,(cn.U-J n x r~ ru o o1 11,i'eor1on..

- -----------------
D I, rp...(CJQl-,QQ._ con.a,'st-
,. ~
pv ·
, , '
1.-a
..
· , I t)
1\-au,.,_a •
~._.~ Xl.
--t-"'-C).
1, 1~-~ie~,,,
•c,I\
-
.•Ill>
b"
a. a nd I
_, P L-_'T . _ < IJ_jo:ted- t.1-d-0 \ . 'fl\# _ . -·
v Q uiow O()..l-( ,.,· I ~ e.J I+, OH· ClJ..U " EU ol HJ cp. Hr, Q.J.t. JNG -- ~...O.E_OE§AS&.<,C l_._ .9.f.Q.l __ l id'> • ~•..ax ~ • , i
fl..Le.(I..UJ tl. Q(l (!, L Pt R NY)( I
289
.._;- I . c. .S u. Oit f-ho'-!o..lc '
h
-t h IJ µ_o , al• l
cJ ~~Ole,.. .
o_, l
R!UH., n oi'ci..
.
aa..t.H l°"B e
,1 Human Respiratory system \
f
ave a pair o extemaJ nostr1Js ope
a (\
a.q·e.-~:~1avic1
~c.7< 1 0 e ~bone.J
':' ( .\
aa..u-i I a:..q e C a..LH I Q.~ (j l5 Q:l'n r-()LU l
Ca.ti-ii GJ.qe.
( .f. a g.,i q e.Jt- ca.>,.t-ira_qeJ .d s to a nasal chamber through th ,'::-.:7--+...,......:~ w
( i; rq " e1:- ~· " <; ( PY !l-loru.i&. (f- 10.fHc ber opens Into th h e § al passage.) The nasal Na ~ l O Po.J.tt
CKl/ o...u ·n e Q.O.J.U-i rO!J ~J h\Ji a.in e · lhape a ~ dood and a.tr. S a, ortlo; , of which ls the common ffl p• ,-u,j 1-4-W- ,,
trachea/@nx] J!;;,: :;=~ e~arynx region
CQ..Lt-i1~) Q.(U.H l ~ p ,
Cc - s h ap e) aru.H1a.~ e IS A Iv c ct.u c.v
!(!_!]Ce called thr llhms\ .o L--· - _ J~~__l_riJsound not" fl f V '1 () .I.Cl C. •
• -l. a ~ " ~- A n t-e. ~ i o p w.tt- -+ ta.u Q v oca..t. e.oµ d.
r.
, - zT"? uam a.uea teotgiotus/ I -pr,. VoClU, ~ff-~
Po.n -eu.roµ p~~-+ 1- o..t.Ue voeo.1 C2'09J..O.· ent the entry of food Into !he 1~rvnv Trach
· · • - , ·"':· e/1 1s a straight tube
°•
8 u o { o,tltaf n,-1~
-' vai: ,
.1....,,.1,
,.,,,l
•
,
.• ~'11n <1 ,m In th .. mid-thoracic -~ h
,. w lch dlv!des at the level of
Jnto a right_ann 1~" - • Gu.o"c' , ,ci,r,
o :Jn
16-.20
+-IL{oer,~a. au.ouncJ..
C - ihape µ1n1~
CIIAPl'ER 17 !visions to
c11Joles endJng. up
li'J.IPOC° Clll t i l ~
P u ; f\l. QJ..LJd- a fl d-
aut thet..U .
BREATHING AND ExcHANGE oF GASES , prl~ary, seconp
,Jes .are supported l, e. c.o n d b9-t1on ·
b r ~e gives rise to a numbec of very thin. lrregular-wajled
- Q.hfU ~
* QUO
/ntiaJ.
arl.sed. bag-like structures called alveoli.
(§e branching duppoµted. b(J., brOI\
1 7.1 Resp{ralory As you have read earlier. oxygen (02) ls utlllsed by the organisms .to ronchlol~s ~ d alve.oll g>mg rise the lungs (Figure !I n co /\.I p l ere. c.a>-1. tt ta.
