Industrial and Commercial Power System Harmonic Studies:
Introduction to IEEE Std. 3002.8 - 2018
JJ Dai, PhD, SIEEE
Department of Energy
2021 IEEE/IAS 57th Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference (I&CPS) | 978-1-7281-8632-0/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICPS51807.2021.9416593
1000 Independence Ave SW
Washington, DC 20585, USA
jj.dai@ee.doe.gov
Abstract -- This paper introduces the latest IEEE Std. 3002.8 -
2018 “Recommended Practice for Conducting Harmonic
Analysis Studies of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”.
The standard replaces IEEE Std. 399 (Brown Book) Chapter 10
“Harmonic analysis studies” with significant enhancements and
additions. The new standard addresses requirements for
performing power system harmonic-analysis studies in
industrial and commercial power systems due to increasing load
non-linearities and control devices. Recommendations on
developing system models to include various harmonic sources
and electrical equipment and devices, preparing required data
for modeling and studies, validating model and data, selecting
study cases, and analyzing study results and outputs are
discussed in detail in the standard. Common mitigation solutions
for harmonic issues are presented and discussed. Features of
computer aided tools that are used to perform harmonic-
analysis study are reviewed. The new standard references to the
latest IEEE Std. 519-2014 “Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power
Systems” for harmonic restrictions at PCC, and modeling and
limits to interharmonics. Several examples are provided to
demonstrate harmonic issues and illustrate analysis process
through studies for mitigations. The authors of this paper are
the co-chairs of IEEE Std. 3002.8-2018 working group.
Index Terms— Industrial and commercial power systems,
Codes and standards, Power system analysis, Harmonics,
Harmonic distortions, Harmonic modeling and study, Harmonic
limits, Harmonic mitigations
I. SCOPE OF THE STANDARD
Since nonlinear devices represent an ever-increasing
percentage of the total load in industrial and commercial
electrical power distribution systems, harmonic-analysis
study becomes an important part of overall system design and
operation. By modeling power system impedances as a
function of frequency and harmonic sources as injecting
currents or forced voltages, a harmonic study can be made to
determine the level and effect of harmonic distortions in the
power system. Unless the harmonics are controlled to
acceptable limits, the power equipment and, even more so,
the electronic equipment may be damaged, resulting in costly
system outages.
This IEEE recommended practice describes how to
conduct harmonic-analysis study of industrial and
commercial power systems. The basic concepts of harmonic-
analysis study are described first in the standard. They are
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Farrokh Shokooh, PhD, LFIEEE
ETAP
17 Goodyear
Irvine, CA 92618, USA
farrokh.shokooh@etap.com
followed by discussions in separate sections on how to
determine the need for a harmonic-analysis study, how to
assemble the required data and develop computer models,
how to perform studies, how to recognize potential harmonic
problems, and how to apply corrective measures.
The standard contains the following main technical
sections:
• Analysis objectives
• Methodology and standards
• System simulation and modeling
• Required data
• Data collection and preparation
• Model and data validation
• Study scenarios
• Solutions parameters
• Results and report
• Features of analysis tools
• Illustration examples
Some main technical concepts and details of these sections
are discussed in this paper.
II. COMPARISON OF NEW STANDARD AND OLD STANDARD
3002.8-2018 Standard is based on and replaces previous
IEEE Std. 399-1997 “IEEE Recommended Practice for
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis” (also
known as Brown Book) [1], Chapter 10 “Harmonic analysis
studies”, published in 1997. Twenty-one years after the
publication, IEEE decided to update 399 Standard and
converted it into 3002 Standard series. Chapter 10 of Brown
Book thus is converted into IEEE Std. 3002.8
“Recommended Practice for Conducting Harmonic Analysis
Studies of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems” [2].
The new standard updates information and provides more
detailed discussions on basic concepts for harmonic-analysis
study, the need for the study, recognition of potential
problems, and corrective measures. The new standard extends
the scope to cover required data for the study, study
methodologies, and benefits of using computer as tools in a
harmonic-analysis study, and other areas.
Several sections are created in 3002.8-2018, with the
intention to provide complete guidelines for engineers to
understand detailed procedures and necessary steps to prepare
system models and data to perform harmonic-analysis study
using computer aided tools. These sections are:
A. Data for Computer Modeling and Study
As computer model and computer simulation tools have
become a standard to perform power system studies including
harmonic-analysis study, necessary data for constructing
computer models and performing studies are described in
very detail in the new standard. Typical sources for the data
and importance of data validation are also discussed.
B. Study Scenarios
After the system model is completed, required data are
entered and validated, the next step is to define and create
study scenarios for harmonic-analysis study. The new
standard offers some typical study scenarios to be considered
from system configurations, to system and equipment
loadings, and harmonic source conditions.
C. Study Results
Recommended study results in different formats are
described and illustrated including study report, plots, study
case analyzer, visual presentations of study results on one-
line diagram, and other useful features by computer software
tools. These features will effectively present system status,
findings and other important information to engineers and
assist them understanding study results.
D. Enhanced Illustration Examples
Comparing to Brown Book, the new standard provides
three applications of harmonic-analysis study using computer
tools. Modeling of non-linear devices as harmonic sources,
harmonic power flow study, harmonic frequency scan, effect
of capacitors, harmonic cancellation by transformer phase
shifting, and harmonic mitigation by filters are fully
demonstrated in the application examples. Example 1 is a
simplified industrial plant, Example 2 is a 13-bus balanced
industrial distribution case from IEEE harmonic working
group, and Example 3 is a composite industrial complex with
multiple harmonic sources.
E. Latest IEEE Std. 519
The latest IEEE Std. 519-2014 “IEEE Recommended
Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric
Power Systems” [3] is referenced in the new standard. Two
important areas related to industrial and commercial power
systems in 519 are addressed in 3002.8. The first area is the
recommended harmonic limits at the interface of an industrial
or commercial facility to the grid, i.e. Point of Common
Coupling (PCC), and the second area is the interharmonic
effects to voltage flickers and its modeling and study.
III. HARMONICS SOURCES AND
RELATED POWER QUALITY ISSUES
The new standard discusses various types of harmonic
sources in industrial and commercial power systems, and
related power quality issues to system operation,
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performance, and protection. The impacts of harmonics in
industrial and commercial power systems are mainly due to
current / voltage harmonic distortions and resonances, in
particular parallel resonance.
A. Sources
Basically, devices with nonlinear voltage-current
characteristics generate harmonics. The main sources of
harmonics in industrial and commercial power systems are
static power converters used as rectifiers for various
industrial applications such as adjustable speed drives (ASD),
uninterruptible power system (UPS), chargers, switched-
mode supplies, static frequency converter, cycloconverters,
etc. Arc furnaces and saturated magnetic devices are also
harmonic sources. A sample industrial power system with
multiple harmonic sources is depicted in Fig. 1.
G
Electronic M
Blaster
M Welder
UPS
M
Battery
Fig. 1. Sample industrial power system with multiple harmonic sources
B. Issues
The effects of harmonics are due to both current and
voltage, although current-produced effects are more likely to
be seen in day-to-day power system operation. The effects of
current harmonics are pervasive in the way that they
influence system losses, system operation, and system
performance. Whereas the effects of voltage harmonics are
more likely to degrade the insulation and hence shorten the
life of the equipment. The following list describes some of
the common effects of harmonics:
a) Increased losses within equipment and associated
cables, lines, etc.
b) Pulsating and reduced torque in rotating equipment
c) Premature aging due to increased stress in equipment
insulation
d) Increased audible noise from rotating and static
equipment
e) Misoperation of equipment sensitive to waveforms
f) Substantial amplification of currents and voltages due
to resonances
g) Communication interference due to inductive coupling
between power and communication circuits
h) Flickers in lighting
i) Electrical submersible pump (ESP) cable overheating
C. Harmonic Resonance
Harmonic resonance is another issue induced by electrical
system frequency characteristics and harmonic currents.
Industrial and commercial power systems are particularly at
risk of parallel resonance. A typical parallel resonant circuit
A. Common Measurements
Commonly used harmonic distortion indices are
introduced in the standard following 519 Standard. All the
indices should be readily computed by harmonic-analysis
study for violation check purpose. The indices are listed in

