A Project Report

On

UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT

DETECTION
Project Report submitted to

Universal College of Engineering and Research, Sasewadi

In partial fulfilment for award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Electrical Engineering
By
Kalyani Nakte Vaibhav Jambhale
Nikita Pendalkar

Department of Electrical Engineering

Universal College of Engineering and Research, Sasewadi

1
 DECLARATION

We the undersigned solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled
“Underground Cable Fault Detector”, is based on my/our own work carried out during the
course of our study under the supervision of Prof. Rejo Roy.

we assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the
project work. I/we further declare that to the best of our knowledge and belief that the report
does not contain any part of any work which has been submitted for the award of any other
degree/diploma/certificate in this University or any other University.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is a matter of profound privilege and pleasure to extend my sense of respect and

deepest gratitude to our project guide Prof. Sofia Department of Electrical Engineering under
whose precise guidance and gracious encouragement we had the privilege to work.

We would like to avail this opportunity to thank Prof. Sofia, Head of Department,
Electrical Engineering, for facilitating such a congenial environment in our department and also
his unending encouragement throughout.

We would also like to thank the many people in my college, faculty members and
supporting staff, for always being helpful over the years.

Last but not the least; we would like to express deepest gratefulness to our parents for
their continuous moral support and encouragement. Their love accompanies us wherever we
go.

Kalyani Nakte
Vaibhav Jambhale
Nikita Pendalkar

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 ABSTRACT
God gifted sense of vision to the human being is an important aspect of our life. But there are
some unfortunate people who lack the ability of visualizing things. The visually impaired have to
face many challenges in their daily life. The problem gets worse when there is an obstacle in
front of them. Blind stick is an innovative stick designed for visually disabled people for
improved navigation. The paper presents a theoretical system concept to provide a smart
ultrasonic aid for blind people. The system is intended to provide overall measures – Artificial
vision and object detection. The aim of the overall system is to provide a low cost and efficient
navigation aid for a visually impaired person who gets a sense of artificial vision by providing
information about the environmental scenario of static and dynamic objects around them.
Ultrasonic sensors are used to calculate distance of the obstacles around the blind person to
guide the user towards the available path. Output is in the form of sequence of beep sound
which the blind person can hear.

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..v

1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………......1

1.1 Overview………………………………………………………………….....1

1.2 Objective of the Project……………………………………………………...1

1.3 Detailed Problem Definition…………………………………………….......1

1.4 Economic Feasibility and Commercial Use of the Proposed Project………..2

1.5 Use of Computational Tool……………………………………………….....2

1.6 Future Prospects of the Project……………………………………………...2

1.7 Organization of the Project Report……………………………………….....2

2. Literature Survey……………………………………………………………...….3

2.1 Overview………………………………………………………………........3

2.2 Detailed Literature Review………………………………………………....3

2.3 Summary…………………………………………………………………....3

3. Methodology……………………………………………………………………..5

3.1 Overview…………………………………………………………………...5

3.2 Explanation……………………………………………………………...…5

3.3 Hardware Requirements…………………………………………………....7

3.4 Software Implementation……………………………………………….…13

3.5 Working…………………………………………………………………...14

3.6 Summary………………………………………………………………….14

5
4. Results and Discussion………………………………………………………….…15

5. Conclusion and future scope………………………………………………...……16

5.1 Conclusion……………………………………………………………….…16

5.2 Future Scope…………………………………………………………….….16

6. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………17

6
 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Till last decades cables were made to lay overhead& currently it is lay to underground cable
which is superior to earlier method. Because the underground cable are not affected by any
adverse weather condition such as storm, snow, heavy rainfall as well as pollution. But when any
fault occur in cable, then it is difficult to locate fault. So we will move to find the exact location
of fault. Now the world is become digitalized so the project is intended to detect the location of
fault in digital way. The underground cable system is more common practice followed in many
urban areas. While fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that
particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of cable fault.

Fault in cable is represented as:

• Any defect,
• Inconsistency,
• Weakness or non-homogeneity that affect performance of cable.
• Current is diverted from the intended path
• Caused by breaking of conductor& failure of insulation

1.2 Objective of the project

The objective of this project is to determine the distance of underground cable fault from base
station in kilometers. While a fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process
related to that particular cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of the cable
fault.The proposed system is to find the exact location of the fault. The project uses the standard
concept of Ohms law i.e., when a low DC voltage is applied at the feeder end through a Cable
lines, then current would vary depending upon the location of fault in the cable. In case there is a
short circuit (Line to Ground), the voltage across series resistors changes accordingly, which is
then fed to inbuilt ADC of Arduino board to develop precise digital data for display in
kilometers.