Organs Indirectly break down slnlple molecules like glucose, amino acids, fatty ngs which are covered by a double 12YCF.W Plrna µ.i'n_g' p
acids, etc.. to derive energy to perform various activities. Carbon dioxide ·e~n t!1,em. It ~educes ~ on the Jung-surfa!!e, T
17.2 Mechnnlsmoj embrane Is In close corftact with the thoracic .,
(CO2 ) which Is harmful Is also released during the above catabolic L
Brealhtng
reactions. It Is, therefore, evident that 0 2 has to be continuously provided ' bJ..<.01\c.htOleJ d.o (lOthav e'c7hap'l ,-ti/'\.~ , h O.Y-'ll\X
1 7.3 &a:hange of to the cells and CO2 produced by the cells have to be released out. This
·:J.° + ·;i° +.'!,° i°rH-iaJ bl-l.O
J,
Gases process of exchange of 0 2 from the atmosphere with CO2 produced by the taY-14 nx
J7.4 Transport. of
cells Is called breathing, commonly lrnown as respiration.
Place your j,
hands on your chest; you can feel the chest moving up and down. You
Oases
lrnow that It Is due to breathing. How do we breathe? The respiratory
'Cit • ---.._, ....._ Trachea
tyQ/"O~~ -
,.:. .
J7.5 RL,gulatton of organs and the mechanism of breathing are described In the following t,-,0p10.uua..t p.uu,uQ.Lt.
ResplraJ1on sections of this chapter. 1UJ ,t,c111 TntJJD - '.'1
Bronchus u,rvona.u,_, pU.: l.J. ml l
J7.6 Dtsor'rlers of
q.e,LC1lltJOI tOOfAII\.
~ptratory 17. 1 ffEsPIRAT0RY ORGANS
SySIJ!rn
Mech\ID15my of ~ y-ugg__..Ys~,;.!J~ g!tfu!]mt:=gicau~...of~rllm~s membranes
Cut end of rib I(
dep ending i:na1nly on
Invertebrates ~e ~po_ , . . . _ e 02
with · !1 over tpelr entire body surfac(t! Earthworms
u se the r_..:.------- ' . ~tw~rk '9f,fubes
an. ua i-ic tubes) to ':.1~ ~ ~ ~ ~~1/body. Special vascularlsed
A 11 '"'1 s c called _,a.ii,iiiiiiiiiio,i,iii••illMI are used by most of the
E' q :- p J.I.. o..w f\ uatJc · ularlsed~ call !5 tan 1<-
1.pa~
co.Ad..ia.c.
notth.
terrestrial forms7'iir the
i
- -- • Dlagramm c view of human respiratory system [sectional view of
, [fishes use glllsjvhereas amphlb Figure 17.1
the left lu Is also shown)
birds a n d ~ respire thro~ 1 ~. Amphlblans like
t;hrou~ thefpio1st skm'',1 nslrnUefil
also.
~c:t.i0.9t_anuf\.l.
t-1or w 11cro- Ri:\Mr,f'tlar-n"""-~
i \ I
 l;ir~:o.t~SH.u l--+ ve.,~lot.t1 e - t , /JoJaJ. cMMbe>-l 9nt'e.Q.tro.J n
-· doe-' Abcton. u
it.«~ pe..,U-qr,Qf\'t- ~O'\A.O.f)
' '""" u ~ - - ·"· ,L.4 Di V f:C.T•
~bdot\. ttna.1 bµ_ta.H,in~ r, '
't;-l
y;;;J ~ 4-tOl:tit +- l pkQW;( l\j, I\Jo..&opko!tt.Jnx c,.i~d~~~ 1:~~~'c,c, wa1K.:fWH8'o/ bWO.df-h,'nq. f 271
Z! Iii 270_ • - - ' ,, · b 21LJ • (.L) e hov Q a. a.b i) f-Y ~o t e.t ~M
B ().I.On ctu ru t - . Q-LUp i curu-o -t-Q.LQ..A. ---" vi ' c esi..oJ pt€.u'r~ UJJI causing an Increase In thevolum f \ ,H w n I+> o; ex p' u.a.f ,o n b cJ,
,,,- 5terfl -- eo
~ - ~ - - - , --'-------:--- -, c r In the - l Air entertng lungs
lining whereas the!lnner pleural membranq Is In coqtact w!th the = (bC- O all iq In th · OO fl t- U O.C
Z 1'nQ r' te,,/ /1 a..l C.lla.H Q..L
surface. [he eart starting with the external no~trils up to' the term1na1 111e over. ere~ e thoraclc...YQ!~e 1
,u..UJ c.tl1-- a. n ot
rL Afl.V/..lll ~ pies consti~te the.conducting p&} whereas the alveoli and their c;iiises aJ'siniiiarl Increase In pulmonary 'D ,· o p hr o. qf\t ,
I ducts form the respiratory or exchange,part of the respiratory system. ~ e. An Increase In pulmonary volume
J; t. . Toe conducting part tran rt.s ~e atmospliertc air to the alveoli, cl~ d~es the ln_!ra-pulmqnary press~~
An +eu,iou po!;t-e.11...1.10 µ_ It from fore! · articles um1'@les and .also brtngs the air to.llTuiy t11antheatmosphertcpressurewhlchforces
( Fa..u. e . c_ t-e.u.LJ.. vooi t !eJnperature Exchan e art ts the site of f o, ~ 02 t]le air from outside to move Into the lungs,
•'
vocaJ l!D 9-,ul.) between bloo an atmosphertc air. t t , J.e., 1nsplra (Figure l 7.2a)[Relaxatlon of 'f. f , }, , L-1
c..o~) _The lungs.are situated In the thoracic charnber which..Is anatomtijjjl)t tbe dla hra and the tnter-costal m~c!e<' ~b cage "(..