Note that symbol designates either voltage or current, !

encountered in industrial and commercial power systems is Eq.’s. (4) to (8).
shown in Fig. 2.
is the harmonic order, and usually the summation is made up
to the 50th harmonic order (order greater than 50 may be
included when necessary).
1. Total Harmonic Distortion:

'∑,- +
*.+ )*
"#$  100 & 4
)/
(a) Parallel resonant configuration (b) Equivalent circuit
2. Individual Harmonic Distortion:

#$  100 &

Fig. 2. Typical industrial power system parallel resonance configuration and
equivalent circuit )*
)/
(5)
Impedance at the top node of Fig. 2 (b) can be computed
3. rms value:

 4∑6 6
as:

̅ 

1
   123 57 5
 

Magnitude of
̅ is a function of frequency shown in Fig. 3:

4. Telephone interference magnitude:
6 9
"  4∑57 5 & :5 & 5
 7

95 and :5 are the weighting factors related to hearing

where

" is used for Telephone Interference Factor "<

sensitivity [3]

calculation
5. Telephone Interference Factor:

"<  8
Fig. 3. Impedance magnitude vs. frequency for a parallel circuit
)=
)>?@
where    which defines the resonance frequency:
The maximum value of Z appears at a resonance condition

  2a
B. Distortion Limits

√
3002.8 Standard adapts 519 Standard for current and

  2b

voltage harmonic distortion limits as shown in Tables I-1, I-2,
√
I-3 and Table II below. These limits are specified at the PCC
which is normally at the gird side of main transformer
Considering voltage at the top node of Fig. 2 (b) which is connecting to the industrial or commercial facility.

