2023. 8.

1 Day 2
1.
a. Food chain is the energy flow relationship between living organisms. For instance, sugar
cane → ant → sparrow —> snake —> eagle.
b. Outline global warming and its effects As the sun radiates short wavelengths to
the earth, some of it would be reflected out from the atmosphere while some are
absorbed. Then these radiation are then emitted as long wavelengths to the
atmosphere. While the long wavelengths are remitted to the atmosphere it
interacts with greenhouse gasses, thus trapping the heat. As a result, the
increasing temperature on earth results in the increase in the rate of
decomposition of detritus, increase in sea levels, and loss of habitat for the polar
bears. Ocean salinity changes
2.
a.

M
ORE DETAIL include more
b. Producers, such as rice, are at the bottom of the trophic level. Above the
producers are the rats, primary consumers. On top of the primary producers are
secondary consumers like snakes. At the top of the trophic level is the tertiary
consumers such as foxes. trophic level is the flow of energy in an ecosystem
c. One of the methods of measuring the rate of photosynthesis is the amount of
CO2 in the atmosphere. It is indicated the increase of photosynthesis when the
amount of CO2 in the atmosphere is low. One other method of measuring the
 rate of photosynthesis is measuring the oxygen level in the atmosphere. As the
rate of photosynthesis increases the oxygen level increases. Explain the process,
why
3.
a. It is indicated that CO2 concentration in the atmosphere significantly increased
from 1960 2005. Outline and explain the trend 1. Increase (co2 combustion) 2.
Fluctuation (season summer, winter, photosynthesis), human activity ex.
4.
a. Species is the group of organisms that can be interbreeding to produce a fertile
offspring. Population is the group of the same species living in the same area of
time and place. Community is a group of different species or populations living
and interacting with other species in an area.
b. The energy is not efficiently flowing thus, 10% of energy loss occurs each time
moving up the trophic level in the ecosystem. Thus, the bottom level, producers
would be long, and moving up the trophic level would decrease in shape
significantly, resulting in a bottom heavy pyramid. Can draw the pyramid, energy
loss due to respiration…

2023. 8. 1 Day 2 (W6)

144p
1. B 6. A 11. B 1. D 6. A

2. B 7. D 12. A 2. A 7. A

3. B 8. C 3. A 8. D

4. D 9. A 4. D 9. A

5. A 10. D 5. A 10. B

2023. 7. 26 Day 3
P135
5.
a. Allele are alternate forms of genes
b. IB, iB
c. I. bacteria, II. plasmid, III. inserted genes, IV. recombinant plasmid
d. ligase and restriction enzyme
9.
a. Karyotyping is a test to examine the sample of the cell. It can be used to determine
gender through the existence of X and Y chromosomes. How to karyotype. observed
mitosis metaphase homologous pair observed using a microscope. it is used down
syndrome chromosome 21 three copies , gender
b. The inserted genes are sliced by restriction genes and are connected DNA backbones
by ligase, resulting in a recombinant plasmid.
c. The benefits of genetic modification is the efficiency of maximizing the product and that it
is environmentally friendly. However, the long term effects of gene modified organisms
cannot be indicated. For example, Bt-maize is efficient to prevent pesticides from crops
allowing an increase in crop yielding.economic benefit, can grow crops in insufficient
land On the other hand, the long term issues are unknown and polarization in the
agricultural industry may occur. In addition, it may cross fertilize with other species in the
wild. alters food chains, not beneficial for individual farmers
10.
a. PCR and gel electrophoresis are two procedures used for DNA profiling.
b. S2 is more likely the suspect at the crime scene since the DNA fragments in E are also
present in S2.
11.
a. The successful genome project results in a human with a replicated DNA as the somatic
cell. Whereas, ethical issues may arise as an outcome of human genome projects such
as violating the animal’s life. Aim: to complete human DNA sequence,
Evolutionary records provided, mutation can be found, illness disease found to develop
cures, first international cooperation
b. More details, independent assortments 4, crossing overs 4
- During prophase, crossing over of chromosomes in the same gene loci occurs resulting
in the formation of different and combined alleles allowing an effective infinite genetic
variety of gametes.
- In addition, during meiosis 1 metaphases, chromosomes align in the center and are
separated arbitrarily, resulting in different gene combinations. Thus, different alleles
combined forms new alleles allowing an infinite genetic variety of gametes

2023. 7. 24 Day 1 (W5)

