explain why the vehicle will eventually reach a maximum speed even though
the motorist keeps the accelerator pedal fully depressed.
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(2)
(Total 15 marks)
Q9.The mass of a car and its passengers is 950 kg. When the brakes are applied the car
decelerates uniformly from a speed of 25 m s–1 to a speed of 15 m s–1 in 2.5 s.
(a) Calculate the decelerating force developed by the brakes.

(2)
(b) Calculate the work done in decelerating the car.

(3)
Page 9
(c) Calculate the rate of energy dissipation by the brakes.

(2)
(d) There are four brake discs, each of mass 1.2 kg. The material from which the discs
are made has a specific heat capacity of 510 J kg–1 K–1.
(i) Assuming that all the energy dissipated during braking is converted into
internal energy of the brake discs equally, calculate the temperature rise of the
discs.
(3)
(ii) State and explain the effect on the temperature rise of one factor that has not
been taken into account in the assumption in part (i).
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
Q10.A vehicle accelerates uniformly from a speed of 4.0 m s–1 to a speed of 12 m s–1 in 6.0 s.
(a) Calculate the vehicle's acceleration.
Acceleration .......................................................
(2)
(b) On the axes below, draw a graph of speed against time for the vehicle covering the
6.0 s period in which it accelerates.
Page 10
(2)
(c) Calculate the distance travelled by the vehicle during its 6.0 s period of acceleration.
Distance .............................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q11. A fairground ride ends with the car moving up a ramp at a slope of 20° to the
horizontal as shown in the diagram below.
(a) The car carrying its maximum load of passengers has a total weight of 6.8 kN.
Show that the component of the weight acting parallel to the ramp is about 2.3 kN.
(2)
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(b) The mass of the fully loaded car is 690 kg. Show that the force in part (a) will
decelerate the car at about 3.3 m s . –2
(2)
(c) The car enters the ramp at 22 m s . Calculate the minimum length that the ramp
–1
must be in order for the car to stop before it reaches the end. Neglect the length of
the car.
Minimum length ...............................................

(2)
(d) The ride owner decides to use a shorter ramp and to install brakes on the car. The
additional decelerating force provided by these brakes is 4600 N. Calculate the new
stopping time.
Stopping time ........................................

(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 12
Q12. The diagram below shows a speed-time graph for a car that halts at traffic lights and
then moves away.
(a) Use the graph to show that the car travels about 380 m whilst decelerating.
(2)
(b) Use the graph to calculate the acceleration of the car for the time interval from 75 s
to 95 s.
Acceleration .....................................................
(2)
Page 13
(c) Calculate the total distance travelled by the car in the time interval 5 s to 95 s.
Distance travelled ...............................................

(1)
(d) A second car travels the same route without being halted at the traffic lights. The
speed of this car is a constant 30 m s . –1
Calculate the difference in journey time between the first and second cars.
Journey time difference ...............................

(3)
(Total 8 marks)
Q13. Figure 1 shows a graph of velocity against time for an aircraft of mass 2.8 × 10 kg 4
landing on a stationary aircraft-carrier.
Page 14
Figure 1
(a) (i) Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the aircraft.
Initial kinetic energy ............................................

(2)
(ii) Show that the deceleration of the aircraft is about 20 m s . –2
(3)
(iii) Calculate the decelerating force acting on the aircraft.
Force .....................................................................
(2)
Page 15
(b) A steam catapult is used to enable aircraft to take off from the ship. The catapult
accelerates the aircraft from rest to its take-off speed of 71 m s in a distance of 62
–1
m.
Calculate the acceleration of the aircraft.
Acceleration .........................................................
(2)
(c) In level flight, the pilot sets the course to be 80 m s due north. There is a wind
–1
blowing from east to west at 20 m s . Find, by scale drawing or otherwise, the

–1
resultant velocity of the aircraft.
Velocity of aircraft: magnitude .............................

Page 16
direction ................................
(3)
(Total 12 marks)
Q14. The graph below shows how the vertical component, v, of the velocity of a rocket
varies with time, t, from its take-off on level ground to the highest point of its trajectory.
(a) Take readings from the graph to calculate the average vertical acceleration of the
rocket from time t = 0 to time t = 0.60 s.
Average acceleration ..........................

(3)
Page 17
(b) Use the graph to estimate the maximum height reached by the rocket.
Maximum height .......................

(3)
(c) Assume that air resistance is negligible. Calculate the time taken for the rocket to fall
from its maximum height back to the ground.
acceleration of free fall g = 9.8 m s –2
Time to fall to the ground ...........................

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q15. The diagram below shows a spacecraft that initially moves at a constant velocity of
890 m s towards A.
–1
To change course, a sideways force is produced by firing thrusters. This increases the
Page 18
velocity towards B from 0 to 60 m s in 25 s. –1
(a) The spacecraft has a mass of 5.5 × 10 kg. Calculate: 4
(i) the acceleration of the spacecraft towards B;
Acceleration ......................................................
(1)
(ii) the force on the spacecraft produced by the thrusters.
Force on spacecraft ......................................................

(2)
(b) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant velocity after 25 s.
Magnitude of resultant velocity ......................................................

(2)
(c) Calculate the angle between the initial and final directions of travel.
Angle ......................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q16. A car accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 100 km h in 5.8 s. –1
Page 19
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the acceleration of the car in m s . –2
Acceleration = ...........................m s –2
(3)
(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the car while accelerating.
Distance travelled = .................................

(2)
(Total 5 marks)
Q17. The figure below shows a cable car being pulled up a 35° slope of length 120 m.
The cable car has a weight of 1.5 × 10 N. The total frictional force resisting motion is
4
3.0 × 10 N.
3
the gravitational field strength, g = 9.8 N kg –1
Page 20
(a) (i) Show that the component of the weight of the cable car parallel to the slope is
8600 N.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the tension in the cable when the cable car is moving at a constant
speed up the slope.
tension .....................................................
(1)
(b) The cable snaps when the cable car is at rest at the top of the slope. The frictional
force remains constant at 3.0 × 10 N. 3
Calculate:
(i) the acceleration of the cable car down the slope;
acceleration .............................................
(3)
(ii) the speed of the cable car when it reaches the bottom of the slope;
Page 21
speed .......................................................
(2)
(iii) the time taken for the cable car to reach the bottom of the slope.
time taken ...............................................

(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q18. The figure below shows how the velocity of a motor car increases with time as it
accelerates from rest along a straight horizontal road.
Page 22
(a) The acceleration is approximately constant for the first five seconds of the motion.
Show that, over the first five seconds of the motion, the acceleration is
approximately 2.7 m s .–2
(3)
(b) Throughout the motion shown in the figure above there is a constant driving force of
2.0 kN acting on the car.
(i) Calculate the mass of the car and its contents
mass ...................................
(ii) What is the magnitude of the resistive force acting on the car after 40 s?
resistive force ......................................

(3)
Page 23
(c) Find the distance travelled by the car during the first 40 s of the motion.
distance .............................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
Q19. A radio-controlled model car has a mass of 0.65 kg.
(a) The car accelerates uniformly from rest to 3.5 m s in 1.5 s. Calculate:
–1
(i) the acceleration of the car,
acceleration ........................................................
(ii) the resultant force acting on the car during this acceleration.
resultant force ....................................................