  

̅ ̅
given by:
3
TABLE I-1 HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION LIMIT FOR VOLTAGE RANGE
120 V TO 69 KV

injection  is not zero, then the nodal voltage  can
3≤h 11 ≤ h 17 ≤ h 23 ≤ h 35 ≤ h
if at or closer to the resonant frequency harmonic current Isc/IL TDD
< 11 < 17 < 23 < 35 ≤ 50
< 20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
present excessive harmonic overvoltage causing damages to
20 < 50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
the equipment connected to this node.
50 < 100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100 < 1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
IV. HARMONICS MEASUREMENTS AND LIMITS
> 1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
The new standard provides common measurements for
harmonics, and limitations to harmonic distortions at PCC
points per IEEE Std. 519, and overvoltage limits to capacitor
banks per IEEE Std. 18 [4].

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 TABLE I-2 HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION LIMIT FOR VOLTAGE RANGE V. HARMONIC STUDY OBJECTIVES AT DIFFERENT PHASES
69 KV TO161 KV
3≤h 11 ≤ h 17 ≤ h 23 ≤ h 35 ≤ h
The new standard discusses objectives to perform
Isc/IL TDD harmonic-analysis study and the benefits for the study. Based
< 11 < 17 < 23 < 35 ≤ 50
< 20 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
on different phases of a power system, objectives and
20 < 50 3.5 1.75 1.25 0.5 0.25 4.0
methodology of conducting harmonic-analysis study has
50 < 100 5.0 2.25 2.0 0.75 0.35 6.0
different focuses.
100 < 1000 6.0 2.75 2.5 1.0 0.5 7.5 A. Basic Objectives
> 1000 7.5 3.5 3.0 1.25 0.7 10.0
The standard lists following situations that may necessitate
TABLE I-3 HARMONIC CURRENT DISTORTION LIMIT FOR VOLTAGE RANGE a harmonic study:
GREATER THAN 161 KV 1. To comply with IEEE Std. 519, which defines the
3≤h 11 ≤ h 17 ≤ h 23 ≤ h 35 ≤ h current distortion limits a user should meet at PCC
Isc/IL TDD
< 11 < 17 < 23 < 35 ≤ 50 with the utility
< 25 1.0 0.5 0.38 0.15 0.1 1.5 2. To evaluate impact on the system due to utility
25 < 50 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5 voltage harmonic distortion specified in IEEE Std.
≥ 50 3.0 1.5 1.15 0.45 0.22 3.75 519
3. To investigate root causes of a system with history
where of harmonic-related problems, such as failure of
Isc/IL is the ratio of short-circuit current in percent power-factor compensation capacitors, overheating
available at PCC to the maximum fundamental of cables, transformers, motors, and other
load current equipment, or misoperation of protective relays or
TDD is total demand distortion defined as a ratio of the control devices
root mean square of the harmonic content, 4. To plan and simulate a system expansion where
considering harmonic components up to the 50th significant nonlinear loads are added or where
order (order greater than 50 may be included significant amount of capacitance is added
when necessary) and specifically excluding 5. To design a new facility or power system where the
interharmonics, expressed as a percent of the load flow, power factor compensation, and harmonic
maximum demand current analysis are considered as one integrated study
B. Special Objectives at Design Phases
TABLE II HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION LIMIT
Bus voltage at PCC IHD (%) THD (%) During system design phase, the following factors are to
V ≤ 1.0 kV 5.0 8.0 be considered in the study:
1 kV < V ≤ 69 kV 3.0 5.0
1. Model harmonic sources from nonlinear loads and
69 kV < V ≤ 161 kV 1.5 2.5
power electronics devices, simulate their impacts,
161.001 kV < V 1.0 1.5a
and assess harmonic voltage and current distortion
levels
C. Resonance Limits 2. Calculate harmonic distortion indices for both
One of the focuses on parallel resonance is for capacitor voltage and current
banks. IEEE Std. 18 specifies voltage limitations to shunt 3. Compare distortion levels and harmonic indices with
capacitor banks in terms of manufacturer limits or the the standard and code limits to see if there are any
maximum rating permitted: violations
1. Continuous operating voltage ≤ 110% of the rated 4. Identify system parallel or series resonance
voltage frequencies and locations
2. rms crest voltage ≤ 1.2 times the rated rms voltage 5. Check if there are any harmonic source frequencies
3. kvar ≤ 135% of the rated kvar at or near the system parallel resonance points
4. Current ≤ 180% of the rated rms currents 6. If there are harmonic source frequencies at or near
Where continuous operating voltage, rms crest voltage, and the system parallel resonance points, assess the
current should include harmonic components, especially overvoltage conditions at these frequency points
resonance voltage. 7. If there are harmonic source frequencies at or near
Relocate the capacitors or change the bank ratings if they the system series resonance points, assess the
are found to exceed their ratings; apply a detuning reactor if a overcurrent conditions
resonance condition is found. 8. If necessary, design and test harmonic mitigation
methods such as:
• Install harmonic filters to reduce the harmonic
distortion levels and shift resonance frequencies