132p
1.
 a. Gel electrophoresis is the technique used to separate DNA fragments during
DNA profiling.
b. Except the visible DNA fragments in both the mother and the child, are absent in
track C it is highly unlikely track C is the father of the child.
2.
a.
b. In the case of hemophilia, females can be the carriers of recessive alleles but not
males because the male lack an X chromosome and only have one copy of it.
Thus, it is more likely for females to be a carrier. One recessive
c. The cause of sickle cell armenia is how the hemoglobin is developed. If there are
one or two dominant genes then the individual is considered normal. Since it is
codominant, the individual with one dominant and recessive gene consists of
malaria protection. However, if one has two recessive genes then that individual
is diseased. Oxygen supply not efficient
3.
a. Three chromosomes can be visible in the 21st chromosome.
b. Down syndrome occurs due to the non disjunction in meiosis. When the
chromosomes do not separate properly. Chromosome chromatid failed to
separate
c. If there is a smaller chromosome next to a chromosome, it is a male.
d. Males are more likely to inherit color blindness than females because males lack
a X chromosome
4.
a. Plasmid
b. Ligase connects the inserted gene with the circle of DNA. connects the gap
between the DNA
c. An example of gene transfer is bt toxin. The benefit is that it is environmentally
friendly. However, it is limited because it is impossible to know the long term
effects.

2023. 7. 20 Day 4
p124
5. A 12. C 20. B 13. a

8. Ba 15. B 21. B
 9. C 16. D 22. A

10. B 17. A 23. D

11. C b 18. C 24. A

2023. 7. 18 Day 2 (W4)

P124
1. A 7. D

2. A 14. A

3. D 19. A C haploid is ½, 24

4. A

6. B A
2.
a) Discuss the role of genes (4) and chromosomes (4) in determining individual and shared
character features of member species (8)
- Gender XX, XY
- Species and the number of chromosomes
- Crossing over allows genetic diversity
- Trisome 21 extra in chromosome 21 related to Down syndrome
- Gene mutation ex. Sickle cell anemia
- Phenotype, observed characteristics can be seen
- Dominant and recessive alleles
genes
● Individual - allele: dominant, recessive, homozygous, hemizygous
● shared - same genes
Chromosomes
● Individual - mutation (non-disjunction ex. 21), XX XY
● Shared - same number, gene loci

2023. 7. 10 Day 1 (W3)

p114

1. A D 9. C exocytosis 19. B

4. D 11. B 20. B

6. D 12. B

7. C 14. D
 8. A 18. D

120p
2.
a) One example of fibrous protein is keratin and an example of globular protein is amylase.
b) Fibrous protein is a secondary structure, a folding of amino acid chains. It is an
elongated shape of the protein and is consisted of two types alpha helix and beta
pleated sheet. While globular protein is a tertiary structure, a 3D and globular shape,
caused by the R group. Both are polypeptide similar things also, globular is rounded
Globular is soluble, fibrous is insoluble
c) The importance of polar and nonpolar amino acids in membrane proteins. Amino acid a
base unit of protein consists of a membrane along with a phospholipid bilayer. The
phospholipid bilayer, consisting of nonpolar and polar amino acids on either side of the
transmembrane, retains the position of protein in the membrane.
Help to retain position in the membrane, nonpolar amino acids have stable interaction in the
bilayer
3.
a) Keratin, a fibrous protein unlike globular protein, is a secondary structure and an
elongated shape. Whereas, amylase, a globular protein, is 3D and globular shaped
caused by the R group.

4.
a) One of the two functions of protein is catalysis. Rubisco, a protein, catalyzes specific
chemical reactions within or outside the cell. The other is tensile strengthening. Collagen
gains tensile strength needed in skin, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessel walls.
b) SAME as 2 c)
The importance of polar and nonpolar amino acids in membrane proteins. Amino acid a
base unit of protein consists of a membrane along with a phospholipid bilayer. The
phospholipid bilayer, consisting of nonpolar and polar amino acids on either side of the
transmembrane, retains the position of protein in the membrane.

5.
 a) The active site changes its shape to fit and bind with the substrate, resulting in a
successful collision. active site: site on surface/portion of the enzyme to which the substrate
binds
b) Enzyme substrate specificity is the process of enzymes catalyzing with reactions. This
process can be demonstrated with the induced fit model. As substrates undergo a
conformational change in the active site, the active site changes shape to fit the
substrate. This stresses the substrate and reduces the activation energy.
enzymes fit together with substrates similar to a lock and key;
active site has shape that gives specificity;
enzymes catalyze a reaction with a specific substrate

2023. 7. 5 Day 3
114p
2. C 15. B

3. A 16. C

5. C A 17. D

10. D A

13. A B

p120
1. a)
Outline condensation and hydrolysis reactions using a different example for each.
Condensation and hydrolysis occur in carbohydrates and proteins. In carbohydrates, the
bond between glycerol and fatty acids forming triglyceride goes through condensation,
producing 3 H2O. In protein, the bonds of different amino acids forming a peptide bond
also go through condensation but if the bond is destroyed then hydrolysis occurs,
requiring H2O.