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1.3 Detailed problem Definition

The main problem is that the underground cables have higher initial cost and insulation problems at high
voltages. Another main drawback is that, if a fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair the fault
because the fault is invisible. Fault in cable can be classified in two groups:

1) Open circuit fault: Open circuit faults are better than short circuit fault, because when these fault occurs
current flows through cable becomes zero. This type of fault is caused by break in conducting path. Such
faults occur when one or more phase conductors break.

2) Short circuit fault: Further short circuit fault can be categorized in two types:

a) Symmetrical fault: Three-phase fault is called symmetrical fault. In this all three phases are short
circuited.

b) Unsymmetrical fault: In this fault magnitude of current is not equal & not displaced by 120 degree.

1.4 Economic Feasibility and Commercial Use of Proposed project

Its main application is to detect the fault of underground cable which is very hard to detect as it is not
possible to see such faults which are quite possible in the case of overhead transmission line. So for
such cases this project is very helpful as the distance at which the fault has occurred can be
calculated and then further action regarding the fault can be taken to overcome them.

1.5 Future prospects of the project

The proposed system in this paper detect only the location of Short Circuit fault in underground cable
line, and also detect the location of open circuit fault, to detect the open circuit fault capacitor is used in
circuit which measure the change in resistance & calculate the distance of fault. For future research, the
system would proceed with similar neural networks structure for different types fault and fault location
estimation. Fault location methods can be classified as:

1) Online method: This method utilize & process the sampled voltages& current to determine the fault
points. Online method for underground cable are less than overhead lines.

2) Offline method: In this method special instrument is used to test out service of cable in the field. There
are two offline methods as following

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 A) Racer method: In this method fault point is detected by walking on the cable lines. Fault point is
indicated from audible signal or electromagnetic signal. It is used to pinpoint fault location very
accurately.

Example: 1) Tracing current method

2) Sheath coil method

B) Terminal method: It is a technique used to detect fault location of cable from one or both ends
without tracing. This method use to locate general area of fault, to expedite tracing on buried cable.

Example: 1) Murray loop method

2) Impulse current method

1.6 Organization of the Project Report

The organization of the project report is basis on the fault detection of the underground cable .As the use
of underground cables goes increasing due to their advantages and having beneficial in day to day life.
The project consist of the methodology of the proposed project. Some result and conclusion arrives during
these session of project work.

[CHAPTER 1] deals with Literature survey, In these section we discussed about the Introduction and
evaluation of the model

We discussed concept of the underground fault in the cable and the implementation of the fault occur and
also about the detailed problem.

[CHAPTER 2] deals with the analysis on the underground fault detection. The main methodology of the
fault detection is discussed here, consisting the main body of the project. Overview of the project process
of the project connection of the circuit, hardware used and the implemented software in the ATmega328

[CHAPTER3] consist the main snapshot of the program and discussed about the result of the project
making. For the future scope result arrives how the fault detection can done how they are solved.

[CHAPTER4] conclusion and the future scope of main project is discussed here. we also discussed is this
project are economical on not and the customer service

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 2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Overview

For the real worldwide operated voltage distribution lines underground cables have been used
from many years. In order to reduce the sensitivity of distribution networks to environmental
influences underground voltage cables are highly used. Underground cables have been widely
used in power distribution networks due to the advantages of underground connection, more
enhanced security than overhead lines in adverse weather condition, less liable to damage by
storms or lightning. It is less costly for larger distance, eco- friendly and low maintenance cost.
But if any fault occur in cable, then it is difficult to its type. So this system is use to detect the
location and type of fault in digital way. The requirement of locating the faulty point in an
underground cable in order is to facilitate quicker repair, improve the system reliability and
reduced outage period

.2.2 Detailed Literature Review

Underground cables are the electric power transmission cables. Because of their reliability on
transmitting, they used in urban areas and in thick population areas, where overhead transmission
is dangerous. Underground cables have low maintenance cost, less chances of faults, smaller
voltage drop. In recent improvements in the design and manufacture have led to development of
cables suitable for use at high voltage. The design and construction of underground transmission
lines differ from overhead lines. The first underground transmission line was a 132 kV line
constructed in 1927. The cable was fluid-filled and paper insulated. The fluid was necessary to
dissipate the heat. For decades, reliability problems continued to be associated with constructing
longer cables at higher voltages. The most significant issue was maintenance difficulties. Not
until mid-1960s did the technology advance sufficiently so that a high-voltage 345 kV line could
be constructed underground. The lines though were still fluid filled. In the 1990s the first solid
cable transmission line was constructed more than one mile in length and greater than 230 kV.
Cables are generally laid directly in the ground or in ducts in the underground distribution
system. For this reason, there are little chances of faults in underground cables. However, if a