fl an air-tight charnbep The thoracic charp,ber Is formed dorsally by th,1 returns the dJaphragm and stem
g n pl@ U IJ.. Ol l\illlf-l::i ~ bra! cplumn, ven~y-by the sternumUaterally_by the libs.and on
1
;c;;:;;a1 posttlons and reduce the(thorac~
P
re.u
9-lCil i;'IUid... ,:s
the Jq_~rstde by.the dome- taphra Tl:J,e anatomical setup of ;iume and there~ volum .
!"'
. ,l lun s In ~orax Is sue that an ch In the vqlume of the thoracl~ l~s to an Increase In Intra- ulmon -
p u.U ent 0./;- [i5 N.!:J.
b
1
cavl will be reflected In tl)e lung ulmonaryl caYlt.¥• Such an t b th p ary
• • rr ent l ~sentlalforbreath,lng, swe.car'inotdlrectlyalterthe pressurt; o ~ a ove e atmosphertc · ~ . u n.10.l b llel. UQ't-1'.1~ · •
and. 1(\te.~ ofl 1
t-0 O
0
g ; vo1ii{ej"itlr1r ' . ___,_ _____ pressurecausll)gthe expulslonofalrfromthe ~~<J~(UJ·n cu £µ.i..ocHh ,'nw )I
I-hi S' ~ p ~ onty in momrn(l.L.I , lung§,_l.e., explratlon(Ftgure 17.2b) ...Wehave . pµ, cc.e,.U
':~ _ ·.
Respiration Involves the following steps: A:tso P_ b ,-er, ,·c fY1 l-<1~] f the abllltyto!ncrease the s t r e ~~ Q.J.& 1 v e. Air cxpelle~ from lungs '
·~ thing or[iulmonary ventllatlonlby which atmosphertc air ~ plratlon and expiration ~th the help of ~ 1/. (! c ; ,
l,Ji£L . Is drawn 1n and co rich alveolar air Is released out. . additional muajes lo 1be aMwrn:;;:-ou att v:»., f'Y\ ' n,
R i Cr/-H ---· .L • average, a heafthy human breathes 12-16 Rib d
CoiTii ~ ~slon of gases/{o2 and Co.Jrcross alveolar membrane. §es?mtnu\e. The volume of air Involved In ste:n'::1m 'a "hi
~ b(!) -=" ~ 1 sportofgasesbytheblood. · l ~~thlng mo~ ents can be estimated by returned to Volume of
(\,l
nu..!
'V"'"'~ ·
lffuslon of o and CO2 between blood aod ttssJJes.
'"'l!slnl! a s lrom e which helps In cltnlcal
original 'a
position , ----,_ _,___ _ - thorax
• assessment of p onary functions. decreased
~ ttonofO, bythecells forcataboHcreactlons andresultant :---- - ca.nno1-- <'\..UtCU1.p·QJ R.• v, -...,.