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 to less harmful regions
• Use transformer phase shift to cancel harmonics
and obtain overall harmonic distortion reduction
9. Simulate the final system for overall harmonic
voltage and current distortions after harmonic
mitigations are implemented
C. Special Objectives at Operation Phase
For systems in operation phase, harmonic-analysis study
A. Modeling of Harmonic Sources
Most harmonic sources present themselves to the rest of
system as current sources. Based on non-linear device
characteristics, harmonic current sources can be modeled
differently.
1. Characteristic harmonics
Harmonics generated by pulse converters are well-
known. The magnitude of the harmonic current is given
by [1]:

B  9
C/
should be done to simulate various operating conditions and
B
configurations to verify if there are any excessive harmonic
distortions and harmful parallel resonances under all possible

 is the fundament current

operating conditions. where

ℎ is the harmonic order given by ℎ  VW ± 1

D. Special Objectives at Expansion Phases
and
V is an integer
If an existing system is to be expanded, harmonic-analysis

W is the number of pulse

study should be performed by modeling and simulating
system changes to prevent harmonic distortion deterioration,
new parallel resonance and overvoltage situations which A sample of harmonic current spectrum from a 6-
could be introduced by new harmonic sources added to the pulse ASD at 480 V is measured and listed in the Table
system and system impedance changes due to new III. An alternative presentation of harmonic content is
configurations. using a spectrum for harmonic magnitude which is
Benefits to conduct harmonic-analysis study on industrial shown in Fig. 4 for the same harmonic source in Table
and commercial power systems include: III:
1. Benchmark existing system and collect data to
calibrate the model by measuring the existing TABLE III
HARMONIC SOURCE DATA FOR ASD
system with a well-defined test plan
Harmonic Order Magnitude (%) Relative Angle (deg.)
2. Identify location, type, and magnitude of harmonic
1 100.00 0.00
sources in the system
5 18.24 −55.68
3. Simulate impacts of these harmonic sources on
7 11.90 −84.11
system voltages and currents
11 5.73 −143.56
4. Study harmonic penetrations to the system
13 4.01 −175.58
5. Calculate voltage and current harmonic distortions
17 1.93 111.39
on each individual frequency and THD
6. Check if there exist any violations in harmonic 19 1.39 68.30

voltage and current distortion levels 23 0.94 −24.61

7. Calculate other harmonic indices and compare them 25 0.86 −67.64

to the standard or code limitations 29 0.71 −145.46

8. Investigate if the system has parallel or series 31 0.62 176.83

resonance conditions 35 0.44 97.40

9. Design harmonic filters and test harmonic filters 37 0.38 54.36

10. Test transformer phase shift and analyze its effects Harmonic Spectrum
to harmonic current cancellation and harmonic 100
distortion deduction
Magnitude (%)

80
11. Test other harmonic mitigation designs and 60
performance 40
20
VI. COMPUTER MODELING FOR 0
HARMONIC-ANALYSIS STUDIES 1 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 29 31 35 37
Order (h)
Harmonic sources are the reason why harmonic-analysis
study need to be done. Depending on their types, harmonic Fig. 4. Harmonic magnitude spectrum
sources can be presented as characteristic harmonics and
interharmonics. From system modeling point of view, 2. Interharmonics
harmonics generally are represented as injected currents into Some devices and equipment in power systems can
the system. generate currents that contain components that are non-

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 integer multipliers to the fundamental frequency. These
components are called interharmonics. Devices and
situations that can result in interharmonics in industrial
and commercial power systems are cycloconverters,
ASDs, and loads that do not pulsate synchronously with
the fundamental power system frequency. Arc furnaces
and some other loads can also produce interharmonics.
Interharmonics generated from the first group of
devices and situations can be expressed in Eq. (10) per
reference [3]:
[  VW ± 1 5 ± !W \
(10)
or published data
When multiple harmonic sources exist in the same
system, phase angles between the harmonics of the same
order can change study results. Determination of phase
angles of harmonics can be quite complex but should not
be ignored.
For unbalanced three-phase systems, it is desirable to
determine the harmonics generated in all three phases.
B. Modeling of Network Equipment
Modeling of each power system component and device
must be properly done in harmonic-analysis study. The new

5 is the system fundamental frequency

where standard lists popular power system components and their

\ is the modulation frequency that is

models and discussed below. All models are frequency

converter/ASD output, or load fluctuation frequency

dependent, and winding connections and grounding methods

W is the converter/ASD rectifier number of

shall be considered for all applicable components.
1. Rotate machines
pulse
Rotating machines are modeled by a winding
W is the converter/ASD inverter number of
resistance in series with a negative sequence impedance,
pulse
both with frequency adjustments in Fig. 6. Machine
V  0, 1, 2, 3…
winding connections and grounding types need to be
!  1, 2, 3…
modeled.