(4)
(b) After 1.5 s the motor is switched off and the car decelerates uniformly until it stops.
The deceleration is 0.60 m s . –2
Page 24
(i) Calculate the resistive force acting on the car.
resistive force .....................................................
(ii) Assuming that the resistive force was constant throughout the motion,
calculate the thrust from the motor when the car was accelerating.
thrust ....................................................................
(2)
(c) Calculate the total distance travelled by the car.
total distance travelled .......................................

(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q20.A ball is dropped and rebounds vertically to less than the original height.
For this first bounce only, sketch graphs of
(a) the velocity of the ball plotted against time,
Page 25
(4)
(b) the acceleration of the ball plotted against time.
(1)
(c)
The ball is then thrown at an angle to the horizontal and follows the trajectory shown
in the diagram.
Mark on the diagram the directions of
(i) the acceleration vector at P,
Page 26
(ii) the acceleration vector at Q,
(iii) the momentum vector at P,
(iv) the momentum vector at Q.

(4)
(d) The mass of the ball is 0.15 kg and the initial direction makes an angle of 50° to the
horizontal. Calculate the magnitude of the momentum of the ball at Q when it is
projected with an initial speed of 15 m s–1. Neglect the effects of air resistance.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
Q21.A toy locomotive of mass 0.50 kg is initially at rest on a horizontal track. The locomotive is
powered by a twisted rubber band which, as it unwinds, exerts a force which varies with
time as shown in the table.
time/s 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
force/N 0.20 0.18 0.15 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.02 0.00
(a) (i) On the grid below plot a graph of force against time for the rubber band power
source.
Page 27
(ii) State what is given by the area between the graph and the time axis.
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(4)
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(b) The rubber band is wound up and released to power the locomotive. Use your graph
to show that the speed of the locomotive 8.0 s after the twisted rubber band is
released is 1.6 m s–1. Ignore the effects of air resistance and energy losses due to
friction.
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(2)
(c) 8.0 s after release the locomotive collides with and couples to a toy truck, initially at
rest, which has a mass of 1.50 kg.
(i) Calculate the speed of the coupled locomotive and truck after collision.
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(ii) Calculate the combined kinetic energy of the locomotive and truck immediately
after collision.
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(iii) Show, with the aid of a calculation, whether or not the collision is elastic.
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(5)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 29
Q22.A mass of 1500 kg is attached to a cable and raised vertically by a crane. The graph shows
how its velocity varies with time.
(a) Determine
(i) the initial uniform acceleration of the mass, ........................................
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(ii) the distance travelled by the mass while it is accelerating upwards.
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(3)
(b) (i) Calculate the tension in the cable in the intervals
AB, ........................................................................................................
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Page 30
CD ..........................................................................................................
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(ii) State in which interval of the motion the tension in the cable is least.
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(4)
(c) Calculate the power supplied by the crane during the interval CD.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
Q23.Take the acceleration due to gravity, gE, as 10 ms−2 on the surface of the Earth.
The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is . An object whose weight
on
Earth is 5.0 N is dropped from rest above the Moon’s surface. What is its momentum after
falling for 3.0s?
A 2.5 kg m s−1
B 6.2 kg m s−1
C 15 kg m s−1
D 25 kg m s−1
(Total 1 mark)
Page 31
Q24.The Thrust SSC car raised the world land speed record in 1997. The mass of the car was
1.0 × 104 kg. A 12 s run by the car may be considered in two stages of constant
acceleration. Stage one was from 0 to 4.0 s and stage two 4.0 s to 12 s.
(a) In stage one the car accelerates from rest to 44 m s-1 in 4.0 s. Calculate the
acceleration produced and the force required to accelerate the car.
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(b) In stage two the car continued to accelerate so that it reached 280 m s–1 in a further
8.0 s. Calculate the acceleration of the car during stage two.
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(c) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from rest to reach a speed of 280 m s –1.
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(Total 6 marks)
Q25.A cyclist rides along a road up an incline at a steady speed of 9.0 m s–1 . The mass of the
rider and bicycle is 70 kg and the bicycle travels 15 m along the road for every 1.0 m
gained in height. Neglect energy loss due to frictional forces.
(a) (i) Calculate the component of the weight of the bicycle and the rider that acts
along the incline.
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(ii) Calculate the power developed by the cyclist in riding up the slope.
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(4)
(b) The cyclist stops pedalling and the bicycle freewheels up the incline for a short time.
(i) State the energy change taking place as the bicycle freewheels up the slope.
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(ii) Calculate the distance travelled along the slope from when the cyclist stops
pedalling to where the bicycle comes to rest.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q26.The graph shows how the vertical speed of a parachutist changes with time during the first
20 s of his jump. To avoid air turbulence caused by the aircraft, he waits a short time after
jumping before pulling the cord to release his parachute.
Page 33
(a) Regions A, B and C of the graph show the speed before the parachute has opened.
With reference to the forces acting on the parachutist, explain why the graph has
this shape in the region marked
(i) A, ...........................................................................................................
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(ii) B, ...........................................................................................................
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(iii) C, ...........................................................................................................
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(6)
(b) Calculate the maximum deceleration of the parachutist in the region of the graph
marked D, which shows how the speed changes just after the parachute has
opened. Show your method clearly,
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(2)
(c) Use the graph to find the total vertical distance fallen by the parachutist in the first
10 s of the jump. Show your method clearly.
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(4)
(d) During his descent, the parachutist drifts sideways in the wind and hits the ground
with a vertical speed of 5.0 m s–1 and a horizontal speed of 3.0 m s–1. Find
(i) the resultant speed with which he hits the ground,
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(ii) the angle his resultant velocity makes with the vertical.
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(2)
(Total 14 marks)
Page 35
Q27.The diagram shows a car travelling at a constant velocity along a horizontal road.
(a) (i) Draw and label arrows on the diagram representing the forces acting on the
car.
(ii) Referring to Newton’s Laws of motion, explain why the car is travelling at
constant velocity.
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(5)
(b) The car has an effective power output of 18 kW and is travelling at a constant
velocity of 10 m s–1. Show that the total resistive force acting is 1800 N.
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(1)
(c) The total resistive force consists of two components. One of these is a constant
frictional force of 250 N and the other is the force of air resistance, which is
proportional to the square of the car’s speed.
Page 36
Calculate
(i) the force of air resistance when the car is travelling at 10 m s–1,
...............................................................................................................
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(ii) the force of air resistance when the car is travelling at 20 m s–1,
...............................................................................................................
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(iii) the effective output power of the car required to maintain a constant speed of
20 m s–1 in a horizontal road.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
Q28.(a) A cricketer throws a ball vertically upwards so that the ball leaves his hands at a
speed of 25 m s–1. If air resistance can be neglected, calculate
(i) the maximum height reached by the ball,
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(ii) the time taken to reach maximum height,
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(iii) the speed of the ball when it is at 50% of the maximum height.
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(4)
(b) When catching the ball, the cricketer moves his hands for a short distance in the
direction of travel of the ball as it makes contact with his hands. Explain why this
technique results in less force being exerted on the cricketer’s hands.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q29.A ball bearing is released into a tall cylinder of clear oil. The ball bearing initially
accelerates but soon reaches terminal velocity.
(a) By considering the forces acting on the ball bearing, explain its motion.
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(3)
(b) How would you demonstrate that the ball bearing had reached terminal velocity?
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(2)
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(Total 5 marks)
Q30.The graph represents the motion of a car of mass 1.4 × 103 kg, travelling in a straight line.
(a) Describe, without calculation, how the resultant force acting on the car varies over
this 10 second interval.
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(2)
(b) Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the car.
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(2)
(c) At some time later, when the car is travelling at a steady speed of 30 m s –1, the
useful power developed by the engine is 20 kW. Calculate the driving force required
to maintain this speed.
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(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Page 39
Q31.(a) (i) Define acceleration.
...............................................................................................................
(ii) State why acceleration is a vector quantity.
...............................................................................................................
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(2)
(b) State what feature of a velocity-time graph may be used to calculate
(i) acceleration,
...............................................................................................................
(ii) displacement.
...............................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The graph in Figure 1 shows how the displacement of a runner from a fixed point,
along a straight track, varies with time.
Figure 1
Page 40
Without calculation, sketch on the grid in Figure 2 a graph to show how the velocity
of the same runner varies over the same period. The time scales are the same on
both graphs.
Figure 2
(4)
(Total 8 marks)
Q32.The driver of a car sees an obstruction ahead and applies the brakes at time tb later,
bringing the car to a halt. The graph shows how the speed of the car varies with time.
The stopping distance, s, of the car which was travelling at speed v before the driver
applied the brakes, can be represented by the equation
Page 41
where α is the magnitude of the deceleration of the car (assumed constant).
(a) State what distance is represented by each of the terms
vt> b
.................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) The table includes data on stopping distances of cars. Column C gives the total stopping distance for a car travelling at each of the speeds shown in
column A.
column A column B column C column D
speed v/km h
–1
speed v/m s–1 stopping distance s/m
/sec
32 8.9 12
48 23
64 36
80 53
96 73
112 96
(i) Complete column B,
(ii) In column D, calculate each of the corresponding values of .