->;, ,1. ec.t'f-h ( 11 oohtch pl-t.R.V e nt re!easeofCOg !~:!lularresplratlonas dealt In the ~hapter 14). 17 ,2 .1 Respiratory Volumes and ~ ' g
co11 o.pAi
6 e cw t-e.d-
"9
/Poeu/\lof-Yt:€ :t;1'
b ?!',r(
Di o..tv eoLi b <J w.ctucinqfH s u.,..t1,a.tt ,--etW1on ,.s
17.2 MEciwasM or@REATHINO/~
. - >'"-.:
ec. t-t> t-a.f\
. Capacities
expired durtng ·a norm

:r" co"cWct-!Nt clDlaphragm

Tidal \TolUD>;e (TV): Volume of air Inspired 05 l,ro
, . s
t;Q,5
oec..ci gpa:u,,wards
1t~~tr:
rn .
i~o~Ott ; ·1
rrna.l
. · a,t Breathing Involves two stage/ : m1plratlon durtng }Vhich atmospheric • mL e. a · ealthy man can l dUl I nq . no
air Is 11 ....wn In and ~ttciJ.by_whibQU\e ruveolar a.lr Is,rel~ sesi o~t. e:teir O t"I 00•
1
(Up 1.€ c.u b odJ approx. Ir xlmately 6000 to
(_
) _ ,,,__
---r.~ . . -.,----. . t :J tnsplre or exp e appro _,iii,i_.,,__. a.c+u QJ Q .,e1,a 0 q,
a.eJJ Them(!Vement?falr~ doutqfthel~ gslscaJ'!:!~dou 9Yf_creatlnga_ mLofalr permlnute.-K Flame 17.2 Mechanism of breathing showing :
nt ,between the lu,ng.s and the atmosphere. _!!Splr,ation ::::;:..,,_;;,._i,iii,_,,.,_. , Inspiration (bl expiration
(a)
I(
iressure within theJungsJlntra·p~~~ssure) Is Jniplratory Volume (IRV): . c;i.OeJf'l'-t- ~a/(~ ·1
· ,sphertc i:!r.e~sure I.e.,,~ a megatlve pre~~ure In Adaffional voluµie of air, a person_sanlnsplre -) Vow 11.,U. 0 t- OJ 12-l
CO(I./-O( r
tH-ln o.ext ·
D j O.ph', u.c.oCU t-oJ (\ill.JC.I e,
spect to atin~ sphe~ressure. Slmllarly.~ lration tak~
1
by l'lW cibleJnsplratl-04 This averages s p O...Ut ifl q OJ e.. 0UJ e_)(. Ch a.n c.L
·~ ~ ~d ~~ stlre !s !iJ8!!ed hantheal:mos~ c mLto3000mL. i!: d,J.od- I.pa.CJ. votu(I.U O_(r :L5otul
ioc..oe 4.J,r J,llJ..ib.t t J.teg,.1 nc..tru uf · iphi:~ an1 f!-spect~sed se\ofmus~es.,- exten'lal ~d, Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): F
O
1J.c.e. rJ. e,-,op; t..ta.Hc n
between the ribs, help In generation o( such gradleirts. _- e of air a P,erson can.~
. &:lditi n o1um • , /,nM ;z,
ht vo, , ln "' c,1 , ,I, l!ated,byth ' co no a hichln7reases b- . !ratio . This averages a ,uj r,().l
1'0 ~ . chambi:r,ln ,the
,., - o tertor axis. The Y· ~ e )..1. n o.J... b oLO w...t
up the rtbs and the ijij.lill,,oli,.l,IW,,iiMlifj...., -i:~ a ) i r
.c ,
___ .c - .--------·~-ruocr, ruo vu otu--
e<»is a ,-11 -p~ -~ 0~ ~ ~9-~ r___,
" .. !'
 , Pou pA...o pe-l +J-io.'n!.l
&hf>WrJ... bll Ollit;Jhf-½j Qtlla.tlne
1~
I'< (2..l I d..U Q..l v O I • 1 S Q,Ul.Q_.
atueot i ObteLt .so~u!J-<-l-1. e>cp1'uaHon .
1< O Q O.P. space. lf.WIUUIILl,,l'.!!O~lum:J!!!~e~V): Volume of air remaining Ln the lungs even after a
\/OtU N\..t : /~OM'-. o clble explratlo . This average{ijoo mL to 1200_~ ]
• ,.o\ By adding up a few respiratory volumes described above, one can
91f""
.ve various pulmonary capacities, which ·can be used ln clinical
~IQ/" osls. '
c.or" i,
(IC): i:otal volume of air a pers~n c;an inspire, after
This Includes tidal volume 'and Lnsplratory reserve
000 tO 9600 fV1 -l. .