dB  d√ℎ
The phase sequence of interharmonics requires
e"g "h i
B  ℎ , or B 
special attention to determine, because it is important in

harmonic power flow studies. Details on interharmonics, R is machine resistance derived from
their origin, phase sequence, and special issues in the machine power loss at fundamental

 , "j , and "k

frequency
harmonic-analysis are found in reference [5]. Fig. 5
shows a sample voltage waveform from studies resulting are machine negative sequence
reactance, d-axis subtransient, and q-
from interharmonic current sources. axis subtransient reactance,
respectively
Fig. 6. Modeling of rotate machines

(a) ASD configuration

2. Transformer
Transformers are modeled by frequency-dependent
resistance and reactance in series with magnetizing
branch which could be neglected in most cases in Fig. 7.
Transformer winding connections, grounding types, and
phase shifts need to be modeled.

dB  d= √ℎ
(b) Waveform including interharmonics

B  ℎ=
Fig. 5. Interharmonic voltages from an ASD

d= is derived from transformer power

3. General harmonics
= is transformer short-circuit
loss at fundamental frequency
Harmonic currents from general nonlinear devices Shunt can be ignored if
reactance
can be acquired by one of the following options: not a significant
harmonic source
a) Obtain the harmonic spectrum of the source from Fig. 7. Modeling of transformers
the equipment manufacturer (This is particularly
important in cases where new technology or non- 3. Passive load
standard equipment is applied) Passive loads are modeled by either parallel or series
b) Calculate the generated harmonics by analytical RLC impedance with frequency adjustments in Fig. 8.
methods where possible
c) Use computer simulation software that simulates
the operation of the power electronics circuit to
generate harmonic spectra and waveforms
d) Apply typical values based on similar applications

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 d ,
l+ l+
m n
in typical industrial and commercial power systems. As
dB  d√ℎ, B  ℎ system modeling and data collection are vital to harmonic-
d and  are equivalent load resistance analysis study, Table IV also shows recommended data
: and o are active and reactive load on
and reactance sources for data collection.
the bus
TABLE IV
Fig. 8. Modeling of passive loads
REQUIRED DATA FOR HARMONIC-ANALYSIS
Component Data Source
4. Shunt capacitor Single-line diagram of the power
Shunt capacitors are modeled by capacitor impedance System
system; System configurations; Design and maintenance
Maximum expected operating documentation
(or admittance) and existing loss and discharge resistance voltages at nonlinear loads
in Fig. 9. Bus nominal voltage, harmonic
Manufacturer provided

dpq33 = equivalent loss resistance (Ω)

distortion limits for both total
Bus data sheet plus any testing
harmonics and each individual
dj[3rBs1tu = equivalent discharge
data
harmonic

r = capacitor impedance (Ω)

resistance (Ω) Three-phase and single-phase short-
circuit MVA and X/R ratio or
positive, negative, and zero
Utility
Fig. 9. Modeling of shunt capacitors sequence resistance and reactance;
connecting Utility
Utility harmonic voltage spectrum
point
(if utility is a harmonic source);
5. Line and cable Utility harmonic impedance at
Transmission lines and cables are modeled by either different frequencies
short-line model (for a line or cable in a short length) or Machine manufacturer-
Rated MVA/kVA, rated voltage,
long-line model (for a line or cable in a long length) in provided data sheet and
sequence impedance, operating
nameplate, plus any data
Fig. 10. Both resistance and reactance of line and cable Generator
mode, winding connection and
from available factory
grounding type. If generator is a
need to be adjusted by frequencies. harmonic source, then a harmonic
acceptance test, site
acceptance test, and/or
spectrum

z1
commissioning test

v  0.05012y
djr
Machine manufacturer-

d  djr { 0.035v + 0.938 v < 2.4

provided data sheet and

Rated MVA/kVA/HP, rated

0.35v + 0.3 v ≥ 2.4

nameplate, plus any data
voltage, sequence impedance,
 = frequency (Hz)
Motor from available factory
Short line: winding connection and ground
djr = dc resistance (Ω/km)
acceptance test, site
type, and loading
z1 = relative permeability of the
acceptance test, and/or
commissioning test

 = length (m)
cylindrical wire Transmission Length, sequence impedance and Manufacturer provided
€   + ‚ƒ (Ω/m)
Long line:
line admittance, frequency data sheet plus any testing
„  + ‚† (S/m)
Cable characteristics of impedance data

€

r  y
Bus duct

„
Current
Sequence impedance, and Manufacturer provided


r ‡ˆ!ℎ‰u 
limiting
frequency characteristics of data sheet plus any testing
Š 1 ‰u 
reactor
 ‹Œ!ℎ  Ž
impedance. data