(2)
Page 42
(c) The equation for s can be rearranged as .
From the data you have calculated, plot a suitable graph to verify this equation.
(One sheet of graph paper should be provided)

(5)
(d) From your graph determine the value of
(i) tb ...........................................................................................................
(ii) the magnitude of the deceleration, a.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 13 marks)
Q33.A car accelerates at a steady rate of 2.5 m s–2 along a straight, level road. The mass of the
car is 1.3 × 103 kg.
(a) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the car.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(b) When the accelerating car reaches a speed of 2.2 m s–1, the total force opposing the
motion of the car is 410 N.
Calculate
(i) the driving force provided by the wheels,
Page 43
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(ii) the power delivered to the wheels of the car.
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Explain how the total force opposing the motion of the car is affected when it is
travelling up a hill.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q34.The graph below shows how the velocity of a toy train moving in a straight line varies over
a period of time.
(a) Describe the motion of the train in the following regions of the graph.
AB .................................................................................................................
BC .................................................................................................................
CD .................................................................................................................
DE..................................................................................................................
EF .................................................................................................................
Page 44
(5)
(b) What feature of the graph represents the displacement of the train?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Explain, with reference to the graph, why the distance travelled by the train is
different from its displacement.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q35.The graph below shows how the velocity of a toy train moving in a straight line varies over
a period of time.
(a) Describe the motion of the train in the following regions of the graph.
AB .................................................................................................................
BC .................................................................................................................
CD .................................................................................................................
DE..................................................................................................................
Page 45
EF .................................................................................................................
(5)
(b) What feature of the graph represents the displacement of the train?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(1)
(c) Explain, with reference to the graph, why the distance travelled by the train is
different from its displacement.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 46
M1.D
[1]
M2.A
[1]
M3.(a) acceleration is (rate of) change of velocity

or velocity is a vector
or velocity has magnitude and direction
B1
velocity is changing since direction is changing

(must be clear that it is the velocity that is changing direction)
B1
allow 1 mark for ‘it would move in a straight line at constant speed if it were
not accelerating’
do not allow ‘because there is a force acting’
‘because direction is changing’
(2)
(b) (i) arrow toward centre of circle at P

B1
(1)
(ii) F = mv / r or mrω
2 2
or numerical equivalent (r must be 200 m)

C1
5.4 × 10–16 N
A1
(2)
(iii) graph showing correct curvature with F plotted correctly (e.c.f. for F)
(should be between 5 × 10–14 and 6 × 10–16 N

B1
Page 47
double v, quadruple F
(should be possible to do these tasks to ±½ a square)
B1
(2)
(c) (i) circumference = 1256 m or 2πr × 420 000
(allow e.c.f. for incorrect r from (b)(ii))

C1
distance travelled = 5.3 × 108 m

A1
(2)
(ii) s = ½ gt or ut + ½at
2 2
C1
19.6m (20m)
A1
(2)
(iii) mg = 1.7 (1.67) × 10 N –26
B1
(1)
[12]
M4.B
[1]
M5.(a) (i) v2 = u2 + 2as

or mgh = ½ mv2
or numerical equation or other correct sequence of equations
C1
8.9 m s–1
A1
(2)
(ii) v = u + at
C1
Page 48
0.90 s or 0.91 s
A1
(e.c.f. forgetting the square root in (i) gives 78.4 m s–10 for (i) and 8.0 s for
(ii))
(2)
(b) (i) Δ(PE) = mgh

C1
22 kJ
A1
(2)
(ii) force = change in energy / distance moved

or F = ma and v2 = u2 + 2as
or Ft = Δ(mv) using t from next part
C1
(i)/ 0.5 = 44 kN
19.6 kJ leads to 39.2 kN; 20 kJ leads to 40 kN

Ft = Δ(mv) and v = 8.9 m s–1 leads to 45 kN
C1
(2)
(c) correct initial curvature

C1
correct shape overall with inflexion at (0.90 ± 0.05) s

C1
correct shape, inflexion at 0.90 s and 4.0 m, maximum at 1.0 s and 4.5 m and
T indicated correctly
A1
accurate plotting is not essential

omission of unit on an axis loses final mark
(3)
[11]
Page 49
M6.A
[1]
M7.B
[1]
M8.(a) (i) (acceleration = F / m =) 1.76 m s–2

B1
(1)
(ii) (v = u + at) = 0 + 1.76 × 15

C1
= 26.4 m s–1
allow e.c.f. from (i)
A1
(2)
(iii) (s = ut + 0.5 at2) = 0.5 × 1.76 × 7.52

C1
= 49.5 m
allow e.c.f. from (i)
A1
(2)
(iv) t doubles so s quadruples = 4 × 49.5 ~ 200 m

[or equivalent]
B1
(1)
(b) acceleration graph correct: same shape as F-t;

1.8 (1.76) identifiable on axis
B1
speed graph correct: straight line through origin to

identifiable 26 m s–1
Page 50
at 15 s
B1
distance graph correct: shape parabolic; both calculated points

identifiably marked
B1
all axes labelled with unit

B1
(4)
(c) (i) total force decreases as time increases [or appropriate graph]
B1
(because) speed increase leads to drag force increase