---- n O,t :qr \1,
Expiratory Capacity (EC): Total volume of air a person can~ after
'-,) CO,::i =LIO '•
a normal lnsplratlollr This Includes tidal volume and expiratory reserve
vol1f1~ 0V+ERV) J 1500 l'Vl.l to 1600 rvti l.
Functional
-1( thel
"#(~ _
t i
is
ln ISystemic vein~
/tV 1"10~
a 'd gLd.
<"- ,@:~-dJ@ciq>1rat10BJrius~~ ERV-:'1V ~d IRV or th~ m ~ 1cany1n;iieoxvgenateg wwil
, ~ c a n b r e a t h e o u t ~ r forcedlns !ratio. l.fOoo -~
~40mmHg ~ =95 .mm Hg
Total Lung acit : Total e of air acco ~ ~ dN ie I ~ at
RV ic ad dt~4- the ~ cludes ~ < : r : 0 m d ~ or
~ =4~ mmHg ~ , = 40 mmHg
vital c . -o 5100 l-0 5JOO M j..
17.3 ExcHANGE OF GASES
t. f>9-te.£SU~ /cone. *
~eoll are the prtmary sites of exchange of gru;,es]Exchange of gases also
Figure 17 .3 D l ~ t i c representation of exchange of gases at the alveolus and
the body tissues with blood and transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
~is occur betwe-iP blood ap.d ssu . 0 2 and ~ _are exchan ed ln theser.\
sites e s aln bas ed Qn ressure concentrat V
N tl J- 0 9-1 fOC t-0 9-(.. die . well as th thickness of the membranes ;© a gradient is present for CO 2 ln the opposite ;. &otubrtfKJ DJ ~0 1°s .:2 DO tt> 3 00 i-irn Q..l'
" n are also some Important actors that can affect the direction, i.e., from tissues to blood and and t02 ,'1; o1 0 - d. ,; ti"m e.J tho n 0/J.'
'" µa~e O 1, rate of diffusion. - --60tiJ.bl ,· r, p t CI.J f\A. a - - blood to alveoli. As the solubility of CO 2 ls 1•
di1 1,u..,giofl. " x. I
t C~,_.. ,..o'J-.
[fr:es sure _c ontrlbut~ y a1J. lndMdual gas In a miJcture of gases is 20-25 times h igher than that of 0 2,
Dl~\IV'-0.1.XO~
called partial pr~ssur'"il and Is represented as J?02 for oxygen and pC02 for amount of CO 2 that can diffuse
carbon dioxide. Partra't
pressures of these two gases In the atmospheric diffusion membrane . Basement/5'\
subst 'ceCJ
air and the two sites of diffusion are given In Table 17 . 1 and In p,irtial pres sure
Figure 17 .3. The data given In the table clearly Indicates a concentration to that 0 1Ac uu:u 5
tr
gradient for oxygen from alveoli to blood and blood to tissues. Similarly, made up h:, eu N.D~ ! r-y ·
TABJ.& 17.1 Putia1 Preuure• (In mm Hg) of <>zygen and Carbon diozide at Different n~ely . .1t
au I
Involved In
In to In Atmosphere
Blood
·-alveoli,
a nd the basement s osi:anct:. u1 u~,,. •
them How~ e~~ ckness _ls much
-..;v
cell
-1, '
Ll T tOI t,t-0.n r"
J •
= L
AimNplle•
Mr
...__ :~ zy1enated) less 1han a . i:riillln1e e. Therefore, all the Figure 17 .4 A Diagram of a section of an R l!.d.U-e,e..
alveolus with a pulmonary .!lc.Ut-o.CL
Jl
s in our body are favourable for capillary. ' f- ~11.1 Io I'\.
lc. .§!gn c@from _,.. 11 fn ttssues and that \ 1
CO:, [ of C0 from UssueL. ·--1-
0
t-J
.
L1rv..plt
iqo. l\,l.Ou..l Of\'-4
ow~'/\.