b)
The temperature and substrate concentration highly influence the enzyme activities at
certain points around the mid-range. For instance, the enzyme activity is the highest
when the temperature reaches the optimum temperature which is 37 degrees Celsius.
And on substrate concentration, the enzyme activity is the highest on the maximum at a
saturation point where a maximum of the enzyme activity has reached. Temp: Too slow
is inactive too fast is denature
(w/ the aid of the diagram: draw the graph)
2023. 7. 4 Day 2 X

2023. 7. 3 Day 1 (W2)

7.
a) It is the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
b) The proteins produced in the RER are transported to vesicles and then are transported
to the Golgi apparatus. These are then transported to the plasma membrane which are
semi-permeable
c) Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cells and release a large amount of ATP
d) The two are shaped differently because they should be able to mutually connect to
others. (there are positioned at different planes, should be the same size)

8.
a) Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of their higher to lower
concentration. There are 2 types of diffusion which are passive transport simple diffusion
and facilitated diffusion. Simple diffusion is the movement of particles without the help of
the channel and does not require ATP. Whereas, facilitated diffusion, molecules require
a channel and transmembrane proteins to pass through the membrane.

diffusion simple facilitated

energy x x

Protein channel x o

solute Small Large

Non polar Polar
Ex O2, CO2 ex )H2O

rate slower faster

Direction of movement High to low ‘’

down concentration gradient ‘’’

b) Endocytosis is the process of transporting substances from outside to inside of the

plasma membrane, forming a vesicle.
- Out -> in
- Membrane is semi permeable (fluity is present thus possible for endocytosis, then goes
as vesicles and to cytoplasm)
- Ex. phagocytosis
9.
a) anaphase
b) Growth, Asexual reproduction
c) If the checkpoint failed and the cyclins do not control the cell cycle properly then
unbalance in the cell numbers happens resulting in developing cancer. Mutation, if the
mtiosis cycle/process is not properly controlled
2023. 6. 29 Day 4 X

2023. 6. 28 Day 3
MCQ pg 101-106 Q 1-21

1. A 6. D 11. D -> C 16. C 21. C

2. A 7. B 12. B 17. C

3. C 8. D 13. D 18. A

4. A 9. B 14. C 19. A

5. C 10. C 15. D 20. B

P108

2.

a) Diffusion occurs when the net movement of particles transfers from a region of higher

concentration to a lower concentration. Whereas, osmosis is similar except it is the net

movement of water molecules.

b) Phospholipids are polar with hydrophilic phosphate heads, polar and hydrophobic lipid

tails, and nonpolar parts that maintain the structure of the cell surface membrane. They

arrange themselves where the heads close and tails away from the water forming a

phospholipid bilayer.

4. (4marks - 4 functions)

Transport is when facilitated diffusion occurs when hydrophilic particles Protein pumps for active
transport through protein channels

Receptors are hormone receptors for peptide-based hormones. Ex) insulin, glucagon

Anchorage is the attachment of protein.

Cell recognition is cell-to-cell communication and hormone binding.

Intercellular joinings are cell adhesion to form tight junctions. Ex) plasmodesmata
Enzymatic activity is the immobilization of enzymes.

2023. 6. 27 Day 2 (W1)

MCQ pg 101-106

Q 1-21

1. B 6. D 11. D 16. C 21.

2. 7. B 12. B 17.

3. C 8. 13. D 18.

4. 9. B 14. 19. A

5. C 10. C 15. 20. B

P107

1. Diagram needed

While Eukaryotic cells have compartmentalization Prokaryotic cells exist as an

independent organelle in the cell membrane. In addition, in contrast to Prokaryotic,

consisting of a nucleoid region, the Eukaryotic has a nucleus to store DNA. Prokaryotic

has 70s ribosomes whereas, eukaryotic has 80s ribosomes. Ribosomes are compounds

of protein and RNA that synthesizes the protein. Moreover, organelles including

cytoplasm, a fluid-like substance that allows metabolic reaction, flagella that propel cells

to move around, and cell walls, a protection layer of the cell, all have similar functions.

5.

- The lysosome contains enzymes called lysozyme which remove obsolete and

damaged organelles.

- Golgi apparatus transports protein into vesicles.

- The Rough Endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes protein and transports it to the

Golgi apparatus.
 - The nucleus consists of a double membrane that contains nucleolus and where

the DNA is stored.

- The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell to release energy.

2023. 6. 26 Day 1 X