B1
total thrust is sum of engine force – drag (frictional force)

B1
(3)
(ii) forward thrust = friction force

B1
so (total thrust = 0) and acceleration = 0

B1
(2)
[15]
M9.(a) Ft = Δ(mv)
or F = ma and a = (v – u) / t
C1
3800 N
A1
(2)
(b) work done = change in KE

C1
or
appropriate equation of motion for s
or
work done = Fs
Calculation of one KE correctly
or s calculated correctly (50 m)
C1
1.9 × 10 J (condone N m) e.c.f. for F
5
A1
Page 51
(3)
(c) power = {force from (a)} × any velocity

C1
or
power = change in KE / time
76 kW (kJ s–1)
ecf from (b) or ecf from (a) for use of P = Fv (their F × 20)
A1
(2)
(d) (i) (their (b)) = 4.8 (or 1.2) × 510 × Δθ (allow use of 1.2 instead of 4.8 for
this mark)
C1
appreciation of 4 discs evident in the calculation
C1
77.6 (78) K (or °C) or their (b) / 2450

A1
(3)
(ii) temperature rise will be lower

B1
there will be air resistance
some energy becomes internal energy of the air
B1
OR
other components of the braking system (including answers involving
friction of tyres with road)
these will use some of the energy to increase temperature
B1
OR
heat / energy transfer to the surroundings
since surroundings at lower temperature or
temperature or internal energy of surroundings rises
B1
(2)
[12]
M10.(a) a = Δv / t
C1
1.3 m s–2
A1
Page 52
(b) (0,4) and (6,12) both marked (accept axes wrong way round)
M1
joined by a straight line and axes labelled with quantity or unit

A1
(c) distance = area under graph or average speed × time
C1
48 m (47.9 m) ecf from (a) or (b)

A1
[6]
M11. (a) 6800 × sin 20
B1
= 2330 N
B1
2
(b) a = F/m
B1
= 2300/690 or 2300 = 690 × a
B1
2
(c) v = u + 2as
2 2
C1
s = [ 22 × 22/2/3.33] = 72.7 m [73.3 if using 3.3 m;

71.8 possible]
A1
2
Page 53
(d) F = 6900
C1
a = F/m = [9.99/10]
C1
t = 22/99.9 or 22/10 s [= 2.2]
A1
3
[9]
M12. (a) states area under graph = distance or clear evidence of

graph use
B1
½ × 30 × 25 seen
B1
2
(b) accel = grad of graph or uses a = Δv/Δt
M1
30/20 = 1.5 m s –2
A1
2
(c) 300 + 375 = 675 m
B1
1
Page 54
(d) 675/680 m (ecf) at 30m/s takes 22.5/22.7 s
C1
but actually took 90 s
C1
so loss of time = 67.5/67.3 s
A1
3
[8]
M13. (a) (i) ½ mv = ½ × 2.8 × 10 × 71

2 4 2
C1
= 7.1 × 10 J
7
A1
2
(ii) decel = gradient of graph or a = (v-u)/t or

Δv/Δt or evidence on graph
B1
= (71-0)/(3.5 – 0)
B1
= 20.3 [m s ] –2
B1
3
(iii) [F=ma] = 2.8 × 10 × 20.3

4
C1
=568 kN
A1
2
Page 55
(b) v = u + 2as
2 2
a = v /2s = 71 /124 or alt process

2 2
= 41 m s [40.6]
–2
C1 A1
2
(c) drawing correct, scale clearly stated, wind speed

line>+ 2 cm or one
B1
correct calculation
speed 82/83/82.5 m s [80 – 84 if drawn]
–1
B1
course 14° [12 – 16] west of north [346°]
B1
3
[12]
M14. (a) a velocity divided by a time
C1
single reading from graph of v in range 54..56
C1
acceleration in range 90..93.4 ms –2
A1
3
(b) clear attempt to estimate area under the curve
C1
use of correct scale factor: 1 cm represents 10 × 0.2 m

2
C1
max height in range 80..90 m
A1
Page 56
3
(c) t = (2 × answer to (b))/9.8

2
C1
expected answer in range 4.0..4.3 s

allow ecf for height
A1
2
[8]
M15. (a) (i) 2.4 m s –2
B1
1
(ii) F = ma
C1
132 000 N (ecf from (i))
A1
2
(b) final speed = (890 + 60 ) 2 2 1/2
C1
892 m s (cao) (allow 890 m s as final answer but

–1 –1
892 must be seen in working)
A1
2
(c) tan 60/890 or sin 60/892 = 3.9° (3.86)°

–1 –1
or cos (890/892) = 3.8 (4)°

–1
or sin 60/890 =3.9° (3.86)° if ecf from (b)

–1
Page 57
B1
1
[6]
M16. (a) km h → ms (27.8 m s ) or 100000/(5.8 × 3600)

–1 –1 –1
C1
acceleration equation or correctly substituted values
C1
4.79 cao
A1
3
(b) equation of motion or correctly substituted values
(s = ut + at ; s = (v + u)t/2; v = u + 2as)
2 2 2
C1
80.6 m e.c.f. from (a)
A1
2
[5]
M17. (a) (i) 1.5 × 10 sin 35 or 1.5 × 10 cos 55 seen = 8603.65

4 4
(to 4 sf minimum-no up)
B1
1
(ii) 11 600 N or 12 000 N
B1
Page 58
1
(b) (i) any 2 from the following for C marks
accelerating force = 5600 N
C1
mass of cable car = 1530 kg (or 15 000/9.8 seen)
C1
F = ma
3.7 m s (cnao)
−2
A1
3
(ii) v = u + 2as
2 2
C1
30 (29.6) m s (ecf for acceleration

−1
)
A1
2
(iii) any equation of uniformly accelerated motion that

includes t
C1
8.1 s (ecf for v or a)

(correct substitution leading to answer = their v/a or
240/their v )
A1
2
[9]
Page 59
M18. (a) clear statement that gradient = acceleration accept ∆v/∆t
or statement of v = u + at
B1
suitable values taken from graph
M1
3
i.e. (5.0, 13.5 – 0.5) (4.0, 11 – 0.5) (3.0, 8 – 0.5)
acceleration = 2.7 – 0.1 (m s )-2
A1
(b) (i) use of m = F/a
C1
mass = 740 kg
accept 741 kg
or answer consistent with part (a)
A1
3
(ii) resistive force = 2.0 kN
c.a.o.
B1
(c) clear attempt to count squares/estimate area (37 – 2 cm )2
C1
scale factor 1 cm :25 m

2
C1
3
distance = 925 – 50 m
Page 60
rA1
[9]
M19. (a) (i) 3.5/1.5 =
C1
2.33 ms –2
A1
(ii) F = ma
C1
F = 1.52/1.50 N
A1
4
(b) (i) (0.65 × 0.60) = 0.39 N
B1
(ii) (1.52 + 0.39) = 1.91 N
allow ecf from (a) (ii) and/or (b) (i)
B1
2
(c) 0.5 × 3.5 × 1.5
or 0.5 × 3.5 × (3.5/0.60)
C1
(d = 2.63 + 10.21) = 12.8 m
A1
2
[8]
Page 61
M20.accept mirror image for (a) and (b)
(a)
straight line sloping up (1)

sudden change to negative velocity (1)
smaller negative velocity (1)
same gradient as positive line (1)
(b)
constant value shown (1)

