Module 1: Properties and structure of matter (Bonding)

1. How does covalent bonding form?

a. Electrons shared between atoms
b. When atoms exchange electrons to form attracted ions
c. When electrons are delocalised from their atoms
d. When atoms are attracted to atoms

2. How does an ionic bond form?

a. When electrons are shared between atoms
b. When atoms exchange electrons to form attracted ions
c. When electrons are delocalised from their atoms
d. When atoms are attracted to atoms

3. Describe the structure of a metallic substance

a. Lattice of anions with delocalised electrons moving between them
b. Lattice of cations with delocalised electrons moving between them
c. Lattice of electrons with delocalised electrons moving between them
d. Sea of electrons with cations moving between them

4. What is polar covalent bonding?

a. One that forms between atoms with the same electronegativity
b. One that forms between ions with different charges
c. One that forms between atoms with different electronegativities
d. One that forms in a polar solvent

5. How many electrons have been lost or gained by Se2-?

a. Lost 2
b. Lost 3
c. Gained 2
d. Gained 3

6. How many electrons have been lost or gained by Pb4+?

a. Lost 2
b. Lost 4
c. Gained 3
d. Gained 4

7. How many electrons have been lost or gained by N3-?

a. Lost 2
b. Lost 4
c. Gained 3
d. Gained 4
8. What type of ion is a chloride (Cl-) ion?
a. Monatomic anion
b. Polyatomic cation
c. Monatomic anion
d. Polyatomic cation

9. What type of ion is a carbonate ( CO32- ) ion?

a. Monatomic anion
b. Polyatomic cation
c. Monatomic anion
d. Polyatomic cation

10. Write the electron arrangement for Na+?

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11. Write the electron arrangement for Ca2+?

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12. Write equations showing how the following metal and non metal atoms form ions
● lithium and fluorine
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● Magnesium and sulfur
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● Potassium and iodine
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13. Demonstrate how covalent bonds form between carbon and hydrogen

14. Demonstrate how covalent bonds form between carbon and bromine

15. Explain how the filling of valence shells influences an atom's stability.
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16. Describe electronegativity

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17. Describe what an ion is and how it is formed. Explain why atoms form ions.
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18. Describe the difference between an atom and an ion.

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19. Relate the position of S2 −, Ar and K+ on the periodic table to the charges and electron
arrangement.
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20. Explain why all three have the same electron arrangement.
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21. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) is a covalent molecule made up of phosphorus atoms

and chlorine atoms. PCl3 is toxic, highly corrosive and reacts violently with water.
Describe the nature of the covalent bonds that form between the P and Cl atoms in a
molecule of PCl3 .
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22. Draw symbols to show which end of the bond is slightly positive and which end is
slightly negative
N—H
23. The metal Titanium (Ti) has four valence electrons. Discuss how bonding occurs in
titanium (Ti) and how this affects the structure of the metal.
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24. draw the Lewis structure of the NH+4 (ammonium) ion.