CJ!l~th ~d.o d.l.1-ll\.L_a..L
J ~.!th{~h:~:~•,~~- tr•-~~B~~
'""' "O<atu.btn : - ON .'-' one F€°t 41 Feot-<U I-lb '--
~u

1-ti. - i:: H.1gho.1-.1 atti'n,. •, c.v 1. j l C. Oa -t H,20 C. A·

I- PIQJ f\.,lo.
Hco 3 t No... 2711

l ei
f-0
r.
J

'1-T
- ·~ - -------~-- bamlno-haemogJobm tak
es place I e CO hi
e tissues ls r1 ..1,.... · • · ·• · 2W ch ls bound
'1I
1
:~
-.v- "J,, Blood Is the medium of transport for 0 2 and CO • Alfol( 97 per cent of <1:Js redatth.. 0 1••• _ , , - - ~ 1! • th o'£ exc.hQ nge Or
ll,t c.o< 2
transported by RBC,s In the blood. The remalnlng 3 per cept of 0 Is can-tc;s1 _,dmmute 1r H CO - a. n d C.1 -
3 •1~ -<<... "'I-'/. In a dissolved state throu th lll!j
2
Nearly ,20~25 _per cent of CO Is
---· ~•~11:!!asma too ffhl
qwing reaction in both dlrectlo
- 'Ir
s enzyme facJ1Jtates or ,-it,.gu.e ,·~ ca.u t ....
.,J transPQrted b RB whe
2
7Q per cent of It 1s carnet. as blcarb,onate.
AJ,v~WtQc <:: i't:.R. - ns. i ,(
0 u..t., HJ l'\.LO 1-U
.$0W.bitiK.J Abou 7 r cent of CO2 Is carrt_ In a dlssolve<!-state thrQugh plasma. T anhydrase
Carbonic
Carbonic 4- l H "
. l.i,ssu. e s,t-e\
~h,
Per
. Chtou i d.L .th r",t- , ?, r
e
tOONl-+ 5N..I ' : : / ~ ~hro uQ h. CO, +H, O~ .::::tH,co, i==anhydmse~Hcd- +H• " 1.go m u 11 cL cu
Dt,- Oa_.
17.4 .1 TransportofOxygen pcetH'll a.. .,,
At the tissue site where Partial
I ' •
Hol\.lbu.t..(.9 e.M.t :,, _,
lliaemoglobln ,ls !{red coloure@rori}.o nt ~ plgme~tJ>resent In tl!e
i;.atabolls m , CO2 diffuses into 00 Cressure
· of CO Is hi h .. 1.1..,_
~ - 0 2 can bind with haemoglob/n In reversib@ mann_!!rc to form == ·
[1'1
61,·ql'-.tt'-;-1 a.dd.
o, n
-k'-A
t Q~ t

-
t_ ..-
ozyhaemo,iobln~ ch haemoglobin molecule can cany a maximum of
Suilnolecules, of O?, Binding of oxygen wlth,haemoglobln Is pr!martfy
~
.
"¼
,nd W- . At the alveolar site h
we opposi e
c s an las d forms HC "'
•t dlr ti ' · 'Y _e r~ P, o,, Is low,,the reaction proceeds In
ec on leading to the formation of £Q and H o. Thus, •
1
€.l ·

.
'<.., 9-t- N s u t!l ('1
- ~::
l C
P'
.......:telated to R._ai:11~~~P~al Pressu ~e of 1co2 : hydrogen Ion trapped H<: hlM~"---' . - -• the 1",u CSM 1uo.r1•~ l
0
ture are the other factors wbiph can~
f AL-DAN'f; 11.N rru 01 Cleo ena~d CJ:Jfthft'l RG.Z:. d-UL
_. EfFEC.T • H obta,lned when percentage sat~ratlon, ··- -u•~
1
" of CO to the ve I . *• _ft! ~! .li OO g.·
5 '°1ld{ilt*-!.i.a
~ oglobln With 0 2 ls plotted ~ e
r • Tn t3 lood.
1
Ok- t00/\A -l ' oi
."':;v,1P'2 -C· ---
,rlrned.dWQ
p0 2 • Thi s cu rve Is calle d t h e ~ Ne ura rL..;, pon.l.
dissociation crj(Ftgure17 .5) and Is highly 'IRATION ' ,,r,r--- > 1s~
- - ' I . C.h Qn'>O .l.EOS l'tl~
a ~a a.