(5)
(c) (i) vertically down at P (1)
(ii) vertically down at Q (1)
(iii) along tangent at P (1)
(iv) along tangent at Q (1)

(4)
(d) horizontal component of velocity at Q = 15 cos 50° (1) = 9.64 m s–1 (1)
momentum at Q = 0.15 × 9.64 = 1.45 (1) N s (or kg m s–1) (horizontally) (1)

(4)
[13]
Page 62
M21.(a) (i) points plotted correctly (1) (1) (deduct one for each incorrect)
sensible scales chosen (1)
line of best fit (1)
(ii) change in momentum [or impulse] (1) (accept 0.8)

max 4
(b) area under graph = 0.80±0.05 (1) (kgms–1)
υ= (1) = 1.6 ms–1
alternative:
state average force = 0.10(N) (1)
leading to correct derivation of 1.6ms–1 (1)
2
(c) (i) Δmυ = 0 [or statement] (1) υ = 0.40ms-1 (1)
(ii) kinetic energy = 0.16 J (1)
(iii) initial kinetic energy = 0.64 (J) (1)

kinetic energy lost so inelastic (1)
5
[11]
M22.(a) (i) gradient = = 3.0 ms–2 (1)
(ii) distance is area under graph (to t = 0.1 s)
or × 0.7 × 2.1 0.3 (1) = 1.4(2) m (1)

3
(b) (i) T – mg = ma [or T = 1500(9.8+3.0)] (1)

= 1.9 × 104 N (1)
T = mg = l.5 × 10 N (1)
4
Page 63
(ii) EF (1)
4
(c) power = Fυ or l.5 × 104 × 2.5 (1)

= 3.7[3.8] × 104 W (1)
2
[9]
M23.A
[1]
M24.(a) a= = 11 ms–2 (1)
F = ma = 1.1 × 10 N (1)
5
(b) Δυ = 236 m s–1
a= = 29.5 m s–2 (1)
(c) sone = υav × t = × 4.0 = 88 m (1)
stwo = υav × t = × 8.0 (1) = 1296 (m) (1)
total distance = 1384 m (1)

[6]
Page 64
M25.(a) (i) F = W sin θ = W × (1) correct angle (1)
= 46 N (1)
[2 out of 3 if no working shown]
(ii) P (= Fυ ) = 410 W (1)

(4)
(b) (i) kinetic energy of bicycle + rider ⇒ gravitational potential energy (1)
(ii) initial Ek = gain in gravitational Ep = 2.8 × 103 (J) (1)
h = 4.1 m (1)
distance = 62 m (1)
alternative:
(F = ma) a = = 0.657 (m s–2) (1)
v = u = 2as (1)
2 2
s= = 62 m (1)
(max 3)
[7]
M26.(a) (i) region A: uniform acceleration
(or (free-fall) acceleration = g (= 9.8(i) m s–2))
force acting on parachutist is entirely his weight
Page 65
(or other forces are very small) (1)
(ii) region B: speed is still increasing
acceleration is decreasing (2) (any two)
because frictional (drag) forces become significant (at higher speeds)
(iii) region C: uniform speed (50 m s–1)
because resultant force on parachutist is zero (2) (any two)
weight balanced exactly by resistive force upwards
The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for

the quality of answers to this part
(6)
(b) deceleration is gradient of the graph (at t = 13s) (1)
(e.g. 20/1 or 40/2) = 20 m s–2 (1)

(2)
(c) distance = area under graph (1)

suitable method used to determine area (e.g. counting squares) (1)
with a suitable scaling factor (e.g. area of each square = 5 m2) (1)
distance = 335 m (±15 m) (1)
(4)
(d) (i) speed = √(5.02 + 3.02) = 5.8 m s–1 (1)
(ii) tan θ = gives θ = 31° (1)

(2)
[14]
Page 66
M27.(a) (i)
F1 weight / mg (1)
F2 reaction or normal contact force (1)
F3 driving force (1)
F4 friction or air resistance (1)
(ii) zero acceleration (1)

zero resultant force (1)
The Quality of Written Communication marks were awarded primarily for

the quality of answers to this part.
(max 5)
(b) (P = Fv gives) 18 × 103 = F × 10 (1) (and F = 1.8 × 103 N)

(1)
(c) (i) 1800 – 250 = 1.6 × 103 N (1) (1.55 × 103 N)
(ii) force = 4 × 1.55 × 103 = 6.2 × 103 N (1)

(allow e.c.f. from (i))
(iii) total force = 6200 + 250(N) (1) (= 6.45 × 103 (N))

(P = Fv gives) P = 6.45 × 103 × 20 = 1.3 × 105 W (1) (1.29 × 105 W)
(allow e.c.f. for value of total force)
(4)
[10]
Page 67
M28.(a) (i) (use of v = u + 2as gives) 0 = 25 - 2 × 9.81 × s (1)

2 2 2
19.6 s = 625 and s = 32 m (1)
(ii) t= = 2.5 s (1)
(iii) (use of v = u + 2as gives) v = 25 – 2 × 9.81 × 16 (1)

2 2 2 2
(allow C.E. from (a)(i))

and v = 18 m s (1)
–1
(b) time to stop the ball is greater (1)

∴ rate of change of momentum is less (1)
[or work done on ball is the same but greater distance (1) ∴ less force (1) ]
2
[6]
M29.(a) ball bearing accelerates at first as resultant force is downwards (1)

resistive force increases with speed (1)
when resultant force on ball is zero, terminal velocity reached (1)
3
The Quality of Written Communication marks are awarded for the quality of
answers tothis question.
(b) show ball bearing takes same time (1)

to travel equal distances (1)
[or measure velocity at different points (1) with appropriate method (1)]
2
[5]
M30.(a) decreases for the first four seconds (1)

zero for the remaining six seconds (1)
2
Page 68
(b) Ek = ½ × 1.4 × 10 × 16 (1)
3 2
= 1.8 × 10 J (1)
5
(accept v = 15 m s from misleading graph and Ek = 1.6 × 10 J)

–1 5
(c) (use of P = Fv gives) 20 × 10 = F × 30 (1)

3
F = 670 N (1)
2
[6]
M31.(a) (i) rate of change of velocity
[or a = ] (1)
(ii) (acceleration) has (magnitude and) direction (1)

2
(b) (i) (acceleration) is the gradient (or slope) of the graph (1)
(ii) (displacement) is the area (under the graph)

2
(c)
4
[8]
M32.(a) vtb: distance moved (at speed v) before brakes are applied
[or thinking / reaction distance] (1)
Page 69
: distance moved while braking [ or after applying brakes] (1)

2
(b) (i) column B: (8.9) 13.3(5) 17.8 22.2(5) 26.7 31.1(5)