2
r 2
Other circuit
element
Fig. 10. Modeling of lines and cables MVA/kVA rating, rated voltages,
sequence impedance and X/R ratio,
three-phase connection and
6. Other equipment Transformers grounding types. If the transformer
Nameplate plus any
testing data
Other system components are modeled with harmonics due to in-rush or
saturation are to be considered, then
necessary frequency adjustments for resistive and harmonic spectrum
inductive impedance. Shunt
The three-phase connections, kvar, Manufacturer provided
capacitors
C. Required Data for Modeling and Analysis Shunt
and kV ratings, sequence data sheet plus any testing
impedance or admittance data
To help engineers understand data requirement for system reactors
Bus connection, rated MVA/kVA,
modeling and study, standard recommends required data for rated voltage, initial loading, phase Load name plate plus any
harmonic-analysis study and suggested sources for data Loads
connection and grounding type, testing data
information. Since both characteristic harmonic and frequency characteristics of the load

interharmonic calculations will involve modeling of sequence Nameplate ratings, number of

phases, pulses, and connections;
impedance networks, therefore, each network component Converter’s harmonic Manufacturer provided
should have sequence impedance models determined, namely Converter characteristics or harmonic data sheet plus any special
spectrum including harmonic type test data
positive, negative and zero sequence impedance (voltage or current), harmonic
representations. magnitudes, and phase angles
Data in Table IV are required for harmonic-analysis study Arc furnace Harmonic type (voltage or current) Manufacturer provided
installations and harmonic contents data sheet plus any special

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 test data concerned buses. The peak points on the curves indicate
Type and structure, resistance,
resonance conditions with bus and frequency information.
reactance, and capacitance for all At the identified resonance frequencies, bus impedances

parallel resonances. Bus driving point impedance
[ at a

Harmonic Manufacturer data sheet
elements, maximum voltage rating are used to study the system characteristics for series and
filter plus any testing data
for capacitors, and maximum

given frequency 1 is defined as voltage [ at node i, due to

currents rating for inductor

current injection  from node j as in Eq. (13):

Harmonic limits for total harmonic
Special buses Utility or design and
distortion as well as for individual
(PCC, etc.) operation specifications

[ 1  13

harmonic
l• –>
VII. HARMONIC-ANALYSIS STUDIES C—–>

There are two basic study types for harmonic-analysis
study. Both are important with different emphasis and
purpose.
A. Harmonic Power Flow Study
Harmonic power flow study models harmonic generation
from nonlinear power system devices by injecting harmonic
currents into the network. Harmonic current sources are
expressed in a series of harmonics. The electrical system is
modeled as a network based on impedance at the given
harmonic. A nodal voltage equation is formulated to solve
nodal voltages as shown in Eq. (11).
When ˆ  ‚,
[ is called self-impedance; otherwise is
called transfer-impedance.
The analysis then computes total harmonic voltages at
these buses by multiplying the bus impedances with harmonic
current injections from the entire network at the
corresponding frequencies.
C. Typical Harmonic Study Scenarios
Harmonic-analysis study should cover operations in both
normal and abnormal conditions, especially the worst cases,
in order to better understand system situations from a
harmonic perspective. This is achieved by defining and

Š ℎ −Š ℎ ⋯−Š5 ℎ  ℎ  ℎ

selecting appropriate study scenarios.

−Š ℎ Š ℎ ⋯−Š5 ℎ  ℎ  ℎ

In terms of harmonic sources, it should be noted that on-
 ” ” ”
⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
site harmonic measurements may not yield the worst-case

−Š5 ℎ −Š5 ℎ ⋯ ⋯Š55 ℎ 5 ℎ 5 ℎ

harmonic spectrum, depending on the equipment operating

11
modes. Usually, the worst operating condition needs to be
determined, and the design should be based on the “worst-
generated” harmonics case. It needs to be recognized that
Š[ ℎ is Y-Bus matrix element corresponding to branch
where
even with the “worst-generated” harmonic case, the harmonic
flows within different elements of the network can be
admittance between nodal i and nodal j at harmonic different, depending on system configuration. This
[ ℎ is nodal voltage at nodal i at harmonic h
h necessitates that the “worst-generated” case at the “worst-

 ℎ is nodal current at nodal j at harmonic h

operating” case(s) must be analyzed.
The new standard recommends some common scenarios
Note that both structure and values of the Y-Bus matrix for harmonic-analysis study listed in Table V.
vary with harmonic order h due to sequence impedance at a
specific frequency determined by h. At each h, a new Y-Bus TABLE V
must be constructed. HARMONIC STUDY SCENARIOS
Scenario Objective
From solved harmonic voltages harmonic currents in each System Study system configuration impacts to harmonic current
branch are calculated from Eq. (12):
[ ℎ  e[ ℎ −  ℎ i & [ ℎ 12
configuration flows, distortions, and resonances
Harmonic sources Study impacts of harmonic injection location and magnitude
to harmonic distortions and resonances

[ ℎ is branch current flowing from nodal i to nodal j for

Loading level Study impacts of load level to harmonic distortions and
where resonances
Utility fault level Study impacts of power grid fault level and equivalent
harmonic h impedance to harmonic distortions and resonances