TernP-lt :i 'i oo f'l:,. V useful In studying the effect of factors like
c~t ability to maintain and moderat~ the .'.I. Of:' 1 OJ- + /\ll 01,-
pCO2 , ff+ concentratlon~tc. , on binding of 0
r _of.1
8P<:r .L, _j :-,--r- 2 the demands of the body tissues. Tp.ls Is done :l e) C.O;.
with haemo obln. I the alveoli, where there
PC..O,,l 1o
o
'
V
V r-
,.,Vi IB IQ~ R St IF_]/ O low CO • concentratl~
µ .op; rh~
ciallsed centre present In th medulla eglop
centre 1 rtmarlI es onslble for S"M r
c.on t-$-l O.C. ~' Dll •
E , ._,,;
,(\-I.I
H.+ .L, _g . I t- . and l,ower temperature, the factors ;.a,E;e
all favourable for the formation. _O'f
~ r _cen~e,present In the J?.0ns rel!lon o e braijl
4oneumhbvi~~ -
r
· 'f) -v
1J,
.
PK t •C
I .I
ht " "' Q"= to oxyhaemoglob_ln, whereas In the tissues rJo rmo.1 ou.r-, "8 ,
o e:g--~-~uuc c,4'.t~~ ~~ ~ ~~of c.ond n e.x e.rai se..
:rn
2.
v i,- ,
_ . -
PO~-t ] o 1 , ,- , e, p ·wher e low pO 2 , ~ 0 2,
1~PJr3itlon and thereb e res lra'.to !¥e. l"f) t. d cl W ct
concentration and ~er temperature exist, 15 slµiated atl'acent to the rh centre en
1'1..~:.i.il- iM."~ 1!'"11~'1!,
i:i
JCu 20 '/
I J
°'
- cofl t the conditions are fa7urable for dissociation
J.. ~H ,, I _ pf-oxygen -fro~ the oxyhaemoglobln. This
1
'and hydI:og. en lons.Hncrease in these su~b -tances. can activate this ceotr • · ,-.I U.a.l.. .1 1'q- n Cl) e.u.
DUYO.ti t> I"\ -v~+Q./r
u
!:! -
I# ... v ""' O,1 ,I,- clearly Indicates that 0 2 gets bou nd to
,J@JfmiumcansignaittJ,irhythmcen ~ efi'~ ~ adjustments
111 the respiratory procf ss-by which ~ ese substances can be eliminated.
· , t' p IR ATOR v R'I•l"\SPIV'
nN f\l.•
I
10 60 80 !OOt , cc haemoglobin In the lung surface and gets Receptors ~sociated w1utwrt1fWRj} ~-nc@rgt1d artecy_tiJso can recognise ' ' ~:,__6 _ _ _ __
ro 'f. ca H.U • - ~ r • •• .. r• nf n-~ Ii!: €;_, e ct!is~oclated at the tlssu es.~~ecy 100 ml of i.
Hb
,m1Y14 oxygenated blo,od can deliver ar.ound[5.nilbf l ,paggesin.CO andH• ~ . nandsendnecessaryslgnals tothe ' -'? ~y I\Udt.illo
centrgror remedial ctlons. The r e of o en In (!le regulation of
l.fl.
½ -2 17.5 Oxygen dissociation curve 0 the
8 'to tissues under
conditions. an d dtt't< 1 11
normal
•
physiological
0 ~
eK e.<u ct &~
·,~res
•:s•pplrlr
iiiiaaii!t~
too.rv-rr~bvthmythmiiss uite· sl · cant. ** ~euf\la.He c ent.LU 1'n<1..1'1-1ec:i •r .
1" AMt-iQ..l brood. pua.vQnt.1 c orup,o.H
1°1- o's
IOON I. 4 ru. l 4-- 17 .4.2 Transport of Carbon dioxide
15M L . .