(all values correct to 2 or 3 sig. figs ± 0.2) (1)
(ii) column D: 1.3(5) 1.72 2.02 2.39 2.73 3.08

(all values correct to 2 or 3 sig figs ± 0.1) (1)
2
(c) graph of against v [or v against ] (1)
axes labelled correctly (1) (column D vs column B or A)

appropriate scales (1)
at least four points plotted correctly to 1 square (1)
acceptable straight line (1)
[note: if chosen graph gives a curve (e.g. s against v) then candidate
can only score 2nd, 3rd and 4th marks]
5
(d) (i) (intercept) tb = 0.66 s (1) (values in range 0.6 to 0.7 accepted)
(ii) gradient = (any triangle e.g. (3 - 1) / (30 - 4.5)) = 7.8 × 10 (s m ) (1)

-2 2 -1
[ other answers, if consistent with graph, acceptable]

gradient = (1 / 2a) (1)
gives a = 6.4 m s (1) (values in range 6.1 to 6.7 accepted)
-2
(allow C.E. for value of gradient)
[if column D vs column A used, gradient = 0.022

use of conversion factor gives gradient = 0.078 (s m )]
2 -1
[if graph of v against , gradient = 12.8 m s -2
= 2a for first two marks]

4
[13]
M33.(a) (use of F = ma gives) F = 1.3 × 10 × 2.5 (1)

3
= 3250 N (1)(3.25 × 10 ) 3
Page 70
(b) (i) driving force = 3250 + 410 = 3660 N (1)

(allow C.E. from (a))
(ii) (use of P = Fv gives) P = 3660 × 2.2 (1)

(allow C.E. from(i))
= 8100 W (1) (8.1 × 10 ) 3
(c) (component of) car’s weight opposes motion

[or overcomes gravity
or more work is done as car gains potential energy] (1)
1
[6]
M34.(a) AB: (uniform) acceleration (1)

BC: constant velocity / speed or zero acceleration (1)
CD: negative acceleration or deceleration or decreasing speed / velocity (1)
DE: stationary or zero velocity (1)
EF ; (uniform) acceleration in opposite direction (1)
5
(b) area under the graph (1)

1
(c) distance is a scalar and thus is the total area under the graph
[or the idea that the train travels in the opposite direction] (1)
displacement is a vector and therefore the areas cancel (1)
2
[8]
M35.(a) AB: (uniform) acceleration (1)

BC: constant velocity / speed or zero acceleration (1)
CD: negative acceleration or deceleration or decreasing speed / velocity (1)
DE: stationary or zero velocity (1)
EF ; (uniform) acceleration in opposite direction (1)
5
Page 71
(b) area under the graph (1)

1
(c) distance is a scalar and thus is the total area under the graph
[or the idea that the train travels in the opposite direction] (1)
displacement is a vector and therefore the areas cancel (1)
2
[8]
Page 72
E3.(a) A number of candidates referred to the fact that there was a force and therefore
acceleration but ignored the reference to uniform speed. Candidates were expected
to refer to change in direction resulting in a change in velocity, owing to its vector
nature, and to state the link between change in velocity and acceleration.
(b) (i) Most candidates completed this successfully.
(ii) The majority of candidates did this part correctly but some used the given
diameter as the radius. Many who started with mrω2 had difficulty determining
ω.
(iii) Many candidates drew careful graphs, plotting the data from (ii) correctly and
using a scale that covered the whole range. The quadrupling of force for a
doubling of the velocity was also very clear in the best graphs. There were,
however, many candidates whose skills in graphical communication left much
to be desired. There were many instances where, for example, the value from
(ii), 5.4 × 10–16 N, was plotted on the 20 mm grid line. These candidates rarely
showed other values correctly.
(c) (i) Most candidates were able to complete this successfully but there were a
significant number who used πr2 as the circumference.
(ii) Most appreciated the need to use s = ut + ½ at2 and the majority obtained the
correct answer. There were a significant proportion of candidates who did not
distinguish between horizontal and vertical motion and used 8 × 106 m s–1 for u.
This led to a silly answer for distance fallen in 2 s that usually passed without
comment.
(iii) Most completed this part successfully. Some candidates simply stated
‘gravitation’ instead of a value. A few gave 9.8 N as the answer.
Page 73
E8.(a) (i) There were many good and complete solutions, part (iii) giving the most problems.
(ii) There were many good and complete solutions, part (iii) giving the most
problems.
(iii) There were many good and complete solutions, part (iii) giving the most
problems.
(iv) There were many good and complete solutions, part (iii) giving the most
problems.
(b) Although sketches of the acceleration / speed / distance–time graphs were poor.
There was a general failure to recognise the distance–time graph as being quadratic
in form and the force–time graph was often shown as increasing with time. Despite a
clear indication in the question, some candidates still failed to add values and unit
labels to the graph axes.
(c) (i) Many realised that drag due to air resistance rises with vehicle speed and that
therefore the force decreases with time. Many fewer stated that the resultant
force exerted on the motor car is the difference between the drag force and
the engine thrust.
(ii) A good number recognised that equality of the thrust and the drag forces
means that the resultant force is zero and that in consequence the
acceleration is also zero. Failures here centred around the use of the term
‘constant speed’ rather than ‘zero acceleration’ as an attempted answer.
E9.(a) This was usually completed successfully. A minority gave the deceleration rather than
the decelerating force as the answer.
(b) The majority decided to use the work done = Fs approach rather than the approach
using Δ(½mv2) / t and there were a large number of correct answers to the question.
Although the majority realised that they had to use work done = Fs, many failed to
determine s correctly with a significant number arriving at a stopping distance of 75
m. These candidates used s = ut + ½at2 but used +4.0 m s–2 for a instead of –4.0 m
s–2.
(c) The majority appreciated that all that was necessary was to divide their answer to
(b) by 2.5 s so that most were able to gain the two marks for this part allowing any
error carried forward.
(d) (i) This was often completed successfully. A common error was to use the value
for rate of energy dissipation from part (c), instead of the total energy from part
(b). The majority who were on the right track either divided the energy by 4 or
multiplied the mass by 4 when using Q = mcΔθ. Calculating Δθ for one brake
and then dividing by 4 was an unconvincing approach.
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(ii) Many stated that the temperature rise of the brakes would be lower but were
unable to give a convincing explanation. There were many who thought that
friction when the brakes were applied had not been taken into account and
that ‘energy would be lost to friction’. Others referred to energy dissipated due
to friction between the tyres and the road but thought that this would increase
the temperature rise of the brakes.
E10.(a) This calculation was successfully done by the majority of candidates.
(b) The graph was adequately drawn by the majority of candidates.
(c) A few candidates made errors in this calculation by either using the maximum
(rather than average) value of speed or by making an incorrect assessment of the
area under the graph.
E11. There was a general lack of confidence in this part, some candidates permutated
likely numbers until they found a combination that fitted the answer.
This part was mostly answered very successfully.
Most could handle the equations of motion here but weaker candidates became confused
and could not carry through the necessary manipulations.
Many were able to work towards a complete and accurate solution. A common error was
to forget that there were two forces acting on the car and that it was therefore appropriate
to use the resultant of these forces.
E12. The question told candidates to ‘use the graph…’. Many failed to make it clear in any
way how they did this and lost marks. Otherwise, this question was done well.
The calculation of acceleration was done well by most, but there was a smattering of
incorrect units for the acceleration.
There were no major problems here apart from the few who used the distance travelled
for the whole of the graph (and who had therefore failed to read the question).
Again, errors centred on the use of incorrect time periods for one or more parts of the
calculation.
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E13. (a) (i) The main errors were a misreading of the graph (70 qua 71 m s ) and a
–1
failure to square v. This latter was often accompanied by a misquotation of the