10
fault does occur, it is difficult to locate and repair the fault because conductors are not visible.
Nevertheless, the following are the faults most likely to occur in underground cables.
Underground cables are the electric power transmission cables. Because of their reliability on
transmitting, they used in congested urban areas and in thick population areas, where overhead
transmission is dangerous. Underground cables have low maintenance cost, less chances of
faults, smaller voltage drop. In recent improvements in the design and manufacture have led to
development of cables suitable for use at high voltage

2.3 Summary

The aim of this project to detect the fault and work with them or deal with them easily. The
project has an extended to the fault location in underground cables can be easily found by using
Effective Global Positioning System, Global System for Mobile Communication, which thereby
directly indicates the distance of fault from the nearby substation along with sending an SMS or
Voice to the registered mobile number. This helps the repairing team to clear the fault within less
time. This can be implemented for 3-Phase System also.

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 3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overview

The main concept of this project is to find the distance of underground cable fault from the base
station in kilometers. In many urban areas, cable fault is a common problem. When a fault occurs
due to some reason, the process of fault tracking without knowing the location related to that
particular cable is very difficult. The proposed system is designed to track the exact location of
the fault occurred in the cable.

3.2 Explanation

While fault occurs for some reason, at that time the repairing process related to that particular
cable is difficult due to not knowing the exact location of cable fault.

Fault in cable is represented as:

• Any defect,
• Inconsistency,
• Weakness or non-homogeneity that affect performance of cable.
• Current is diverted from the intended path
• Caused by breaking of conductor& failure of insulation

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
The project uses the simple concept of OHMs law where a low DC voltage is applied at the
feeder end through a series resistor. The current would vary depending upon the length of fault
of the cable in case there is a short circuit of LL or 3L or LG etc.

The series resistor voltage drop changes accordingly which is then fed to an ADC to develop
precise digital data which the programmed microcontroller would display the same in Kilo
meters. The project is assembled with a set of resistors representing c able length in KMs and

12
fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the
same.

This is proposed model of underground cable fault distance locator using microcontroller. It is
classified in four parts –DC power supply part, cable part, controlling part, display part.

DC power supply part consist of ac supply of 230v is step down using transformer, bridge
rectifier converts ac signal to dc & regulator is used to produce constant dc voltage.

The cable part is denoted by set of resistors along with switches Current sensing part of cable
represented as set of resistors &switches are used as fault creators to indicate the fault at each
location. This part senses the change in current by sensing the voltage drop.

Next is controlling part which consist of analog to digital convertor which receives input from
the current sensing circuit, converts this voltage into digital signal and feeds the microcontroller
with the signal.
The microcontroller also forms part of the controlling unit and makes necessary calculations
regarding the distance of the fault.

The microcontroller also drives a relay driver which in turn controls the switching of a set of
relays for proper connection of the cable at each phase.

The display part consists of the LCD display interfaced to the microcontroller which shows the
status of the cable of each phase and the distance of the cable at the particular phase, in case of
any fault.

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POWER SUPPLY
The power supply circuit consists of step down transformer which is 230v step down to 12v.In
this circuit 4diodes are used to form bridge rectifier which delivers pulsating dc voltage & then
fed to capacitor filter the output voltage from rectifier is fed to filter to eliminate any ac.
components present even after rectification. The filtered DC voltage is given to regulator to
produce 12v constant DC voltage.

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3.3 Hardware Requirements
 Transformer
 Relay
 LCD
 Rectifier
 Crystal Oscillator
 Resistors
 Capacitor
 LEDs
 Slide Switches
 ATMEGA328

Transformer
The step-down converters are used for converting the high voltage into low voltage. The
converter with output voltage less than the input voltage is called as a step-down converter, and
the converter with output voltage greater than the input voltage is called as step-up converter.
There are step-up and step-down transformers which are used to step up or step down the voltage
levels. 230V AC is converted into 12V AC using a step-down transformer. 12V output of
stepdown transformer is an RMS value and its peak value is given by the product of square root
of two with RMS value, which is approximately 17V.

15
Step-down transformer consists of two windings, namely primary and secondary windings where
primary can be designed using a less-gauge wire with more number of turns as it is used for
carrying low-current high-voltage power, and the secondary winding using a high-gauge wire
with less number of turns as it is used for carrying high-current low-voltage power. Transformers
works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction

RELAY
Relay is sensing device which senses the fault &send a trip signal to circuit breaker to isolate the
faulty section. A relay is automatic device by means of which an electrical circuit is indirectly
controlled &is governed by change in the same or another electrical circuit. There are various
types of relay: Numerical relay, Static relay & electromagnetic relay. Relay are housed in panel
in the control room.

