LAND SURVEYING

DEFINITION: (2PAGES)

-Land surveying is the detailed study by gathering information through observations, measurements
in the field, or research of legal instruments, and data analysis of planning, and establishing of
property boundaries.

-The technique of land surveying is used to accurately determining the terrestrial and three-
dimensional position of points and the distances between angles

-These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish land maps
and boundaries for ownership, locations, or civil law purposes.

-There are 2 classifications in surveying, land surveying is categorized in both as geodetic and plane
survey

-Geodetic surveys tend to cover large areas and take consideration of the Earth’s curvature to
achieve precision.

-Plane surveys consider the Earth’s surface as a flat plane, with curvature not taken into
consideration. These tend to be used for smaller areas.

-Commonly practiced by licensed surveyors, and members of various building professions.

CONTENT: (6/7PAGES)

-PRINCIPLE OF LAND SURVEYING

-To locate the position of point by measurement from two reference points. This means, relative
position of a point to be surveyed should be located by measurement from at least two
points of reference, the positions of which have already been fixed.
-Working from whole to part. This principle is to carry out the whole area to part of area. By
covering the whole area with high precision using system of control points. Then minor details
are located by less precise methods.

-LAND SURVEYING TECHNIQUES

-There are four techniques that land surveyors use to measure. The techniques to be used are
trilateration, traverse, levelling, and radiation.

-trilateration calculates angles using an electronic equipment to measure the lengths and sides of
triangle. This method is often used in areas with uneven topography.

-traverse uses a series of lines, by connecting the points to determined locations. Traverse line can be
adjusted to take of obstructions and rough terrain.

-levelling is the technique that is used to measure height. It is usually used in surveying to establish
the elevation of a point relative.
-Radiation is used from a fixed position above ground by locating the point and drawing radial lines
from the plane table station to various point that are taken at survey area.

-IMPORTANT OF LAND SURVEYING

-Land surveying is crucial in construction for reasons. It helps to ensure that the construction project
is safe and meets legal requirements.

-With land surveying, it helps architects and engineers to design structures that fit into the
surrounding environment and are aesthetically pleasing.

- Land surveying contributes to environmental analysis and evaluation. Surveyors help identify
sensitive areas and endangered species habitats.

- Land surveying determines the exact boundaries of a property, ensuring that owners are aware of
the area they are the owners of.

-Land surveying can prove useful when facing legal issues with adjacent property owners.

-CHALLENGES OF LAND SURVEYING

1. Equipment calibration issues - Equipment might lose its calibration owing to variables
including extended use, climatic conditions, or physical jarring, producing skewed
measurements. The implications of using improperly calibrated equipment's might lead to
serious consequences in the field such as misaligned structures or incorrect property
boundaries in land surveying

2. Environmental and weather conditions - The performance and durability of equipment for
surveying can be affected by extreme temperatures, moisture, dust, or physical handling.

3. Access to land - When the land is privately owned by someone protractedly, it will be hard
for surveyors to get permission to access to obtain the land.

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION (1PAGES)

DIGITAL PROJECT ROAD FACILITIES (PULAU LANGKAWI)

-Road is one of the main facilities managed by JKR. By that, a road map has been established and
provided since the beginning and has been provided manually to ease the construction.

-However, all manual road map publications ended in 1998. This is because road map preparation
has changed with the use of technology such as the Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).

-Through the latest technological developments, it can help the Department of Public Works (JKR)
obtain information that is more accurate and innovative for decision-making purposes and planning.

-It is suggested that the Digital Map Project Road Facilities be implemented on the island of
Langkawi.
1. The main company who contributed in this project is JKR and JUPEM. However, there are other
companies who help such as

i)Pusat Geospatial Negara

ii)Pejabat Jurutera JKR Kedah

ii)Pejabat Jurutera JKR Langkawi

iv)Cawangan Senggara Fasiliti Jalan

2. Procedure Chart of Project

3. What method they use, (explain in detail)

4. The Outcome

-JKR can save time on monitoring and maintenance work.

-And the management can make wise decisions with ease.

-As well as the superiors, they can access the information easily.
REFERENCE

Land Century, (2006-2023), what is land surveying and what is it used for?
https://www.landcentury.com/articles-news/what-is-land-surveying-and-what-is-it-used-for

Example
https://www.gdsurveys.com/kvmrt-project
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang_Valley_Mass_Rapid_Transit
2. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/Land-Acquisition-for-Klang-Valley-Mass-Rapid-Transit-Line-1-
Project%20(2).pdf
3. https://www.mymrt.com.my/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/MRTnewsletter-JAN2015-ENG.pdf