kinetic energy equation pointing perhaps to a lack of practice?
(ii) This was a ‘Show that…’ question and, inevitably, candidates failed to give
good and complete solutions. They must learn that it is vital in such a question
to carry the answer through to more significant figures than in the question
itself and to give each step of the calculation.
(iii) These were an easy two marks scored in full by many.
(b) This was generally answered well.
(c) Most candidates were successful in using a calculation technique to evaluate the
velocity of the aircraft. However, there were also some excellent scale drawings
many of which did not include a measurement of direction angle. The rubric for the
paper clearly states the need for a protractor.
E14. This proved to be a difficult question for many candidates.
An accurate calculation of average acceleration was achieved by only about half of the
candidates, while rather less than that were able to calculate the correct area under the
graph to find the maximum height.
Many of the candidates who gained credit for part (a) did so on the basis of error carried
forward from part (b). Other candidates had the rocket falling back to Earth with an initial
velocity of 69 m s . However, there were a significant number of candidates who did
–1
achieve full marks on the question.
E15. (a) (i) This part was usually correct but the unit caused more problems than it
should have done at this level.
(ii) Few candidates had problems with this part.
(b) Most were successful in this part. Those who failed usually gave (890 + 2.4 )
2 2 1/2
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(c) Again the majority of the candidates did this correctly. Those who failed usually
determined the wrong angle and gave 86.1° as the final answer.
E16. (a) Most candidates were able to use an appropriate form of the equation v = u +
at. Weaker candidates were penalised for suggesting that acceleration is velocity
divided by time. A sizable number failed to convert kilometres per hour into metres
per second.
(b) With error carried forward from (a) many candidates gained full marks for this part.
Common errors were to use the kilometre per hour velocity a second time in the
equation s = (v +u)t/2 or to quote the final distance to four (or more) significant
figures.
E17. (a) (i) More were able to handle the resolution of the force correctly in this part
than were able to do so in question 1.
(ii) Subtraction of the frictional force from the answer to part (i) was the most
common error.
(b) (i) Most appreciated that they had to use F = ma, but there were two pitfalls
which led to many incorrect answers. Firstly, an incorrect determination of the
force acting down the slope and secondly, the use of 1.5 × 10 (N) as the
4
mass.
(ii) & (iii) Allowing the error carried forward these parts were generally done well.
E18. A significant majority of candidates gained over half marks on this question and a
high number of fully correct answers were seen.
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(a) A straightforward question, but a number of candidates did not clearly state the
principle or formula they were using. Since this was a ‘show that’ question, this
omission was penalised.
(b) (i) Most candidates correctly calculated the mass; although there was the usual
confusion between mass and weight in the minds of some.
(ii) Less than half of the candidates realised that the horizontal forces were in
equilibrium so some very odd answers were seen.
(c) Counting squares is a well rehearsed technique and as expected, many correct
answers were seen.
E19. This was by far the most accessible question on the paper with a large majority of
candidates achieving half marks or more.
(a) Most candidates correctly calculated the acceleration but many lost a mark for a
significant figure error and some for a unit penalty. The equation force = mass ×
acceleration was well known and successfully applied by the majority of the
candidates.
(b) While many candidates were able to calculate the resistive force, fewer could
calculate the thrust. A significant number of candidates clearly thought that thrust
was an acceleration rather than a force.
(c) The distance for the first part of the motion was usually correctly calculated, but the
second part proved to be much harder for a number of candidates.
E21.The provision of the labels on the axes in the question appeared to be helpful to
candidates. The great majority of candidates chose sensible scales and plotted the points
clearly and accurately. Some candidates had difficulty in drawing a line of best fit, either
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because they insisted that the line had to pass through each of the points, or by not
possessing a straight edge. In part (a)(ii) many candidates stated that the area under the
graph represented momentum rather than the change in momentum.
In part (b) less than half of the candidates were able to use the area under the graph to
show that the speed of the locomotive is 1.6 ms–1.
There were many correct answers to part (c)(i), with the conservation of momentum
clearly stated or quoted in the form of an equation. The calculation of the combined kinetic
energy of the locomotive and the truck after collision was usually correct. In part (c)(iii) it
was encouraging to see that the majority of candidates referred to kinetic energy loss to
show that the collision is inelastic.
E22.In this high-scoring question most of the difficulties arose in part (a), where candidates
were not careful enough to distinguish between the straight part of the graph. AB, where
the acceleration was uniform, and the curved part, BC. where it was not. Thus, a very
common wrong answer in part (a)(i) was 2.5 ms–2 and even those candidates who
recognised that they had to find the area under the graph up to C in part (a)(ii) most
commonly treated that area as a triangle, giving the answer 1 .25m. Only a small
proportion of the candidates calculated the area sufficiently accurately. Other mistakes
included finding the area up to t = 0.7s or up to t = 4.3 s.
Answers to part (b) were better. The main weaknesses were inadequate explanation in
part (b)(i) and carelessness in part (b)(ii).
E24.The majority of candidates answered this question fairly well. Full marks were not
uncommon. Most problems were caused by part (iii), but even this involved relatively few
candidates.
Page 79
E25.Candidates had problems with this question. The majority did not resolve the weight and
simply quoted the actual weight. There was some confusion as to the meaning of 1.0 m in
15 m. Those candidates who did resolve the weight often gave the component at right
angles to the slope rather than along the slope.
The calculation of power in part (a)(ii) proved easier for most candidates and, with the
allowance of an error carried forward, the majority of candidates picked up marks here.
Part (b) also caused much confusion. Many candidates were not sure how to begin.
Those candidates who had some idea often used the equations of motion with the
acceleration equal to 9.81 m s–2.
E26.In part (a) most candidates were able to interpret the graph correctly and almost all
understood why the parachutist reached constant terminal speed in region C of the graph.
Although many also understood and stated that the acceleration in region A was constant,
few stated that this was because the drag on the parachutist was negligible or much
smaller than his weight. Answers were generally well expressed and a mark of four or five
was most common. A minority of candidates, however, was quite incapable of using
physics terms accurately and subsequently scored few marks.
Many candidates understood that the acceleration in part (b) equalled the gradient of the
line in region D of the graph and arrived at a correct answer (although the unit of
acceleration was often given as −1). Candidates who used a = (ʋ − u) / t very often chose
points off the straight section of the graph and arrived at α value for a outside the
acceptable range.
In part (c) many candidates ignored the graph and attempted to use an equation of
uniform acceleration to find the distance travelled. The majority, however, made some
attempt to relate distance to the area under the graph and most of these answers fell
within the acceptable range.
Part (d) was most often correct, although in part (ii) many candidates inverted the tan
function and found the angle to the horizontal rather than the vertical.
E27.The majority of candidates were able to identify in part (a) the reaction forces, the weight
Page 80
and the resistive forces, but very few were able to identify the driving force correctly. Other
errors which occurred were not drawing the arrows carefully enough and leaving their
direction and point of origin vague. Labelling the arrows was also frequently ambiguous.
Part (ii) was often not answered well. Candidates had great difficulty expressing
themselves in a way that demonstrated understanding and often equated forces to
velocity and incorrectly applied Newton’s third law of motion to the situation.
Part (b) was well answered with the majority of candidates selecting and correctly
rearranging the appropriate formula. Candidates found part (c)(i) more difficult and many
did not realise that a simple subtraction of the forces was required. Part (ii) also caused
problems for weaker candidates although a significant proportion did realise that the force
was a factor of four greater than the force quoted in the question. Candidates fared better
with the calculation in part (iii) and correct solutions were often seen.
E28.There were excellent attempts at the calculations in part (a) although there were fewer
instances of full marks being awarded than was the case for a similar question in the
corresponding Summer 2001 paper. There was some uncertainty with negative signs and
very often negative signs were conveniently dropped when it came to taking square roots.
The descriptive section in part (b) proved to be quite discriminating with the weaker
candidates obviously not quite sure as to the context of the question.
E29.The main problem faced by candidates when answering this question was the confusion
which arose when deciding what to call the opposing force. Many candidates identified it
as upthrust when they meant drag and a significant minority discussed air resistance.
There was also a tendency to state that the drag force become equal to the acceleration
of the ball bearing due to gravity rather than its weight.
Part (b) proved to be a good discriminator with only the best candidates producing
answers for which marks were awarded.
E30.Candidates appeared not to understand clearly the term, resultant force, in part (a) and
often confused resultant force with the resistance forces or the driving force. Such a
misconception led those candidates to deduce that the resultant force increased rather
than decreased.
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In part (b) a significant proportion of candidates calculated the kinetic energy incorrectly,
by ignoring the need to square the velocity. The calculation in part (c) was generally well
done although answers were often left as a fraction which incurred a significant figure
penalty.
E31.Parts (a) and (b) produced good responses although a significant proportion of candidates
did concern themselves with rate of change of speed rather than velocity. Part (c) was
less well answered and proved to be a good discriminator as only the most able
candidates were able to sketch the correct graph.
E32.Part (a) was quite straightforward and the majority of candidates gained both marks,
although some marks were withheld due to candidates referring carelessly to time rather
than distance.
The columns of data in part (b) were usually completed correctly, but some candidates
lost marks as a result of using too many or too few significant figures. Again in part (c)
many candidates scored full marks but a significant minority were unable to choose
appropriate scales for their chosen graph. Others were unable to plot a suitable graph,
mostly as a result of plotting s against v or v against s rather than s / v against v.
Most of candidates who plotted a straight line graph knew how to determine the value of
tb in part (d). Some however failed to score this mark as a result of lack of care in plotting
the graph in the previous section. In part (ii) , most candidates were able to obtain a
correct value for the gradient of their straight line graph. In addition, these candidates
were able to relate the gradient to the acceleration and obtained a correct value for the
acceleration. On the other hand, many of the weaker candidates had plotted an unsuitable
graph (e.g. s vs v) and were unable to make progress with the calculations. They were
clearly unaware of the necessity of choosing variables that would produce a straight line
graph.
E33.Candidates found parts (a) and (c) quite straightforward and usually gained the allocated
marks. There were problems with part (b) and of the two sections only the better
candidates obtained the correct value for the driving force. Far more candidates were able
to calculate the power delivered to the wheels, as they were not penalised for using an
incorrect value of the driving force.
Page 82
E34.Candidates found this question quite straightforward and full marks were not uncommon,
but the idea of the magnitude of velocity increasing with negative acceleration did tax
some. In part (c) a significant number of candidates did have trouble explaining clearly
why the distance travelled was different to the displacement. There was a tendency to
offer vague answers without focusing on the fact that displacement is a vector quantity
whereas distance is scalar.
E35.Candidates found this question quite straightforward and full marks were not uncommon,
but the idea of the magnitude of velocity increasing with negative acceleration did tax
some. In part (c) a significant number of candidates did have trouble explaining clearly
why the distance travelled was different to the displacement. There was a tendency to
offer vague answers without focusing on the fact that displacement is a vector quantity
whereas distance is scalar.
Page 83