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LCD
The I2C 1602 LCD module is a 2 line by 16 character display interfaced to an I2C daughter
board. The I2C interface only requires 2 data connections, +5 VDC and GND
to operate.

Specifications:

I2C Address Range 0x20 to 0x27 (Default=0x27, addressable)

Operating Voltage 5 Vdc
Contrast-Adjustable by potentiometer on I2c interface
The device is powered by a single 5Vdc connection.

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Rectifier
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which flows in only one direction.

The process is known as rectification, since it "straightens" the direction of current. Physically,
rectifiers take a number of forms, including vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, stacks of
copper and selenium oxide plates, semiconductor diodes, silicon-controlled rectifiers and other
silicon-based semiconductor switches. Historically, even synchronous electromechanical
switches and motors have been used. Early radio receivers, called crystal radios, used a "cat's
whisker" of fine wire pressing on a crystal of galena (lead sulfide) to serve as a point-contact
rectifier or "crystal detector".

Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as components of DC power supplies and
high-voltage direct current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in roles other
than to generate direct current for use as a source of power. As noted, detectors of radio signals
serve as rectifiers. In gas heating systems flame rectification is used to detect presence of a
flame.

Depending on the type of alternating current supply and the arrangement of the rectifier circuit,
the output voltage may require additional smoothing to produce a uniform steady voltage. Many
applications of rectifiers, such as power supplies for radio, television and computer equipment,
require a steady constant DC voltage (as would be produced by a battery). In these applications

18
the output of the rectifier is smoothed by an electronic filter, which may be a capacitor, choke, or
set of capacitors, chokes and resistors, possibly followed by a voltage regulator to produce a
steady voltage

Crystal oscillator
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a
vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a precise frequency.
This frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable
clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and
receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so
oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric
materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.

A miniature 16 MHz quartz crystal enclosed in

a hermetically sealed HC-49/S package, used as the
resonator in a crystal oscillator.

Type Electromechanical

Working Piezoelectricity, Resonance

principle

19
 Invented Alexander M. Nicholson, Walter
Guyton Cady

First 1918
production

Resistors
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as
a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other
uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat, may be used
as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for generators. Fixed
resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage.
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp
dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous
in electronic equipment.

Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various compounds and forms.
Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of the
resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component.

20
Capacitor
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive electronic
component with two terminals.
The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While some capacitance exists between any
two electrical conductors in proximity in a circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add
capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor was originally known as a condenser or condensator. This
name and its cognates are still widely used in many languages, but rarely in English, one notable
exception being condenser microphones, also called capacitor microphones.

The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many types of
capacitor are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in
the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be a
foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The non-conducting dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics include glass,
ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, air, and oxide layers.

Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy, although real-life capacitors do
dissipate a small amount. (See Non-ideal behavior) When an electric potential, a voltage, is
applied across the terminals of a capacitor, for example when a capacitor is connected across a
battery, an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing a net positive charge to collect on
one plate and net negative charge to collect on the other plate.

No current actually flows through the dielectric. However, there is a flow of charge through the
source circuit. If the condition is maintained sufficiently long, the current through the source

21
circuit ceases. If a time-varying voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, the source
experiences an ongoing current due to the charging and discharging cycles of the capacitor.

LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the band gap of the
semiconductor. White light is obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

Appearing as practical electronic components in 1962, the earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity
infrared light. Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits, such as those used with a wide
variety of consumer electronics. The first visible-light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to
red. Modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with
high light output.

Early LEDs were often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs, and
in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced high-output white light LEDs
suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have led to new displays and sensors, while
their high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology.

22
LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.
LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive headlamps,
advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera flashes, lighted wallpaper, plant growing
light, and medical devices.

Slide switches

Slide switches are mechanical switches using a slider that moves (slides) from the open (off)
position to the closed (on) position. They allow control over current flow in a circuit without
having to manually cut or splice wire. This type of switch is best used for controlling current
flow in small projects.

ATmega328

The ATmega328 is a single-chip microcontroller created by Atmel in the megaAVR family (later
Microchip Technology acquired Atmel in 2016). It has a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit
RISC processor core. ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems
where a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed [citation needed]. Perhaps the
most common implementation of this chip is on the popular Arduino development platform,
namely the Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano models.