U:"<l- b
r
17.6 DISORDERSQF!w,~~lQRY8TsT~r.t • i-'_ 11 ' 11 't 0 t ='. '-I _ . , :J
D;.., ,-.co~
~PeM .£ tn£11\/1f\.l 0~ bu.Dnc..h•CU. I\.UJJ ~,, ,.,~ CWU.Q.t-10() Oj. ins p,ra ttDtt ti
CO2 , s carried by haem~glo,b ln .iiS carbamJno-haemogtoblnt about
'Asthma Is a difficulty jn b[l'atbing ".aus~heez!ijl! due to lnflamrm,uvu . ____J
co d!rig Is related t.o the partial r ssu re of CO •
J • - <HfO (I.. O:f- p1 QIJ't:l , ·
-1,- .~ --- ----,: - ______ .•....:~ul__cl affect th!§ binging. en pCO Is high
2
ofhrQ0._1:hiandbronchigl~s._
.~ · . ~ t ,H • C4- -
. ~ M-l~~m
"~uro o coc.,o t~ 1s. • 9 n hOtoH·o n c:>• o cil r p Q rHCll ·•
wansare dam-
' \
1£..~bO)( 'J - K-b} 0
LP 2 was e tlss_u es, more binding of car on old e occu rs Emph~sema is
'due t owhic h_ re s
ro C sor . 'W ch alveolar
deer · Dne
of. the major causes of,
\
I
-+ c,._, H + , c. 0.1. con -~ereas, when"'athe
5r nct c.o/H, H b n ot-
pCO2 Is low and p0 Is high as In the alveoli, dissociation
USJ"Yl 0/0r•-<-<t ,."
HC.03 -'·
2
Rtl (.
.
. . (
 to II OW 1'f'Lq a.la e a., e

Occupational Respiratory Disorders: In certain industries, especially

those involving ~rindin$ o[stone-breakingl so much dust is produced
that the defense mechanism of the body cannot fully cope with· the
situation. Long exposure can ·ve rtse to fiiflammation leading tob
-'¥- ( roliferation of fibrous and thus causing sertous lung damage.
th Workers in such indus_trtes should wear protective ~ s.
W<llJ -tDU. ~U...lO.t-lOi'"I Of- J.-UJpr'P-tO.!-t'Or,
ct-.e ""-o&'e.n .i,·H·vQ w...u.a..
• • I
SUMMARY

QJ Ch.R.MO 9-U ~p t-o W

l ' ,
· ~s utilise o~gen for m~tabolism and produce energy along with substances
Icarbon dioxide which 1s harmful. ~als have evolved different mechanisms
µte transport of oxygen to the c;ells and fpr the removal of carbon dioxide from
' ' = re. We have a well developed respfratory system comprtsing two lungs and
associated air passages to perform this function.~
e first step in respiration is breathing by which atmosphertc air is taken in
atlon) and the alveolar air is released out (expiration). Exchange of 0 2 and
etween deoxygenated blood and alveoli, transport of these gases throughout
dy by blood, CO between the oxygenated blood and
s and utilisation of O by the cells cellular res iration are e other steps
ed. - ---
7!!!.s~ n iration are carried out by .ere · pressure gradients
the alveoli with the hel ecialised muscles -
(D inter Volumes of air involved in these activities can be
estimated with the help' of soirometer and.are of clinical significance.
Exchange of 0 and CO 2 at the alveoli and tissues os,c~ r by diffusion. Rate of
2
ruo.in and. dµfusion is de e ent on~ artial ressure adi~nts )i 6 2 (p0 2) and CO 2 (pC0 2),
(\.L O.J O u.
the s5lubili well as ff1 · f the diffusion surface}These factors in
our body facilitate diffusion of 0 2 from ~e alveoli to the deoxygenated blood as
tocro9--U
well as froni the oxygenated blood to the tissues. The factors are favourable for the
diffusion of CO in the orposite direction, !j·Jrom tissues to alveoli.
2
oxygen is transported mainly as oxyhaemoglobin. In the alveoli where p02 is
higher, 0 gets bound to haemoglobin which is easily dissociated at the tissues
where pO2 is low and pC0 and H+ concentration are high.{Nearly 70 per cent of
2
carbon di~xide is transported as bicarbonate (HC03) with the help of the enzyme
carbonic anhydr~ ~0-25 per cent ~f carbon dioxide is _c~ed ~y haemoglobin
as carbWUWp-haemogtobin. In the tissu~s where pC0 2 1~ hi~h, 1~ gets bound to
blood whereas in the alveoli where pC0 2 1s low and p0 2 1s high, 1t gets removed
from the blood. _ __ .....:::©~ ----==-- ~~
es · maintained b centre in the medulla
ntre in f the brain an a
@ ~~~~~iiMi~.U~liliai.M.ai.&~ can alter respiratory mec antsm.