3.4.1.3 Motion Along A Straight Line

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3.4.1.3 Motion Along A Straight Line

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Colonel Frank Seely School

Exampro A-level Physics Name:

3.4.1.3 Motion along a straight line

After the collision both trolleys are in motion together.

Which one of the following is consistent with the photograph?

acceleration of free fall, g = 9.8 m s–2

Calculate the distance a proton would fall in two seconds.

(iii) Determine the force necessary to prevent the vertical movement.

B between zero and W

acceleration of free fall, g = 9.8 m s–2

(ii) the time for which the hammer is falling freely.

Q7.A body is accelerated from rest by a constant force.

(i) the acceleration of the motor car;

(ii) the speed of the motor car after 15 s;

(a) Calculate the decelerating force developed by the brakes.

(b) Calculate the work done in decelerating the car.

(c) Calculate the rate of energy dissipation by the brakes.

(a) Calculate the vehicle's acceleration.

Minimum length ...............................................

Stopping time ........................................

Distance travelled ...............................................

Journey time difference ...............................

landing on a stationary aircraft-carrier.

(a) (i) Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the aircraft.

Initial kinetic energy ............................................

(ii) Show that the deceleration of the aircraft is about 20 m s . –2

(iii) Calculate the decelerating force acting on the aircraft.

Calculate the acceleration of the aircraft.

blowing from east to west at 20 m s . Find, by scale drawing or otherwise, the

resultant velocity of the aircraft.

Velocity of aircraft: magnitude .............................

Average acceleration ..........................

Maximum height .......................

acceleration of free fall g = 9.8 m s –2

Time to fall to the ground ...........................

(a) The spacecraft has a mass of 5.5 × 10 kg. Calculate: 4

(i) the acceleration of the spacecraft towards B;

(ii) the force on the spacecraft produced by the thrusters.

Force on spacecraft ......................................................

(b) Calculate the magnitude of the resultant velocity after 25 s.

Magnitude of resultant velocity ......................................................

Q16. A car accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 100 km h in 5.8 s. –1

(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the car while accelerating.

Distance travelled = .................................

the gravitational field strength, g = 9.8 N kg –1

(i) the acceleration of the cable car down the slope;

time taken ...............................................

(i) Calculate the mass of the car and its contents

resistive force ......................................

Q19. A radio-controlled model car has a mass of 0.65 kg.

(i) the acceleration of the car,

resultant force ....................................................

resistive force .....................................................

(c) Calculate the total distance travelled by the car.

total distance travelled .......................................

For this first bounce only, sketch graphs of

(a) the velocity of the ball plotted against time,

(b) the acceleration of the ball plotted against time.

Mark on the diagram the directions of

(i) the acceleration vector at P,

(iii) the momentum vector at P,

(iv) the momentum vector at Q.