The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP flash memory with
read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32
general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with compare modes, internal
and external

23
interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port,
6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable
watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The
device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The device achieves throughput approaching 1 MIPS per
MHz

3.4 Software Implementation

/*
circuits4you.com
Arduino Based Underground Cable Fault Detection
*/

// include the library code:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins

LiquidCrystal lcd(7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2);

const double Rc = 0.01; //Cable Resistance per meter its 0.01 Ohm/Mtr
void setup() {
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 4);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print(" Cable Fault ");
}

void loop() {
double Vx=(5.0/1024.0) * analogRead(A0); //Voltage across Rx
double Rx = Vx / (1.25/12); //Cable Resistace (1.25/R2)=I Constant Current Source

//Display Cable Resistance

24
 lcd.setCursor(0, 1); // set the cursor to column 0, line 2
lcd.print("Res:");
lcd.print(Rx);
lcd.print(" Ohm");

//Display Fault Location

lcd.setCursor(0, 2); // set the cursor to column 0, line 3
lcd.print("Dist:");
lcd.print((Rx/Rc)/2); //Find Location of Fault
lcd.print(" Mtr");}

3.5 Working
Before attempting to find underground cable faults on direct hidden primary cable, it is essential
to know where the cable is situated and what direction it takes. If the fault occurs on the
secondary cable, then knowing the exact route is even more critical. Since it is extremely
difficult to find a cable fault without knowing where the cable is, it makes sense to master cable
locating and tracking before start the fault locating process.

The success of fault tracking and locating of an underground cable is mainly depends on the
skill, knowledge and experience of that person. Although tracing of the cable can be an intricate
job, it will very likely become even more complex as more underground plant is installed. It is
just as important to understand how the equipment works.

3.6 Summary
Less maintenance. It has higher efficiency. Less fault occur in underground cable. Underground
cable fault location model are applicable to all types of cable ranging from 1kv to 500kv&other
types of cable fault such as-Short circuit fault, cable cuts, Resistive fault, Sheath faults, Water
trees, Partial discharges. Improved public safety

25
 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Thus the underground cable fault using AT Mega 328 Microcontroller was identified in the
underground cable from feeder end in a km. To measure the particular distance and location an
individual resister is connected between zones. Solid State relay is a sensing device it will work
in a particular location of cable and intimate the fault to microcontroller and distance of fault is
displayed in the LCD display.

26
 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion
In this paper we detect the exact location of short circuit fault in the underground cable from
feeder end in km by using microcontrollerATmega328 .For this we use simple concept of
OHM’s law so fault can be easily detected and repaired. Thus the project on Underground cable
fault detection using AT Mega 16 Micro controller was done. We have proposed a low cost
solution to enhance the fault detection of underground cable. It is secure, robust and power
consuming. It can be used to all types of cables so as to avoid fault occurring in the underground
cables

5.2 Future Scope

In this project we detect only the location of short circuit fault in underground cable line, but we
also detect the location of open circuit fault, to detect the open circuit fault capacitor is used in ac
circuit which measure the change in impedance & calculate the distance of fault.

27
 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

6.1 The internet source

https://circuits4you.com/2016/05/17/arduino-based-underground-cable-fault-detection/
https://www.scribd.com/document/346324568/Underground-Wire-Fault-Detector-Project-Report
https://circuits4you.com/2016/05/17/arduino-based-underground-cable-fault-detection/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326081332_GSM_Based_Underground_Cable_Fault_Distance
_Locator
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ACYBGNTT8Nq4oIihJabZu67-
7cCriXcwKQ%3A1575401930523&ei=yrnmXYDPH4LXz7sPzriT4A0&q=working+undergrou
nd+cable+fault+detection&oq=working+&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.35i39j0i273l2j0i67l4j0l3.97.9707..11747...11.0..8.615.6492.0j6j12j1j0j4......0....1..gws-
wiz.....10..35i304i39j0i13j35i362i39j0i131.ExI6BbZniIc

6.2 References
[1] Qinghai Shi, Troeltzsch U, Kanoun O. Detection and localization of cable faults by time and
frequency domain measurements. Conf. Systems and Signals and Devices, 7th International
conference, Amman. 2010; 1-6.
[2] B. Clegg, Underground Cable Fault Location. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1993.
[3] M.-S. Choi, D.-S. Lee, and X. Yang, ―A line to ground fault location algorithm for
underground cable system,‖ KIEE Trans. Power Eng., pp. 267–273, Jun. 2005.
[4] E. C. Bascom, ―Computerized underground cable faultlocation expertise, ‖in Proc. IEEE
Power Eng. Soc.General Meeting, Apr. 10–15,1994, pp. 376–382.J. Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise
on Electricity and Magnetism, 3rded., vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon, 1892, pp.68–73.
[5] K.K. Kuan, Prof. K. Warwick, ― Real-time expert system for fault location on high voltage
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