A more detailed description of power flow type harmonic- Harmonic Design and tune mitigation configurations and parameters,
mitigations and evaluate improvement in harmonic distortions and
analysis method can be found in chapter 7 of “Tutorial on resonances
harmonics modeling and simulation” by IEEE Power Equipment rating Study and evaluate impacts of system equipment ratings and
Engineering Society. [6]. and impedance impedance to harmonic distortions and resonances

B. Harmonic Frequency Scan Analysis D. Study Procedures

Harmonic frequency scan analysis is used to scan and Fig. 11 summarizes steps normally followed for a
identify harmonic resonance conditions. It calculates and harmonic study in industrial and commercial environments. It
plots bus driving point impedance curves similar to Fig. 3 at includes initial data collection and preparation, computer

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modeling and studies, violation evaluation, and necessary
mitigation actions. High-pass C-
Rerun of complete system studies with selected type filter
(third order)
mitigations are very important for validating and tuning
parameters in mitigation designs. This loop may take a few
iterations.
A single-tuned filter is used to suppress a specific
Single-Line harmonic at or near the tuned frequency. High-pass filters can
Diagram
be of first, second, or third order. The second-order filter is
Utility Data
Harmonic Source Equipment Data Harmonic
Limitations
often used to suppress higher frequencies. A C-type high-pass
Data
filter is becoming popular due to its exhibiting smaller losses
Computer Model at the fundamental frequency.
Load Flow Study Generally, filters are tuned at one of the dominant
for Max Load harmonics starting from the lowest order. Ideally, the filters
Harmonic Study should be tuned to the exact harmonic order; however, the
Cases
practical considerations may require tuning it slightly below
Harmonic
the desired frequency.
Harmonic Power Frequency Scan
Flow Study Study
The two main components of passive filters are capacitors
and reactors. Be aware that capacitor voltage can increase
Harmonic Harmonic (above the bus voltage) due to impedance cancellation at the
Distortions Resonance
tuned frequency and make sure proper voltage ratings for
Yes Harmonic capacitors being selected. Once the harmonic study is
Violations? Mitigations
completed and the filter selection has been made, the
No capacitor rating with respect to operating voltage, current,
Fig. 11. Harmonic study procedures and kvar under harmonics should be checked. All these
ratings need to be satisfied independently according to IEEE
VIII. HARMONIC MITIGATIONS Std. 18. Also, similar importance is to pay attention to total
The new standard discusses a few commonly used current that reactors need to carry including harmonic
harmonic mitigation methods. currents so that the reactors are sized correspondingly.

A. Passive Filters B. Transformer Phase Shifting

Harmonic filtering using passive filters is one of the most
convenient and practical methods for harmonic distortion
reduction as well as parallel resonance mitigation.
Filters most commonly used are illustrated in Table VI
along with their impedance magnitude vs. frequency
characteristics.
Careful configuration and utilization of parallel
transformers with phase-shifts can result in harmonic
cancellations. Fig. 12 (a) and (b) show the conceptual
arrangements of 12-pulse and 24-pulse converters using 3-
phase, 2-winding transformers with proper phase-shifts
respectively.

TABLE VI
FILTERS COMMONLY USED FOR HARMONIC MITIGATION
Type Structure Impedance vs. frequency

Single-tuned
filter

High-pass filter
(second order)
Fig. 12. Multipulse converter arrangements

To illustrate effectiveness of higher pulse number rectifier

Undamped achieved by either by design or transformer phase shifting,
high-pass filter
(third order)
typical harmonic spectra are shown in Table VII for
conventional current source thyristor phase-controlled
rectifiers.

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 TABLE VII
CHARACTERISTIC AC LINE HARMONIC CURRENTS IN MULTIPULSE SYSTEMS
Rectifier system pulse Harmonic Harmonic current in
Harmonic number percent of fundamental
Frequency
(Hz)
6 12 18 24 Theoretical Typical

5 x 300 20.00 19.20

7 x 420 14.20 13.20
11 x x 660 9.09 7.30

13 x x 780 7.69 5.70

17 x x 1020 5.88 3.50

19 x x 1140 5.26 2.70

23 x x x 1380 4.36 2.00

25 x x x 1500 4.00 1.60

29 x 1740 3.45 1.40

Fig. 13. One-line diagram of for sample system 3
31 x 1860 3.23 1.20

35 x x x 2100 2.86 1.10 Typical voltage harmonic spectrum is assumed for the arc
37 x x x 2220 2.70 1.00
furnace (Fig. 14), and typical IEEE 6-pulse current harmonic
spectrum is assumed for the ASD (Fig. 15).
41 x 2460 2.44 0.90

43 x 2580 2.33 0.80

47 x x x 2820 2.13 0.80

49 x x x 2940 2.04 0.70

C. Other Mitigation Methods

Other remedial measures for harmonic mitigation include
harmonic load rebalancing, changing capacitor sizes, adding Fig. 14. Arc furnace voltage harmonic spectrum (typical)
tuning reactors to capacitor banks, and installing active
filtering. For parallel resonance induced excessive voltage
situations, elimination of resonances or relocation of resonant
frequencies should be done through design and placement of
harmonic filters to avoid actual parallel resonance and
overvoltage situations in the system.

IX. ILLUSTRATION EXAMPLES
Sample system 3 in the new standard is a sample industry
complex (Fig. 13). The system contains nonlinear loads of arc
furnace connected to Bus A and ASD to Bus B. There are
power factor–correcting capacitor banks (inside subsystem)
too.
Fig. 15. ASD current harmonic spectrum (IEEE typical 6-pulse)
Initial harmonic power flow study shows excessive
harmonic distortions both in voltage and current in the
system. As mitigations, passive filtering is selected for the arc
furnace, and transformer phase shifting is selected for the
ASD. Fig. 16 shows configurations of the mitigations.

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(a) Arc Furnace mitigation by filters (b) ASD mitigation by transformer
Fig. 16. Harmonic mitigation for arc furnace and ASD
Based on study results before the filters are installed, 2nd,
5 , and 7th harmonics have the higher magnitude for arc
th
furnace. Thus, three single-tuned filters at these frequencies
are designed and installed. Using harmonic power flow study,
the mitigations can be validated. Fig. 17 compares Arc
Furnace feeder current distortion with (in red) and without (in
blue) the filters.
Fig. 17. Arc Furnace feeder current harmonic distortions at Bus A
Harmonic cancellation through parallel transformers with
phase shifting is applied to ASD and is validated by harmonic
power flow study. Fig. 18 shows harmonic currents on line
side of ASD with (blue) and without (red) the phase shifting
transformers.
Fig. 18. Current harmonic cancellation from parallel phase-shifting
transformers
X. SUMMARY
The new IEEE Standard 3002.8-2018 provides detailed
recommendations on the practice of conducting harmonic-
analysis study and analysis of industrial and commercial
power systems. It discusses basic concepts for harmonic
study, the need for the study, required data for analysis, study
methodologies, awareness of potential problems, corrective
measures, and benefits of using a computer software as tools
in a harmonic-analysis study. Comparing to the old IEEE
Standard 399, 3002.8-2018 adds several new sections to
guide users regarding required data for studies, recommends
practical ways to prepare and validate model and data. It also
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adds discussions on common study cases and typical study
results. 3002.8-2018 further addresses a number of important
issues including interharmonics and the latest IEEE 519
recommended harmonic limits at PCC, and some useful
features in computer software for performing harmonic-
analysis study. The new standard provides three cases as
comprehensive illustrations of harmonic-analysis study. The
new standard also offers very detailed step by step guidelines
for engineers who need to conduct harmonic-analysis study.
REFERENCES
[1] IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power
Systems Analysis, IEEE Standard 399, 1997.
[2] IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Harmonic Studies and
Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, IEEE Standard
3002.8, 2018.
[3] IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control
in Electric Power Systems, IEEE Standard 519, 2014.
[4] IEEE Standard for Shunt Capacitors, IEEE Standard 18, 2012.
[5] IEEE Task Force on Harmonics Modeling and Simulation,
“Interharmonics: theory and modeling,” IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2335–2347, Oct. 2007.
[6] M. Halpin, P. Ribeiro, and J.J. Dai, Chapter 7, “Frequency-Domain
Harmonic-analysis Methods”, IEEE Power Engineering Society,
Tutorial on harmonics modeling and simulation, IEEE catalog no.
98TP125-0, 1998.
JJ Dai (SIEEE) received his BS, MS,
PhD all in electrical engineering with
focus on power systems. He was Senior
VP of Advanced Technologies with
ETAP for twenty-one years. He then
joined Eaton Corporation and served as
Engineering Service Director for five
years, and Global Account Director with Eaton Oil, Gas &
Chemical division for three years. He is currently a Physical
Scientist at U.S. Department of Energy. He has been actively
involved in IEEE standard committees and IAS
subcommittees. He is the co-chair of IEEE 3002.8 standard
working committee for IEEE Recommended Practice for
Conducting Harmonic Studies and Analysis of Industrial and
Commercial Power Systems. He is a registered Professional
Engineer in the State of California, USA.
Farrokh Shokooh (LFIEEE) is
President and Chief Executive Officer of
ETAP / Operation Technology, Inc.
Prior to founding ETAP in 1986, he
served as a staff engineer for Fluor
Corporation. He has been a faculty
member at Louisiana State University
(LSU) and University of California, Irvine (UCI). He holds a
Doctoral degree in Electrical Power Engineering from LSU.
Dr. Shokooh is a Life Fellow of IEEE and a recipient of IEEE
Third Millennium Medal. He has been an active member of
IEEE Working Groups and subcommittees. He is currently
Chairman of the IEEE 3002 Working Group. He is a
registered Professional Engineer in California and Texas.